Structure 201101

STRUCTURE
Special Section: Anchors, Piers, Foundations

and Underground Construction
January 2011 Concrete
A Joint Publication of NCSEA | CASE | SEI
The Hollow Set Drop-In is specifically designed and engineered for anchoring in hollow base materials such as hollow concrete block, brick with weep holes and precast hollow core plank. It can also be used in solid base materials, and is appropriate for overhead applications.
Sleeve available in Zamac alloy. Cone available in carbon or stainless steel. Zamac sleeve allows better corrosion resistance. Great for anchoring into thin wall base materials.
Drill the appropriate size hole.
Attach the anchor to the setting tool and tap into predrilled hole. Turn the tool clockwise to pre-expand the anchor. Unscrew the setting tool and your anchor is set.
Anchor has been set.
Put fixture in place and bolt in.
Ultimate and Allowable Load Capacities for Hollow-Set Dropin in Hollow Concrete Masonry1,2,3
Rod/ Anchor Diameter d in. (mm) 1/4 (6.4) 5/16 (7.9) 3/8 (9.5) 1/2 (12.7) 5/8 (15.9) Minimum Embedment Depth hv in. (mm) 7/8* (22.2) 1* (25.4) 1* (25.4) 1 1/4* (31.8) 1 1/2* (38.1) Drill Bit Diameter dbit in. 3/8 5/8 5/8 3/4 1 fm
1,500 psi (10.4 MPa) Allowable Load Tension She lbs. lbs (kN) (kN
105 (0.5) 205 (0.9) 245 (1.1) 360 (1.6) 360 (1.6) 315 (1.4 365 (1.6 495 (2.2 730 (3.3 750 (3.4
Great For Anchoring In Wall Thickness As Little As 1!

Powers Fasteners, Inc. 2 Powers Lane Brewster, NY10509 www.powers.com P: (914) 235-6300 F: (914) 576-6483
Ultimate Load Tension Shear lbs. lbs. (kN) (kN)

530 (2.4) 1,035 (4.7) 1,225 (5.5) 1,790 (8.1) 1,790 (8.1) 1,575 (7.1) 1,815 (8.2) 2,485 (11.2) 3,655 (16.4) 3,740 (16.8)
1. Tabulated load values are applicable to anchors with carbon and stainless steel cones. 2. Tabulated load values are for anchors installed in minimum 6-inch wide, minimum Grade N, Type II, lightweight, medium-w or normal-weight concrete masonry units conforming to ASTM C 90. Mortar must be minimum Type N. Masonry cells may grouted. Masonry compressive strength must be at the specified minimum at the time of installation (f'm 1,500 psi). 3. Allowable load capacities listed are calculated using and applied safety factor of 5.0. Consideration of safety factors of 20 higher may be necessary depending upon the application such as life safety, and in sustained tensile loading applications. *Anchors were installed with sleeve flush to face shell surface and with setting tool for hollow base materials.
Interested in learning more about Powers Hollow Set Drop-Ins and to request a FREE sample, simply fax your request to
(914)576-6483
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FEATURES
27 Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete in Post-Tensioned Buildings Part 2
By Kenneth B. Bondy, S.E.
CONTENTS
January 2011
Case studies of four projects which demonstrate the effective use of shrinkage-compensating concrete to mitigate restraint-toshortening (RTS) cracking in post-tensioned concrete buildings.
COLUMNS
7 Editorial
What Are Your New Years Resolutions?
By John A. Mercer, Jr., P.E., SECB
30
South Tower of the Milwaukee City Hall Part 2

By Mark D. Webster, P.E., Gunjeet Juneja, P.E. and Donald O. Dusenberry, P.E.
9 InFocus
Remember the Hyatt
By Jon A. Schmidt, P.E., SECB
After the completion of the Part 1 investigation, the City of Milwaukee proceeded with design for the repairs of the South Tower. The City quickly established a goal for the repairs to last 100 years.
10 Building Blocks
Steel or Synthetic Fiber Reinforcement?
By Pierre Rossi
12 Codes and Standards

ACI 318 and Pile Stability
By Stephen P. Schneider, Ph.D., P.E., S.E. and C. Scott Branlund, P.E., S.E.
35 Special Section
Anchors, Piers, Foundations and Underground Construction

By Larry Kahaner
Although projects are not coming as plentiful as before the recession, foundation companies are seeing a slow but steady improvement in the pace of inquiries, bids and projects.
16 Structural Practices
Becoming a Results-Oriented Structural Engineer Part 1
STRUCTURE
ON
Special Section: Anchors, Piers, Foundations
and Underground Construction
THE
COVER
18 InSights
By John P. Miller, P.E., S.E.
January 2011 Concrete
300 New Jersey Avenue is a 10-story concrete o ce building with an adjacent atrium and 6-story parking garage. It is the rst commercial o ce building designed and built in the United States by world renowned architectural rm, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners. e 300 New Jersey Avenue project was one of the 2010 NCSEA Excellence in Structural Engineering award winners. See the Spotlight article on page 51.
Glazing Retrots for Blast Mitigation
A Joint Publication of NCSEA | CASE | SEI
By Jon A. Schmidt, P.E., SECB, BSCP
22 Professional Issues
Sustainability and the Structural Engineer
By Zak Kostura, M.Eng, EIT and Jennifer Pazdon, EIT
Publication of any article, image, or advertisement in STRUCTURE magazine does not constitute endorsement by NCSEA, CASE, SEI, C 3 Ink, or the Editorial Board. Authors, contributors, and advertisers retain sole responsibility for the content of their submissions.
42 Historic Structures
Critical Skills for Structural Engineers Encountering Historic Structures
By Dr. Debra F. Laefer
DEPARTMENTS
24 Structural Performance
Wood Pre-fabricated Shear Panels for Lateral Force Resistance
By Renee Strand, P.E.
48 Legal Perspectives
Dispute Resolution Techniques
By David J. Hatem, PC and Jordan S. Rattray
IN EVERY ISSUE
6 Advertiser Index 50 Resource Guide (Anchor Updates) 50 Noteworthy 52 NCSEA News 54 SEI Structural Columns 56 CASE in Point
44 Great Achievements
Charles Conrad Schneider
By Frank Griggs, Jr., Ph.D., P.E.
51 Spotlight
The New DC: The Atrium at 300 New Jersey Avenue
By Azer Kehnemui, D. Sc., P.E., Hakan Onel P.E., S.E. and Rupa M. Patel
46 Product Watch
SIPs Provide Green Building Benets in Traditional and Cutting-Edge Designs
By Joe Pasma, P.E.
58 Structural Forum
For the Love of the Profession
By Robert H. Lyon, P.E.
Advertiser index
Computers & Structures, Inc. ............... 60 CTS Cement Manufacturing Corp........ 23 DBM Contractors Inc. .......................... 35 Fyfe Co. LLC ........................................ 29 Geopier Foundation Company.............. 41 Grip-Tite Manufacturing Co., LLC....... 36 Hayward Baker, Inc. .............................. 34 ICC.................................................. 20-21 Integrated Engineering Software, Inc..... 49 Irvine Institute of Technology.................. 6 ITW Red Head ..................................... 19
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ertisement.indd 1
Jon A. Schmidt, P.E., SECB 11/8/2010 9:45:29 AM
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Craig E. Barnes, P.E., SECB

CBI Consulting, Inc., Boston, MA
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CRSI, Williamstown, NJ
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Executive Editor Jeanne Vogelzang, JD, CAE Editor Associate Editor Graphic Designer Web Developer Christine M. Sloat, P.E.
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William Radig
Faculty Positions in Structural Engineering

The Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences at the University of Notre Dame (www.nd.edu/~cegeos/) invites applications for faculty positions to complement the existing Structural Engineering group. Qualified candidates at all levels will be considered with hiring rank and tenure status commensurate with academic accomplishments. Successful candidates must hold a doctoral degree in an appropriate field and must demonstrate potential for high quality research and teaching. The department is seeking outstanding faculty members with a research focus on, but not limited to: bridge engineering and infrastructure systems, high-performance and sustainable civil structures, reliability and performance of structures under extreme loading, and foundation-structure interaction. Candidates for the positions should be qualified to teach civil engineering courses, with a strong commitment to teaching excellence at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Each successful faculty candidate is expected to develop and sustain an externally funded research program and publish in leading scholarly journals. Applications should be submitted online at www.nd.edu/~struct as a single PDF with cover letter, detailed CV, statements of research and teaching, and names and contact information for three references. Review of applications will start immediately and continue until the positions are filled. The University of Notre Dame is committed to diversity in education and employment, and women and members of underrepresented minority groups are strongly encouraged to apply.
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STRUCTURE (Volume 18, Number 1). ISSN 1536-4283. Publications Agreement No. 40675118. Owned by the National Council of Structural Engineers Associations and published in cooperation with CASE and SEI monthly by C3 Ink. The publication is distributed free of charge to members of NCSEA, CASE and SEI; the non-member subscription rate is $65/yr domestic; $35/yr student; $125/yr foreign (including Canada). For change of address or duplicate copies, contact your member organization(s). Any opinions expressed in STRUCTURE magazine are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NCSEA, CASE, SEI, C3 Ink, or the STRUCTURE Editorial Board. STRUCTURE is a registered trademark of National Council of Structural Engineers Associations (NCSEA). Articles may not be
reproduced in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher.
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Inquiries related to this search can be directed to struct@nd.edu. STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
editorial
new trends, new techniques What Are Yourand current industry issues New Years Resolutions? By John A. Mercer, Jr., P.E., SECB
am committed to cleaning up my desk sometime in 2011. I cleaned it off sometime in 2010 and I was so proud. It lasted for a week or two, but it seems like one thing adds to another and here we are again, buried in paper, books, and magazines. Ive heard that a messy desk is a reflection of a creative mind. That gives me pause to consider whether or not I should even attempt to clean it. I can still find my pencils and pens, but where did I put that job file? The only other issue that I am committed to is my continuing education. I am signed up to try some of the webinar approaches to obtaining PDHs, but I still look forward to traveling in February to a southern location to spend a few days where there isnt any snow or ice. I also get to see some of you there as well. (I live in the beautiful state of North Dakota in case you were wondering.) I have a question for you. In your opinion, whose responsibility is it to maintain your continuing education? Personally, I believe that it is every engineers responsibility, not their employers. A carpenter without a hammer and saw doesnt build much. Some firms may offer a policy to participate in partial or even full reimbursement for continuing education expenses as a part of their benefits program. Past experience has taught me that anyone considering starting their own firm should join ACEC and become a participating CASE member immediately. I joined ACEC for the insurance benefits when I started my firm, but didnt participate in any of the conventions or other activities for the first 12 years of membership. I missed on many education opportunities, not counting the relationships and networking Ive been able to establish with other engineers like yourself. I discovered the true value of my membership to be centered in my participation in ACEC and CASE. In the March 2008 STRUCTURE magazine Editorial, John Grieshaber, P.E. discussed the issue of mandatory continuing education (MCE) requirements and listed states annual, biennial, or triennial PDH requirements to maintain licensing. At the time of its writing, 33 out of 55 registration boards required continuing education. How many of your registrations require continuing education? I encourage you to take advantage of the perfect storm currently forming for CASE structural engineers to attend the CASE Winter Meeting, and leverage their travel expenses to stay on and attend the NCSEA Winter Institute to be held in Jacksonville, FL at the end of February 2011. Now is a perfect time for CASE member firms and new structural engineering firm principals to make plans to attend both meetings. Get a bigger bang for your buck by attending the CASE Winter meeting and NCSEA Winter Institute, and receive PDH continuing education credits for the presentations you attend. Look for dates, times and accommodations information in other sections of this and future issues. Looking forward to 2011, a CASE Risk Management Convocation will be held at the Structures Congress in Las Vegas in April 2011, Dont Gamble on your Future. CASE will discuss the following topics:
How Structural Engineers Can Work Effectively with Architects Who Use AIA C401 If your firm works as a sub-consultant to architects, examine CASEs Commentary on AIA Document C401, the Standard Form of Agreement Between Architect and Consultant. AIA Contract Document C401 incorporates by reference AIA Contract Document B101, the Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Architect. The interplay between C401 and B101 cannot be over-emphasized. Using C401 without understanding fully the interrelationships with B101 is a recipe for disaster. This presentation will cover how the engineers rights and obligations are impacted by these two agreements and CASEs recommended provisions to include in your contract with the architect. The Changing Face of Indemnity: Meaner and Uglier! This program will present an overview of some recent California cases having received national attention, which could present potentially disastrous results for the engineering community. The program will conclude with a description of some legislative and practical efforts to defend against this unfortunate tide. New Tools for Managing Risk and Project Implementation The CASE Tool Kit Committee has developed a number of new tools that will be presented in this session. Developing a Culture of Quality provides a white paper and PowerPoint presentation used to engage firm leaders in a discussion about their firm culture and key aspects that contribute to quality. A new tool on staffing projections provides a method for firms to project future revenues and staffing demands based on contract values and potential work. Managing Computer Software Use provides a white paper on key aspects and responsibilities of the project manager and principal in charge relative to software use on projects. Lessons Learned from Arbitration, Mediation and Litigation A panel discussion will focus on applying lessons learned from the speakers involvement with arbitration, mediation and litigation. The speakers, who are a practicing structural engineer & arbitrator, an attorney specializing in construction law, and a professional liability insurance agent, will share some of their own lessons learned and anecdotes. So there you have it. My winter and early spring schedule is set. How about yours? I will look forward to meeting STRUCTURAL you at one of our CASE meetings. Step ENGINEERING INSTITUTE forward and introduce yourself.
STRUCTURE magazine
January 2011
structure
a member benefit
inFocus
new trends, new techniques Remember the and current industry issues Hyatt By Jon A. Schmidt, P.E., SECB
rallying cry often serves to unite people behind a particular cause, especially in a time of war. Texans urged each other to Remember the Alamo! During the Spanish-American War, it was Remember the Maine! For World War II, the exhortation was to Remember Pearl Harbor! The objective in such cases was to highlight a particularly egregious offense committed by the enemy often whatever it was that provoked the conflict in the first place. Structural engineers should remind each other of certain past events for a different reason we need to invoke occasions when our predecessors, our colleagues, and we ourselves have made mistakes, so that hopefully we can avoid similar errors in the future. One such case study is the collapse of the skywalks at the Hyatt Regency hotel in Kansas City, Missouri. This year will mark the 30th anniversary of the deadliest structural engineering failure in United States history, which happened on July 17, 1981. The details should be familiar to most of us already. The architect wanted the walkways that traversed the main lobby to look as light and airy as possible, suspended by thin rods hanging down from the structural steel framing above. The preliminary drawings showed each rod supporting the end of a box member formed by welding two channels together at the flange tips. The fourth floor walkway was directly above the second floor walkway, and the rods were depicted as continuous, with nuts and washers at both levels. As the fast-track project proceeded, the fabricator notified the engineering team that continuous rods would not be practical and suggested, as an alternative, providing two separate rods one to hang the fourth floor from the roof, and the other to hang the second floor from the fourth floor. The engineers approved this modification, but never performed any calculations to verify its structural adequacy. They did not realize that this arrangement would double the bearing load from the upper rods nut and washer on the bottom of the box member at the fourth floor level. On that fateful Friday night, during a popular tea dance event, this nut and washer pulled through the built-up box member, sending the second and fourth floor walkways crashing down to the floor below. The subsequent forensic investigation revealed that even the original connection was not adequate for the loads specified by the governing building code a situation that was greatly exacerbated by the revised configuration, which was barely able to support just the weight of the walkways. Based on these findings, the structural engineers in responsible charge were stripped of their licenses by the Missouri board. What should Remember the Hyatt bring to mind? The most important thing is that structural engineers have a uniquely significant responsibility to hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. Architectural, mechanical, and electrical system failures usually result in unattractiveness, poor functionality, discomfort, and/or inconvenience. A structural system failure almost always has more serious consequences; even in the best cases, there are often substantial costs associated with correcting what is or could become a life-threatening situation. STRUCTURE magazine
There is a more specific lesson to be learned as well. The fundamental mistake in the case of the Hyatt failure was the design of the skywalk hanger rod connections or, rather, the fact that these connections were never truly designed at all. The engineering team did not take any steps to ascertain the load capacity of the conceptual arrangement, and then overlooked it again when the fabricator proposed changing it during submittal review. In what we do for a living, the devil really is in the details. What specific steps can we take to Remember the Hyatt? For one thing, a non-profit organization, the Skywalk Memorial Foundation, is currently raising funds for a permanent memorial to honor the 114 people who perished and the 216 people who were injured by the collapse many of whom were permanently disabled and to recognize the emergency and medical personnel, firefighters, police officers, public servants, and others who bravely responded immediately afterwards. The site is a small tract of land donated by the City of Kansas City in Hospital Hill Park, just east of the Hyatt facility itself. The preliminary design, prepared by local architect Lorie Bowman, includes a series of concentric circles in an outdoor gathering space. The concrete plaza will have 114 LED pinlights in the inner circle and 216 pinlights in the next ring. The remaining bands of colored concrete will have hundreds of additional lights in a more dispersed formation, to represent the families, the rescue workers, and those who suffered psychological trauma as a result of the tragedy. The objective is to provide a place for quiet contemplation and small gatherings, with lots of colorful landscaping; to celebrate the lives, but remember the loss. I think that our profession would do well to take up this cause. We are widely (and wrongly) perceived as mere number-crunchers, rather than front-line preservers of human life, liberty, and happiness. Creation of the Skywalk Memorial, with generous financial assistance from the nations structural engineering community, would highlight the crucial role that we play in modern society and the importance of taking further steps like separate licensure to reduce the likelihood of a similar disaster in the future. Please join me in supporting this worthy endeavor.
How to Contribute
The Skywalk Memorial Foundation needs roughly $400,000 to cover design and construction. This translates to only about $12 per recipient of STRUCTURE magazine. To make your taxdeductible donation, or to learn more about the project, please visit www.skywalkmemorial.org. Jon A. Schmidt, P.E., SECB (chair@STRUCTUREmag.org) is an associate structural engineer at Burns & McDonnell in Kansas City, Missouri, and chairs the STRUCTURE magazine Editorial Board.
January 2011
Building Blocks
updates and information on structural materials
fter over 30 years of technical research and development, engineering and construction professionals no longer consider fiber reinforced concrete as exotic. This positive assessment is the result of several factors, including: Conclusive experience (especially for steel fiber concretes which have been used since the 1970s); Technical understanding of the materials (formulation, use, physical, chemical and mechanical properties, etc.); National and international recommendations on the sizing of the structures or structural elements made up of these materials.
Comparisons
There are now two types of fiber available on the market: steel and synthetic fibers. Unfortunately, when reviewing the available literature on these two types, certain approximations are made and even errors can be found in the texts. Our objective is not to call out these discrepancies but to offer some of the more objective elements regarding these fibers, so that users can make their own determinations. We have chosen not to make an exhaustive comparative analysis between suppliers, but rather to focus on two important problem areas where differences between the fibers can be found. The two problem areas are mechanical performance and durability.
In industrial flooring, steel fibers are a proven and recognized solution. Already more than 1/3 square meters is reinforced with steel fibers.
Steel or Synthetic Fiber Reinforcement?

