I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRNG I HC CNG NGH

L Tun Linh


NGHIN CU KHUCH I RAMAN
CNG BC NG DNG TRONG
KHUCH I QUANG
KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY

Ngnh: Vt l k thut
H NI - 2011

I HC QUC GIA H NI
TRNG I HC CNG NGH

L Tun Linh
NGHIN CU KHUCH I RAMAN
CNG BC NG DNG TRONG
KHUCH I QUANG
KHO LUN TT NGHIP I HC H CHNH QUY

Ngnh: Vt l k thut
Cn b hng dn: PGS.TS. Phm Vn Hi
Cn b ng hng dn: TS.Bi Huy

H NI - 2011
Li cm n
Kho lun tt nghip ny l kt qu nghin cu trong nhiu thng n lc ca bn
thn em di s hng dn, gip ca rt nhiu ngi
Qua bn kho lun ny cho php em by t lng bit n chn thnh, su sc nht
n PGS.TS Phm Vn Hi v TS. Bi Huy tn tnh hng dn, gip em hon
thnh kho lun tt nghip.
Em cng rt bit n cc cn b v anh ch hin ang cng tc ti phng Vt liu
v ng dng Quang si, vin Khoa hc vt liu: anh Th Anh, anh Thanh Hi
quan tm, gip v to mi iu kin v c s vt cht cng nh thit b cho vic
nghin cu v hon thnh kho lun ny.
Em cng xin gi lng bit n su sc n cc thy c cng cc cn b cng tc
ti khoa Vt l k thut v cng ngh nano o to cho em khng ch v kin thc
chuyn mn m c v k nng sng, hc tp v lm vic.
Kho lun ny cng l mt li cm n su sc ti nhng ngi thn ca em-
nhng ngi lun bn cnh quan tm em gip em hon thnh kho lun.
H Ni 20/05/11
Sinh vin
L Tun Linh



Tm tt ni dung
Tn x Raman l qu trnh tn x khng n hi, xy ra do s tng tc ca nh
sng vi mi trng vt cht trong si quang.
Tn x Raman bao gm tn x Raman t pht v tn x Raman kch thch SRS.
Mt mt tn x Raman gy nh hng xu n qu trnh truyn tn hiu trong si
quang, lm tng nhiu trong h thng thng tin quang nhng mt khc tn x Raman
cng c nhng nh hng tch cc, ni bt nht l kh nng khuch i tn hiu quang.
Bi vy, ngay t khi mi c pht hin, tn x Raman thu ht c rt nhiu s
quan tm, nghin cu. Tn x Raman kch thch(SRS) chnh l c s pht trin cc
b khuch i quang Raman. Cc b khuch i quang Raman c rt nhiu u im so
vi nhng loi khuch i quang c s dng trc v rt ph hp vi cc h
thng WDM ang c trin khai hin nay. Cc b khuch i quang Raman c coi
l li gii cho bi ton khuch i quang trong cc h thng truyn dn quang dung
lng ln, c ly di v rt di. Nhn thc c tm quan trng cng nh ngha to
ln ca b khuch i quang Raman, di s hng dn ca PGS.TS. Phm Vn Hi
v TS. Bi Huy, em tp trung nghin ti tn x Raman v ng dng trong
khuch i thng tin quang. Nhng kt qu trong kho lun l nhng kt qu bc
u tin ti nhng nghin cu su hn nhm a n nhng ng dng trong thc
t.

5
Li cam oan
Ti xin cam oan ni dung trong bn n tt nghip ny l kt qu trong cng trnh
nghin cu ca ring ti di s hng dn ca PGS.TS Phm Vn Hi v TS. Bi
Huy. Tt c cc s liu c cng b l hon ton trung thc v cha tng c cng
b ti cc ti liu, n phm no khc. Cc s liu tham kho khc u c ch dn r
rng v ngun gc xut x v c nu trong phn ph lc cui kho lun.
H Ni ngy 20 thng 5 nm 2011
L Tun Linh

Mc lc
L Tun Linh ............................................................................................................................... 1
H NI - 2011 ............................................................... 1
L Tun Linh ............................................................................................................................... 2
H NI - 2011 ........................................................................................................................ 2
H NI - 2010 ........................................................................................................................ 2
Li cm n .................................................................................................................................. 3
Tm tt ni dung ........................................................................................................................ 4
Mc lc ........................................................................................................................................ 7
1.1 Vi nt v h thng thng tin quang ................................................................................ 8
1.1.1 Lch s pht trin ca h thng thng tin quang ............................................................ 8
1.1.2 Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin quang .................................................... 9
1.1.3 u im ca h thng thng tin quang ........................................................................ 10
1.2 Tng quan v khuych i quang .................................................................................... 11
1.2.2 ng dng ca khuych i quang ................................................................................ 14
1.3 Phn loi khuch i quang ............................................................................................ 18
1.3.1 Khuych i quang bn dn. ........................................................................................ 19
Khuch i quang si OFA (EDFA) ..................................................................................... 20
2.1 Hiu ng tn x Raman ................................................................................................... 22
2.2 Hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc (SRS) ...................................................................... 25
2.3 Khuch i quang Raman ............................................................................................. 26
2.3.1 Khuch i quang Raman. ........................................................................................... 26
2.3.2 li bng thng gr ca ph Raman trong si thy tinh Silica tinh khit v trong si
nhy quang , si b tn sc DCF ........................................................................................... 29
................................................................................................................................... 35
Chng 3 Kt qu v tho lun ......................................................................... 35
3.1 Cc thit b v linh kin s dng trong thc nghim ...................................................... 35
3.2 S thit lp cho thc nghim ..................................................................................... 38
3.3 Cc kt qu thc nghim v tho lun ............................................................................ 38
................................................................................................................................................... 41
............................................................................................................................... 42
Hnh 3.10. H s khuch i khi c tn x Raman cng bc theo .......................... 42
chiu di si quang .................................................................................................................... 42
Nhn vo th ta c th rt ra nhn xt :ngun tn hiu r rng l c khuch i v h s
khuch i ny c gi tr tng dn n 26 km n t gi tr ln nht nhng h s khuch i G
nh, khng t c gi tr ln nh mong i. iu ny c th gii thch nh sau: ................ 42
Khi cng sut quang ca Laser bm khng i, cc photon ca laser bm ch c th truyn
cho mt s lng phn t nht nh chng dao ng v to ra hiu ng Raman cng bc.
Khi tng chiu di si quang, ng thi gi nguyn gi tr cng sut bm, tc l chng ta
tng s lng cc phn t trong mi trng tn x trong khi khng tng nng lng kch
thch, do vy m cng ca tn x Raman cng bc gim xung dn n h s khuch
i gim. Mt khc do hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc yu cu ngun bm cng sut cao
th mi t c gi tr ti u trong khi ngun laser bm ti a ch t 200mW vn l nh
c th t gi tr G cao hn. Mt im quan trng khc l tn x Raman cng bc s xy ra
mnh nht vi =80-100nm, do vy kho st vi laser n mt s c hin tng chnh bc
sng gia bc sng c khuch i vi bc sng cn c khuch i. iu ny c th
gim thiu bng cch kho st vi ngun tn hiu l laser a mt phn di y. ................ 42

Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................................................... 47
.................................................................................................................................................. 48
Chng 1. Tng quan v khuch i quang
1.1 Vi nt v h thng thng tin quang
1.1.1 Lch s pht trin ca h thng thng tin quang
Thng tin quang c t chc h thng cng nh cc h thng thng tin khc, thnh
phn c bn nht ca h thng thng tin quang lun tun th theo mt h thng thng
tin chung. y l nguyn l m loi ngi s dng ngay t thi k khai sinh ra cc
hnh thc thng tin.
Tn hiu cn truyn c pht vo mi trng truyn dn tng ng v u thu
s thu li tn hiu cn truyn. i vi h thng thng tin quang th mi trng truyn
dn y chnh l si quang. Si quang thc hin truyn nh sng mang tn hiu thng
tin t pha pht ti pha thu.
Vo nm 1960, vic pht minh ra laser lm ngun pht quang m ra mt thi
k mi c ngha to ln trong lch s ca k thut thng tin s dng di tn nh sng.
Thng tin bng tia laser xuyn qua khng trung xut hin nhng chu nh hng ca
thi tit, my pht v phi nhn thy nhau, tia laser nguy him cho mt nginn
vic s dng b hn ch.
Laser bn dn xut hin vo nm 1962 cng vi si quang gi thnh h ln u
tin c ch to vo nm 1970 lm cho thng tin quang tr thnh hin thc. nh
sng c ghp t laser bn dn vo si quang v truyn trong si quang theo nguyn
l phn x ni ton phn nn khc phc c cc nhc im ca thng tin bng tia
laser. Trong nhng nm 1970 laser bn dn GaAs/GaAlAs pht vng hng ngoi gn
0.8m c ch to v s dng cho thng tin quang si. Nm 1980 cc h thng
thng tin quang si th h u tin c a vo hot ng (tc 45Mb/s v khong
cch lp 10km).
u nhng nm 80, h thng thng tin quang th h th hai s dng laser
1310nm bt u c s dng. Thi gian u, tc bt ch t 100Mb/s do tn sc
si a mode. Khi si n mode c a vo s dng, tc bt c tng ln rt
cao. Nm 1987, h thng thng tin quang 1310nm c tc bt 1.7Gb/s vi khong
cch lp 50km c mt trn th trng.
Th h th ba ca cc h thng thng tin quang si hot ng vng sng
1.55m vi tc bt 2.5Gb/s v khong cch lp 60 70km. Khi s dng cc loi si
quang b tn sc v lm phng tn sc, khong cch lp s tng ln.
Th h th t ca thng tin cp quang l s dng khuych i quang tng
khong cch lp v ghp nhiu bc sng trong mt si quang tng tc bt trong
si quang. Khuych i quang si pha tp Erbium (EDFA) c kh nng b cng sut
cho suy hao quang trong cc khong cch ln hn 100km. Nm 1991 ln u tin h
thng thng tin quang c EDFA c th nghim truyn tn hiu s tc 2.5Gb/s
trn khong cch 21000km v 5Gb/s trn khong cch 14300km. Nm 1996 h thng
thng tin quang quc t di bin c lp t, nm 1997 ng cp quang vng
8
quanh th gii di bin di 27300km c a vo hot ng kt ni nhiu nc
chu u, chu vi tc 5Gb/s v vi ni ti 10Gb/s.
S dng cng ngh ghp nhiu bc sng trn mt si quang (WDM) lm tng
dung lng thng tin quang mt cch ng k. Trong nm 1996 th nghim tuyn
truyn dn 20 bc sng quang vi tc bt ca tng bc sng l 5Gb/s trn
khong cch 9100km, tc bt ca tuyn t 100Gb/s. Nm 2000 h thng TPC-6
xuyn i Ty Dng c tc bt 100Gb/s c a vo hot ng.
Th h th nm ca h thng thng tin quang da trn c s gii quyt vn tn
sc trong si quang. Khuych i quang gii quyt rt hon ho s suy hao trong
si nhng khng gii quyt c vn tn sc. Gii php tt nht gii quyt vn
tn sc l s dng hiu ng Soliton quang. Hiu ng Soliton quang l hiu ng phi
tuyn trong si quang. Chng da trn c s tng tc b tr tn sc ca cc thnh
phn quang trong mt xung quang cc ngn c truyn trong si quang khng c
suy hao.
Nm 1994 h Soliton th nghim truyn tn hiu 10Gb/s trn khong cch
35000km v 15Gb/s trn khong cch 24000km. Nm 1996 h thng WDM c 7 bc
sng truyn Soliton trn khong cch 9400km vi tc bt 70Gb/s.
Ngy nay, cc mng thng tin hon ton quang ang c nghin cu mnh m
nhm tng hn na tc thng tin. Cc h thng thng tin quang c ng dng
rng ri trn th gii. Chng p ng c c tn hiu tng t v s. Chng cho php
truyn dn tt c cc tn hiu dch v bng hp v bng rng, p ng mi nhu cu ca
mng s ho lin kt a dch v (ISDN). S lng cp quang hin nay c lp t
trn th gii vi s lng ln, mi tc truyn dn vi cc c ly khc nhau, cc
cu trc mng a dng. Nhiu nc ly cp quang lm mi trng truyn dn chnh
cho mng vin thng. Cc h thng thng tin quang s l mi t ph v tc , c ly
truyn dn v cu trc linh hot cho dch v vin thng cp cao.
1.1.2 Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin quang
H thng thng tin quang si cng ging nh h thng thng tin quang khc bao
gm bn thnh phn c bn l my pht quang, my thu quang, mi trng truyn v
tn hiu thng tin (tn hiu li vo, tn hiu li ra nh trn hnh 1.1).
Hnh 1.1. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang
Vai tr ca b pht quang l bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang v a
tn hiu quang vo si quang. Linh kin chnh ca b pht quang l ngun pht quang:
h thng thng tin quang si thng s dng cc b ngun pht quang bn dn l dit
pht quang (LED) v laser bn dn. Mi trng truyn dn quang chia lm hai loi:
truyn trong si quang v truyn trong khng gian. tng khong cch truyn b gii
hn bi s suy hao trong si quang ngi ta c th s dng cc b lp hoc cc b
9
My pht
quang
Mi trng
truyn
My thu
quang
Tn hiu
li vo
Tn hiu
li ra
khuych i quang si. B lp c nhim v thu tn hiu quang, bin i quang - in
(O/E), sa li xung in, khuych i tn hiu v bin i in - quang (E/O) tr li.
Nhng h thng thng tin quang hin i ch yu s dng cc b khuych i quang
si pha Erbium (EDFA),b khuch i Raman.. cc b khuych i Raman khuych
i trc tip tn hiu quang v c nhiu u vit so vi cc b lp. Tn hiu quang u
pha bn kia ca h thng c thu bi my thu quang. Vai tr ca b thu quang l
chuyn i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in v phc hi cc s liu truyn qua h
thng thng tin quang. Linh kin ch yu trong b thu quang l cc photodiode c cu
trc v vt liu ch to thch hp cho bng tn v bc sng cn thu.
1.1.3 u im ca h thng thng tin quang
Dung lng ln: Cc si quang c kh nng truyn nhng lng ln thng
tin. Vi cng ngh hin nay trn hai si quang c th truyn c ng thi 60.000
cuc m thoi. Mt cp si quang (c ng knh ngoi 2 cm) c th cha c
khong 200 si quang, s tng c dung lng ng truyn ln 6.000.000 cuc m
thoi. So vi cc phng tin truyn dn bng dy thng thng, mt cp ln gm
nhiu i dy c th truyn c 500 cuc m thoi. Mt cp ng trc c kh nng
vi 10.000 cuc m thoi v mt tuyn viba hay v tinh c th mang c 2000 cuc
gi ng thi.
Kch thc v trng lng nh: So vi mt cp ng c cng dung lng,
cp si quang c ng knh nh hn v khi lng nh hn nhiu. Do d lp t
hn, c bit nhng v tr c sn dnh cho cp.
Khng b nhiu in: Truyn dn bng si quang khng b nh hng bi
nhiu in t (EMI) hay nhiu tn s v tuyn (RFI) v n khng to ra bt k s
nhiu ni ti no. Si quang c th cung cp mt ng truyn sch nhng mi
trng khc nghit nht. Cc cng ty in lc s dng cp quang, dc theo cc ng
dy in cao th cung cp ng thng tin r rng gia cc trm bin p. Cp si
quang cng khng b xuyn m. Thm ch d nh sng b bc x ra t mt si quang
th n khng th thm nhp vo si quang khc c.
Tnh cch in: Si quang l mt vt cch in. Si thy tinh ny loi b
nhu cu v cc dng in cho ng thng tin. Cp si quang lm bng cht in mi
thch hp khng cha vt dn in v c th cho php cch in hon ton cho nhiu
ng dng. N c th loi b c nhiu gy bi cc dng in chy vng di t hay
nhng trng hp nguy him gy bi s phng in trn cc ng dy thng tin nh
st hay nhng trc trc v in. y thc s l mt phng tin an ton thng c
dng ni cn cch in.
Tnh bo mt: Si quang cung cp bo mt thng tin cao. Mt si quang
khng th b trch ly trm thng tin bng cc phng tin in thng thng nh
s dn in trn b mt hay cm ng in t, v rt kh trch ly thng tin dng
tn hiu quang. Cc tia sng truyn lan tm si quang v rt t hoc khng c tia no
thot khi si quang . Thm ch nu trch vo si quang c ri th n c th b
pht hin nh kim tra cng sut nh sng thu c ti u cui. Trong khi cc tn hiu
thng tin v tinh v viba c th d dng thu gii m c.
10
tin cy cao v d bo dng: Si quang l mt phng tin truyn dn
ng nht v khng gy ra hin tng pha-inh. Nhng tuyn cp quang c thit k
thch hp c th chu ng c nhng iu kin v nhit v m khc nghit v
thm ch c th hot ng di nc. Si quang c thi gian hot ng lu, khong
20 30 nm. Yu cu v bo dng i vi mt h thng cp quang l t hn so vi
yu cu ca mt h thng thng thng do cn t b lp in hn trong mt tuyn
thng tin.
Tnh linh hot: Cc h thng thng tin quang u kh dng cho hu ht cc
dng thng tin s liu, thoi v video. Cc h thng ny u c th tng thch vi cc
chun RS.232, RS422, V.35, Ethernet, FDDI, T1, T2, T3, Sonet, thoi 2/4 dy, tn hiu
E/M, video tng hp v cn nhiu na.
Tnh m rng: Cc h thng si quang c thit k thch hp c th d
dng c m rng khi cn thit. Mt h thng dng cho tc s liu thp, v d T1
(I 544 Mb/s) c th c nng cp tr thnh mt h thng tc s liu cao hn, OC-
12 (622 Mb/s), bng cch thay i cc thit b in t. H thng cp si quang c th
vn c gi nguyn nh c.
S ti to tn hiu: Cng ngh ngy nay cho php thc hin nhng ng
truyn thng bng cp quang di trn 70 km trc khi cn ti to tn hiu, khong cch
ny cn c th tng ln ti 150 km nh s dng cc b khuch i laze. Trong tng
lai, cng ngh c th m rng khong cch ny ln ti 200 km v c th 1000 km. Chi
ph tit kim c do s dng t cc b lp trung gian v vic bo dng chng c th
l kh ln. Ngc li, cc h thng cp in thng thng c vi km c th cn c
mt b lp.
Suy hao thp: s pht trin ca si quang qua nhiu nm t ck kt qu
trong vic ch to si quang c suy hao rt thp. Si quang c ch to vi suy
hao 0.2dB/km v c tnh ny tr thnh li th chnh ca thng tin quang. iu ny
thun li cho vic t b khuych i cho mi khong cch trn ng truyn m
khng cn chuyn sang tn hiu in bc trung gian, do gim c gi thnh v
c phc tp ca h thng.
1.2 Tng quan v khuych i quang
i vi tn hiu quang, khi khong cch truyn dn ln, s suy gim tn hiu l
khng th trnh khi. Suy hao ca si quang l nguyn nhn gii hn c ly truyn ca
cc h thng thng tin quang. Gii hn v suy hao c khc phc bng cch s dng
cc trm lp quang in (optoelectronic repeater). Trong cc trm lp quang in ny,
qu trnh khuych i tn hiu quang c thc hin qua nhiu bc. u tin tn hiu
quang s c bin i thnh dng in bi cc b thu quang (optical receiver) s
dng linh kin tch sng quang nh PIN hay PAD. Dng quang in thu c s c
ti to li dng xung, nh thi v khuych i bi cc mch phc hi tn hiu v mch
khuych i. Sau , tn hiu in s c bin i thnh tn hiu quang thng qua cc
ngun quang trong b pht quang (optical transmitter) v c truyn i trong si
quang. Nh vy, qu trnh khuych i tn hiu c thc hin trn min in.
11
Hnh 1.2. B lp quang in
Cc trm lp quang in c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng truyn
dn quang mt bc sng nh h thng truyn dn quang SDH. Tuy nhin, khi s
dng cho cc h thng truyn dn a bc song nh h thng WDM, rt nhiu trm
lp quang in cn c s dng khuych i v ti to cc knh quang c bc
sng khc nhau. iu ny lm tng phc tp cng nh tng gi thnh ca h thng
truyn dn quang WDM.
Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh, ngi ta thc hin c qu
trnh khuych i trc tip tn hiu quang m khng cn phi thng qua qu trnh bin
i v tn hiu in, gi l k thut khuych i quang (Optical Amplifier). K
thut khuych i quang ra i khc phc c nhiu hn ch ca trm lp. So vi
cc trm lp, cc b khuych i quang c cc u im sau:
- Khuych i trc tip tn hiu quang, khng c mch ti to thi gian hay
mch phc hi (cc b bin i E/O hoc O/E). Do khuych i quang s tr nn
linh hot hn.
- Khng ph thuc vo tc bt v phng php iu ch tn hiu nn nng
cp h thng n gin hn.
- Khuych i nhiu tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau cng truyn trn mt
si quang.
Vic nghin cu khuych i quang ngy cng pht trin v c ng dng
rng ri. C nhiu xu hng nghin cu v b khuych i quang, v trong thi gian
qua cc nghin cu thnh cng ch yu tp trung vo hai loi chnh:
- Khuych i quang bn dn SOA (Optical Semiconductor Amplifier)
- Khuych i quang si pha tp Erbium (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier)
Tuy nhin, do yu cu nng cp mng thng tin quang DWDM ln hng trm
knh, vic nghin cu pht trin cc loi khuch i quang khc c y mnh,
trong khuch i quang trn c s hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc (ROA) c
c bit quan tm trn th gii.
1.2.1 Nguyn l b khuch i quang
Nguyn l khuch i quang da trn nguyn l pht x kch thch v khng c
cng hng trong khuch i.
12
Hin tng pht x kch thch l mt trong ba hin tng bin i quang in
c ng dng trong thng tin quang.Cc hin tng ny c minh ho trong hnh:

