1

. , ,
, . , . , , , , ..,
, . , .
,
.
,
, . , ,

. ,
. ,
,
.
,
. ,
,
, .

1.1

, .
, :
1.1
,
y = y(x) x
,
, .

1.

,
(
)
dy d2 y
dn y
F x, y, , 2 , . . . , n = 0
dx dx
dx

F n + 2 .

,
:
m.
mg (g ) , (= kv). ,
m dv/dt,
dv
k
+ v=g
dt
m
R, L C, . V (t), Kirchho

1
1
d2 q R dq
+
q = V (t)
+
2
dt
L dt
LC
L
q .
T , T0 .
,
dT
= k(T T0 )
dt
,
dy
= (x)
dx

(1.1)

(x),

y(x) = (x) dx
y = y(x)
:
dy
, y
y ,
dx

y ,

d2 y
,
dx2

...
, F (x)+c,
F (x) = (x) c R .

1.1

(1.1).
, ,
. :
Laplace,
2 2 2
+ 2 + 2 =0
x2
y
z
x, y, z, ,
2u
1 2u
2 2 =0
2
x
v t
u x, t
,
u
2u
= 2
t
x
1.2
n, n-.

1.1:

dy
+ 2y = x3
dx
( )3
dy
dy
+ x 2 y = ex
5
dx
dx

,
d2 y
dy
cos x 2 sin x
+ 4y = 0
dx
dx
( 2 )2
d y
d2 y
dy
= x2 + 1
+
x
2
2
dx
dx
dx
.
1.3
,
.

1.2:

dy
dy
= 2
+ y x2
dx
dx

dy
dx

)2
2

dy
y = x2
dx

1.

(
)
F x, y, y , y , . . . , y (n) = 0
.
(
)
y (n) = g x, y, y , . . . , y (n1)
.
1.4

,
an (x)

dn y
dn1 y
dy
+
a
(x)
+ . . . + a1 (x)
+ a0 (x)y = f (x)
n1
dxn
dxn1
dx

ai (x), i = 1, . . . , n f (x) .

(1.2)

. ,

a1 (x)y + a0 (x)y = f (x)
a2 (x)y + a1 (x)y + a0 (x)y = f (x)
.
1. , ai x.
, ai
. (1.2) . :
y

d4 y
4 cos y = 0
dx4

dy
y 2 = e2x ,
dx

, f (x) = 0, (1.2)
.
1.5
y = (x) n
(
)
F x, y, y , y , . . . , y (n) = 0 x (a, b),
(
)
F x, (x), (x), (x), . . . , (n) (x) = 0
(a, b).

.
1.3:

y 2y + y = 0

, , ,
.

1.1

(x) = xex . ,
(x) = ex + xex

(x) = 2ex + xex

(x) 2 (x) + (x) = 2ex + xex 2(ex + xex ) + xex = 0
,
. ,
(x) = |x| x R.
y 1 = 0 (0, +), y + 1 = 0
(, 0). ,
x = 0, .
F (x, y, y ) = 0, ( ) ,
y = (x, c). ,
c . ,
. n,
(
)
F x, y, y , . . . , y (n) = 0
y = (x, c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ), n .
(x, y, c1 , . . . , cn ) = 0 .
. ,
.
. ,
.
1.6

.

1.4:

y + y = 0

(1.3)

(x) = cex

(x) + (x) = cex + cex = 0
, , , n- ,
n .

1.
y

-1.0

0.5

-0.5

1.0

-5

1.1: y + y = 0.

c {0, 1, 2}
1.1.

1.5:

( )2
y + xy = y

(1.4)

(x) = cx + c2

(1.5)

[(
]2
) ]2
(
)
(x) + x (x) = cx + c2
+ x cx + c2 = c2 + xc = (x)

,
f (x) =

x2
4

(1.4), (1.5) c,
(1.4). (1.4) 1.2,
(
).