By Pierre Rossi
Pierre Rossi is the Research Director at the LCPC (Laboratoires Centrale des Ponts et Chausses), Paris, France.
Mechanical Performance
It is useful to remember the two main points about fiber reinforced concrete. Fiber reinforced concrete is a composite material made up of a matrix the concrete, and the reinforcement (e.g. the fiber). In a fiber reinforced concrete, the fibers distribute the strain across the cracks created in the matrix. In the simplest analogy, fibers are only useful if cracks exist in the material. If the material does not present the potential for cracking, there would be no need for the addition of fiber. And, the potential for cracking makes concrete a prime candidate for the addition of fibers. When cracks occur, the mechanical properties of the fiber are important. The modulus of elasticity defines the rigidity of the fiber. The higher the modulus of elasticity of the fiber, the better it will control the cracks in terms of length and opening. And, it goes
without saying that the anchoring of the fibers is essential as well. Cracks appear at different times over the life of the material, from the initial shrinkage up to advanced age. Although cracks result from shrinkage, creep and cyclic loading, the structural (e.g. density) and mechanical characteristics (resistance in compression, Young modulus) of concrete, which develop progressively, also have an effect on crack development. During the first three hours after placement of the concrete, its resistance and Young modulus are very low: compression resistance is lower than 3 MPa, traction resistance is below 0.3 MPa and Young modulus is below 5 GPa. If the concrete cracks during this period, loads to be taken by the fiber and the size of crack openings will be low. After 24 hours, the mechanical properties of the concrete increase considerably: compression resistance higher than 10 MPa, traction resistance is above 1 MPa and Young modulus is above 15 GPa. During this maturation period if the concrete is pushed again to crack, the load resisted by the fibers and the size of the crack widths will be more significant.
Behavior
Steel fibers have a high modulus of elasticity (200 GPz) and a high resistance in traction (between 800 and 2,500 MPa). At the very earliest age of the concrete matrix, small cracks may appear as the concrete shrinks. Also during this period, the fibers are not yet adequately anchored in the immature concrete matrix. As such, these steel fibers are not very effective
Figure 1: Example of Dramix steel fibers.
10 January 2011
against crack propagation. As the concrete ages, the effectiveness of the steel fibers increases and crack propagation decreases. The most common synthetic fibers used in concrete mixtures are primarily polypropylene fibers. They have a low modulus of elasticity, varying between 3 and 5 GPa. Available polypropylene fibers are typically short in length and small in diameter. Recently, another type of synthetic fiber has become available for structural applications polymer fiber, also called macro-synthetic. In comparison to the polypropylene fibers, these macro-synthetics are larger in length and diameter, and have a higher modulus of elasticity (between 5 and 10 GPa, approximately). Two other types of synthetic fibers are also used in concrete, but less frequently. These are polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers and aramid fibers, with Young Modulus of 30 and 70 GPa respectively. These fibers are used in very high and ultra high performance fiber reinforced concretes. Polypropylene and other synthetic fibers restrain plastic shrinkage during the first 24 hours after concrete is poured. This is primarily due to their low Young Modulus, making them very reactive to potential cracks. Indeed, slight displacements on the fibers as small crack openings begin generate sufficient loads to combat the propagation of cracks. Some types of polypropylene fibers are fibrillated and therefore anchor into the matrix very well, increasing their effectiveness. Conversely, as the concrete becomes more mature, synthetic fibers become less effective. Indeed, because of their high elongation or stretchiness relative to their low Young modulus, synthetic fibers are able to undergo larger displacements as cracks widen. Therefore, in aged and cracked concrete structures with macro-synthetic fibers, cracks can be much wider than with steel fibers and the deformation of these structures may be (too) significant. It is also important to consider mechanical properties related to problems of creep with fibers. The creep of a material describes how it flows in the direction perpendicular in time under sustained strains. Steel fibers in strain in the concrete matrix do not creep, or hardly ever creep. However, creep associated with synthetic fibers is potentially significant. This may have negative effects. Indeed, one may encounter a situation where the concrete with synthetic fibers responds correctly to the specifications of the structure (mechanical stability, deformation, openings of cracks) but the creep of fibers (between cracks) makes the structure sway which is not acceptable with deformation (good use of the structure) and crack openings which become too significant (durability problems). Figure 1, taken from
the literature related to the product, illustrates this phenomenon. It presents a comparative study of the creep of pre-cracked girders with steel fibers and macro-synthetic fiber reinforced concrete. This is only an illustration; the size of the creep depends on the initial opening of the cracks, which is not specified here.
Durability
Apart from some aramid fibers, there is no durability problem associated with synthetic fibers in concrete. Corrosion of steel fibers may occur. Superficial corrosion of the fibers may cause discolorations on exposed surfaces. However, surface corrosion of the fibers does not affect the load carrying capacity of the structures of which it is comprised. This potential corrosion of steel fibers may be minimized in practice by: Optimizing the formulation of the fiber reinforced concrete; Using non steel frameworks or ones with an internal skin (synthetic tissue for example); Using galvanized fibers. The second aspect regarding the durability of fiber reinforced concretes concerns the fire resistance of structures. Steel fibers are not a determining factor in the fire resistance of structures. What we can underscore is that a structure with fiber reinforced concrete behaves no worse in the presence of fire than a normal reinforced concrete structure. Conversely, some synthetic fibers, particularly polypropylene microfibers, have a significantly positive impact in a fire. This is due to a very simple phenomenon: in the case of a fire, polypropylene fibers disappear (they have reached their fusion point) to leave in place a significant network of fine canalizations (capillaries) shared through the volume of the structure. These canalizations act as expansion vessels for the water vapor generated under pressure by the fire (evaporation of the water present in the concrete). Additionally, the durability of the fiber reinforced concrete structures is affected by the progression of time. A fiber reinforced concrete matrix must ensure a seal, e.g. prevent water infiltrations. As discussed above, the problem of creep with synthetic fibers increases over time. Because of this, the ability of the synthetic fiber and concrete matrix to provide sealing properties to the structure may diminish with time. This problem is not encountered in steel fiber concrete matrixes. Finally, in the case of prefabricated portable elements, or structures which may come into direct contact with users, safety problems may
Example of macro synthetic fibers.
arise when using steel fiber concretes. When the steel fibers have small diameters, less than approximately 0.25 mm, any protrusions at the surface may be sharp and cause injuries. And, regardless of size, one can never guarantee 100% that any steel fiber will not show on the surface of the structure. Designers should examine technical solutions to mitigate this problem. Protrusion of synthetic fibers does not present the same hazard level.
Conclusions
In conclusion, the following is a brief synopsis of the pros and cons of various fiber additives. Steel fiber concretes do not perform in the early stages of the concrete matrix cure, but they are very effective for the cracking in concrete structures which have reached maturity. Polypropylene micro fiber concretes are effective in young age cracking (plastic shrinkage). Macro-synthetic fibers in concrete are technically less significant than steel fiber concretes in relatively stressed structures, due to varying abilities to maintain certain functions over time; Polypropylene microfibers can improve the fire resistance of concrete structures; Care is needed regarding portable structures or surfaces in contact with users when they contain micro steel fibers. These micro steel fibers can cause cuts if no technical solution is adopted. There are pros and cons to both synthetic and steel fibers; in some cases the two fibers have been combined, which is not as strange as you may have thought. This article is a translation of Pierre Rossis papers published in Bton Magazine, March 2009.
STRUCTURE magazine
11
January 2011
Codes and standards

updates and discussions related to codes and standards Three-dimensional schematic showing a typical container wharf and an example of highly variable pile lengths. Water is cut away to show slenderness of waterside piles, often having a length of 60 feet or more from deck level to the mudline below. Piers would be oriented normal to the shoreline with many long piles being needed to support the pier deck.
ACI 318 and Pile Stability

By Stephen P. Schneider, Ph.D., P.E., S.E. and C. Scott Branlund, P.E., S.E.
Stephen P. Schneider Ph.D., P.E., S.E. is a Project Manager and helps with the technical aspects on a variety of projects at BergerABAM. Steve can be reached at steve.schneider@ABAM.com. Scott Branlund, P.E., S.E. is a Senior Project Manager/Diver in the Waterfront division and has been with BergerABAM for 27 years. Responsible for the design and QA/ QC on numerous pier and wharf projects, Scott also leads dive teams on underwater inspection of piles after constructed. Scott can be reached at scott.branlund@ABAM.com.
hen learning reinforced concrete and structural steel design as an undergraduate in college, one might begin to think that unlike the potential for local and global buckling that might occur for structural steel elements, concrete accommodates compression very well. While mostly true, concrete piles used for piers and wharfs may be the exception, at least where global instability is concerned. This article reviews slenderness effects for concrete compression elements needed for the pile design, and the apparent direction of future codes. It is possible provision changes in ACI 318 may compromise a critical provision for structures similar to wharfs and piers that may be susceptible to overall instability. Typically, wharfs run parallel and are often connected to the shoreline and piers are oriented perpendicular to the shoreline. Both types of structures can have pile lengths varying dramatically over their width and/or length. Because the mudline typically slopes near the shore and then remains fairly flat over a considerable distance away from shore, piers generally have far longer piles as a percentage of the total pile count compared to wharfs. However, pile design for wharfs and piers involves one of the more slender concrete compression elements faced by the structural engineer, particularly when the structure must accommodate ships with deep drafts where required water depths along the face needs to be 50 feet or more. While slenderness must be considered for both piers and wharfs, piers are more susceptible to overall pile instability and will thus be the primary focus of this discussion. Because of their economy and availability, solid 24-inch octagonal prestressed concrete piles are used for many major waterfront
structures along the west coast of the United States. When used in a deep water pier, pile lengths near the shore can be 40 to 50 feet long from the soffit of the pier deck to an assumed point of fixity below the mudline, resulting in an average slenderness ratio of l/r = 85 for the 24-inch octagonal pile section. Piles farthest from shore can often support decks in water as deep as 50 feet or more, resulting in a pile slenderness of l/r = 175 or greater between soffit to point of fixity for the typical octagonal pile section. Piles supporting a pier may be installed in a plumb (vertical) or battered configuration. In the high seismic region of the west coast, plumb piles are typically preferred, where resistance to lateral loads is due exclusively to flexural resistance of the pile at the top and bottom. Consequently, the effective length factor must be larger than k=1, and generally a value of k=1.2 is used as a minimum assuming a pile length with good fixity at the pier deck and good knowledge of the location of fixity of the pile below mudline. When considering that the average length of a pile for a long pier can be over 65 feet long, the pier is effectively a 5- to 6-story building with virtually all of its mass at the roof. To accommodate a wide variety of present and future demands, owners are more frequently requiring piers and wharfs to be designed to accommodate substantial live load, in the range of 600 to 1,000 pounds per square foot. The large gravity load requirements and long slender piles in flexural resistance coalesce into a fairly extreme stability demand on the piles. Design standards, such as the Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures by the American Society of Civil Engineers, ASCE 7-05 and others, typically specify the requirements of the 2005 edition of the Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete by the American Concrete Institute, ACI 318-05.
12 January 2011
The design of slender elements such as these and the method in which elastic buckling is considered in the ACI provisions may not necessarily be apparent. This article summarizes our understanding of the current design philosophy of ACI 318-05 Chapter 10.10 Slenderness Effects in Compression Elements and, more importantly, our understanding of the future provisions in ACI 318-08. In general, the ACI 318 provisions for slender column design address column instability exclusively by the moment magnification method. The 1989 ACI suggests that this is similar to the procedure used as part of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) specifications. However, there are some distinct differences in the way each code accommodates instability that may not be apparent by casual inspection. In structural steel, the column demand is intended to be amplified for the P- and P- effects (slenderness along the element chord and slenderness due to frame sway), in all cases. In addition, the column compressive capacity is limited by either elastic Euler buckling or by the inelastic behavior of the column considering residual stresses. In contrast, the capacity of a long concrete column is the same as the short column capacity (the axial load-moment P-M interaction surface for the cross section) and is therefore not reduced for Euler buckling directly. For long concrete columns, slenderness is accommodated by the moment magnification method in which the moments are amplified depending on if the applied loads induce sway or no sway on the structural system. The general form of this moment amplification is: Ms =
Section of wharf showing the dramatic variation in pile lengths.
( 1 1 Q ) M
Equation 1
where is the moment amplification factor and Ms is the moment on the column induced by loads producing sway of the structural
system. Non-sway moments, Mns , are amplified by a similar method with associated factors needed for the P- effect. ACI 318-05 allows amplified moments, Ms, to be computed by one of three methods: a) A second-order elastic frame analysis, often called a P- analysis. b) Use of the approximation Q = P/Vh , where P is the sum of all of the gravity loads in the story, is the story drift, V is the total story shear and h is the story height. Q is termed the stability coefficient by other codes such as ASCE 7-05, Chapter12.8.7. c.) Substituting Q with the ratio of Pu / 0.75Pc where Pu is the sum of the factored gravity loads in a story, Pc is the sum of the critical buckling loads for all columns in the story and 0.75 is a stiffness reduction factor, k . Regardless of which method above is used in computing the amplified moments, it is important that the stiffness is reduced for the
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STRUCTURE magazine
13
January 2011
cracked moment of inertia and for creep under sustained loads. These conditions effectively reduce the Euler buckling load to the critical buckling load, Pc, of a concrete column. While the moment magnifier method is intended to account for slenderness and ultimately elastic buckling, it is clearly more effective when applied loads, such as wind and seismic, induce large column end moments. A structure that has large axial loads, such as a pier loaded by large gravity loads only, may not necessarily induce large column moments and therefore may Elevation of wharf showing pile slenderness. be subject to only the minimum required eccentricity of the axial load. Because the concrete column capacWhen the provisions of Methods a., b. and c. are plotted for applied ity is not reduced directly by the elastic Euler buckling, and the axial load vs. the amplification factor, the curve becomes asymptotic P- magnification would not necessarily amplify the small bending to the buckling capacity as predicted by each method. The predicted moments induced by gravity loads beyond the minimum eccentric asymptotic value, without reduction for cracked moment of inertia moment, column capacities supporting large gravity loads may not and creep, is an indicator of how well that provision predicts the Euler be reduced properly for Euler buckling. buckling capacity. Method a. becomes asymptotic at Euler buckling One set of provisions that are particularly applicable to this situation provided the second-order analytical model is performed properly. are found in Chapter 10.13.6 of ACI 318-05. Ironically, these require- Method b. provides the least accurate estimate for elastic buckling, ments are within the moment magnification for sway section of the actually overestimating Euler buckling by 1.22 times for the end column slenderness provisions of ACI 318-05; however, heavy gravity restrained sway case for plumb piles in piers and wharfs. Method c. loads only do not necessarily cause large second-order moments in the results in a value 0.75 times Euler buckling because of the stiffness sway case, even in a long pier with highly variable pile lengths. Per reduction value, k, included in the denominator. Consequently, the Section 10.11.4, if applied loads do not cause second order moments method chosen in analysis may have significant consequences on the greater than 5%, only the nonsway moment magnification provisions true estimate of instability of the structure. of Chapter 10.12 must be considered and there is no need to use Noticing this scatter in the stability estimates from ACI 318-05, it provisions of Chapter 10.13. Although not codified, it is intended is of interest to compare how the new provisions of the code, ACI that a lateral deformation is induced on the structural system, or a 318-08, accommodated this global instability requirement. As has unit load imposed, to determine if the second-order effects are larger been the case with many concrete code cycles, the slenderness provithan 5%. So if performed properly, heavy gravity loads in sidesway sions for concrete columns changed. Instead of the global stability frames would most likely induce second-order effects larger than 5% provisions being embedded within the Magnified Moments Sway which would ultimately lead to the overall frame stability provisions. Frame of ACI 318-05, the ACI 318-08 has lumped this into a single The provisions of ACI 318-05 Chapter 10.13.6 are particularly general provision of Chapter 10.10.2.1. This provision states that the applicable to piers and wharfs, since these structures inevitably have demand on the structure from second-order effects cannot exceed 1.4 variable pile lengths and can be susceptible to large axial loads. With times the linear elastic demand on the system. With this reduction the variable pile lengths, it could be argued that a single pile cannot in the limit of second-order effects, the commentary of ACI 318-08 buckle individually. Thus, even though all piles might be plumb piles suggests it is no longer necessary to retain the ACI 318-05 Chapter which would qualify it as a sway frame having an effective length factor 10.13.6 global instability provisions. of k=1.2 minimum, if an individual column cannot buckle indepenHowever, we also understand that the ACI column committee is dently the effective length can be assumed more consistent with a considering adopting the requirement of Chapter 10.10.2.1 of ACI nonsway frame column, or k<=1. Thus, the pier is only susceptible 318-08 as a seismic condition only. It is possible this provision was to instability if all columns are on the verge of buckling, or if enough always intended to be a seismic requirement since the commentary for columns are on the verge of buckling and there is insufficient lateral this section also compares it to the ASCE7-05 Chapter 12.8.7 that is restraint by the piles not near Euler buckling to prevent global instabil- strictly a seismic criterion. In addition, pier and wharf structures are ity. Consequently, determining if the sum of all columns are close to often designed to Marine Oil Terminal Engineering and Maintenance Euler buckling is the appropriate method to determine if a structure Standards (MOTEMS), which also has a limitation on second-order with dramatically different pile (column) lengths is near instability. effects for seismic behavior and is nearly identical to ASCE7-05. The provisions of ACI 318-05 Chapter 10.13.6 require the amplificaConsequently, another provision to limit the amount of P- influence tion of Ms for Methods a. and c. to be less than 2.5 and the Q value on the seismic behavior of the structural system is not really needed by the in Method b. to be less than 0.6 (which effectively makes it consistent ACI 318 provisions, at least for most structures using ACI as a reference with Methods a. and c.). The understanding of this provision is prob- code for concrete. Plumb piles on a wharf or pier design is perhaps one ably best illustrated by resolving the requirement in Method c. to: of the more slender elements experienced in the design of many types of structural systems. A consistent, effective and accurate methodology to Pu = 0.6 * 0.75 * Pc = 0.6 * k * Pc Equation 2 prevent the instability of the piles is needed. If the current ACI 318-08 Chapter 10.10.2.1 becomes limited to a seismic provision, the global where Pc is in effect the Euler buckling capacity reduced for cracked stability provision of ACI 318-05 Chapter 10.13.6 should be reinstated sectional properties and creep. This requirement is comparable to the and should be revised so that regardless of the method used, the predicted elastic buckling portion of the AISC steel column capacity require- overall stability capacity of the structure is consistent. ments Pu < c 0.877 Pe. STRUCTURE magazine
14
January 2011
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Structural PracticeS
practical knowledge beyond the textbook
Becoming a Results-Oriented Structural Engineer

Part 1: Technical Skills
By John P. Miller, P.E., S.E.
John P. Miller, P.E., S.E. is a Principal with KPFF Consulting Engineers, St. Louis, MO. He may be contacted at john.miller@kpff-stl.com.
s newly minted structural engineers, we were all eager to get settled in with our employer and get to work crunching numbers and working on projects. This is great every firm needs fresh young talent for many reasons. Most young engineers tend to be task-oriented, whose metrics might include: How many hours did I work this week? Was my day filled with productive work? Did I complete my assignment on time? Was the input data on my structural model correct? Did I learn something new today? As younger engineers grow and become more experienced in their field, some will be interested in maturing into something other than task-oriented engineers. Many firms have in-house training and mentoring programs that help younger engineers transition into becoming results-oriented engineers. For results-oriented engineers, it matters less how many hours they work than what results are achieved from that work. Measurable results might include new clients, profit, revenue, problem solving, good risk management, creative solutions, and whether a client is happy with your work. This is a two-part article that identifies and describes sixteen key skill sets that engineers in a structural engineering practice should have in order to achieve results and make significant contributions to the firm. These skill sets follow two broad themes; technical and management. Part One covers the technical theme. Each skill set starts with a set of questions to help you assess your overall maturity level for that particular shell. These are followed by suggested ways to improve within each skill set.
Frames (SCBF), Special Moment Resisting Frames (SMRF), chords and collectors, etc? Are you familiar with various foundation systems and ground improvement techniques? Improvement Tasks Review drawings of other project types that you have not worked on Ask questions Make it known that you would like to work on a certain building type or structural material that interests you or that you are not very experienced with Educate yourself by reading books, trade magazines, engineering journals, etc. Take classes and attend seminars Join a professional organization Be curious about other peoples projects and discuss them together, even if you are not associated with that project Review drawings for projects prepared by other engineering firms whenever possible to see how other firms do things
Ability to Simplify a Problem