Hnh 1.3. Cc hin tng bin i quang in
Hin tng hp th xy ra khi c nh sng ti c nng lng E
v
=hf
12
tc ng
vo vt liu c rng vng cm E
g
=E
2
-E
1
bng nhauE
v
=E
g
). Khi , in t s nhn
nng lng v c nhy ln mc nng lng cao hn. y chnh l nguyn nhn
chnh gy ra hin tng suy hao cho tn hiu quang.
Hin tng pht x t pht xy ra khi mt in t mc nng lng cao
chuyn xung mc nng lng thp, ng thi pht ra mt photon c mc nng lng
E
v
bng ln di cm E
g
. Mi mt vt liu s c mt thi gian sng khc nhau, khi
ht thi gian sng n s thc hin bc x t pht. y chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra
nhiu ca b khuch i.
Hin tng pht x kch thch xy ra khi c mt nh sng c nng lng photon
E
v
chnh bng nng lng di cm E
g
. Khi , mt in t mc nng lng cao s b
chuyn xung mc nng lng thp hn v pht ra photon c cng pha vi nh sng
kch thch. y chnh l nguyn l khuch i ca b khuch i quang.
C th d dng nhn thy rng, hin tng bc x t pht c th xy ra bt k
lc no, v s gy ra nhiu cho b khuch i, c gi l nhiu t pht(ASE). Hin
tng hp th th s gy ra suy yu b khuch i. Nh vy, nu mt nng lng
trong vt liu khuch i l thp s gy ra hin tng hp th ln. iu dn n,
nu mun khuch i ln chng ta phi thc hin o mt ht.
13
1.2.2 ng dng ca khuych i quang

