Theory: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the chemical basis of heredity and is organized into genes.

It belongs to a class of molecules called the nucleic acids, which are polynucleotides and directs the synthesis of RNA, followed by protein synthesis (Murray, Granner, Mayes, and Rodwell, 2003). DNA molecule consists of two long polynucleotide chains composed of four types of nucleotide subunits. Each nucleotide consists of; a nitrogenous base derivatives of pyrimidine and purine: cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) or thymine (T), a five-carbon sugar molecule (deoxyribose) and a phosphate molecule as seen in Figure 1. Phosphodiester bonds bind successive nucleotide units and connect the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxypentose of one nucleotide to the 3'-hydroxyl group of the deoxypentose of an adjacent nucleotide through a phosphate group. Among the base portions of the nucleotides, hydrogen bonds hold the two chains together (Alberts, Robert and Walter, 2006).The bases of one strand of DNA are paired with the bases of the second strand, so adenine is always paired with thymine and cytosine is always paired with guanine (Harvey, Ferrier and Champe 2004). Such base pairing results in one DNA strand being complementary to the other. DNA consists of five associated polynucleotide strands that wind together to form a double helix as seen in Figure 2. The two sugar phosphate backbones are on the outside and the bases project into the interior of the helix. The orientation of the two strands is anti-parallel; that is, their 53directions are opposite. (Berk, et al, 2007). DNA is there in chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic organisms and in mitochondria and the chloroplasts of plants. Prokaryotic cells, which lack nuclei, have a single chromosome, but may contain DNA in the form of plasmids.