Do you know how to bracket a problem? How precise of an answer is required on a particular problem? Can you look at a problem and reduce it down to its simplest form? Can you recognize where a detailed analysis is required and where an approximate solution is good enough? How efficiently do you spend your time? Improvement Tasks Learn to run quick hand calculations to check your work Know the answer by approximate methods before you model it in the computer When an exact answer is not required or achievable, simplify Learn to work fast and efficiently Know when to use software and when NOT to use software Use rules of thumb and short cuts whenever it makes sense
Familiarity with All Structural Project Types and Materials

Are you familiar with all of the project types that your firm normally works on? How many of these have you actually worked on? Are you familiar with all of the usual structural materials, like reinforced masonry and concrete, structural steel, light gage, post-tensioning, stick-framed wood and timber, engineered lumber, etc.? Are you familiar with all of the normal structural systems, like flat plates, pan slabs, pre-engineered metal building systems, composite steel, metal deck, steel joists and joist girders, retaining walls, etc.? Are you familiar with customary lateral force resisting systems like shearwalls, Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF), Special Concentrically Braced
Completeness and Thoroughness of Drawings

How well are your drawings coordinated with other disciplines? Is there a perfect set of documents? How well do the general notes and specifications agree with the drawings? How well organized are your plans and details? How clear are your structural drawings to the end user? Do you know who the end users are? How complete is the information on your drawings and specifications? Will this project be reviewed by an outside party and does that affect the level of completeness?
16 January 2011
Improvement Tasks A set of drawings that goes to the Principal for final review should represent the best possible and most complete effort on your part Make sure the general notes, specifications and drawings always agree Make sure your drawings follow common drafting rules and office standards Make sure drawings are well organized and appropriate for the project Discuss the drawing organization at the start of the project Determine if the project size or complexity warrants the need to over-do a set of drawings Read the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) Code of Standard Practice and the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Detailing Manual Review the drawings for constructability
Take a class or two in areas in which you are weak or inexperienced
Writing Skills
Are you able to clearly and succinctly express a thought or technical concept in writing? Are your paragraphs and sentences grammatically correct? Is your writing professional and liability free? Are you as careful with emails as you are with other types of correspondence? Improvement Tasks Read The Business Writers Handbook (St. Martins Press) or Handbook of Technical Writing (St. Martins Press) or similar books on how to write Practice writing as often as you can Write correspondence and reports in third person active voice Read Design Professional Insurance Corporations (DPIC) Lessons in Liability booklet to understand the problem with words like all, final, inspect, certify, best, worst and scores of others. Read everything you write AT LEAST three times before you send it out to catch grammatical and syntax errors. Then read it again from the perspective of a lawyer, and then again from the perspective of the intended recipient. Try using the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) instead of MS Words thesaurus
Cite conclusions in the calculations and indicate any assumptions made Cite references when appropriate Pay special attention to organization and completeness when you know the project will be reviewed out-of-house Remember that, although most building departments require structural calculations to be submitted for building permit, they are not part of the construction documents and are only used as a guide to assist in making engineering decisions Consider purging your files of the calculations when a job is complete as a part of your records retention policy
Desire to Learn New Things

Do you embrace new software? Do you view Building Information Modeling (BIM) as a hindrance or an advantage? Do you want to work with new materials and building types? Do you want to learn how the consulting business operates? Are you open to new structural systems? What are your thoughts on Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) and Design/Build (D/B) delivery? Improvement Tasks Do not be afraid to use new software Take a class or two and go to seminars continue your education Ask to review the office or company financials with one of the principals Take a leading role in the implementation of BIM in your office Become an expert in emerging technology or techniques You may find it surprising that many of the architects, contractors, and building owners who hire structural engineers dont always know, or care, whether were technically superior compared to the next engineer or another firm. They may take it for granted that all structural engineers have a similar level of technical ability. Having a command of the technical aspects of our profession is certainly essential and basic, but many of the consumers of our services value other skill sets, like our ability to make good decisions, our ability to take ownership, whether we embrace BIM and IPD, and our capability to understand a project from their point of view. In Part Two, we will explore a broad set of management skills that should be mastered to round out your ability to make a significant contribution to the success of your firm and achieve results.
Technical Skills
Are you conversant with all the computer software available in your office? How is your knowledge of Building Code requirements? Do you have a good understanding of structural analysis and design techniques? Are you familiar with all the various material codes? Do you have a detailed understanding of the basis for seismic loads, wind loads, snow loads, etc.? How much experience do you have with geotechnical issues? Are you familiar with all the various framing systems? Do you have a good inventory of rules of thumb? Improvement Tasks Read and learn the International Building Code (IBC), the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) codes and other similar building codes Be familiar with all material codes (AISC, ACI, National Wood Products Association, American Iron and Steel Institute, Steel Deck institute, Steel Joint Institute, etc.) Be familiar with American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Learn about Factory Mutual (FM) requirements and Underwriters Labs (UL) assembly ratings When you review a geotechnical report, you should have an intimate understanding of all geotechnical aspects of the site. Read the geotechnical report AT LEAST three times Become familiar with all available structural engineering software in the office go through the software guide and practice every program or go through every tutorial
Quality and Organization of Calculations

Are your calculations neat and orderly, easy to follow, complete, and correct? Why do you perform calculations? Do you dive into the detailed beam design first thing on a project? Does your level of effort change if you know your calculations will be reviewed by an outside party? Do the calculations help the contractor? Should you save calculations after the project is constructed? Improvement Tasks Organize calculations into sections such as foundations, floor framing, lateral analysis, etc. It is helpful to have a calculations index on larger projects Develop a written design criteria document tailored for each project so that you and all other engineers on the project work with the same parameters Imagine someone who did not work on the project having to read and understand your thought process by reading your calculations
STRUCTURE magazine
17
January 2011
InSIghtS
new trends, new techniques and current industry issues
Glazing Retrofits for Blast Mitigation

By Jon A. Schmidt, P.E., SECB, BSCP
hen an explosion occurs near a populated building, flying fragments from broken windows and glazed doors cause the vast majority of non-fatal injuries. Conventional annealed or heat strengthened glass shatters into relatively large, jagged shards that can produce multiple lacerations on anyone unfortunate enough to be sitting or standing nearby when the shock wave arrives. Tempered glass tends to break into smaller rock salt fragments, but these are then propelled at high velocity into the room. Laminated glass offers much better performance and is the preferred solution for new construction. An adhered interlayer of polyvinyl-butyral (PVB) is sandwiched between two panes of annealed or heat strengthened glass. When subjected to airblast effects, the PVB holds the glass together, even if it cracks, and stretches out considerably in response to the overpressure. However, proper replacement of existing glazing systems with laminated glass can be a difficult and expensive proposition, often requiring replacement or reinforcement of framing members and connections as well. A popular alternative is to apply a polyester fragment retention film (FRF) to the interior surface of the glass, which performs much like the PVB interlayer in laminated glass. The four most common retrofit configurations are as follows. Daylight-Applied FRF The simplest, least intrusive and least expensive way to reduce the fragment hazard from glazing is to apply FRF only to the exposed interior surface of the glass (Figure 1). A thickness of 4 to 7 mils is usually
Catcher Bar Attached to Wall Wall
Glass
Anti-Shatter Film (applied to exposed glass only) Inside
Outside Section View No Scale
Film not held in frame, glass breaks here along entire frame edge
Frame
Figure 1: Daylight-applied FRF.
sufficient, and there is virtually no impact on appearance or functionality. However, the perimeter of the pane remains vulnerable to shear failure in a blast event, such that the entire sheet of filmed glass could be blown out of its frame and into the building, posing a risk of blunt force trauma. Furthermore, in an insulating glass unit (IGU), only the inboard lite is filmed, so it is still possible for fragments from the outboard lite to pose a hazard to occupants. FRF Plus Catcher Bar One way to improve the protection provided by daylight-applied FRF is to install a rigid bar across the filmed glass, on the interior, either horizontally or vertically (Figure 2). In a blast event, the FRF will hold the glass together, and if it shears off around the perimeter, the pane will wrap around the catcher bar and slap together likely dislodging a few fragments. Substantial anchorage is required at both ends of the rod, which protrudes into the room and may be an impediment if the window is intended to be operable. Thicker FRF typically 7 to 11 mils is required, and for an IGU, fragments from the outboard lite will be largely unimpeded. FRF Plus Net Curtain Another enhancement for daylight-applied FRF is to install a polyester curtain that is hung from a rod above the filmed glass, on the interior, and has weights sewn into it at the bottom, where excess material is housed in a box (Figure 3). Once again, in a blast event, the FRF will hold the glass together; in this case, if it shears off around the perimeter, the net curtain will catch the entire pane and drop it to the floor. Substantial anchorage to the wall is required for both the rod and the box, and
Jon A. Schmidt, P.E., SECB, BSCP (jschmid@burnsmcd.com), is an associate structural engineer and the Director of Antiterrorism Services at Burns & McDonnell in Kansas City, Missouri. He is vice-chair of the SEI Codes & Standards Committee on Blast Protection of Buildings.
Window Frame
Glass with AntiShatter Film on Inside Surface
Elevation View No Scale
Figure 2: FRF Plus Catcher Bar.
18 January 2011
Curtain Rod Attached to Wall
Wall Net Curtain Window Frame Glass with AntiShatter Film on Inside Surface Curtain Box Attached to Wall (holds excess curtain and weighted curtain edge)
One thing that all retrofits using FRF have in common is the limited service life of the film itself typically about 10 years. When evaluating replacement vs. retrofit, it is important to keep this life-cycle cost consideration in mind. A somewhat larger up-front investment in laminated glass may pay off by eliminating the need for removal and replacement of FRF in the future.
Elevation View No Scale
Acknowledgment
Much of the information in this article and all of the accompanying figures are taken from the Window Analysis Guide, published by the US Army Corps of Engineers Protective Design Center (pdc.usace.army.mil) as part of the Help file for its Window Fragment Hazard Level Analysis (HazL) software.
Figure 3: FRF Plus Net Curtain.
the curtain must be removed and washed regularly hopefully not on a day when an explosion occurs! Attached FRF The most effective technique using FRF involves fastening it to the frame around the glass along either two opposite sides or all four sides (Figure 4). Needless to say, it is also the most complex, most intrusive and most expensive option, requiring thicker FRF 7 mils minimum as well as mechanical attachment or the application of a structural silicone sealant. As with laminated glass, it may be necessary to replace or reinforce the framing members and connections in order to ensure that the entire assembly is not dislodged from the wall in a blast event.
Glass
Anti-Shatter Film
Outside Section View No Scale
Inside
Film anchoring device attached to frame Film extended onto frame surface
Frame
Figure 4: Attached FRF.
STRUCTURE magazine
19
January 2011
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10-04029
PROFESSIONAL ISSUES
issues affecting the structural engineering profession
Sustainability and the Structural Engineer

A Dialectic of the Structural Engineers Role in Sustainable Building Practice
By Zak Kostura, M.Eng, EIT, LEED AP and Jennifer Pazdon, EIT, MSE
Zak Kostura is a practicing structural engineer with Arup. Mr. Kostura also currently serves as editorial advisor for several industryrelated publications. He is an adjunct professor within the Graduate School for Architecture, Planning and Preservation at Columbia University. Zak may be reached at zak.kostura@arup.com. Jennifer Anna Pazdon is a structural engineer at Robert Silman Associates. She is the acting Programs Chair for SEAoNY and a contributing author for the ASCE SEI Sustainability Committees 2010 publication: Sustainability Guidelines for the Structural Engineer. Jennifer may be reached at Pazdon@silman.com.
very single player in the design and execution of the built environment plays a major role in the sustainability of our future. e process of creating a green building by todays standards requires the input and cooperation of every professional on the design team. e process beckons for a form of leadership equipped with the capability to envision and realize a rational end product amongst an ocean of competing objectives. It could be argued that, as structural engineers, we are the best out tted among consultants to take the lead in this respect. By doing so, our e orts would at once drive the evolution of modern sustainable design and the enhancement of the structural engineering profession. ere are indisputable truths worth noting. In the United States and around the world, more available resources go into creating buildings than any other manmade enterprise in existence today. These resources manifested as energy, raw materials, and available land for both the building itself and the waste generated are largely non-renewable. As builders, our collectively unchecked consumptiveness continues to negate the positive impact our industry may otherwise have on modern society. It is also an unassailable fact that the face of contemporary building design and construction is changing. Design teams face ever greater motivation to consider and address the impact their work will have on the world around them. e annual number of new certi ed green building projects and accredited sustainable designers continues to increase dramatically. Every year, more clients demand sustainability in the design of their projects throughout the country and, in turn, they face impressive public support for their business practices in the form of real estate sales and press coverage. Beyond these established realities, there is much uncertainty. e very de nition of a green building remains elusive and the criteria for certi cation by prominent organizations remains fundamentally awed. It has been shown time and again that building green is marketing gold, but how much of our e ort in promoting sustainability stems from our humanitarian sense of social responsibility? Even for the engineers, architects, consultants and builders who have accepted the concept of sustainable design with open arms, it remains to be fully decided how these
principles will ultimately settle upon professional elds that are themselves in a constant state of ux.
Symbiosis
Enter the structural engineer. With extensive technical training and an a nity for interpreting complex systems, structural engineers have the capacity to preserve and enhance the principles behind modern sustainable design. By harnessing these principles, the structural engineering industry could in turn reap tremendous symbiotic opportunities to enhance their role in the design process and the quality of the end product. Commonly accepted and often implemented tactics of the sustainable-minded structural engineer center on responsible materials selection. Recycled and low energy materials, as well as locally produced sources, are the most apparent contributions a structural engineer can make to the greenness of a project. Because they are easily quanti able, these additions are recognized by current metric standards such as LEED. However, this is far from the end of the contributions to be made. Structural engineers can lead a project toward enhanced sustainability by doing what they commonly do: take a proactive role at the design table and facilitate solutions to problems requiring a multidisciplinary approach. An enhanced building feature, whether it serves to bene t the structures mechanical e ciency, energy consumption or recycled content often requires the cooperation of numerous constituencies across varied building trades. It is the nature of the design process that enhancements in one area may lead to added complications in others. When a building feature is considered non-essential (as many modern-day green building features often are), such a complication is often solved quickly through exclusion. Vigilance is required to realize any complex design approach that is not strictly required by the clients scope. By taking an assertive role in facilitating collaboration across disciplines,
22 January 2011
the structural engineer can uphold and promote the design teams sustainable objectives. Bearing in mind the already considerable complexity of our profession, the di cult balance of market interests, building security concerns, architectural intentions, and technological advances, one might pro er that a leadership role in sustainability is a second helping on an already too full plate. But how do we prioritize? As the industry advances, we should look toward making the process better and not simply faster. In truth, the fact is that the choice is no longer one to be made. e building industry, via bodies such as the USGBC, the AIA COTE, the GSA, a swarm of publications such as Ecostructure and Metropolis Magazine, privately funded research, and a multitude of inspired individuals have already blazed a path in the direction of sustainable building practices. It is now vital to the profession that the structural engineer take a primary lead in the further development of techniques, metrics and standards related to sustainability. e holistic ber of sustainability is often touted, meaning that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Consequently, by asserting a lead role in this domain, we increase our primacy as members of the design, construction, political and societal spheres. Technical elds may grow more specialized, but the world in which they exist grows evermore interconnected. Any single action on behalf of an individual can have resounding implications. e speci c duties of the structural engineer are generally opaque to the public due to their complexity and in some cases as a result of disinterest. Little attention is paid the structural engineer at the completion of design as compared with the architect or owner. When interest is spurred, it is often in the wake of disaster and failure. Firms devote portions of their revenues to developing an attractive website and other marketing materials in order to appeal to clients as well as potential employees. ere is no question that, with ampli ed participation in sustainable design, we increase the accessibility and appeal of our persona. It is certainly in the interest of safety that the structural engineer must remain sober to interests of self-promotion that might compromise the integrity of our work, but it is also true that public perception will sway how we are valued by clients and other consultants. is, combined with the additional services we can provide as sustainable minded consultants and the demand for sustainable buildings in the real estate market, will translate to greater job security and accordingly higher fees.
Structural engineers are equipped with excellent analytical tools; if they lack in any eld, it is in regard to communication and leadership skills. Favorably, the altruistic nature of interest in sustainability is often accompanied by a personality interested in people and communication. us, in addition to bene ting the practicing engineer by enhancing the value associated with our work by others, respecting sustainability increases the appeal of our industry to the kind of employees rms seek to hire and keep.
Conclusion
By approaching structural engineering in a sustainable fashion, structural engineers have the opportunity to serve as role models within the building community, which collectively contributes in enormous proportion to the ever growing levels of consumption and waste in America. Change begins with small steps, such as individual engineers adhering to practical and proven methods of design with greater sustainability. Such a mindset is in fact practical, not idealistic. If a substantial portion of the professional engineering community can be convinced of this, the approach will grow. Guidelines will improve and many of the most progressive green building tactics may someday become industry standard. Someday, perhaps green buildings will just be called buildings. e nature of structural engineering is what we make of it. e duties and responsibilities mandated by the global building industry are virtually endless. With all the talk about hando of risk and responsibility and tasks that we as structural engineers dont want to do, whos talking about what we do want to do? e eld can be as mundane or as challenging as we seek it to be. Our choices set the stage for the future. If we adopt technically challenging and socially responsible aspects of 21st Century building design, we realize an industry that will attract a generation of young, innovative designers and problem solvers; fuel innovation in sustainable living, working and development; and continue the bold traditions of visionary engineers that have come before us. is article was originally published in the Winter 2006 issue of Structural Engineers Association of New York (SEAoNY) Cross Sections. It is reprinted with permission.
STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
Structural Performance
Wood Pre-fabricated Shear Panels for Lateral Force Resistance
performance issues relative to extreme events
By Renee Strand, P.E. Some pre-fabricated shear panels can also be used as part of a single- or double-portal frame system installed on a concrete foundation. Code-evaluated portal frames have been tested as an assembly consisting of 1 or 2 panels with a header spanning the opening and connected to the panel(s) with a momentresistive connection. Load capacities vary by manufacturer and for steel versus wood shear panels but, as an example, an 18-inch wide by 9-foot tall wood shear panel in a singleportal system can have an allowable seismic shear load of 1,905 lbs and an allowable wind shear load of 2,090 lbs. The same size panel in a double-portal system can have an allowable seismic load of 3,810 lbs and an allowable wind load of 4,180 lbs. Pre-fabricated shear panels have also been tested and used successfully in tall walls up to 20 feet high and in two-story structures to meet the latest code requirements. Refer to ICC-ES ESR-2652, April 1, 2010, for details on one such product. The code evaluation report justifies using the panel as a shear wall in Type V construction, wood-framed buildings and as a one-to-one replacement for braced wall panels specified in IBC Section 2308.9.3 and IRC Section R602.10. Because they come in a variety of sizes (heights ranging from 7 to 20 feet and widths ranging from 12 to 48 inches), wood pre-fabricated shear panels provide design flexibility for a variety of wall sizes and loading conditions. As these details vary by product, it is important to confirm specific capabilities in the manufacturers literature.
o limit damage of wood-framed light commercial buildings, multifamily structures and homes against lateral forces from earthquakes and high wind, the International Building Code (IBC) and International Residential Code (IRC) allow several bracing methods. These include shear walls and braced wall panels built on-site, and pre-fabricated shear panels as allowed under the alternative materials section of the code. From an engineering standpoint, these are all workable solutions depending on the specific wall design and building characteristics. However, pre-fabricated shear panels offer a number of advantages to consider, such as consistent and predictable performance to satisfy code requirements, and the ability to accommodate high loads in narrow wall segments and other applications. For woodframed structures, wood pre-fabricated shear panels also help simplify work for building crews when compared to steel panels.
Wood pre-fabricated shear panels can accommodate high lateral loads in narrow wall segments.
Structural Applications
Because many modern building designs call for numerous window and door openings along a wall line, the required length of sitebuilt shear wall segments or braced wall panels may be too wide to meet the architects desired aesthetic. For engineered designs, the codeestablished height (h) to width (b) ratios are 3.5 to 1 for wind-controlled design loads and 2 to 1 for seismic-controlled design loads (with an exception for 3.5 to 1 for seismic if the allowable shear load is multiplied by 2b/h). For prescriptive design, even though the height-to-width ratios can be increased beyond 3.5 to 1 under certain rules, the required brace wall length may still be limited by the architectural design. Pre-fabricated shear panels are tested to industry standards, and can thus exceed code limits on height-to-width. This allows for accommodating high loads in narrow wall segments. For example, a 24-inch wide by 8-foot tall wood pre-fabricated shear panel can have an allowable shear load of 4,435 lbs based on seismic controlled designs or 4,880 lbs based on wind controlled designs.
Ease of Construction
Beyond structural considerations, specifying wood pre-fabricated shear panels can help streamline construction. Although ensuring a stable, code-compliant structure is the top design concern, taking into account the challenges building crews face on the jobsite can help reduce labor time and costs. Due to the extensive list of components for site-built shear walls or braces (e.g., studs, plates, sheathing, anchor bolts, holddowns, nails, etc.), site-built shear walls and braced wall panels can be difficult and
time-consuming to build. If contractors do not follow design details closely, there is also a risk of red tag delays due to mistakes such as over-driven nails, incorrect nail spacing, nails that miss framing members, misplaced holddowns and over-bent straps, to name a few. Wood pre-fabricated shear panels are easier to install than site-built options since they come in one-piece units and have simple brackets for attachment to the buildings foundation (additional fasteners are required at the top). Because of their consistency and pre-attached hold-down components, prefabricated shear panels also typically can pass inspection easier than site-built shear walls and braced wall panels. While engineers often specify steel shear panels given a general familiarity with them, such panels can be more difficult to use onsite than wood pre-fabricated shear panels for contractors working on wood-framed buildings. Steel panels require additional framing materials to attach finish products, and the ability to modify the panels in the field is limited. Wood pre-fabricated shear panels, on the other hand, can be nailed, making them easier for contractors to attach exterior siding and interior wallboard. Crews can also trim some wood panels in height, which allows modifications to fit uneven foundations and varying wall heights. In addition, wood pre-fabricated shear panels can be drilled to accommodate wiring or plumbing. It is important to follow the manufacturers guidelines for field trimming or drilling. For more information, contact a shear panel manufacturer. They can provide details on product sizes, applications, allowable loads, and code compliance. Renee Strand, P.E., is a senior engineer for iLevel by Weyerhaeuser. She can be reached at renee.strand@weyerhaeuser.com.
STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
Cracked& Cracked & Uncracked