Hnh 1.4. Cc ng dng khuch i
a) Khuch i cng sut(Booster Amplifier)
b) Khuch i trn tuyn (in-line amplifer)
c) B tin khuch i(Preamplifier)
Khuch i quang c ng dng trong cc h thng truyn dn quang nh cc
b khuch i nhm lm tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang trn ng truyn, khc
phc suy hao do si quang v cc mi hn, ni xy ra trn ng truyn. Tu theo v
tr lp t, cc b khuch i trn tuyn truyn dn quang c chia lm ba loi:
Khuch i cng sut (Booster Amplifier): l b khuch i quang c t
ngay sau thit b pht nhm mc ch lm tng cng sut quang n mc cao nht
lm cho khong cch truyn cc i. Yu cu ca cc b khuch i cng sut l to ra
cng sut u ra cc i ch khng phi li cc i v cng sut tn hiu ng
vo ln.
Khuch i trn tuyn (In-line Amplifier): l b khuch i quang c t
ngay trn tuyn quang nhm mc ch b mt mt cng sut gy ra bi suy hao si,
suy hao do kt ni v suy hao do vic phn phi tn hiu quang trong mng. Cc b
khuch i ng dy c th c lp t ni tip nhau trn ng truyn lm gia
tng khong cch lp t. Tuy nhin, vic lp t ni tip cc b khuch i quang s
lm gim h s SNR nh hng n cht lng ca h thng truyn dn quang.
Tin khuch i (Preamplifier): l cc b khuch i quang c t ngay trc
thit b thu quang nhm khuch i tn hiu ngay trc khi tin hiu c a vo thit
b. iu ny lm gim yu cu nghim ngt ca b nhy thit b thu v cho php h
thng truyn dn quang hot ng vi tc bit cao hn. Do v tr lp t, cc b tin
khuch i hot ng vi cng sut tn hiu vo yu v mc nhiu u thu cao. Do
14
vy, yu cu ca b tin khuch i l nhy ln, h s G trung bnh nhng thng s
nhiu phi rt thp. Khuch i quang Raman c thng s nhiu nh, v vy chng
lun c s dng cho tin khuch quang.
Tuy nhin khuych i quang ch b c cng sut quang b suy hao trong
tuyn truyn dn. Do khuych i quang khng ci thin c cc tp m, tn sc v
cc hiu ng quang phi tuyn, cho nn tuyn thng tin quang s dng khuych i
quang vn b hn ch v khong cch do cc hiu ng nu trn to ra.
S dng khuych i quang trong h thng thng tin quang a bc sng
WDM c ngha cng ngh quan trng v khuych i quang c th khuych i tt
c cc bc sng ti trong bng tn khuych i.
1.2.3 Cc thng s chnh ca si quang
1.2.3.1 H s li, h s khuch i
Hu ht cc b khuch i quang u c thc hin thng qua hiu ng bc x
kch thch. Khuch i t c khi b khuch i quang thc hin bm quang, hay
bm in o ln mt . Nhn chung khuch i quang khng ch ph thuc vo
bc sng truyn m cn ph thuc vo cng bm,mt ht c trong vt liu.
Chng ta coi vt liu l ng nht, ta c c phng trnh sau:
(1.1)
Trong g
0
l gi tr nh ca li, l tn s ca tn hiu quang ti,
0
l tn
s truyn trung tm, P l cng sut ca tn hiu c khuch i P
s
l cng sut bo
ho . Cng sut bo ho P
s
ph thuc vo cc tham s ca mi trng khuch i. H
s T
2
trong phng trnh 1.1 c gi l thi gian hi phc phn cc, thng nh hn
1 ps. Phng trnh 1.1 c th dng m t cc c tnh quan trng ca b khuch i
nh l bng tn li, h s khuch i v cng sut u ra bo ho.
ch d cha bo ho, coi P/P
s
<<1, khi phng trnh 1.1 tr thnh:
(1.2)
T phng trnh ny c th nhn thy, h s li ln nht khi tn s khuch i
=
0
tn s trung tm.
Nu gi P
in
, P
out
ln lt l cng sut u vo v u ra ca b khuch
i.Vy th h s khuch i l :
G= (1.3)
H s khuch i l mt thng s quan trng ca b khuych i. N c trng
cho kh nng khuych i cng sut nh sng ca b khuych i. Tuy nhin, h s
khuch i ca mt b khuych i b gii hn bi cc c ch bo ho khuch i.
iu ny lm gii hn cng sut quang ra cc i ca b khuych i.
15
Mt khc ta li c cng thc sau
(1.4)
Suy ra:
P(z) = P
in
exp(gz) (1.5)
Vi P(z) l cng sut tn hiu ti v tr z so vi u vo.
Gi s khong rng ca b khuch i l L, khi P
out
=P(L). Suy ra h s
khuch i ca tn hiu quang c di L l:
G()= = = (1.6)
D dng nhn thy rng, g() t gi tr ln nht ti =
0
nn G() cng t gi
tr ln nht ti
0
. V gi tr hai h s ny cng u gim khi (-
0
) tng, Ta c biu
sau:

Hnh 1.5. Mi tng quan h s khuch i v h s li
1.2.3.2Bng thng li
Bng thng li c nh ngha l =2/T
2
hay l:
(1.7)
Nh vy, nu vi b khuch i quang bn dn c T
2
=60fs. B
khuch i bng rng thch hp vi cc h thng vin thng thng tin quang, v li
ca c bng tn gn nh l hng s, thm ch c khi l tn hiu a knh. Bng tn
khuch i c nh ngha l mt FWHM(full width at half maximum- rng
xung ti na gi tr cc i), v lin quan vi theo cng thc sau:
(1.8)
Vi G
0
= exp(g
0
L).
D dng nhn thy, bng tn khuch i nh hn bng tn li, v s khc
bit ny cn tu thuc vo li khuch i.
16
1.2.3.3 Cng sut ng ra bo ho
li bo ho
bo ho ca li ph thuc vo gi tr g() trong phng trnh 1.1. D
dng nhn thy rng, khi P tin ti P
s
th gi tr g gim dn, ng thi h s khuch i
G cng gim theo tng ca cng sut tn hiu. Chng ta coi gi tr nh xy ra khi
=
0
. Theo 1.1 v 1.4, chng ta c:
(1.9)
Xt phng trnh vi chiu di b khuch i l L, v coi P
0
=P
in
v
P(L)=GP
in
=P
out
, t ta c phng trnh:
G=G
0
exp ( ) (1.10)
D dng nhn thy, G bt u gim dn t gi tr nh G
0
khi gi tr P
out
t
gn ti gi tr cng sut bo ho P
s
m t trong hnh 1.4.
Hnh 1.6. S ph thuc ca cng sut ra (theo P
s
) theo G(theo G
0
)

Cng sut ng ra bo ho (Saturation Output Power)
Khi hot ng ch tn hiu nh, cng sut quang ng ta s tng tuyn
tnh vi cng sut quang ng vo theo h s G: P
out
= G.P
in
. Tuy nhin, cng sut ng
ra khng th tng mi c. Bng thc nghim, ngi ta thy rng trong tt c cc b
khuych i quang, khi cng sut ng vo P
in
tng n mt mc no , h s G bt
u gim. Kt qu l cng sut ng ra khng cn tng tuyn tnh vi tn hiu ng ra
na m t trng thi bo ho.
Cng sut ra bo ho ca mt b khuych i quang cho bit cng sut
ng ra ln nht m b khuych i c th hot ng c. Thng thng, mt b
khuych i quang c khuch i cao s c cng sut ra bo ho cao bi v s nghch
o nng cao c th c duy tr trong mt di cng sut vo v ra rng.
17
T cng thc 1.10, chng ta xem xt n cng sut ng ra bo ho,l cng sut
ln nht to c cng ra, k hiu l . C th nhn thy rng, gi tr li ny
t c khi li khuch i gim t 2 n 3 dB, tng ng vi gi tr G=G
0
/2. Khi
, ta c cng thc:
= (1.11)
1.2.3.4 H s nhiu
Cng ging nh cc h thng thng tin quang khc, b khuch i ny cng c
nhiu. Nguyn l ca b khuch i l da trn nguyn l bc x kch thch. Nhng
trong qu trnh khuch i, c rt nhiu cc in t ht thi gian sng, chuyn i t
mc nng lng cao xung mc nng lng thp, hay t di dn sang di ho tr, y
chnh l bc x t pht. Bc x ny, khi c phng cng lung in t, s gy nh
hng ln bin v pha ca tn hiu. Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng nhiu x
t pht ASE. Do vy, cng sut ca ra gm c cng sut vo khuch i v cng sut
bc x t pht:
P
out
=G.P
in
+P
ASE
(1.12)
nh hng nhiu i vi b khuch i quang c biu din bi h s nhiu
NF, m t s suy gim t s tn hiu trn tp ti u ra v u vo:

SNFout
SNRin
NF
Hay NF=SNR
in
(dB)-SNF
out
(dB) (1.13)
Ngi ta cng chng minh c rng, gi tr hng s nhiu tnh c th theo
cng thc sau:
NF=2n
sp
2n
sp
(1.14)
H s nhiu NF ca b khuch i cng nh cng tt,v gi tr nh nht c th
t c l 3dB. Ti gi tr ny,chng ta gi l gi tr lng t.
1.3 Phn loi khuch i quang
Trong mt b khuch i quang ,qu trnh khuch di nh sng c thc hin
trong vng tch cc. Cc tn hiu quang c khuch i trong vng tch cc vi
ln hay nh th ph thuc vo nng lng c cung cp t ngun bm bn ngoi.
Tu theo cu to ca vng tch cc, c th chia khuch i quang thnh hai loi chnh
l: Khuch i quang bn dn SOA v khuch i quang si OFA.
Trong khuch i quang bn dn SOA, vng tch cc c cu to bng vt liu
bn dn. Ngun cung cp nng lng khuch i tn hiu l dng in.
Trong khuch i si quang OFA, vng tch cc l si quang c pha t
him. Ngun cung cp nng lng l laser c bc sng pht quang nh hn bc
sng ca tn hiu cn khuch i .
18
Mt trong nhng loi OFA tiu biu l EDFA. EDFA c nhiu u im v c
tnh k thut so vi SOA. Ta s ch yu tp trung nghin cu vo EDFA phn ti.
Ngoi ra, cn c mt loi khuch i c s dng nhiu trong cc h thng
WDM hin nay l khuch i Raman. Khuch i Raman cng s dng si quang lm
vng tch cc khuch i nh sng.
SOA v EDFA u hot ng da trn pht x kch thch cn khuch i
Raman da trn nh hng phi tuyn ca si quang(hin tng tn x Raman kch
thch SRS) hn l hin tng pht x kch thch.
1.3.1 Khuych i quang bn dn.
Hnh 1.7. S khi mt SOA
Khuch i quang bn dn (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier - SOA) l h
khuch i tn hiu quang vi mi trng khuch i s dng vt liu bn dn. H
khuch i ny c cu trc tng t nh nhng diode laser Fabry-Perot, nhng c
trang b thm cc lp chng phn x hai gng ca mi trng khuch i (h s
phn x nh hn 0.001%) trnh cng hng to nn hiu ng laser.
Hot ng ca SOA da vo nguyn l khuch i sng chy (traveling-wave)
trong vng in tch khng gian nm gia 2 vng bn dn loi p v loi n. Khi c dng
in bm cho SOA, cc in t s c bm vo vng dn (bn dn loi n) v l trng
bm vo vng ha tr (bn dn loi p). Photon n c bc sng thch hp s kch
thch in t v l trng ti hp trong min in tch khng gian v s pht x thm
mt photon na c cng tn s v pha vi photon n, nh vy tn hiu quang c
khuch i.
Cc h khuch i quang bn dn c lm t hp cht bn dn nh
GaAs/AlGaAs, InP/InGaAs, InP/InGaAsP, cc vt liu ny c th khuch i quang
trong vng bc sng t 0.85 m n 1.6 m. Bc sng khuch i ca SOA ph
thuc vo rng vng cm v c th thay i ty theo loi vt liu bn dn. Cc loi
khuch i quang bn dn dng trong thng tin quang si l loi c ph khuch i
trong vng bc sng 1310 nm v 1550 nm.
Nhng u im ca SOA:
- Bng tn khuch i kh rng 40 nm 80 nm.
19
- Kch thc nh gn v d bo tr.
Nhc im ca SOA:
- c im ca SOA l vng khng gian khuch i dn sng c chiu di kh
b (c mm) nn kh t c h s khuch i cao (G < 16 dB).
- Cng sut tin hiu quang li ra thp (P < 10 dBm).
- H s tp m NF kh cao (NF ~ 7 - 10 dB ).
- Nhy cm vi phn cc nh sng ca tn hiu quang, nn cng sut quang li
ra khng n nh.
- Cc hiu ng phi tuyn nh hin tng xuyn knh, trn 4 sng xy ra kh
mnh.
Hnh 1.8. Cc ng dng c bn ca SOA
Cc ng dng c bn ca SOA trong cc h thng thng tin quang c th phn
thnh ba loi: khuch i cng sut tng cng sut pht ca laser, khuch i ng
truyn b suy hao truyn dn ca si quang v tin khuch i ci thin nhy
thu.
Khuch i quang si OFA (EDFA)
Nguyn l khuch i quang ca thy tinh pha tp Er
3+
, c th tm tt nh sau:
- Ion Er
3+
c s cc mc nng lng nh hnh 1.9, qu trnh khuch i quang
ca thy tinh pha tp Er
3+
ch yu lin quan n 3 mc nng lng bn di ca ion
Er
3+
, l cc mc
4
I
15/2
,
4
I
13/2
,
4
I
11/2
.
20

Hnh 1.9. S cc mc nng lng ca ion Er
3+
t do
- c im rt quan trng l mc nng lng
4
I
13/2
c thi gian sng rt ln ( ~
10 ms) so vi thi gian sng ca cc mc
4
I
11/2
v
4
I
9/2
( ~ s). Khi kch thch thy tinh
pha tp erbium bng laser c bc sng 980 nm hoc 810 nm, cc ion Er
3+
s chuyn
di t mc c bn
4
I
15/2
ln mc nng lng
4
I
11/2
hoc
4
I
9/2
, v thi gian sng ca ion
Er
3+
trng thi mc nng lng
4
I
11/2
v
4
I
9/2
rt b nn cc ion Er
3+
s nhanh chng
chuyn di khng pht x v mc kch thch
4
I
13/2
.
- Thi gian sng ca ion Er
3+
mc
4
I
13/2
ln hn hng ngn ln so vi cc mc
bn trn, nn khi bm vi mt nng lng ln chng ta d dng to c trng
thi nghch o mt phn b gia mc
4
I
13/2
v mc c bn
4
I
15/2
.
- Khi mt photon c bc sng trong vng 1550 nm i vo vng dn sng thy
tinh pha tp Er
3+
c nghch o mt trng thi gia hai mc
4
I
13/2
v
4
I
15/2
, hin tng
pht x cng bc s xy ra. Photon ti s kch thch ion Er
3+
chuyn di t mc
4
I
13/2
v mc c bn
4
I
15/2
, chuyn di ny pht x thm mt photon na c cng bc sng
v pha vi photon ti, y chnh l nguyn l khuch i quang ca thy tinh pha tp
Er
3+
.
Khuch i quang ca thy tinh pha tp ion Er
3+
gp phn rt ln trong pht
trin thng tin quang si v vng bc sng khuch i ph hp vi ca s thng tin
th 3 (1530 nm 1610 nm) ang c s dng, hin nay c rt nhiu cc nghin cu
c bn v tnh cht quang ca thy tinh pha tp Er
3+
nhm ch to c cc h khuch
i quang c cht lng ngy cng hon thin.
- Khuch i quang Raman (Raman Optical Amplifier:ROA): da trn c s
tn x Raman cng bc trong mi trng c tn x Raman mnh. Mi trng tn x
Raman l si quang c pha tp Ge vi nng cao v c cu trc dn sng phc tp
(si quang b tn sc DCF). Khc vi khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium, yu cu
i vi ROA l ngun bm c cng sut cao (vi trm miliwatt tr ln) v si quang
c di t vi kilmt n vi chc kilmt. Khuch i quang Raman s dng trong
21
h thng thng tin quang ch yu da vo sng Stoke pht ra t tn x Raman trn cc
phn t trong si quang. Do sng Stoke t tn x Raman yu, v vy si quang cn
phi c di ln (hng chc kilmt) tch lu sng Stoke dc theo si quang. y
l iu khc bit rt c bn gia ROA v EDFA.
Kt lun chng I
Chng ny gii thiu tng quan v khuch i quang.Nguyn l hot ng
ca b khuch i quang.Mt s thng s ca b khuch i quang. ng dng ca b
khuch i quang.Cc kho st v tn x Raman v khuch i quang Raman c
trnh by chi tit trong chng 2 v mt s kt qu thc nghim v hiu ng Raman
trong si quang c pha tp Ge cao (si nhy quang) kt hp si quang tiu chun s
trnh by trong chng 3 ca kho lun ny.
Chng 2. Hiu ng tn x Raman v b khuch i
quang si Raman
2.1 Hiu ng tn x Raman
Hin tng tn x Raman c nh khoa hc Raman pht hin ra vo nm 1928.
Khi hi t chm sng vo mi trng vt cht (cht lng) ng pht hin ra rng, trong
chm sng th cp sau khi i qua mi trng, ngoi thnh phn c tn s bng tn s
nh sng ti cn c hai thnh phn nh sng c tn s ln hn v nh hn.
Hiu tn s ca cc thnh phn chnh bng tn s dch chuyn gia cc mc nng
lng dao ng hoc quay ca phn t mi trng. Nh vy khi chiu mt chm nh
sng c tn s
0
vo mt mi trng gm cc phn t s xy ra hin tng sau: Tn x
Rayleigh t pht, l nh sng th cp, tn s bc x ca n bng tn s nh sng chiu
vo
0;
22
Hnh 2.1. Hin tng tn x Raman
Tn x Raman t pht: l kt qu tng tc ca nh sng ti vi nhng kiu dao
ng hoc quay ca phn t mi trng. Tn x Raman bao gm hai thnh phn
Stokes v i Stokes. Thnh phn Stokes ng vi tn s nh hn tn s nh sng ti
S
=
0