,
. , (y )2 + y 2 = 0 (x) = 0. ,
,
n n .
6

1.1

y
40
30
20
10
-10

-5
-10

10

-20
1.2: (1.4).
.

, (x) .

(x, y, c) = 0

(1.6)

, (1.6)
x,
x (x, y, c) + y (x, y, c)y (x) = 0

(1.7)

c ,
c (1.6) (1.7) .
,
(x, y, c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ) = 0

(1.8)

n.
. x,

1 (x, y, y , c2 , . . . , cn ) = 0
( ), c1
(1.8). ,
2 (x, y, y , y , . . . , cn ) = 0
, ,
(
)
n x, y, y , y , . . . , y (n) = 0
, , n. ,
.

1.

1.6:

y(x) = c1 x2 + c2 x

(1.9)

(1.9)
y = 2c1 x + c2
, c2 ,
y = 2c1 x +

xy y
y c1 x2

= c1
x
x2

,
(xy + y y ) x2 2x (xy y)
=0
x4
(1.9)
x2 y 2xy + 2y = 0

1.2

F (x, y, y ) = 0

y = g(x, y)

(1.10)

1.7

(1.10), y(x0 ) = y0 :
{

y = g(x, y)
y(x0 ) = y0

,
(x0 , y0 ). , .
(
)
F x, y, y , y , . . . , y (n) = 0

(
)
y (n) = g x, y, y , y , . . . , y (n1)
8

1.2

y
D

f(x )

y0

x0 - h

x0 x0 + h

1.3: .

(
)

y (n) = g x, y, y , y , . . . , y (n1)

y(x0 ) = y0

y (x0 ) = y1

..

y (n1) (x0 ) = yn1

,
.
. ,
.

dy
= f (x, y)
dx

) f x y
D = {(x, y) : a x b, c y d} xy ) f /y
x y D. (x0 , y0 ) D,
|x x0 | h, h ,
(x0 ) = y0 .
1.3
D .
, ,
.
1.7:

dy
= 2x4 + 5x2 y
dx

y(0) = c
9

1.
y
0.6
0.4
0.2
-1.0

0.5

-0.5

1.0

-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

1.4: y = 2 y. To y(0) = 0
.

f (x, y) = 2x4 + 5x2 y

5x2
fy (x, y) =
2 y
f , fy y = 0,
x. , ,
, c = 0.

1.8:

{
xy = 4y
y(0) = 0

f (x, y) = 4y/x fy (x, y) = 4/x,

,
x = 0.
y = cx4
y = 0. ( 1.4),
.

1.3

,
. ,
y = f (x, y)

(1.11)

. , ,
10

1.3

y
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
1

1.5: (1.12)
y(1) = 1.

. ,
() , .
xy, f .
(x, y) f (x, y), (1.11),
.
.
, f (x, y)
(x, y).
, . ,
. ,
,
(1.11). ,
(.. ), .
1.9:

y = xy 2 ,

y>0

(1.12)

1.5 (1.12). , , y(1) = 1,

y=

2
x2 + 1

. .
y = f (x, y)
, , .

11

1.
c=2

c =1

c=0

c = -3

c = -2

c = -1

1.6: (1.13), y(0) = 0.

xy, dy/dx, f (x, y) = c. ,

y = y + 2 cos x
y + 2 cos x = c, y = 2 cos x + c. ,
c
, .
,
c f (x, y) = c.
. , , ,
. ,
, .

1.10:

y = y + x

(1.13)

(1.13) y + x = c,
y =cx
1.6 , . , y(0) = 0.

12

1.3
y
2

0.5

-2.0 -1.5 -1.0 -0.5

1.0

-1

-2

1.7: (1.14), .

1.11:

y = 2y

(1.14)

H (1.14) , y = f (y),
.
, y = c/2,
x. 1.7
(1.14), (
y = ce2x , ). (1.14)
,
x.

13

1.

14