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Use of Shrinkage-Compensating Concrete in Post-Tensioned Buildings

Part Two: A Four-Building Survey
By Kenneth B. Bondy, S.E., FACI
L3 (top level) of Parking Structure B2 looking north.
Figure 1: Eorescence at crack on L1 slab soffit.
This is the second of a two-part article presenting case studies of four projects which demonstrate the eective use of shrinkage-compensating concrete to mitigate restraint-to-shortening (RTS) cracking in post-tensioned concrete buildings. Two of these projects were built more than 40 years ago, one has been in service for 12 years, and one is new, completed just 19 months before this writing. The first two buildings surveyed were presented in the April, 2010 issue of STRUCTURE magazine.
John Wayne Airport Parking Structures A2 and B2, Santa Ana, CA

Construction began on Parking Structures A2 and B2 at John Wayne Airport in Santa Ana, CA in the early 1990s. Virtually everyone in the Southern California construction community during that period was aware of the project because of its dramatic RTS cracking problems and the ultimate resolutions. The buildings are framed with cast-in-place, monolithic post-tensioned concrete slabs, beams, and girders. Each contains three elevated levels (L1, L2, and L3), and each is three bays wide (about 175 feet) in the direction of the beam spans, and very long (over 1,000 feet) in the direction of the slab spans. The long direction is separated into independent sections, each slightly over 300 feet in length, with two permanent expansion joints. Each independent section has two pourstrips. The buildings were built in two phases: first an initial level (L1), and then two upper levels (L2 and L3) as the need for additional parking arose. The first elevated level (L1), built with normal-weight portland cement concrete, was completed in the early 1990s and immediately began to crack severely. Eventually, over 70,000 linear feet of cracks
were measured and repaired in the 480,000 square feet of floor area in both structures. Prior to repair, some of the cracks allowed the passage of water through the slab, resulting in unsightly eorescence at the slab sot and potential damage to cars below (Figure 1). Construction proceeded on the upper two levels in the late 1990s. The most significant structural change made in the upper levels was the use of Type K shrinkage-compensating concrete. Virtually all other details relating to RTS were unchanged: dimensions, pourstrips, joinery details, and the contractor executing the work. The two expanded structures were completed and went into service in 1998. A visual inspection of all three elevated levels of both structures was made in February 2009, about eleven years after completion of the second phase. There is a striking difference in the performance of the upper levels (L2 and L3) where shrinkage-compensating concrete was used, and the lower level (L1) where it was not. The L1 level is laced with thousands of feet of unsightly repaired cracks (Figure 2). The upper two levels, L2 and L3, are virtually crack free. Since the only significant and relevant variable is the use of shrinkage-compensating concrete in the upper levels, the performance difference can be reasonably attributed to the cement. continued on next page
Figure 2: Typical repaired cracks on structure A2 Level L1.
Figure 3: Top of slab near expansion joint, structure A2 Level L1.
STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
Figure 4: Same Location as Figure 3, One Floor Up On Level L2.
Figure 3 (page 27) shows the top of the slab at a double column straddling the expansion joint at the L1 level. Diagonal cracks radiate off the columns in an orientation consistent with RTS on either side of the expansion joint. Figure 4 shows the top of the slab on the L2 level, exactly one floor above the location shown in Figure 3. The slab is crack free at this location.
Ridgecrest Community Residence, University Of Alabama, Tuscaloosa

The building is an 8-story student dormitory and parking structure built on-campus for the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa. In this building, the use of shrinkage-compensating concrete resulted in the elimination of pourstrips in large post-tensioned slabs with cost savings and excellent performance. All of the floors are framed with cast-in-place post-tensioned flat plates (solid thickness slabs supported on concrete columns with no drop panels or shear caps). The lower three elevated slabs are roughly 650 by 300 feet in plan dimension, separated by a central permanent expansion joint running in the 300 dimension. The slab-on-ground and the first two elevated slabs (7 inches thick) are used for parking; the third elevated deck (11-12 inches thick) is the first residential floor and forms two large courtyard areas with landscaping. Type K cement was used in the lower three slabs but not in the upper residential slabs (7 inches thick) where Type 1 was used (with pourstrips). The photograph in Figure 5 was taken in April, 2009 when the building was structurally complete but architectural finish work was still underway. The original design of the building used light steel framing in the upper residential floors. Bearing walls were supported on the third floor concrete deck on a grid of deep concrete transfer beams, with a post-tensioned slab outside and between the beams. On the lower two elevated parking slabs, each of the two 300- by 300-foot pieces were divided temporarily into four smaller pieces by pourstrips, specified to be kept open for 9 to 12 weeks. Bids came in substantially over the approximately $70 million budget. The structural engineers, Structural Design Group (SDG) of Birmingham, AL, value-engineered the job for cost-cutting measures. They eliminated steel framing and changed to post-tensioned concrete slabs in the upper residential floors, using the same column layout as the parking area below. That eliminated the grid of transfer beams at the third level. They used KSC shrinkage-compensating concrete in the lower three elevated slabs in order to eliminate pourstrips. This resulted in direct savings in the cost of building pourstrips, and a STRUCTURE magazine
significant savings in construction time. SDG did a complete redesign of the building based on these and other cost-saving measures. Bids on the redesigned job came in under budget. Net savings realized by eliminating pourstrips was estimated at $250,000, including the premium for the KSC concrete. Total savings realized by the redesign was about $3 million. Construction started in 2007 and the building was completed in 2009. During an onsite inspection of the parking level slabs in April 2009, they were found to be in excellent condition. No cracking was evident related to RTS or applied load. Careful observation of the far corners of each of the sections separated by the expansion joint where the most RTS cracking could be expected revealed these critical areas to be crack-free. An experienced observer of posttensioned slabs would rate the performance and condition of these large slabs as outstanding. In a published article describing the building, the structural designers state: The real proof is the slab itself there are virtually no cracks in more than 420,000 square feet of slab. Further, the concrete frame was bid and completed 42 days ahead of (a very aggressive) schedule. The first elevated slab of this building was extensively instrumented to measure short and long-term concrete strains and curvatures. The testing program was directed by Dr. Jim Richardson, professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Alabama. Data collected 14 months after construction of the slab has been published in the ACI Structural Journal. Measurements made 14 months after the slab concrete was placed show that total shortening in the first-floor slab ( = 0.000435 in/in) was less than half that predicted for conventional (i.e., non-shrinkagecompensating) concrete normally used for this application. That is extremely significant, since studies of concrete shrinkage versus time show that over 80% of total shrinkage has occurred at 14 months, and the remaining 20% progresses with dramatically decreasing rate over the next 20 years. If it is assumed that another 10% of the final total strain will occur between 14 months and 5 years, predicted total strain at 5 years would be 0.000435/0.9 = 0.000483 in/in., a value reasonably consistent with the 5-year strain of 0.00034 in/in measured in the Santa Monica Structure #2. Continuing strain measurements made on the Ridgecrest structure should lead to important new information on creep relaxation and temperature change effects. This is an extremely important building whose significance cannot be overestimated. Its success will help establish a relationship between post-tensioned concrete and expansive concrete that should have a January 2011
Figure 5: North elevation showing three lower parking levels and five upper residential levels.
28
Soffit of First Level slab (standing on slab-on-ground) looking northwest. The first supported level is the most susceptible to RTS cracking.
Slab-column joint at First Level near northwest corner of slab.
great impact on future design and construction practices. Things were done in this building that could not have been done without the use of shrinkage-compensating concrete, and they resulted in outstanding performance and significant cost savings.
Conclusion
RTS (along with tendon corrosion) is one of the two biggest problems ever faced by the post-tensioning industry. Looking back over the growth of post-tensioned concrete for 5 decades, and the early efforts to solve the shortening problems, it seems that the use of shrinkage-compensating concrete may have made the solution to the RTS problem easier. Observations of the four buildings included in this survey (including the two discussed in the April 2010 issue) indicate that, on most posttensioned concrete buildings, the use of shrinkage-compensating concrete
(when properly mixed, placed, finished, and cured) can substantially eliminate pourstrips; and, with due consideration of temperature effects, can realistically increase the maximum length between expansion joints to approximately 500 feet, with equivalent or superior performance. The author gratefully acknowledges the staff of CTS Cement Manufacturing, Inc., whose products include KSC shrinkage-compensating cement, and in particular its president, my old friend Ed Rice, for their assistance with this article. Kenneth B. Bondy, S.E., FACI, is the current President of the PostTensioning Institute (PTI) and was, in 2005, inducted into the PTI Hall of Fame, Legends of Post-Tensioning. He serves on numerous ACI committees. Mr. Bondy can be reached at www.kenbondy.com. The online version of this article contains references. Please visit www.STRUCTUREmag.org.
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STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
12/1/10 10:55 AM
Solutions to Structural Distress in the South Tower of the Milwaukee City Hall
Part 2
By Mark D. Webster, LEED AP, P.E., Gunjeet Juneja, P.E. and Donald O. Dusenberry, P.E.
This article is the second of a three-part series on the rehabilitation of the South Tower of the historic Milwaukee City Hall. Part 1, published in the November, 2010 issue of STRUCTURE, addressed the investigation of significant masonry cracking in the structure. Part 3 will discuss the design for durability of the reconstructed masonry.
fter the completion of the investigation outlined in Part 1 of this three-part series, the City of Milwaukee elected to proceed with design for the repairs of the South Tower of Milwaukee City Hall (Figure 1). National engineering firm Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. (SGH) teamed with architect Engberg Anderson and engineer Bloom Companies, LLC for the repair design. The City of Milwaukee quickly established a goal for the repairs to last 100 years, with regular maintenance for wear and tear of the materials. The City awarded the construction contract to J.P. Cullen & Sons, Inc. of Janesville, Wisconsin.
Finite Element Analysis

SGH performed finite element (FE) analyses to determine the most likely causes of the observed cracking patterns in the tower and to help design the structural repairs. These analyses included global models evaluating the tower steel structure and the masonry walls, and component models to study the effect of brick pointing on a wall section and the performance of critical masonry piers. Steel Structure FE Model The interior steel structure (the core truss, Figure 2) of the tower extends from the 10th floor to the lantern at the apex of the roof, 86 feet above the 13th floor. The truss was analyzed using a two-dimensional model representing one plane of the three-dimensional trusswork. This model calculated the load distribution through the truss under the weight of the roof and wind loads acting on the roof, and provided the reactions of the steel structure on the masonry for the design of masonry rehabilitation. With the exception of the 13th-floor plate girders that span between the core truss and the masonry walls and the steel columns immediately above, all members of the core truss were modeled to carry only tension and compression. The plate girder members were modeled as beam elements to capture the important bending behavior of the girders and the effects of the eccentricity of the connection of the diagonal truss members and the plate girders. The steel structure is supported on two steel trusses spanning diagonally across the tower
Figure 1: Milwaukee City Halls South Tower.
STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
Figure 2: The core steel truss within the South Tower.
at the 10th floor. The flexibility of this support was accounted for using elastic springs at the base of the analytical model. The spring stiffness was calculated based on the elastic deformation of the diagonal truss considered as a simply supported beam resting on the masonry. Rotational restraints were used at the ends of floor beams where they are embedded in the masonry walls. Cross-sectional properties were calculated from the structural shapes specified on the drawings for the steel tower, and from field measurement of some members. The steel truss supports 3-inch-thick terra cotta roof tile and copper cladding, the weight of which we modeled as concentrated masses at nodal locations. Other miscellaneous weights, such as the lantern weight at the top of the core truss, were also included. The weight of the floor at various levels was modeled as concentrated masses at the beamFigure 3: FE mesh of the tower masonry. column intersection nodes. The wind load was calculated in accordance with Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-02), using 90 mph as the basic wind speed for Milwaukee. The steel structure incorporates tie rods that appear intended to help resist tower overturning forces between the 12th and 13th floors. The tower was analyzed with and without these tie rods. The results show that the tie rods do not significantly influence the stresses in the members or the tower deformations. The steel stresses throughout the model were found to be within allowable limits, based on standard design practice at the time the tower was built. Masonry Wall FE Model The reactions from the steel truss analysis were applied to a FE model of one side of the masonry tower from the 9th to 13th floors. The effect of the adjacent perpendicular walls at the tower corners was modeled by applying a symmetric boundary condition about a 45-degree plane through the center of the corner pier. Figure 3 shows the FE mesh of the masonry tower model. The cross-sectional properties of the wall and piers were computed, incorporating the offsets in the wall at different levels. The various colors in Figure 3 represent the different section and material properties used in the model. SGH analyzed the wall for gravity loads including the reactions from the steel tower. The resulting stress values were used to design the repairs at and above the 11th floor.
Elements of the Structural Design

Figure 4 (page 32) schematically shows the locations of some of the major structural elements that we discuss below. Durability SGH addressed the durability goals of the project by careful selection of systems, materials, and details. Much of the tower structure, both interior and exterior, is exposed to the elements and subject to temperature extremes, rain, snow, and humidity, at heights where the wind can drive precipitation into every corner, so it presented exceptional durability challenges. Galvanized steel was specified for all new structural steel. As a value engineering step, the final construction utilized a durable three-coat paint system, comprised of an inorganic zinc-rich primer followed by an epoxy intermediate coat and finished STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
with a polyurethane coat. SGH specified stainless steel or hot-dip galvanized components for all post-installed anchors and threaded rods. For concrete elements, epoxy-coated reinforcement and wirewelded fabric was specified for all applications, and a minimum concrete strength of 5,000 psi. Ring Beam The structural analysis found excessive horizontal tension stresses in the perimeter masonry at the 13th level. These walls supported four solid masonry gables, incorporating 15-foot diameter clocks, and massive solid masonry corner turrets, as well as a portion of the load from the sloping steel-framed roof. To resist the stresses at the 13th level, we designed a reinforced concrete ring beam that is 1 foot 3 inches wide by 4 feet 6 inches deep. Because the gable walls and corner turrets were in poor condition, and constructing the ring beam required removing the masonry at this level, it was determined that the solution that best matched the economic and durability goals of the project was to remove and reconstruct the masonry from the 13th level up, incorporating modern materials and systems while maintaining the historical appearance of the tower. The ring beam was designed using forces derived from the computer model of the steel roof, as well as loads from the 13th floor and the clock gables. The ring beam at each face is supported by the corner turrets and by four intermediate piers, which also required reconstruction due to extreme deterioration. Corner Turrets At each corner of the tower, the ring beams frame integrally into the massive concrete cores of the reconstructed corner turrets. The solid concrete cores are over 7 feet in diameter and nearly 11 feet tall. The ACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete Checklist states that heat of hydration should be considered for elements with minimum dimensions over 2.5 feet. Because the turrets are large by this standard, special procedures were specified to address the potential for excessive heat gain in these elements. The use of up to 30% flyash or 50% slag replacement of cement was permitted to reduce the heat of hydration. A maximum differential concrete temperature of 35 degrees Fahrenheit and a peak temperature of 135 degrees Fahrenheit was specified. To verify that the contractors mix design would meet these goals, SGH required the contractor to submit thermal and strength analysis of the mass concrete mix, including heat-of-hydration analysis of the cement, concrete strength tests, adiabatic heat signature tests on 6-inch by 12-inch cylinders, and simulation studies. The mix design for the 5,000 psi turret concrete included 615 lb/cy of cementitious materials, 32% of which was a combination of Type C fly ash and slag, as well as a set-retarding/water-reducing admixture. The contractor engaged a consultant to perform heat analyses of the pour, which predicted a maximum temperature of 130 degrees Fahrenheit and a maximum temperature differential of 32 degrees Fahrenheit, assuming a placement temperature of 50 degrees and ambient temperature ranging from 45 degrees to 50 degrees. There were some concerns about the actual pour, because the delivered temperature of the concrete was 70 degrees Fahrenheit and the air temperature was below 40 degrees, but temperature sensors cast into the northwest turret recorded a maximum temperature of 115 degrees Fahrenheit in the middle of the turret and a maximum temperature differential of about 30 degrees Fahrenheit, satisfying specified goals. No significant cracking was observed in the concrete when the contractor removed the forms. STRUCTURE magazine
Figure 4: Schematic diagram showing location of major new structural elements.
Clock Gables The clock gables were originally constructed using solid mass masonry with embedded structural steel framing. Precast concrete panels attached to new structural-steel framing were used to reconstruct the gables. This solution offered structural system continuity with the steel framing in the core truss, eliminated any embedded structuralsteel framing that would be vulnerable to future hidden corrosion, and provided a stable backup surface for the brick veneer cavity wall system used to face the new gables. Three 6-inch precast panels were specified to frame the face of each gable (Figure 5) and two panels for the cheek walls, nominally reinforced with #5 bars at 12 inches on center each way at panel mid-thickness. The panels were designed to resist their self-weight, out-of-plane wind, and seismic forces, providing connections with slotted and oversized holes between the precast and steel to isolate the panels from other loads that were intended to be supported by the steel framing. Cintec Ties To address vertical cracking and spreading of the tower walls at the 11th floor, the installation of three horizontal 54-foot long, Cintec 1-inch diameter deformed stainless-steel rods were specified in each masonry face. The rods were sized using the tensile stress results from the FE analysis of the masonry wall. In the Cintec system, the rods and associated fabric socks are inserted into cored holes, drilled horizontally in the plane of the walls at mid-thickness, and grouted. The fabric socks prevent uncontrolled dispersal of the grout while keying into voids and irregularities in the base material. January 2011
32
Pier Reconstruction Each tower face had four solid brick masonry piers that needed to be reconstructed at the 12th story: two round piers approximately 1 foot 9 inches in diameter, and two roughly rectangular piers with overall dimensions of approximately 5 feet 6 inches by 2 feet 6 inches. The replacement piers were designed as reinforced composite masonry elements to strengthen them beyond what was inherent in the original unreinforced brick piers. The piers are reinforced with #6 vertical bars and #4 ties. In these composite masonry elements, the veneer brick served as formwork for the grout. The brick was constructed in twofoot lifts. After the mortar set, the brickwork was braced as needed and filled with masonry grout. The grout needed to be sufficiently fluid to fully engage the perimeter brick and carefully consolidated to ensure composite action with the brick.
Construction Sequence
Figure 5: View of the ring beam, corner turrets, and clock gable precast backup during construction.
The construction sequence for the tower reconstruction presented special challenges. The top story of masonry had to be completely rebuilt, while the sloping roof structure above remained supported and capable of resisting live, snow, and wind loads. In the construction documents, a specific demolition and construction sequence was recommended that would maintain the structural integrity of the tower during construction, as follows. 1) Remove the clock gable and corner turret masonry down to the 13th floor. 2) Remove the steel elements that were embedded in the clock gables and the steel framing between the gable faces and sloped roof framing. 3) Repair or replace remaining corroded steel members as required. 4) Install Cintec anchors at the 11th floor. 5) Reconstruct the floor system at the 12th story. The replacement floor framing was designed to carry shoring loads needed to complete the following steps. On one side of the tower at a time, complete Steps 6 through 10, allowing at least one week of curing time at a given side before proceeding to the next side: 6) Shore the central core truss and the 13th floor down to the new 12th floor. 7) Remove all the masonry at the 13th-story and 12th-story piers, including one contiguous corner turret. 8) Reconstruct the 12th-story piers and corner turret up to the bottom of the ring beam. 9) Cast the new concrete ring beam and remaining portion of the associated corner turret. 10) Resupport all roof framing and floor framing on the newly constructed ring beam as required. 11) Reconstruct clock gables.
The contractor elected to modify the proposed sequence, for scheduling reasons, by constructing the ring beams at the 13th floor before constructing the 12th-story piers. Since the piers support the ring beams, SGH was especially concerned about establishing tight joints between the tops of the piers and undersides of the beams. Following constructive dialog with the contractor, a sequence was settled upon in which the contractor constructed each composite masonry pier to the bottom of the terra cotta capital, cast in place the concrete backup for the capital, leaving a 2-inch gap below the ring beam, and then finally filled the gap beneath the ring beam with dry-pack.
Conclusion
The South Tower of the Milwaukee City Hall had serious structural damage that related to its original design, but had been aggravated by decades of exposure to a very aggressive environment. Using a combination of tailored construction materials and techniques, structural repairs and reconstruction procedures were developed that were designed to revitalize and extend the useful life of the South Tower of the magnificent Milwaukee City Hall, while preserving its important historical features. Mark D. Webster, LEED AP, P.E., is a Senior Staff II Structures and project manager at national engineering firm Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. He can be reached at mdwebster@sgh.com. Gunjeet Juneja, P.E. is a Senior Staff II Structures at Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc.. She can be reached at gjuneja@sgh.com. Donald O. Dusenberry, P.E., is a senior principal at Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. He can be reached at dodusenberry@sgh.com.
Photos courtesy of Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. (SGH) STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
FOUNDATION Business is getting better.