R
, thnh phn i Stokes c tn s ln hn tn s ca nh sng ti
A
=
0
+
R

J
Mc trung gian
bm stokes i stokes
b
j
b
E
b
- E
a
= h
R
a
j
a
Hnh 2.2. S cc mc nng lng v cc chuyn dch trong tn x Raman a,b:
23
cc mc dao ng; a
j
,

b
j
: cc mc quay; J: l cc mc in t kch thch cao
Hin tng tn x Raman t pht c gii thch da trn s lng t cc
mc nng lng ca phn t trnh by trong hnh 2.1. Cc mc nng lng ca in
t bao gm cc mc in t c nh s a,b trong J l cc mc in t kch
thch cao. Trong mc in t c bn cha nhiu mc dao ng. Cc mc dao ng ny
cch nhau mt khong bng nhau ng vi tn s
d
nm trong vng hng ngoi
trung.Trong mi mc nng lng dao ng ny li c nhiu mc quay. Cc mc quay
ny cch nhau mt khong bng nhau ng vi tn s
q
nm trong vng hng ngoi
xa. i vi mi trng tn x Raman cc mc kch thch cao J c gi l cc mc
cng hng xa khi c iu kin
0
<< (E
j
E
a
)/h; v gi l kch thch

A
Hnh 2.3. Cc qu trnh tn x
Ngun sng chiu vo mi trng c tn s
0,
l tp hp cc photon c nng
lng h
0.
Sau khi hp th photon, cc phn t ang trng thi a hoc b s chuyn di
ln mt mc nng lng trung gian no (E
tg
<E
j
). Nguyn t hay phn t tn ti
trng thi trung gian mt thi gian nht nh ri chuyn di v trng thi c mc nng
lng a hoc b v ti bc x ra photon. Ph thuc vo trng thi ban u v trng thi
cui ca cc dch chuyn m c th bc x th cp Rayleigh, Stokes hay i Stokes.
Nu trng thi ban u v trng thi cui u l a hoc u l b (cng mc nng
lng) ta c tn x Rayleigh. Nu trng thi ban u c mc nng lng thp hn mc
nng lng ca trng thi cui th ta c tn x Raman Stokes. Ngc li nu trng thi
ban u c mc nng lng ln hn trng thi cui ta c i Stokes. Cng nh
sng tn x khc nhau i vi tn s khc nhau. Trong mnh nht l tn x
Rayleigh vi tn s
0
.
iu ny c th gii thch trong trng thi cn bng nhit: phn ln cc phn t
nm trng thi nng lng thp nht a tun theo phn b Boltzmann. S phn t nm
trng thi dao ng kch thch b l rt nh. Do khi cc photon ti tc ng vo
mi trng th s lng phn t c nng lng thp s hp th nhiu photon hn. T
nguyn tc ny ngi ta lun nhn c cng nh sng Stokes ln hn cng
i Stokes. Chng ta ch quan st c sng i Stokes khi kch thich bng nh sng
khng n sc c cng rt cao.
24

2.2 Hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc (SRS)

Tn x Raman c trnh by tng qut trn l loi tn x t pht c trng cho
mt qu trnh tn x Raman ph rng c cng yu v hiu sut khng ln, thm
ch i vi nhng cht ngng t mnh (mt cao) th tit din tn x trong mt n
v th tch i vi tn x Raman Stokes cng ch t 10
-6
cm
-1
, c ngha l nu c 10
6
ht i qua 1 cm mi trng th ch c mt ht c tham gia tn x. Di s kch thch
bi chm laser vi mt photon rt ln hiu sut tn x Raman trong mi trng s
c nng cao ln rt nhiu ( c th t n 20-30 %). Tn x Raman cng bc tiu
biu cho mt qu trnh tn x mnh vi tc dng ca trng laser v vt cht.
Hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc (Stimulated Raman effect) l hin tng xy
ra khi a vo mi trng dn sng hai ngun nh sng l ngun laser bm c tn s
v tn hiu quang tn s Stokes (
d
). Trong m hnh bm quang ny cc photon
tn hiu c tn s (
d
) s cng bc cc phn t cng dao ng v lm pht sinh
thm mt photon na c cng tn s v pha vi photon n. Qu trnh tn x cng
bc s c tip tc nhn ln bn trong li si quang.
Bn cht ca hin tng tn x Raman cng bc l cc nguyn t ca si
quang hp th nng lng t cc photon pht ra t ngun bm c bc sng nh hn
bc sng tn hiu. Khi , cc nguyn t s nhy t trng thi c mc nng lng
thp sang trng thi c mc nng lng cao hn (mc nng lng trung gian). Khi c
photon ca tn hiu n th n s kch thch cc nguyn t ang trng thi c mc
nng lng cao. Kt qu l cc nguyn t nhy xung mc thp hn pht pht ra
photon mi c cng bc sng v pha vi photon tn hiu n.

Hnh 2.4. M t qu trnh tn x Raman cng bc
Hnh 2.4 m t hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc trong mi trng c 3 mc
nng lng, trong :
E
1
: mc nng lng nn.
E
2
: mc nng lng dao ng.
E
3
: mc nng lng trung gian.
25
Laser bm
h
E
3
E
2
Tn hiu
(
d
)
E
1
Nhiu kt qu nghin cu tn x Raman trong thu tinh SiO
2
:GeO
2
ch to si
quang cho thy: dch chuyn Raman ~ 80nm - 100 nm, ph thuc vo nng
v cu trc si quang. Nu ta dng bc sng bm
p
= 1450 nm th tn hiu quang c
bc sng
s
=
p
+ =1550 nm (trng vi vch Stokes) s c khuch i.
Khi cng nh sng kch thch hay cng laser bm mnh hn mt gi tr
ngng xc nh th nh sng Stokes pht ra c khuch i theo hm m. Qu trnh
ny gi l tn x Raman cng bc.
Biu thc th hin s thay i cng sut sng bm v sng tn hiu theo khong
cch z.
(2.1)

s
,
p
: hao ph ca sng tn hiu, sng bm khi truyn trong si quang.

r
: h s khuch i Raman trong si quang.
Nu chng ta b qua s hng th nht bn v phi ca phng trnh (2.1) (s
hng th hin s suy gim ca sng bm ), ta c.
(2.2)
A
eff
:tit din hiu dng cho s tng cng Raman.
L
eff
: Chiu di hiu dng i vi sng bm.
H s khuch i Raman i vi sng tn hiu:
(2.3)
Hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc khng nhng c u im v mt cng
m cn c u im v mt cu trc chm tia pht x. Nh hiu ng pht x cng bc
m cc photon pht x s cng pha v cng hng vi photon kch thch.
2.3 Khuch i quang Raman
2.3.1 Khuch i quang Raman.
Thit b khuch i quang Raman (Raman Optical Amplifier) s dng trong h
thng thng tin quang da trn nguyn l tn x Raman cng bc trong si quang vi
cc loi si c cu trc dn sng c bit (si DCF) hoc si pha tp Ge nng cao
(si nhy quang).
26
P P S P R
S
P P
S S S P R
S
P P P g
dz
dP
P P P g
dz
dP