Foundation Firms Seeing Improvement
By Larry Kahaner hats the word from foundation companies. Although projects are not coming along as fast or as plentifully as they did before the recession, company o cials are seeing a slow but steady improvement in the pace of inquiries, bids and projects. Clearly, theres been a reduction in the amount of work because of the economy, says Jim Hussin, Director at Hayward Baker, Inc. (www.haywardbaker.com), headquartered in Odenton, Maryland. But weve turned the corner. eres not a rapid rise, but weve seen some improvement weve de nitely seen a pick-up in the past year. Hayward Baker o ers a full range of pre- and post-construction services for foundation rehabilitation, settlement control, liquefaction mitigation, soil stabilization, groundwater control, slope stability, excavation support, and underpinning. e company has 20 o ces across the United States, as well as locations in Central and South America, and Canada. Soil mixing is growing rapidly, and the techniques of handling soft soils has evolved over past years, Hussin notes. Were now nding more applications in areas that were thought to be too expensive, but are now economically viable. He adds: We have a full range of techniques that are available to clients, and we can get creative and o er innovative solutions to their problems. In the near term, Hussin forecasts that more of their work will be in horizontal markets such as infrastructure, roads and bridges. In vertical markets, he sees more work in hospitals, education and power. Well see a recovery in commercial rst, and then residential will follow.
beginning to move o the bottom with slow growth over the next few years. e company has recently been building its ground improvement business. Its more diversi cation for us. Our approach has always been to be diversi ed across di erent but related techniques and applications. e company, which has been in business for 60 years, is geographically diverse, too, covering the 12 Western states including Alaska and Hawaii. It also maintains regional o ces in California.
ony Jacobsen, Senior Engineer at Grip-Tite (www.griptite.com) of Winterset, Iowa, which has been manufacturing earth anchoring products for almost 90 years, is seeing a rise in demand, too. Were starting to see a pick-up in industrial work. Were also seeing some increase in residential retro t, usually two stories or less. continued on next page
ob Carnevale, Business Development Manager at Seattlebased DBM Contractors, Inc. (www.dbmcm.com), agrees that business is improving. e construction industry is su ering compared to two or three years ago, but we have been diversi ed across public and private work. Traditionally, when one is up, the other is down. Prior to the most current downturn, though, they were both up. Since then the private sector has dwindled, so like most other construction companies, weve been making our living from public sector projects. He adds: We think were bouncing along the bottom and our indicators during the last six months seem to show that were
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January 2011
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e market has shrunk, but weve doubled our business. We continued to hire people to do R&D work.
Jacobsen is seeing a trend toward larger diameter helicals, especially the 2-inch and the 3-inch, both for new construction. We are within six months of providing a 4-inch diameter helical for three-story concrete building and lateral loads. He adds: Were pushing toward a 1-inch square bar for retro t and tie backs for new constructionnext year well see a 2-inch square bar, helical shaft, mainly for new construction. Jacobsen notes that the new diameters will allow the company to get into higher density materials and provide some bene ts in highlyexpansive soil, like that found in the Front Range in Colorado, which is the most populated region of the state.
A
lso touting the bene ts of helical piles is Stephen Petres of MacLean Dixie (www.macleandixie.com), located in Franklin Park, Illinois. e market has shrunk, but weve doubled our
business, says Petres, who has been involved with helical piles for 39 years. We continued to hire people to do R&D work. e company serves both the utility market and the civil market with a complete line of helical piles, from small to large, says Petres, Product Manager Anchoring Products. Were trying to o er an alternative product for engineers who are not familiar with helical piles. We want to address the issues of why engineers are not using more helical piles. To this end, the company has done two things. First, it came up with their Strength Squared coupling system. Petres notes that engineers are wary of using pipes with drilled holes, fearing that they will deform. So we came up with a square engagement system which gives engineers con dence that theyre not going to have bolts that shear. Were o ering strength to structural engineers. Second, the company submitted its helical piers for testing by an accredited laboratory. We spent money to submit some of our products to an ICC AC-358 evaluation program, about a year and a half ago. We expect certi cation this year [2011]. He says that the company has already been assigned preliminary certi cation numbers for their 1-inch, 1-inch, 2-inch and 3-inch products. After certi cation, structural engineers will have the con dence to use our products because they have been tested by an accredited lab. ey can study the data themselves. Petres is con dent about the growth of helical piles as engineers are asked to squeeze even more costs out of their projects. eres greater pressure for SEs to cut costs, and I think theyre becoming more open minded about alternatives like helicals, he says. (See ad on page 38.)
onotube Pile Corporation (www.davidsonpipe.com), part of the Davidson Group of Companies, is dedicated to manufacturing steel piles for exclusive use in the deep foundations industry. e Canton, Ohio company mainly serves the United States market, says General Manager Sam Kosa. It appears that highway work is increasing slightly. Were seeing more bidding action. He adds: Were starting to see more activity in government projects, continued on page 38 STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
Put infrastructure spending on a solid foundation.
Monotube Piles. Solid Economics

In the infrastructure space across America, its estimated that more than 8,600 projects are shovelready and simply awaiting funding to get underway. Coincidentally, polls show we Americans are strongly in favor of major investment in our aging infrastructure. However, concurrent with this favorable opinion is a strong demand for accountability and measurable efficiencies in how our tax dollars are going to be spent. We as corporate citizens, whether manufacturer, designer, engineer or contractor, have a serious interest in this. Monotube tapered steel foundation piles have consistently delivered capital-saving measurability for more than 80 years. Using conventional equipment, a Monotube requires a shorter driven length to achieve design load capacity, fewer man-hours and less energy to install than competing products. We have numerable test site data proving Monotube piles superior performance and its yours free for the asking. America is about to embark on a historic expenditure of taxpayer dollars. We at Monotube Pile Corporation know we can help you keep costs in check. Give us a call today because, as always, were ready to deliver solid economics.
Request our Free Catalog P Box 7339 Canton, OH 44705-0339 / Ph. 330.454.6111 Fax 330.454.1572 .O. Executive Office: 5002 Second Avenue Brooklyn, NY 11232 Email: monotube@neo.rr.com / www.monotube.com.
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and were anticipating more government jobs this year. e company o ers four diameters, four gauges, and three rates of taper that allow the designer to select a Monotube suitable for a wide variety of economical applications. For fully embedded foundation piles, the most commonly used diameters are 12 and 14 inches, with design loads up to 150 tons, contingent on soil capacity. Kosa notes that one advantage of the Monotube pile is the ability to nest a tapered section into an extension to produce a compact bundle. is process reduces shipping and storage volume by as much as 40 percent.
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elix Ferrer, President and CEO of Fair eld, New Jersey-based SAS Stressteel, Inc. (www.stressteel.com), says that business is de nitely getting better. Some projects that were stopped two years ago are coming back to life. Developers are now talking to us about new sites, new developments and new projects in New York City. We have picked up some work, and its getting pretty exciting. He says that his company o ers 3-inch diameter grade 150 bar anchors, each with a capacity of 1,028 kips. ese anchors are being used to tie down One World Trade Center about 230 anchors that are about 90 feet deep and also will be used on the other buildings in the complex. ats pretty signi cant for foundations, that were using this type of tie-down technology. n the area of ground improvement, Lyle Simonton, Director of Business Development for St. Louis-based Subsurface Constructors (www.subsurfaceconstructors.com), says the company has done well in the past year. We had an extremely busy year. ere is still a lot of work: DOTs, wastewater, schools, medical, etc. e 100-year old company is working on some high pro le projects, like deep foundations for the new Mississippi River Bridge Missouri approach and ground improvement work for the Indiana Department of Transportation. He further notes that some continued on page 40
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C o p y r i g h t 2 0 11 M a c L e a n D i x i e H F S
STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
FOUNDATION
retail commercial projects are coming on line, too, such as senior living facilities. Simonton says that the company has been highlighting the green bene ts of soil mitigation using its Vibro-Stone Column machines. We can often build stone columns without having to pre-drill. is limits how much spoil we generate, so thats positive for a more sustainable construction approach.
lso touting the green bene ts of soil improvement is Geopier Foundation Company, Inc. (www.geopier.com), based in Mooresville, North Carolina. Our biggest role has been as a developer of technologies suited for any site. We have a variety of systems to treat virtually any soil condition. Impact systems allow us to treat to deeper depth, up to 45 feet in a cost-e ective way, says Brendan FitzPatrick, P.E., Director of Engineering and Development, North America. e company highlights its Rammed Aggregate Pier (RAP) system, which FitzPatrick says lowers a projects carbon footprint because theyre not using steel and concrete for driven piles or caissons, both of which have larger carbon footprints. Massive
earthmovers also have large carbon footprints. We are faster and use less equipment. He adds: As many owners are also developing more sustainable construction projects, they are exhibiting preference for this soil reinforcement approach for the LEED bene ts and reduced carbon footprint, compared to more conventional foundation support options. e RAP system is also more cost e ective, says FitzPatrick. Design teams, contractors and owners are all challenged to build more with less. Many project teams are opting for the schedule and cost bene ts o ered by a RAP system, as opposed to costly over-excavation and replacement, or deep foundations.
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hings are looking up on the testing side of the foundations business, according to Gina Beim, P.E., senior consulting engineer-marketing at GRL Engineers (www.pile.com) in Cleveland, Ohio. We see an increase in remote testing. Business seems to be picking up. She credits the increase to several factors, including the cost savings involved with remote testing as opposed to on-site testing. We have been seeing some results of campaigns to help DOT understand remote testing. Lots of structures are transmitting data now. is is a trend. Were feeling the pull for this. She notes that AASHTOs LRFD bridge design standards will lead to more testing, and that the cost e ectiveness of remote testing will become of greater interest. We hope that testing in a more economical way will give the market a method to keep standards high while o ering cost-saving methods. Aside from the savings of not needing someone on site to check readings, another cost bene t is not having to ship wires and cables to the project site. Beim adds that the company is introducing a product aimed at the drilled shaft market. It will include remote sensing. e ermal Integrity Pro ler (TIP) inspects the integrity of a drilled shaft using a temperature method, says Beim. Now in prototype, the product is expected to be available in spring or summer. We can inspect the drilled shaft that has been tted with the temperature sensor remotely. Its imbedded in the shaft itself and will indicate how good the concrete is.
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40
January 2011
Historic structures
significant structures of the past
nlike some parts of Europe, America has yet to develop a formal designation or description of a Preservation Engineer; yet many members of the structural engineering community regularly inspect, evaluate, and recommend repairs, interventions, and modifications for the thousands of buildings on national and local historic registers and the many others that qualify for such status (Figure 1). Because of the predominance of vernacular structures and small religious buildings that constitute this specific building stock and the proportionally modest resources generally available for their maintenance and upgrading, small local firms are often engaged on their behalf. The nature of these firms, and in fact that of most structural engineering firms, is that few have engineers on staff with specialized training in assessing historic buildings.
Figure 1: Inspection of Masonry Faade. Courtesy of Dr. Debra F. Laefer.
Old Buildings
Critical Skills for Structural Engineers Encountering Historic Structures

By Dr. Debra F. Laefer
Dr. Debra F. Laefer is an American who is a tenured lecturer in Civil Engineering at the University College Dublin in Ireland and past Interim Director of Conservation Research for their Masters in Urban and Building Conservation. She is also Chair of the Heritage and Existing Structures Committee for the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Dr. Laefer may be reached at debra.laefer@ucd.ie.
Although it is true that Newtons precepts do not differ based on a buildings age or architectural significance, there needs to be an acknowledgment that material production, material selection, structural systems, and joining options are all constantly evolving topics. This is problematic, as what is taught in most civil engineering programs focuses exclusively on new construction with only the rarest of curriculum providing any instruction in traditional or archaic technologies. This fact leaves the majority of todays engineers ill-equipped to address the problems of older structures, because these buildings include materials and structural systems that behave in ways that fundamentally differ from modern construction. A common example of the criticality of this is in understanding the traditional role of limebased mortars and their expected strength capacity. Portland cements general displacement of lime as the main binder in late 20th century mortars was a failure to recognize a major role of mortar as the sacrificial element in the building fabric. As buildings move due to a wide range of external factors, from temperature-based expansion to differential settlement because of non-uniform loading,
Preheated air for burners
To stack
Waste heat to drier
Preheat Movement of cars
Fire
Cool Movement of gases
Figure 2: Tunnel Kiln. Courtesy of Dr. Debra F. Laefer.
they tend to develop small cracks. In traditional masonry, the weak lime-based mortars tend to crack, instead of the substantially stronger brick. This is intentional. In part this is because the mortar has the ability to heal itself to some extent (referred to as self-annealing), because of the carbonation based curing process which relies on air (as opposed to the hydration based curing for concrete, which is dependent upon free water). A soft mortar can also be periodically removed from between the facing side of the bricks in the process of repointing. With Portland cement based mortars, the mortar is nearly as strong, if not stronger, than the brick. Thus the brick is as likely to develop cracks,as the mortar, and periodic maintenance cycle of repointing is nearly impossible without risking damage to the bricks as the mortar is removed from the joints. As seen in this example, failure to understand material properties and their roles in distinction to those of modern ones, jeopardize the long-term viability of preserving buildings. Not only is this problematic with respect to preserving architectural heritage but, as America tries to come to terms with sustainability, life-cycle, and embodied energy issues, two things need to be acknowledged. The first is that an existing structure represents an enormous previous investment from an environmental perspective. Thus, its replacement represents a complete loss of that investment and requires the major environmental expenditure of manufacturing new materials and energy investment in their assembly, as well as the further energy needed for demolition, removal, and disposal of the existing structure. Another example relates to the plaster renderings over adobe walls. When removed, the structures fair much worse from a durability perspective. They also become more vulnerable to damage and subsequent collapse when exposed to seismic loading. Similarly, if the rendering is repaired with a cement-based product, the subsequent performance tends to be vastly inferior to the application of traditional, local materials. So not only are non-local materials inferior to those originally used, they often require higher levels of embodied energy as they must be shipped greater distances.
42 January 2011
The situation is complicated. In some cases, gaining the specialty skills and background needed to sensitively and cost-effectively work with historic buildings can be relatively straight forward as is the case with documentation, where surveying skills and conservation theory are areas where the field is well established and literature is readily available. Even legislation and standards from around the world are now readily available through the power of the Internet. Other areas, such as masonry evaluation and timber intervention, are arguably less accessible through self-study. In fact, at a recent workshop for the development of curricula in Preservation Engineering held at the University of Vermont in collaboration with the National Center for Preservation Technology and Training, there was a fairly strong consensus amongst academics and practitioners alike that to best understand masonry and timber not only did specialty content need to be developed, but that the ideal situation would include firstly the introduction of formal courses on modern masonry and timber. This approach might on the surface seem counter-intuitive. However, because current practices are based on much more homogenous materials, where the variability of performance is highly controlled through modern production and material inspection methods. Thus, first studying the contemporary design methodologies is actually much easier. The vast majority of older brick and timber structures in America are vernacular and were designed and built without the benefit of an engineer, even when the engagement of engineers for larger structures was already common practice. Consequently, the configuration of a large percentage of these structures was based on common practices. Although some of these are documented in a few early 20th century handbooks, the texts are hard to access, arguably incomplete, and do not approach the subject in a way that would be familiar to a modern engineer. For example, modern practice is based upon a certain probability that the materials are within a particular performance range. That performance level is in part an outgrowth of testing methods that the structural engineering community has developed and adopted through consensus documents, such as those published by ASTM. Since most of these standards did not exist until recently, the limited testing data from the period of original construction is hard to evaluate in a modern context. A perfect example is stiffness. In the few available documents where deformation of masonry piers was documented, the reported results
Acquiring the Knowledge and Skills
are on the final deformation at the time of failure. Current practice dictates determining the Youngs modulus early in the loading curve and through a series of discrete measurements. Accurate properties are essential for the analysis of an historic structure. The issue is further complicated by the higher variability of traditional materials compared to their modern counterparts. An easy to understand example of this is in brick making. Modern brick production employs a tunnel kiln to dry and fire the units. The equipment is highly controlled with respect to the temperature levels and exposure time of the bricks to the heat. Furthermore, the conveyor beltlike arrangement of the tunnel kiln promotes a uniform heat exposure (Figure 2). In traditional kilns there was little heat flow so that bricks located closer to the heat were more thoroughly fired than those further away, resulting in material variabilities with coefficients of variation in excess of 20%, even after hand culling of the material (Figure 3). Finally, just to further complicate the matter, the modern engineer must evaluate what decades (if not centuries) of exposure has done to material capacity. Another problem is that many of the subjects that the modern structural engineer needs to study in preservation engineering fall into the category of either developing technologies or emerging fields. Some examples of the former include non-destructive analysis, sensors, stabilization, repair, and treatment strategies. Base-isolation is a good example of something that was nearly completely unknown 30 years ago but is now becoming a more mainstream (although still quite expensive) option for the seismic protection of historic buildings. In the latter category is the field of disaster management, where training and expertise are rapidly evolving along with changing community expectations. Perhaps the geotechnical community can provide a partial model on how structural engineers can move forward to incorporate fundamental training for engineering students that would be appropriate for interacting with historic buildings. Geotechnics is an area where specialty products have long been developed for heritage buildings, because of the potential liability during subsurface construction when it occurs adjacent to one of these facilities. From a financial imperative, several sub-specialties have developed including compensation grouting, jet grouting, micropiles, and screw piles, just to name a few. From 1970 through the early 1990s, these technologies faced great difficulties in gaining wide spread acceptance and adoption, especially on public projects because of an absence of widely available testing data and clearly defined specifications. Since then, the
Figure 3: Traditional Scove Kiln.
industry has gone to greater transparency, in part as a function of the expiration of patents and also in recognition that government agencies often control the means and methods used on a project. Thus, the permitted technologies must cooperate in facilitating verification of products and procedures. Increasingly, the teaching of these techniques is occurring at the masters level. Additionally, many faculty member use examples in the classroom involving major historic monuments to illustrate the criticality of understanding fundamental soil mechanics. A common example is teaching primary and secondary clay consolidation calculation using the Tower of Pisa as a minicase history. Such an approach enlivens the classroom and introduces, in an indirect way, the fundamental role of engineers and engineering in historic preservation. Unfortunately, there are topics that cannot be addressed effectively through any of these means. Teaching forensics is a good example, as even the most fundamental skills such as conducting a load take down and understanding a building with respect to code development requires more than chalk and talk instruction. Teaching preservation ethics in a meaningful way is another good example. In both instances fieldwork, case histories, and mentoring by experienced engineers are inherent components to the process. Such experiential learning can only be obtained through mentored professional practice or through the creation of highly specialized graduate level courses.
Conclusion
In summary, Americas structural engineers have much to learn about historic buildings, if we want them safely preserved for the sake of both architectural heritage and environmental protection. Some of this information is readily available for self study and some from specialty courses, but eventually the community will have to embrace and financially support the dual concepts of preservation engineering as a formal masters level endeavor and of preservation research as a scholarly pursuit worthy of tenure at top academic institutions and funding at a national level. Such is already the case in parts of Europe.
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January 2011
Great achievements
Charles Conrad Schneider
By Frank Griggs, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., P.L.S. harles Schneider was born in Apolda, Germany and received his engineering education at the Royal School of Technology at Chemintz, Germany. After graduating in 1864, he worked as a mechanical engineer before immigrating to the United States in 1867. He went to work for the Paterson Locomotive Works for four years before going on to the Michigan Bridge and Construction Company in Detroit. This was his first professional involvement with bridges which would occupy most of his career. In 1873, he went to work for the Erie Railroad in New York City. Here he worked for Octave Chanute, who designed the Kansas City Bridge, the first bridge over the Missouri River in 1867-68. In addition, George Morison, who had worked with Chanute on the Kansas City Bridge, was there as his Principal Assistant Engineer. While with the Erie, one of his duties was to check the strain sheets and plans submitted by bridge companies... Bridge work up to this time had usually been let on a competitive lump-sum basis. Mr. Schneider soon found that this method was unsatisfactory, and the Railroad Companys officials decided to make their own plans; and it was Mr. Schneiders duty to prepare them... In 1875, he went with Chanute who was selected as one of the Board of Engineers to review proposals for a bridge at Blackwells Island across the East River in New York City. While reviewing them, he met Charles Macdonald who eventually won the competition. After leaving this position, he went to work for a year with the Delaware Bridge Company and Macdonald. During this period the Delaware Bridge Company had an agreement with the Edgemoor Iron Company to fabricate all of their bridges. Schneider was stationed at the Edgemoor Company, where he designed and supervised construction of several bridges including the Pennsylvania Railroad Rockville Bridge, 23 spans of 160 feet with two tracks, over the Susquehanna River and the Cohoes Bridge over the Mohawk River on the Delaware and Hudson Railroad. From 1879-1883, he was associated with George Morison on the Plattsmouth, Bismarck and Blair Bridges across the Missouri River as well as the Snake River
notable structural engineers
Bridge at Ainsworth, Washington. His mentors, Macdonald, Chanute and Morison were some of the most renowned bridge engineers of the time. In 1883, he set himself up in business as a civil engineer in New York making a specialty of designing and superintending bridges and structural work for buildings. One of his first large clients was the Canadian Pacific Railway which was racing westward in competition with Jim Hills Great Northern. One of Schneiders first jobs was to design wooden Howe Trusses, his most famous being the Stoney Creek Viaduct in the Selkirk
C. C. Schneider
Schneiders Second Stoney Creek Viaduct.
Mountains. The only iron in the bridge was the wrought-iron verticals and miscellaneous bolts and plates. Even though built of wood and considered to be a temporary bridge, it survived until 1893 and was replaced by a steel arch bridge designed by Schneider. He was asked to design an iron bridge, just west of his Stoney Creek Viaduct, over the Fraser River. This river was a fast flowing stream which precluded placement of falseworks in the river bed. Schneider, based upon his previous exposure to the Blackwells Island Bridge competition, decided to build this bridge using cantilever techniques. He
Fraser River Bridge.
completed a design of the 525-foot span, located 125 feet above the river, in the spring of 1882. Due to slowness of the iron delivery, even though it was the first cantilever designed by Schneider, it would not be completed until 1887. It lasted until 1910, when it was replaced by a new steel bridge. On October 13, 1882, the Michigan Central Railroad asked Schneider to submit a proposal for a bridge across the Niagara Gorge near Roeblings suspension bridge. They wanted an estimate for a double-track railroad bridge of 900 feet clear span, for the purpose of ascertaining the probable cost of bridging the Niagara below the Falls... intimating that a braced arch reaching from cliff to cliff might be the proper design for the proposed structure. He submitted his completed design to the Central Bridge Works of Buffalo, New York who in turn submitted a tender to the Niagara Bridge Company. The tender was accepted by the Board of Directors on April 11, 1883. The erection technique worked out by Central Bridge Company and Schneider became the pattern which was followed on many cantilevers in the future. They started by building their towers and anchor spans from falsework resting on rock banks. They designed and built two travelers to erect the rest of the bridge. The travelers worked outward on each cantilever until they reached the end of the cantilever span. The suspended span was 120 feet long and the maximum reach of each traveler was 40 feet. Schneider did not want the traveler to go beyond the end of the cantilever span, as he did not want to overload the cantilever span or anchorage. This left 40 feet of suspended span that could not be erected by the travelers. He
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Niagara Cantilever from a postcard.
solved this by placing wooden beams across the 40-foot gap and erecting the rest of the truss by hand methods. The speed at which the bridge was erected was impressive, with the entire bridge taking four months. What Schneider and Central Bridge did was to erect the superstructure of a new style bridge, using new techniques, over 900 feet long and 230 feet over the Niagara River in less than two months. In June 1885, three commissioners were appointed to oversee building of a bridge across the Harlem River near John Jervis High Bridge. They set up a design competition and offered premiums of $1,500, $1,000 and $500 to the top three entries. On December 3, 1885 seventeen designs were submitted. Designs of the Union Bridge Company, Edward Shaw, Julius Adams, C. C. Schneider and Wilhelm Hildenbrand were favored by the commission. To help them in making a decision, they formed a Board of Experts consisting of Theodore Cooper, P. P. Dickinson, Edward Kendall and McAlpine to review the plans. The Commission recommended Schneiders design for the first premium. The design was modified by the Union Bridge Company, and the bridge was completed on February 22. It wasnt totally opened until December 1889, when residents tore down the barricades and started using the bridge. In 1886, he entered into a partnership with the Pencoyd Iron Works to design, fabricate and erect their bridges. During this period, Schneider designed or built the Delaware River Bridge for the Pennsylvania Railroad, L. L. Bucks record setting arch bridge over the Niagara River below the falls, The James River Bridge for the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad and many other smaller bridges in the United States, Mexico and Japan. One of his potentially greatest bridges was at Blackwells Island where, in 1893, the Long Island Railroad Company was planning a bridge across the East River. Schneider was selected as engineer and designed a cantilever bridge crossing the two river channels and the island. It had two identical cantilever
spans of 810 feet in the clear, 840 feet center to center of piers, making them the longest cantilevers in the United States. Foundations were started, and steel contracts for the superstructure awarded in March 1895. After a fast start the company ran out of funds and construction halted. He remained with Pencoyd until 1900, when it was purchased by the American Bridge Company, a J. P. Morgan led consolidation of 28 of the largest steel fabricators and constructors in the United States. At American Bridge Company, he was appointed Chief Engineer as well as Director and Vice President until 1903, and then until his death as Consulting Engineer. The President of the firm noted, Mr. Schneider, without question, stood at the very head of his profession. And, in addition, I believe never had an enemy in his entire career. In 1903 he, along with Theodore Cooper, was appointed by the Government of Japan to develop sets of plans for Japanese railroad bridges, Around 1895, Theodore Cooper suggested Schneider should take his place as consulting engineer before construction of the Quebec Bridge commenced, due to his age and declining health. The bridge company did not accept this recommendation, and Cooper continued in nominal charge with the Phoenix Bridge Company taking over more and more of the design. In 1907, after the August failure of the bridge, Schneider was selected to investigate the failure of Coopers Bridge. He wrote an extensive report on the bridge design which was included with the Report of the Royal Commission. He was asked to respond to three questions, the most important being, The advisability of discarding the present plans of the Quebec Bridge, and recommendations as to a new design. Schneiders report was finished early in 1908, but not released until the Commissions report was released. He, after a lengthy structural analysis of the bridge, had eight conclusions, the most important being, The present design is not well adapted to a structure of the magnitude of the Quebec Bridge and should, therefore, be discarded and a different design adopted for the new bridge, retaining only the length of the spans in order to use the present piers. On May 17, 1911, Schneider was appointed a full member of the Board that was to oversee design and construction of the replacement bridge, serving with Charles Monsarrat and Ralph Modjeski. Schneider died January 8, 1916, eight months before another major bridge failure when the suspended span being lifted into place slipped off its supports into the river resulting in
Washington Bridge over the Harlem River.
the deaths of 13 men. The bridge was finally opened on October 27, 1917. Schneider was active in ASCE, serving as Director, Vice-President and President in 1905. He won the Rowland Prize for his paper The Cantilever Bridge at Niagara Falls in 1886, the Norman Medal for his paper The Structural Design of Buildings in 1905 and Movable Bridges in 1908. In addition, he contributed to many discussions of the papers of his colleagues. His memoir in the Transactions ASCE noted, Mr. Schneider was dearly beloved by his many friends on account of his sterling character and his kindly disposition. He was always willing and ready to assist brother engineers with advice, giving to them freely from his rich fund of knowledge, and large indeed is the number of engineers today in responsible positions, who owe their training and their position to him. He was most democratic in his ways and of a lovable disposition, and gained, in the highest degree the respect of everybody who came in contact with him. He always stood for good work, good designs, and good details, and the Engineering Profession is greatly indebted to him for the present high standard that has been obtained in bridge and structural work. His was a most useful life, well lived, an example and an inspiration to the Profession, that will remain in the memory of all who had the privilege of knowing him.
Schneiders Blackwells Island Plan.
Dr. Griggs specializes in the restoration of historic bridges, having restored many 19th Century cast and wrought iron bridges. He was formerly Director of Historic Bridge Programs for Clough, Harbour & Associates LLP in Albany, NY, and is now an independent Consulting Engineer. Dr. Griggs can be reached via email at fgriggs@nycap.rr.com.
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January 2011
Product Watch
By Joe Pasma, P.E.
updates on emerging technologies, products and services
SIPs Provide Green Building Benefits in Traditional and Cutting-Edge Designs
n the 1970s, geodesic domes were the vision of efficient, futuristic buildings. It seems that every community had a least one of these Buckminster Fuller-inspired creations whether a home, restaurant, office, church or motel. Today, green buildings typically look no different than conventional buildings. The unseen systems and materials are often more important than the outward appearance. A case in point is structural insulated panels (SIPs). SIPs contribute to a range of environmentally responsible design goals, while meeting the structural and aesthetic needs of a host of building types and architectural styles.
Structural Attributes
Structural insulated panels are high-performance, engineered wall, roof, and floor components for use in single- and multifamily homes, as well as schools, worship facilities, offices, retail, and other light commercial buildings. The panels are made of two outer sheathing layers (typically oriented strand board OSB) laminated to a rigid insulating foam core (such as expanded polystyrene EPS). The skins and foam core work together to achieve high strength in a manner comparable to other engineered structural components, such as I-joists. In wall applications, SIPs provide exceptional strength in racking and diaphragm shear capacities, making them suitable as shear walls and
SIPs provide a strong and stiff base for a living roof at the Bend, Oregon, Metro Parks and Recreation District headquarters.
structural diaphragms to resist high winds and earthquakes. They have been proven for use in seismic design categories D, E and F. In roof applications, SIPs perform well under gravity and snow loads. Designers can specify SIPs to create vaulted, open interior spaces. Since they have long clear span capability typically up to 20 feet SIPs can reduce the need for intermediate structural supports. They can also be employed in roof structures without an engineered truss system. The results are large, soaring rooflines, open and vaulted ceilings, and overall extra indoor space for applications otherwise very difficult to achieve with stick-built construction. Most SIP manufacturers work with designers and specifiers to ensure their panels are accepted by local building code officials and are in compliance with the building codes, including the International Building Code (IBC) and International Residential Code (IRC). This process includes providing alternative material evaluation or listing reports for SIPs showing evidence of compliance with code requirements as an alternate method of construction.
Green Building Advantages

In addition to their ability to meet a range of structural needs, SIPs support green building goals, including improved energy efficiency and indoor air quality. The key environmental advantage of designing and building with SIPs is their ability to create STRUCTURE magazine
For walls, SIPs provide exceptional strength in racking capacities.
a tight, high-performance building envelope. The rigid foam core offers continuous insulation across the panels width and length, reducing the thermal bridging created by lumber. Additionally, the large-size panels have significantly fewer joints that require sealing. The U.S. Department of Energys (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) evaluated the energy performance of SIPs versus stick-built framing. Their analysis of complete wall assemblies found that SIPs had an approximately 47 percent higher wholewall R-value than a comparably sized stud wall (i.e., 3.5-inch-thick core SIP versus 2 by 4 studs at 16 inches on center). Because of SIPs capabilities, more design professionals are using them in net zeroenergy buildings. The panels can help reduce annual heating and cooling demands by 50 to 60 percent compared to stick framing, going a long way toward reducing overall energy needs. This is particularly important in states such as California, where energy efficiency is mandated. Californias Title 24 Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings require netzero energy construction by 2020 for homes and 2030 for commercial buildings. All across the country, the American Institute of Architects (AIA) has put forth its AIA 2030 Commitment, calling for all new buildings to be carbon neutral by 2030. The tightness of the SIPs envelope also makes buildings less prone to infiltration by
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January 2011
Helping speed construction, SIPs arrive at the jobsite in large, ready-to-install sections.
SIPs meet a wide range of structural needs in roof, wall and floor systems.
common pollutants such as radon, molds, pollen, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), lead dust and asbestos. As such, SIPs can be an important part of creating a healthier indoor environment, which is especially important in homes, schools and healthcare facilities. For these and other green building advantages, including reduced construction waste, SIPs can help design professionals earn up to 36 or more points in the U.S. Green Building Councils Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program for homes, and up to 23 points for commercial construction. Design teams are using SIPs in a range of architectural styles, from traditional to ultra-modern. SIP buildings look no different than other construction materials, and can also enable innovative designs. For example, architects working for Brad Pitts Make It Right Foundation to help rebuild New Orleans, developed a Float House that uses SIP walls and roofs as part of a modular structure built on a chassis designed to float. In Bend, Oregon, the Bend Metro Parks and Recreation District opened a new headquarters with a green living roof placed on top of structural insulated panels. Pushing the design envelope even further, a commercial building in Seattle used six cargo shipping containers with a roof made of SIPs. Each of these projects incorporated a host of other green features; the design teams selected the SIPs as a key part of that, as well as for their ability to meet aesthetic and structural needs. SIP technology is not new, having been around for several decades. What has
changed is a growing recognition of their contribution to green building and ability to work well with a range of building designs. For structural engineers and other design team members who have not yet designed a structure with SIPs, to get started, contact a panel manufacturer or dealer for detailed information on load capacities, panel sizes, code acceptance and other related factors.
Joe Pasma, P.E., is the technical manager for Premier Building Systems, a firm that develops and manufactures highperformance, energy-efficient structural insulated panels. A licensed structural engineer, Pasma has worked with SIPs for almost two decades. Joe may be reached at jpasma@insulfoam.com.
Design Flexibility
Conclusion
STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
Pierce County Terminal, Tacoma, Washington
LegaL PersPectives
By David J. Hatem, PC and Jordan S. Rattray
discussion of legal issues of interest to structural engineers
Dispute Resolution Techniques
onstruction projects are built through the application of ideas, decisions and judgments made by different individuals and stakeholders in the project. Misunderstandings and differences of opinion are daily occurrences, even on successful projects. It is common for some issues that arise during the course of a project to become a dispute. There are as many ways to resolve disputes as there are ways for disputes to arise. Disputes are resolved through techniques ranging from court judgments to negotiations between business partners. In response to the restrictiveness and uncertainty in taking disputes to trial, alternative methods of resolving disputes have become commonplace. The occurrence of a dispute is often anticipated by parties, and dispute resolution procedures are agreed to and defined in contracts. Other times, a dispute resolution process is developed in response to the circumstances surrounding the dispute and the needs of the parties. This article will describe some of the more typical dispute resolution techniques, and the benefits and limitations to each option. The parties to a dispute should look at the issues and circumstances involved in their dispute when choosing a dispute resolution technique.
Traditional Dispute Resolution

Litigation Litigation is the traditional way of formally resolving a dispute that parties are unable to resolve on their own. Litigation is the process of resolving a dispute through the court system, which commences when one party, the Plaintiff, files a Complaint against another party, the Defendant. The parties to the litigation are represented by attorneys. Ultimately the court, through either a jury verdict or a judges decision, will enter a judgment in favor of one party. The litigation process is defined and governed by Rules of Civil Procedure, which can be rigid and inflexible when compared to alternative methods of dispute resolution. Litigation is typically the final step in the process, initiated only after the parties have been unable to resolve the dispute and need the assistance of a decision maker, the judge
or jury. Through the process of litigation the parties identify the issues in dispute, exchange information and documents, gather testimony from people with knowledge, and retain expert witnesses to render opinions. Ultimately, after what might be several years, the parties will present their factual and legal arguments to a judge or jury which will render a decision, thereby resolving the dispute. In its simplest form, a litigation case will involve one Plaintiff and one Defendant; however, it is common, especially in construction related cases, for cases to involve multiple parties, cross-claims, counter-claims, and multiple claims for damages. Litigation is very expensive, and requires a lot of time from both attorneys and from the project personnel and representative principals of the firm. The costs associated with the exchanging of information, especially in the era of emails and electronic documents, and preparing for trial can be daunting, especially when there are multiple parties. Once a lawsuit is filed, it does not mean that the parties must give up trying to resolve the dispute on their own. The parties are permitted, and are usually strongly encouraged by the Court, to try to resolve the dispute on their own using Alternative Dispute Resolution techniques, any time before a judgment is entered by the Court. Once a judgment has been entered, either party has the option of appealing the decision to a higher court. It often takes years for a case to be resolved once litigation is initiated.
(ADR) methods have been developed. The most common forms of ADR are Arbitration or Mediation. ADR also covers informal negotiation or other methods of resolving a dispute other than through a judgment entered by a court. All ADR methods are voluntary and must be agreed to by the parties. Contracts often set forth the method(s) of dispute resolution that the parties do or may agree to should a dispute arise. Contractual dispute resolution processes can be straight forward or can set forth numerous steps the parties must take before the final resolution method (typically litigation or arbitration) can be commenced. Arbitration Arbitration involves the resolution of a dispute through the issuance of an award by a single arbitrator or an arbitration panel. Arbitration is similar to litigation in that all parties will present their factual and legal arguments to a decision maker, who will issue an award, which is intended to be a final resolution of the dispute. There are however some significant, and important, differences between litigation and arbitration proceedings. The most significant shortcoming of arbitration is that, with the exception of a few very limited circumstances, there is no right to appeal an award once issued. This removes an important check and balance which is inherent in the litigation process, the right to appeal a bad decision. Any party should consider the lack of appeal before agreeing to arbitrate a dispute. Other differences are that the parties must pay for the time of the arbitrator(s), and discovery is typically not allowed, or limited by agreement. Resolution of the dispute is often efficient
Alternative Dispute Resolution