P
P
eff
S eff
eff
R S S
L
L
L L
A
P
g P L P

) exp( 1
exp ) 0 ( ) (
0

,
_

1
1
]
1

L
KA
P
L g G
S
eff
eff R

0
34 , 4
M hnh l thuyt gii thch hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc s dng trong
khuch i quang da trn h thng cc cp phng trnh vi phn m t s tin trin
ca cng sut ngun bm, cng sut pht x ngu nhin v cng sut tn hiu khuch
i dc theo trc si quang (trc z). Cc h phng trnh ny c th p dng cho kiu
bm mt hoc bm nhiu bc sng cho khuch i Raman, ng thi cng ch ra s
nh hng ca bm ti bm, bm ti tn hiu, tn hiu ti tn hiu v s nh hng
ca nhit ti bc x Raman t pht c khuch i (ASE)


,
,
1
,
,
1
( )
( )
( )
4 ( )
N
r j k
k
k j ASE j
j k
j efc p
N
r j k
k
k k i k
j k
j efc p
g
p p p
A k
g
p h T
A k

t t +
+
t
+

+ +

,
, ,
1
,
, ,
1
1
,
, ,
1
( )
( )
( )
4 ( )
( )
2 ( ) ( )
N
r j k
k
ASE k j ASE j
j k
j efc p
N
r j k
k
ASE k k i k
j k
j efc p
k
r j k
k j ASE j i k
j
efc p
g
P p p
A k
g
p h T
A k
g
h p p T
A k

+ t t
+
+
+

t +

+ +

+ +

(2.4)
Trong
k
P l cng sut ca bm hoc tn hiu gi tr k,
ASE,k
P
l cng sut
ca nhiu ASE dc theo hng lan truyn t , h l hng s Planck,
p
P
l phn cc
27
ca nh sng tn hiu, A
efc
l din tch hiu dng ca si quang, (T) l h s giam gi
phonon.
Vi vic la chon cc gi tr = 0.2 dB/Km; k
p
= 2; (300K) = 0.1226 v
A
efc
= 80 m
2
.Tnh c h s khuch i G
on/off
v ch s tp m.

(2.5)
Trong P
S
l cng sut tn hiu; P
ASE
l cng sut ASE thun; l bng thng;
l tn s ca tn hiu.
H s khuch i Raman thay i theo chnh lch bc sng gia tn hiu v
ngun bm c biu din bi hnh 2.5. H s khuch i Raman tng hu nh tuyn
tnh vi chnh lch bc sng gia tn hiu v ngun bm (wavelength offset) v
t gi tr nh ti 100 nm v gim nhanh chng sau .
Bng thng khuch i ny c th t t 45-50 nm tnh t h s khuch i
cc i.

28
45- 50
Hnh 2.5. S ph thuc h s khuch i Raman theo chnh lch bc sng
gia tn hiu v ngun bm theo n v bc sng
2.3.2 li bng thng g
r
ca ph Raman trong si thy tinh Silica tinh khit v
trong si nhy quang , si b tn sc DCF
Qu trnh chuyn i nng lng gia ngun bm v Stokes c c trng bi
mt thng s c gi l h s li Raman
R
g
. Gi tr ny ph thuc ch yu vo
cu trc vt liu ca li si quang v thnh phn pha tp trong . th biu din
li bng thng i vi thy tinh silica tinh khit c mt vng chnh v nhiu vng nh
cc i xung quanh. Nu tnh n cc nh nh trong ph th h s li Raman t
bng thng rng n khong 40 Thz. H s li cc i gn nh l khng i trong
vng bng tn t 9Thz n 16 Thz. N c ngha l vng h s khuch i cao ny dch
chuyn xung quanh 13 Thz (ti bc sng 1550 nm th ng vi dch bc sng ln
cn khong
112 nm
). Gi tr h s li bng thng Raman cc i trong thy
tinh nguyn cht l
13
max
1.9 10 m/W
R
g


.


Hnh 2.6. li bng thng Raman c chun ha ng vi dch
tn s tnh t tn s nh sng ngun bm
li bng thng Raman t l nghch vi bc sng ngun bm v ph thuc
vo trng thi phn cc ca sng. li ny i vi qu trnh phn cc song song
(nh sng ngun bm v nh sng tn hiu c cng cc) th cao hn nhiu so vi
trng hp phn cc trc giao (v d nh khi nh sng ngun bm phn cc trc giao
vi sng Stokes ).
Tuy nhin trong si quang th do hin tng lng chit m cc trng thi phn
cc ca ngun bm v sng Stokes thay i lin tc v nu si quang di th h s
29
0
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
dch tn (THz)
li bng
thng Raman
c
chun ha
0
0.
5
1.
0
BW
khuch i Raman hiu dng l gi tr trung bnh ca cc h s khuch i song song
v trc giao.
Khi pha tp thm GeO
2
vo si quang Silica khi chit sut ca li si tng
ln. Vi vic pha GeO
2
s to ra si nhy quang hoc si b tn sc vi nng pha
GeO
2
khc nhau. Khi bm chm laser c bc sng thch hp vo 2 loi si ny,
chng ta nhn c nh ca li bng thng Raman cao hn, ng thi dch
bc sng cng ngn hn so vi si thy tinh Silica thun.
Chng ta nhn thy rng chnh lch gia chit sut li v v cng cao th thu
c nh li Raman cng ln. Trong si nhy quang v b tn sc c lch chit
sut t i ln hn so vi si thng khong mt bc (10 ln).

Hnh 2.7. Phn b li Raman khi pha tp germanium vo si quang, khi c
bm bng ngun laser c bc sng 1.24 m.n = n
2
n
1,
trong n
2
, n
1
l chit sut
li v v ca si quang
2.3.3 M hnh ca b khuch i quang Raman
Cu trc tiu biu ca mt b khuch i Raman nh sau:
Tn hiu vo Isolater
Si nhy quang
hoc si DCF

Hnh 2.8. S b khuch i quang Raman in hnh
30

i

R
a
m
a
n
Bc sng [m]
WDM
Laser bm
B khuch i quang Raman bao gm cc linh kin quang t v quang in t
sau:
- Ngun laser bm bn dn c cng sut cao (c th 1 hoc nhiu laser bn dn ghp
ni kiu cng cng sut) dng bm quang vo si to hiu ng Raman
t pht.
- Mi trng khuch i quang trn c s tn x Raman c th s dng si nhy quang
hoc si DCF c di thch hp.
- Linh kin cch ly quang (Isolater)dng cho nh sng ch i theo mt chiu trong
si v ngn nh sng phn x chiu ngc vo mi trng khuh i
trnh gy nhiu cho b khuch i.
- Linh kin WDM dng kt hp ngun bm v tn hiu to hiu ng Raman
cng bc cng nh dng a tn hiu vo b khuch i.
C mt s cu hnh bm ph bin cho khuch i quang Raman nh: C th
dng cch bm ng hng tc l bm cng chiu vi chiu tn hiu. Cng c th
bm ngc hng tc l bm ngc vi hng truyn tn hiu. Ngoi ra cn cch
bm song cng tc l bm t c 2 hng. Mi cu hnh bm c nhng u nhc im
khc nhau.