In response to the expense, formality and risk of an adverse finding inherent in litigation cases, Alternative Dispute Resolution
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and a decision is typically issued more quickly than in litigation. Additionally, the proceedings are confidential and are not a matter of public record. Another important difference is that an arbitrator may also consider issues of equity or fairness, and are not limited by legal precedent like a court is. Depending on your position, this can either be helpful or harmful. The parties have the right to agree to any of the factors of an arbitration proceeding, such as whether the award will be binding or non-binding. Mediation Mediation is a non-binding, strictly voluntary, entirely confidential process which uses the assistance of a third party neutral, a mediator, to achieve a settlement of the dispute. Mediation is flexible process that can be tailored to the needs of the parties and the dispute. Mediation involves the mutual agreement of all parties to enter into the mediation and the mutual selection of the mediator. The mediator has no authority to bind the parties and merely facilitates resolution of disputes through the exchange of information and settlement negotiations. The parties to a mediation are bound by confidentiality, and cannot use any of the information that is shared through the mediation process against the other party at any time (i.e. at an arbitration hearing or trial). Through mediation, the parties will educate the mediator of their position. Often, but not always, the parties will exchange mediation statements or presentations with each other. The mediators communications with each side cannot be shared with the other side. While most mediations involve a one- or two-day session which will or will not result in a settlement, other mediation processes can involve numerous informational exchange sessions followed by negotiation sessions
ultimate goal of moving the project forward. Participants in a partnering session will be the project personnel and principals. The parties will identify issues and discuss them as they arise. If resolution of issues cannot be achieved at the partnering session, the parties often discuss ways to work around the dispute until it is resolved. While a partnering session is a method of resolving issues, it is also intended to encourage communication and maintain good working relationships. Negotiation Negotiation of a dispute, whether it involves a casual conversation between long time business partners or structured settlement discussions, can be a cost effective way to resolving any dispute. At the beginning of a dispute, parties to the dispute may sit down and try and negotiate a resolution of some or all of the issues in dispute. If not entirely successful, a negotiation session may result in the narrowing of issues in dispute. Successful negotiations are dependant on the parties understanding of the issues in dispute and other factors which influence the ability to resolve the dispute together.
Conclusion
There are numerous techniques for resolving a dispute. Some techniques are formal, while others are informal and are tailored to the needs of the dispute. The parties to a dispute can agree to any method of resolution and often contracts spell out a resolution process. When agreeing to a dispute resolution process, whether it is in the contract negotiation stage or after the dispute has arisen, each party must weigh the benefits and limitations of each available dispute resolution technique. All alternative methods of dispute resolution are voluntary, and must be agreed to by all parties. Therefore, they are often more successful methods of resolving a dispute in a timely and cost effective manner. David J. Hatem, PC, is the founding Partner of the multi-practice law firm Donovan Hatem LLP. He leads the firms Professional Practice Group. Mr. Hatem can be reached via email at dhatem@donovanhatem.com. Jordan S. Rattray is an associate in the Professional Practices Group at Donovan Hatem LLP. Ms. Rattray can be reached via email at jrattray@donovanhatem.com.
Model * Load * Analyze * Design * Report * Succeed!
Less Formal Processes

There are also less formal methods of resolving disputes which do not involve the use of third-parties. Often contracts will require, as a first step to resolving a dispute, less formal negotiation or partnering sessions as a way to talk through and resolve issues before a dispute arises. Partnering Partnering is sometimes required by contract as a means of identifying and discussing contentious issues with the
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STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
Matthew Salveson Retires from STRUCTURE Editorial Board

On January 1, 2011, Matt Salveson, Ph.D., P.E. completed his tenure on the STRUCTURE magazine Editorial Board. Dr. Salveson, a senior engineer with Dokken Engineering and an Associate Professor with California State University in Sacramento, will be concentrating on his academic commitments going forward. Jon Schmidt, Chair of the Editorial Board, had this to say about Matts tenure, Matt has been a real asset to the Editorial Board over the last four years. I am sorry to see him go, but wish him all the best in his other endeavors. Regarding his departure from the Board, Matt added, I have genuinely enjoyed my service on the Editorial Board. My colleagues on the Board are among the best in the eld and the magazines authors have always given me fresh insight into professional structural engineering practice. As my own career shifts towards academia, I will continue to rely on STRUCTURE magazine to keep me abreast of critical issues in professional practice. ank you very much for giving me the opportunity to serve. SEI has appointed Brian Miller to succeed Matt as one of its three representatives on the Editorial Board. Brian was a representative of AISC on the Board, but separated from AISC at the end of September. Mr. Miller will continue to work with the Editorial Board on behalf of SEI. e STRUCTURE magazine leadership continues to work towards lling the vacant steel industry seat. Please join us in thanking Matt Salveson for his service over the last four years and wishing him well.
NOTEWORTHY
news and information
ANCHOR UPDATES
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news and information from anchor companies SAS Stressteel, Inc.

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Halfen Anchoring Systems

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ITW Red Head

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Simpson Strong-Tie Anchor Systems

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Powers Fasteners
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Hayward Baker Inc.

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Williams Form Engineering Corp.

Phone: 616-866-0815 Email: williams@williamsform.com Web: www.williamsform.com Product: Anchor Systems Description: Williams Form Engineering Corporation has been providing threaded steel bars and accessories for rock anchors, soil anchors, high capacity concrete anchors, micro piles, tie rods, tie backs, strand anchors, hollow bar anchors, post tensioning systems, and concrete forming hardware systems in the construction industry for over 85 years.
RISA Technologies
Phone: 949-951-5815 Email: info@risatech.com Web: www.risa.com Product: RISABase Description: When accuracy counts, RISABase delivers. RISABase uses an automated nite element solution to provide exact bearing pressures, plate stresses, and anchor bolt pull out capacities, eliminating the guess work of hand methods. Dene bi-axial loads and eccentric column locations. Choose from several connection types and specify custom bolt locations.
Heckmann Building Products, Inc.

Phone: 800-621-4140 Email: david@heckmannanchors.com Web: www.heckmannanchors.com Product: Thermal Pos-I-Tie Brick Veneer Anchoring System Description: The THERMAL POS-I-TIE Brick Veneer Anchoring System reduces thermal conductivity to the backup wall. System can be used with steel stud, concrete, CMU, ICF, brick and wood backup walls. The Thermal Pos-I-Tie can penetrate exterior insulation and gypsum board to screw directly into the backup while sealing the penetration hole.
All Resource Guides and Updates for the 2011 Editorial Calendar are now available on the website, www.STRUCTUREmag.org. Listings are provided as a courtesy. STRUCTURE magazine is not responsible for errors.
STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
award winners and outstanding projects
The New DC: The Atrium at 300 New Jersey Avenue

By Azer Kehnemui, D. Sc., P.E., Hakan Onel P.E., S.E. and Rupa M. Patel Smislova, Kehnemui and Associates, P.A. received an Outstanding Project Award for the 300 New Jersey Avenue project in the 2010 NCSEA Annual Excellence in Structural Engineering awards program (Category New Buildings $10M to $30M) hundred feet from cantilevered beams at the top floor of the building. Steel cables extend from the top level of the structure to support the hanging wall against vertical and lateral forces. Lateral movement is also restricted by horizontal kipper trusses at each level, and springs at the bottom of the wall and at the attachment to the existing building prevent loads from being transferred to the glazing system below the curtain wall and to the existing building. The boomerang truss, seemingly hovering over the length of the atrium, is offset from the supporting tree structure with tie-back rods that help support it at mid-span. The truss has a tapered triangular section with circular chord and web members. The depth of the truss tapers from eight feet to zero at the ends. A noteworthy feature of the support system for the truss is the tension rods that support it and its stair platforms. These tie rods are pre-tensioned so that they remain tensioned during all phases of construction and provide initial camber to the steel truss. The two steel lattice columns supporting the truss at each end are constructed of steel HSS pipe sections in compression and pre-tensioned cables with roller pins at each outrigger to allow for zero loss in pre-tensioning friction. Structural redundancy in the columns has been provided using double cables at each of the three lines of cables around the main pipe section. The skylight covering the atrium is composed of ladder frames that were assembled off-site and transported to the project site. The frames are constructed of steel channels and HSS tube steel sections that were field bolted together on-site to create the framework that supports the glass panels of the skylight. The atrium tree is the primary structural steel moment frame tower that supports the skylight, the boomerang truss, and the elevator shaft and platforms. The 18-inch diameter steel HSS round columns that make up the tree structures vertical members had to be filled with concrete and designed as composite columns in order to carry the high axial loads. The elevator support cage and transparent elevator shaft are constructed with elevator
Spotlight
eiled in the shadow of the U.S. Capitol, the atrium at 300 New Jersey Avenue displays one of the most contemporary integrations of architectural vision and engineering creativity in Washington, DC. The expansive, full-height atrium was designed and constructed as part of a new, 10-story concrete office building and six-story below grade parking garage. It is the first commercial office building to be designed and built in the United States by the world renowned architectural firm, Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners (formerly the Richard Rogers Partnership), who collaborated with Smislova, Kehnemui and Associates, P.A. (SK&A), the structural engineer of record and HKS Architects, the project architect and architect of record, to create one of the most unique structures in the Washington, DC metropolitan area. Hakan Onel, P.E., S.E., an associate at SK&A, led the structural design of the atrium and Tolga Cubukcu, now retired, was responsible for the office building portion of the project. Azer Kehnemui, D.Sc., P.E., principal and co-founder of SK&A, served as the principal in charge of the entire project, leading both design teams and coordinating efforts between the engineers, architects, and owner. The LEED GOLD certified 270,000 SF office building is constructed adjacent to an existing historic 1935 office building and its 1953 addition. The atrium is the projects most notable feature and serves as the common convergence space between the three buildingsblending past and present in a three-dimensional cascade of glass and steel. Linked by the canopy of a skylight and a full-height hanging glass facade in front, the buildings come together in a series of glass walkways and platforms that extend out from the main tree structure in the center of the space. Supporting the skylight is a complex, bright yellow boomerang truss that extends the length of the atrium and is punctuated at each end with two lattice columns that, at first glance, appear to be sculptures placed for aesthetic appeal. The luminous glass curtain wall at the entrance of the atrium falls about one
sheave beams supported on a dedicated steel cage system, which itself is supported on atrium tree beams and the main truss at the top. The guide rails are laterally supported by slender steel forks attached to the tree beam members. The stair treads are Z-shaped bent plate sections that were specifically designed to provide lateral stiffness to the stair frame. Steel bridges extend from the main atrium tree structure, spanning each level between the two historic buildings and the new contemporary structure. The bridges are framed with stiff kink post truss structures with slender members and walking platforms composed of multilayer laminated glass panels. Residents and tourists alike are now witness to a timeless vision of engineering and architectural ingenuity that punctuates a sleepy morning commute or casual stroll through Capitol Hill. This part futuristic, part whimsical atrium structure is a welcome contrast to the stern, conservative personality of the traditional DC skyline, introducing a truly spectacular integration of art and ability. Azer Kehnemui, D. Sc., P.E., Consulting Structural Engineer, is Founding Principal of Smislova, Kehnemui & Associates, PA (SK&A). Hakan Onel P.E., S.E. is an Associate of SK&A. Rupa M. Patel is a project engineer at SK&A.
STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
NaTioNal CoUNCil of STRUCTURal ENgiNEERS aSSoCiaTioNS 2011 WiNTER iNSTiTUTE fEbRUaRy 25-26, 2011
News form the National Council of Structural Engineers Associations
Deferred Submittals:
What the EOR Needs to Know and Show
from Design to Construction
Omni Amelia Island Plantation Resort
Friday, February 25
Deferred Submittals Gone Wrong
8.0 Professional Development Hours
Introduction of topic and personal experiences. Ben Nelson, Martin/Martin, Inc., Lakewood, CO, Tom DiBlasi, DiBlasi Associates, P.C., Monroe, CT, and Tom Grogan, Haskell, Jacksonville, FL.
Building Officials Have Their Say
Can SEs get themselves into trouble by improperly dealing with deferred submittals? No question, according to these building officials. Take this opportunity to gain a better understanding of the permitting process using deferred submissions. Ron Lynn, Clark County, NV, and Jim Schock, Jacksonville, FL.
Non-Standard Steel Joists
What are the responsibilities of the project registered design professional and the joist manufacturer for non-standard steel joists? What do you know about steel joist calculation submittals? Tim Holtermann, Canam Steel Corporation, Washington, MO.
Design Responsibility for Engineered Precast Systems
How do you divide design responsibilities when specifying precast concrete components and systems? Discussion will include how best to convey necessary design information in the contract documents and how to deal with issues related to precast concrete lateral load resisting systems, as well as approaches to avoid RFIs and design omissions. Tim Salmons, Salmons, P.C., Albuquerque, NM.
Moderated tours of the Canam Steel Joist Facility and the Gate Concrete Products Facility, Jacksonville, FL
Saturday, February 26
7.5 Professional Development Hours
NCSEA News
Specifying Wood and Cold-Formed Steel Trusses Avoiding Pitfalls and Unnecessary Liability
Pre-manufactured trusses: Who is responsible for what, when it comes to the SER, the truss industry, contractors, and the building department? What are some of the pitfalls of specifying pre-manufactured trusses? Ed Huston, Smith and Huston, Inc., Seattle, WA.
Cold-Formed Steel Submittals Expectations and Performance of Structural and Specialty Engineers
While some cold formed steel (CFS) products require specialty engineering, others do not. What are the responsibilities of all members of the construction team, particularly the Structural Engineer of Record and the Specialty Structural Engineer? Who assumes liability for design? Steve Walker, Light Gauge Steel Engineering Group, Inc., Oakland, Florida.
Current Trends in Professional Liability & Risk Management
What are the duties and limitations when providing construction phase services? Which contract provisions are frequently the subject of difficult negotiations? How can poorly worded provisions impact the design professional? Brian Hadar, Suncoast Insurance, and Colleen Palmer, Beazley Insurance.
STRUCTURE magazine
52
January 2011
NCSEA News
Ron Lynn
Jim Schock
Tim Holtermann
Tim Salmons
Ed Huston
Steve Walker
Lunch Presentation
Sponsored by Fyfe Company How do you avoid deferred submittal problems when specifying fiber reinforced polymer for the structural upgrade of concrete? Scott Arnold, P.E.
Deferred Submittal Documentation What You Really Need to Show Regarding Deferred Submittals
Why is it important to clearly identify, in the contract documents, what scope is covered by the EOR and what scope requires design by a specialty engineer? How can you avoid unnecessary risks? C. Ben Nelson, Martin/Martin, Inc., Lakewood, CO.
Brian Hader
Colleen Palmer
C. Ben Nelson
Deferred Submittals Panel Discussion of Lessons Learned
Problem prevention, pre-engineered metal buildings, incorrectly-prescribed foundations, inordinate numbers of changes, and more.
Register at www.ncsea.com
News from the National Council of Structural Engineers Associations
Networking Opportunities:
Accommodations:
Reception Thursday evening, February 24, 6:30 p.m. 7:30 p.m. Omni Amelia Island Plantation Resort Reception Friday evening, February 25, 6:00 p.m. 7:00 p.m. Amelia Island, FL 32035 sponsored by the Florida Structural Engineers Association NCSEA Winter Institute rate until February 9: $149 Reservations: 1-888-261-6165 Group number: 022011NCSEAWINT or National Council of Structural Engineers Associations Breakfast, lunch, breaks and receptions included in price: Free roundtrip airport transportation to/from Jacksonville $350 per day, or $595 for both days airport, provided you reserve 72 hours in advance.
Cost and Registration:
January 25, 2011:
Heavy Timber Connections: Mistakes and Lessons Learned Ben Brungraber
February 10, 2011: Detailing of Unbonded Post-Tensioned Structures to Minimize the Effects of Restraint to Shortening Bryan Allred
Upcoming NCSEA Webinars:
March 1, 2011: March 10, 2011: April 19, 2011: May 17, 2011:
Building Information Modeling in Structural Engineering Practice Today David J. Odeh Post-Tensioned Slabs on Ground Design Bryan Allred Code Issues in Existing Buildings: Archaic and Obsolete Structures Donald Friedman AISC T.R. Higgins LectureThe AISC Seismic Design Provisions: Past, Present and Future James O. Malley
NCSEA/Kaplan Structural Engineering Exam Review Course

Obtain two weekends (12 hours each) of targeted review, sitting in front of your computer, with 24/7 playback. Review anytime. Instructors are knowledgeable, hand-picked and recommended by your peers: January 29-30: Vertical Forces Review. February 12-13: Lateral Forces Review. Visit www.ncsea.com and follow the Hot Topics link for the NCSEA/Kaplan SE Exam Review Course, to register and for more information on the course and the instructors. STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011
Spring 2011 Fazlur R. Khan Distinguished Lecture Series at Lehigh University

The Newsletter of the Structural Engineering Institute of ASCE
The Fazlur Rahman Khan Distinguished Lecture Series honors Dr. Fazlur Rahman Khans legacy of excellence in structural engineering and architecture. Initiated and organized by: Dan M. Frangopol, Fazlur Rahman Khan Endowed Chair of Structural Engineering and Architecture, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ATLSS Center, Lehigh University.
1st 2nd 3rd
Lecture: David Scott, Arup, Americas Building Practice Leader, Past Chairman, CTBUH, New York, NY Extreme Engineering Friday, February 18, 2011 4:10 pm Lecture: Masayoshi Nakashima, Kyoto University, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto, and E-Defense, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Kyoto, Japan Safeguarding Quality of Life: the Role of Large-Scale Testing Friday, March 25, 2011 4:10 pm Lecture: Chris D. Poland, Chairman & CEO, Degenkolb Engineers, San Francisco, CA Building Disaster Resilient Communities Friday, April 8, 2011 4:10 pm
For more information about the lecture series, see the Lehigh University website at www.lehigh.edu/frkseries.
Call for New Members

ASCE/SEI Athletic Field Lighting Structures Standards Committee
The Structural Engineering Institute (SEI) of ASCE is seeking members for the newly forming Athletic Field Lighting Structures Standards Committee. The committee is developing a national consensus guideline for the proper specification, design, installation, and on-going maintenance of athletic field, or other similar large area lighting system support structures. Membership on SEI/ASCE standard committees is open to all those who might reasonably be expected to be or who indicate they are directly affected by the activity without dominance by any single interest group: Producer, Consumer and General Interest, including Regulatory. Those interested in serving on the committee should apply online at www.seinstitute.org/committees/codeform.cfm. For more information, please contact Lee Kusek, ASCE Standards Administrator, at lkusek@asce.org or 703-295-6176.
Upcoming Conference
SEWC 2011 April 4-6, 2011 Villa Erba, Lake Como, Italy
The Structural Engineers World Congress (SEWC) is an international conference with worldwide participation by structural engineers. The primary purpose of SEWC2011 is to focus on the overall practice of structural engineering for both technical and theoretical aspects, including materials, actions, design, construction, research and tests. The conference will address the practical needs of structural engineering world-wide, and improveco-operation amongpersons who share the same interests. For more information, see the conference website: http://sewc-worldwide.org/index.php/sewc2011-italy.
Structural Columns
Online Game is Part of ASCEvilles Green Makeover
www.asceville.org
Solar panels. Mixed use development. Permeable pavement. If you havent been to ASCEville lately youre in for a surprise. Visitors to ASCEs kids Website will find these features and more on the new home page, which features new graphics, new video content, and a fun, scavenger hunt game highlighting themes of sustainability. Kids, parents, teachers and, yes, even engineers will love learning how civil engineers are making local communities more livable. See if you can find all 20 features and discover how civil engineering contributes to healthier built and natural environments! Teachers, especially, will find the site useful in supporting their lessons on sustainability topics. A FREE companion poster, What makes ASCEville Greenville?, is available for classroom use. All 20 features of the scavenger hunt are visible on the poster. The poster back also contains two classroom activities to jump start explorations of water management and recycling, and a profile of a young engineer who is having a positive impact on the world through his work as a bike trails designer. To order the poster, email outreach@asce.org. Write ASCEville goes GREEN in the subject line.
2012 SEI/ASCE Student Structural Design Competition

The Structural Engineering Institute of ASCE is sponsoring a structural design competition for universities. Innovative projects demonstrating excellence in structural engineering are invited for submission. Awards include cash prizes and an opportunity to present their designs at the 2012 SEI Structures Congress in Chicago, IL. Deadline for Submissions: June 30, 2011 For competition guidelines, entry form and a poster to promote the competition, visit http://content.seinstitute.org/StudentStructuralDesignCompetition.html. STRUCTURE magazine
The 2010 winning team from Villanova University
54
January 2011
Structural Columns
REgiSTRaTion iS opEn
for the 2011 Structures Congress
Green Valley Ranch Resort and Spa Las Vegas, Nevada April 14-16, 2011
Register early to take advantage of reduced rates-see the SEI Website for more details: www.SEInstitute.org
Earn more than 16 PDHs!

Structural Engineers from around the country will be gathering at the Green Valley Ranch Resort in Las Vegas from April 14-16 for the 2011 SEI Structures Congress to learn, share and network among friends and colleagues. Opening bright and early on Thursday, April 14th the Congress is packed with 2 days of technical sessions, committee meetings, fascinating keynote and plenary speakers, concluding with a closing plenary technical session after lunch on Saturday an opportunity to earn more than 16 PDHs during one mega-event! More than 100 different technical sessions on such topics as: Seismic Strengthening of Buildings SEI/ASCE Chile Earthquake Assessment Team Report New Provisions of ASCE 7-10 Lateral Systems of Buildings How the Future of Structural Engineering sees the Future of Structural Engineering Lessons Learned from Arbitration, Mediation and Litigation Vulnerability Assessments of Bridges and Tunnels and Masonry, Concrete, Steel, Wood, Blast, Wind and much, much more! Special events will include the opening plenary speaker F. Dave Zanetell, P.E., PMP, the Federal Highway Administrations project manager of the brand new $240 million Hoover Dam Bypass Bridge. On Saturday, the plenary speaker will be Ron Lynn, the Director/Building Official for Clark County Department of Development Services and immediate Past-President of ICC, who will discuss some of the unique challenges of building in Las Vegas. You wont want to miss the Grand Opening Reception on Thursday and be certain to attend Fridays special Evening at the Hoover Dam with exclusive tours, savory and appetizing hors doeuvres, and refreshments.
The Newsletter of the Structural Engineering Institute of ASCE
HOUSING Green Valley Ranch Resort 2300 Paseo Verde Parkway Henderson, NV 89052 www.greenvalleyranchresort.com/
Room Rates*: Single: $135.00 Double: $135.00 Triple: $165.00 Quad: $195.00
Reservations: 702-617-7777 Toll free: 866-782-9487 When registering refer to ASCE Code: GCIASCE This magnificent Las Vegas hotel, resort and spa attends to its guests with unmatched special touches and an impeccable service philosophy. The elegant decor and hotel accommodations, world-class cuisine and lively entertainment create an exciting experience for the senses. They have combined these standards and amenities with the grandeur of their grounds and facilities to make GVR the choice in luxury hotels in Las Vegas. Reservation Cutoff Deadline: Friday, March 11, 2011 * The group rate has been extended for three (3) days before and three (3) days after the conference dates, on a space availability basis. Visit the SEI Website for more information about Conference Registration and housing: www.SEInstitute.org.
Errata
SEI posts up-to-date errata information for our publications at www.SEInstitute.org. Click on Publications on our menu, and select Errata. If you have any errata that you would like to submit, please email it to Paul Sgambati at psgambati@asce.org.
STRUCTURE magazine
55
January 2011
SAVE THE DATE!
CASE Winter Planning Meeting Scheduled for February

As part of the Committees ongoing activities, face-to-face meetings and informal discussions are held twice a year to explore current issues andwork on projects like new and revised Risk Management Tools, Guidelines and Contracts, as well as Publications and Risk Management Convocations. These meetings also allow the various CASE committees to interact across all of CASEs activities. For more information on the CASE committees and CASE in general, visit their website at www.acec.org/CASE.
The Newsletter of the Council of American Structural Engineers
The CASE Winter Planning Meeting will take place on Wednesday and Thursday, February 23-24, 2011, at the Amelia Island Plantation, Florida in conjunction with the NCSEA Winter Institute. On Wednesday afternoon, the CASE Executive Committee will meet and set the agenda for the next days committee planning sessions. The committee breakout meetings will take place on Thursday for the National Guidelines, Contracts, Programs & Communications, and Toolkit Committees to continue work on their respective assignments.
CASE Risk Management Convocation in Las Vegas Next Spring

The CASE Risk Management Convocation will be held in conjunction with the Structures Congress at the Green Valley Ranch Resort in Las Vegas, NV, April 1416, 2011. For more information and updates go to www.seinstitute.org. The following CASE Convocation sessions are scheduled to take place on Friday, April 15:
1:30 PM 3:00 PM
New Tools for Managing Risk and Project Implementation
Speakers: Stacy Bartoletti, President and COO, Degenkolb Engineers Nils V. Ericson III, Project Manager, The Di Salvo Ericson Group John Aniol, Vice President, Thornton Tomasetti Brent White, President, ARW Engineers The CASE Tool Kit Committee has developed a number of new tools that will be presented in this session. Developing a Culture of Quality provides a white paper and PowerPoint presentation used to engage firm leaders in a discussion about their firm culture and key aspects that contribute to quality. A new tool on staffing projections provides a method for firms to project future revenues and staffing demands based on contract values and potential work. Project Work Plans set the stage early for project success and a new work plan template will be presented. Finally, a new tool titled Managing Computer Software Use will be presented. This tool provides a white paper on key aspects and responsibilities of the project manager and principal in charge relative to software use on projects.
8:30 AM 10:00 AM
How Structural Engineers Can Work Effectively with Architects Who Use AIA C401
Speaker: William Geisen, Esq., Graydon Head & Ritchey LLP If your firm works as a sub-consultant to architects, come examine CASEs Commentary on AIA Document C401, the Standard Form of Agreement Between Architect and Consultant. AIA Contract Document C401 incorporates by reference AIA Contract Document B101, the Standard Form of Agreement Between Owner and Architect. The interplay between C401 and B101 cannot be over-emphasized. Using C401 without understanding fully the interrelationships with B101 is a recipe for disaster. This presentation will cover how the engineers rights and obligations are impacted by these two agreements, and CASEs recommended provisions to include in your contract with the architect. Understanding and using B101 effectively can give you more leverage in collecting fees, getting paid for Additional Services and collecting more reimbursable expenses.
CASE in Point
10:30 AM 12 Noon
The Changing Face of Indemnity: Meaner and Uglier!
Speaker: Brian Stewart, Esq., Collins, Collins, Muir & Stewart This program will present an overview of some recent California cases having received national attention, which could present potentially disastrous results for the engineering community. The discussion will center on how and why the cases were decided the way they were, and what is being done as a result of the holdings in those cases. The program will conclude with a description of some legislative and practical efforts to defend against this unfortunate tide. STRUCTURE magazine
3:30 PM 5:00 PM
Lessons Learned from Arbitration, Mediation and Litigation
Speakers: John O. Woods, Jr., P.E., President, WOODS PEACOCK Engineering Consultants, Inc., Bruce E. Titus, Esq., Principal Rees Broome, PC Charles Vonderheid CBIZ This panel discussion will focus on applying lessons learned from the speakers involvement with arbitration, mediation and litigation. The speakers, who are a practicing structural engineer & arbitrator, an attorney specializing in construction law, and a professional liability insurance agent, will share some of their own lessons learned and anecdotes. January 2011
56
CASE in Point
Looking for a few good people!

CASE is looking for a few good engineers who would like to devote their time to improving the business practice experience of engineering firms. A brief description of each committee is below; if you are interested in learning more, contact Heather Talbert, htalbert@acec.org or 202-682-4377. Programs and Communications Committee Responsible for the planning and organizing all CASE education sessions at the SEI Structures Congress, ACEC Fall Conference, plus CASE planning meeting locations. This committee also keeps the editorial calendar of CASE articles for both STRUCTURE magazine and Structural Design magazine. Contracts Committee Responsible for developing and maintaining all CASE contracts to assist practicing engineers with risk management. Guidelines Committee Responsible for developing and maintaining national guidelines of practice for structural engineers. Toolkit Committee Responsible for developing and maintaining all risk management tools.
ACEC Education Information

2011 ACEC Convention Offers Political Insights, Business Opportunities
Leaders of the new Congress, noted journalist Bob Woodward and procurement officials from more than a dozen federal agencies will highlight the 2011 Annual Convention and Legislative Summit, March 30-April 2, in Washington, D.C. Incoming Speaker of the House John Boehner (invited), new House Transportation and Infrastructure Investigative Journalist Committee Chairman John Mica Bob Woodward will (invited), and former U.S. Representative provide an Insider Tom Davis will brief attendees on the View of the Presidency. dynamics of the new Congress and what they mean for the engineering industry. Attendees will also get the inside track on new market opportunities with federal agencies including GSA, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Department of Energy, and Homeland Security.
Expanding Sustainability Markets and Methods

A faculty of leading practitioners and A/E industry experts with diverse perspectives presents an in-depth exploration of the expanding markets for sustainable design and construction in ACECs first course of 2011: Green Infrastructure and Sustainable Communities: Opportunities in Expanding Markets, set for February 1-4, San Antonio, TX. Course curriculum examines key environmental planning and design processes, and showcases applications of sustainable engineering. A special San Antonio-area field trip visits real world sustainable projects. Topics to be covered include Sustainability as Business Strategy The Business Case for Delivering Sustainable Projects Current Techniques and Innovation in Sustainable Design Infrastructure Project Rating Systems Application of BIM Software in Sustainability Sustainable Urban Water Management, Transportation and Buildings Projects. Get agenda highlights, browse the course brochure, and register at advance best-price: www.acec.org/education/eventDetails.cfm?eventID=1232.
CASE is a part of the American Council of Engineering Companies
ACEC Government Affairs

ACEC Urges Senate to Approve 9/11 Liability Reform Bill
ACEC and major contractor organizations are lobbying Senate leaders to act on key 9/11 liability reform legislation. H.R. 847, which passed the House in September, provides liability relief for engineering firms and contractors involved in the response and cleanup of the Ground Zero site following the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Center. A settlement accepted by more than 95 percent of Ground Zero first responders requires that they drop their lawsuits. The passage of H.R. 847 by the Senate would help in resolving the remaining lawsuits. STRUCTURE magazine
Congress Continues ACEC-Backed Effort to Repeal 1099 Filing Mandate

Senate attempts to repeal a new federal IRS Form 1099 filing mandate fell short in November 2010, but supporters in Congress vow to continue the repeal effort. Under the new law, which takes effect in 2012, business purchases of goods and services valued at more than $600 annually from any vendor must be reported to the IRS. Senate Finance Committee Chairman Max Baucus (D-MT) has announced his intent to repeal the mandate. His repeal amendment, as well as similar legislation offered by Senator Mike Johanns (R-NE), faltered over differences in how to pay for the repeal. ACEC and coalition allies will continue working with Baucus and other lawmakers to include a repeal provision in other legislation.
57
January 2011
Structural Forum
By Robert H. Lyon, P.E.
opinions on topics of current importance to structural engineers
For the Love of the Profession
tructural engineers consistently rank high in levels of job satisfaction and public respect. Through the experiences and testimonies of practicing engineers, both past and present, this series of articles celebrates the joys and satisfactions of our profession. From this collection of personal accounts, sources of career satisfaction are identified and examined. Obstacles are also identified which can impede our level of job satisfaction. These observations are used to formulate keys for improving, advancing and uplifting the structural engineering profession and its personal rewards. Whether an idealistic young professional, or an experienced engineer in need of a career re-charge, reclaim the pleasures that make structural engineering a great profession!
Part One My Story

My father was a structural engineer. My grandfather was a public works engineer. In several small towns of Iowa you can find plaques on bridges that bear Granddads name, Harold Lyon. Engineering is a Lyon family tradition. It is in my blood. As a child, I loved visiting my dads office. What impacted me the most was not necessarily my fascination with the projects. More than that, I relished the work environment and the camaraderie of professionals. My dad served alongside my granddad in World War II with a Seabees unit in the South Pacific. The Seabee motto shows them to be the consummate engineers: The difficult we do immediately; the impossible takes a little longer. When he returned to civilian life, Dad enrolled at Iowa State University and received his bachelors degree in Civil Engineering. He then worked two years designing bridges for the Iowa Highway Department. One day, he and a colleague took time off work and went up to Chicago to pound the pavement in hopes of landing a consulting job. Dad joined the firm DeLeuw Cather and spent his first ten years there designing and managing various bridge and highway projects. While working on a major highway project in the Washington, D.C. area, the organization was being formed that would
have responsibility for planning, designing and constructing the Metrorail system. My dad saw this as an opportunity of a lifetime and moved our family from Chicago to DC halfway through my kindergarten year. Growing up, I enjoyed learning not just math and the sciences, but in all areas. After completing high school, I enrolled at the University of Virginia as a student of Civil Engineering. In retrospect, I am sure that my choice of major stemmed first and foremost from my admiration for my dad and his colleagues. Upon graduation, I half-heartedly interviewed with one or two engineering firms but decided that school was still too much fun! So I enrolled to study law at The George Washington University. One month before classes were to start, while browsing the university bookstore, I abruptly changed my plans and decided to pursue a masters degree in structural engineering instead. These were two wonderfully interesting, satisfying and fun years. With a masters, I was much better prepared for a practicing bridge engineering position. Once again my dad came into the picture, advising that I interview with a consulting firm that he held in high esteem. He arranged for an interview with the office leader and, although the Washington office was not hiring, he suggested that a young fellow wanting to learn the bridge business should go and interview at the home office in Kansas City. I was not excited. Although I did not object strongly to the idea, I had not envisioned moving halfway across the country for a job. However, this was a friend of my dads, and I felt an obligation to consider it. I agreed to interview. I lugged my heavy suitcase through Kansas City that morning, wondering why I was there. But when I arrived in the firms bridge department, it was a dj vu moment. I tingled with childhood memories of my dads office. The competence, professionalism, collegiality and warmth in that office convinced me that this was where I wanted to spend my career. It had a wonderful mix of thirty-year design professionals, along with a large group of talented, recent graduates.
The combination made for a tremendously invigorating, exciting work place! I also met and married the travel agent that handled the firms business but that is a story for another time. Although the professional road has been winding, and at times rocky, 31 years later my firm remains the same kind of place. When an opportunity came for my family to serve as missionaries in Russia, my supervisors granted me a years leave of absence with their blessing. Several years later, when an unexpected victory landed me in the state legislature, my firm once again allowed me a series of leaves of absence to serve my term. Although the political experience was interesting, I chose not to seek reelection, primarily because I missed the structural engineering environment. Having served as a part-time adjunct professor for a number of years, I have recently transitioned to a full-time teaching position at the University of Kansas. Once again, I enjoy the company of numerous distinguished, professional colleagues, and I continue to work part-time with the firm where I started my career. I do not know what the future holds for me professionally. I only hope that it will be possible for me to continue doing exactly what I am doing, because this is a great profession and I love it. The point of this autobiography is to suggest that nothing is terribly unique about my professional experience. Every structural engineer has a story to tell, and such accounts can serve as a basis for identifying and fostering the tremendous sources of career satisfaction that are ours as structural engineers. In my case, it begins with being in a profession with men and women that I respect, admire and enjoy. In my next article, I will explore the lives of other, more notable structural engineers, and discover what sources of joy undergirded their professional careers. Robert H. Lyon, P.E. (blyon@ku.edu), is a lecturer in the Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering Department at the University of Kansas and a structural engineer at HNTB in Kansas City, Missouri.
Structural Forum is intended to stimulate thoughtful dialogue and debate among structural engineers and other participants in the design and construction process. Any opinions expressed in Structural Forum are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NCSEA, CASE, SEI, C 3 Ink, or the STRUCTURE magazine Editorial Board. STRUCTURE magazine
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January 2011

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STRUCTURE

Special Section: Anchors, Piers, Foundations

January 2011 Concrete

A Joint Publication of NCSEA | CASE | SEI

Drill the appropriate size hole.

Anchor has been set.

Put fixture in place and bolt in.

Great For Anchoring In Wall Thickness As Little As 1!

Ultimate Load Tension Shear lbs. lbs. (kN) (kN)

Make your connection to HALFEN.

South Tower of the Milwaukee City Hall Part 2

12 Codes and Standards

Anchors, Piers, Foundations and Underground Construction

By John P. Miller, P.E., S.E.

January 2011 Concrete

Glazing Retrots for Blast Mitigation

A Joint Publication of NCSEA | CASE | SEI

By Jon A. Schmidt, P.E., SECB, BSCP

PleAse suPPort these Advertisers

ADVERTISEMENT For Advertiser Information, visit www.structuremag.org

6 hour E (Electr), PE and CA Survey

Advertising Account MAnAger

Jon A. Schmidt, P.E., SECB 11/8/2010 9:45:29 AM

Craig E. Barnes, P.E., SECB

Mike C. Mota, P.E.

Hess Engineering Inc., Los Alamitos, CA

Richard Hess, S.E., SECB

The DiSalvo Ericson Group, Ridgefield, CT

Evans Mountzouris, P.E.

Heath & Lineback Engineers, Inc., Marietta, GA

Mark W. Holmberg, P.E. Brian J. Leshko, P.E.

Matthew Salveson, Ph.D., P.E.

HDR Engineering, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA

KPFF Consulting Engineers, Seattle, WA

Greg Schindler, P.E., S.E.

Mercer Engineering, PC, Minot, ND

John A. Mercer, P.E. Brian W. Miller

Stephen P. Schneider, Ph.D., P.E., S.E.

John Buddy Showalter, P.E.

Faculty Positions in Structural Engineering

reproduced in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher.

National Council of Structural Engineers Associations

Inquiries related to this search can be directed to struct@nd.edu. STRUCTURE magazine

Steel or Synthetic Fiber Reinforcement?

Figure 1: Example of Dramix steel fibers.

Codes and standards

ACI 318 and Pile Stability

Section of wharf showing the dramatic variation in pile lengths.

ADVERTISEMENT - For Advertiser Information, visit www.STRUCTUREmag.org

Moisture EVERYelement control

Structural Exam with confidEncE!

Structural Engineering Exam Live Online Review Course

Becoming a Results-Oriented Structural Engineer

Ability to Simplify a Problem

Familiarity with All Structural Project Types and Materials

Completeness and Thoroughness of Drawings

Take a class or two in areas in which you are weak or inexperienced

Desire to Learn New Things

Quality and Organization of Calculations

Glazing Retrofits for Blast Mitigation

Anti-Shatter Film (applied to exposed glass only) Inside

Outside Section View No Scale

Figure 1: Daylight-applied FRF.

Glass with AntiShatter Film on Inside Surface