Hnh 2.9. Cu hnh bm ng hng cho khuch i quang Raman phn b
31
Pump
Fiber
rr
Signal
Pump
pp
Coupler
Pump
Fiber
Isolator
rrr
Signal
Hnh 2.10. Cu hnh bm ngc hng cho khuch i quang Raman phn b.
2.3.3 Khuch i di rng ca khuch i Raman
Khuch i Raman vi mt ngun bm c bng thng vo khong 7THz (xp
x 60 nm). Ca s truyn qua ca si quang vo khong 400 nm(1200 nm ti 1600).
Khuch i bng thng rng do vy l rt ph hp.
S dng nhiu ngun bm,khuch i di rng vi li thng ging nh l
c th thit k c. Tuy nhin cn nh rng trong cu hnh nhiu ngun bm, c s
chuyn i nng lng gia cc ngun bm do hiu ng Raman.
2.4 nh hng ca tn x raman trong h thng WDM
Nu ch c mt knh truyn trong si quang, hiu ng Raman ch c th quan
st c nu nh cng sut ca knh truyn ln hn ngng nht nh. Do vy nu
nh mc ngng qu cao, hiu ng SRS s khng quan st c trong h thng n
knh
Mi chuyn s khc trong h thng WDM.Ti sng Stokes ban u khng
phi c sinh ra bi qu trnh t pht bi cc sng c tn s nh hn vn t c
trong h thng. Hn na cng sut u vo ca sng Stoke l ln hay nh nh cng
sut ca ngun bm(knh truyn m c bc sng ngn hn ng vai tr l ngun
bm cho knh truyn c bc sng di hn).
Vi nh li Raman dch chuyn xung quanh 13Thz,cc knh cch nhau
100nm s nh hng ln nhau mnh nht. Ni cch khc, cc knh t cc bng L, C
nh hng ln nhau nhiu hn. Tuy nhin, cc knh trong mt bng cng nh hng
ln nhau d cho mt mc nh hn.
Vi h thng DWDM ,tng tc Raman l v cng phc tp. Mi mt bc
sng va ng vai tr l mt ngun bm vi bc sng no di hn n, va ng vai
tr l sng Stoke vi bc sng ngn hn n. Do hin tng tn x Raman, mi knh
u nhn nng lng cng nh mt i nng lng. C mt s chuyn i cng sut t
cc knh c tn s cao hn n cc knh c tn s thp hn. Nu nh tt c cc knh
c cng cng sut nh nhau, th cui cng ta c ph nh sau:

32
1530nm 1540nm
WDM Channels with out Raman Scattering
Hnh 2.11. Cc knh trong WDM khng c tn x Raman
Hnh 2.12. Cc knh trong WDM khi c tn x Raman
S suy gim cng sut ca cc knh truyn l mt vn trong h thng WDM
khi m iu lm gim SNR v lm tng BER.
S suy gim cng sut ca mt knh c th tnh ton khi gi thit ph ca li
Raman t 0 n 15 Thz. Nu s suy gim cng sut chp nhn c ca mt knh l
1dB, ta c mi lin h cng sut-bng thng:
(nP)(n-1)f<500 (W-GHz) (2.6)
Vi n l s knh trong DWDM,P l cng sut ca knh, f l khong cch gia
cc knh.
Nu s lng cc knh l nh,cng sut ti a trn mt knh gim theo 1/n, nu
s lng knh l ln, cng sut gim theo 1/n
2
. Biu ca cng sut ti a trn mt
knh l mt hm ca s knh c ch ra theo hnh:
33
1530nm 1540nm
WDM Channels with Raman Scattering
Hnh 2.13. Cng sut ti a trn mt knh v s lng cc knh
Trong mt h thng truyn ti xa vi cc b khuch i c sp xp tun
hon, SNR do s xut hin ca tn x Raman c th tnh ton c. Nu s suy gim
ca SNR trong knh vi bc sng nh nht l 0,5 dB, s lng cc knh truyn n c
th c tnh theo cng thc:
15
8.7 10
( 1)
eff
n n
P f L

(2.7)
Vi L
eff
l chiu di tng tc hiu dng ca h thng vi b khuch i.
Nhiu cng sut ca h thng do khuch i:
0
2 ( 1)
sp
N m h n B G
(2.8)
Vi m l s b khuch i(m=L/L
A
, L l chiu di lin kt v L
A
khong cch
gia cc b khuch i), hv l nng lng photon,n
sp
l h s nhiu ca khuch i, B
0
l bng thng quang hc ca b thu, v G l h s khuch i ca mi b khuch i.
Nu SNR i hi l R, cng sut u vo trung bnh ca mi knh l:

0
2( ) ( 1) /
A sp
P L L h n B G R
(2.9)
34
1
1
0
10
0
100
0
mW
0.0
1
0.
1
1
1
0
10
0
Maximum power per channel vs Number of channels
offachacchannels ccccccchannels
n
mW
Nu nh s lng cc knh l ln, kh nng truyn ti c th nhn c:


14
1.8 10
2( ) ( 1) /
A sp
eff
C
L L h n L G R

<

(2.10)
Vi gi thit khong cch gia cc knh gp 6 ln tc d liu v v bng
thng b lc 4 ln ln hn tc d liu.
Vi nhng chiu di lin kt vo khong vi nghn Km, kh nng truyn ti
<100Gbps ngay c vi h thng DWDM.
Cng thc trn y khng ng i vi trng hp c hiu ng tn sc hay
phn b tu tin ca cc bit l cc knh khc nhau. Mt s trng hp, kt qu nhn
c l rt km.
li Raman t c ln nht khi cc xung ca cc knh khc nhau xut hin trong
cng thi im.Trong h thng WDM, nu cc knh khc nhau l khng ng b, v
cc bt d liu phn b ngu nhin gia mc 0 v 1, cc mc 1 trong tt c cc knh
s khng xut hin cng lc, mc trung bnh ca mc 1 trong bt k knh no s xut
hin vi mc 1 cc knh khc. Tng tc Raman, do s b suy gim.
Hn na,do si quang l vt liu tn sc, do c s khc bit v vn tc nhm
trong cc knh khc nhau. Xung d liu ca cc knh khc nhau s xung tng ng
vi mi xung gim, iu lm gim tng tc Raman .

Chng 3 Kt qu v tho lun
3.1 Cc thit b v linh kin s dng
trong thc nghim
Ngun laser bm cng sut cao
35
Hnh 3.1. Ngun laser bm pht x trong vng 1420 -1480 nm cng sut n 200 mW
B ngun bm l mt laser bn dn c bc sng = 1420-1460 nm c cng
sut cc i l 200 mW, pht x n mt, nhit lm vic lun lun c t 25
0
C.
Laser c hn trn mch in t cung cp dng bm n 700 mA, chnh xc +/-
1%.
Laser bm pht x ti bc sng 1460 nm vi rng ph kh hp cho cng
sut pht x tng t n 22, 75 dBm (gn 200 mW) ti dng bm 660 mA.

Hnh 3.2. Ph pht x ca m-un laser bmkhi dng bm t 660
mA, nhit laser 25
0
C
My o ph quang (OSA)

36
Hnh 3.3. My o ph quang (OSA) vi bng tn t 600 nm n 1700 nm,
phn gii ph 0,01 nm
o ph pht x laser v ph tn x Raman xy ra trong si quang chng ti s
dng phn tch ph quang. Thit b o ph Advantest Q8384 l my phn tch ph
chuyn dng cho si quang s dng cch t nhiu x. Thit b Q8384 c phn gii
ph theo bc sng 10pm, chnh xc ca bc sng o 20pm, vng bc sng
hot ng t 600nm n 1700nm, vng cng sut quang o c t -87dBm n
23dBm (tng ng t 1 pW n 200 mW). S liu o c c ly ra bng a
mm 3.5 inch hoc th qua my in ni.
Si nhy quang (Photoensitive fiber)

Hnh 3.4. Si nhy quang vi nng pha tp Ge n 18 mol% s dng trong thc
nghim
Si nhy quang c nng pha tp Ge cao c ch to nhm mc ch s dng
trong mt s linh kin quang si c bit nh: cch t Bragg trong si quang(FBG), b
tr quang Cc nghin cu gn y cho thy si nhy quang s dng nng Ge pha
tp t 14 mol% tr ln c th dng to mi trng tn x Raman mnh cho b
khuch i Raman. Cn lu rng, cc b khuch i Raman ang s dng trn tuyn
thc t lun lun c cu trc si quang tiu chun + si quang c bit (DCF hoc
nhy quang), v vy chng ti cng tin hnh nghin cu theo cu trc ny.
B ghp a bc sng (WDM)
B ghp knh theo bc sng, cho php ghp cc bc sng trong khong 1420
nm - 1490 nm c s dng kho st cu hnh bm tn hiu v cc cu trc bm
a bc sng cho b khuch i ROA.
37


Hnh 3.5. B ghp knh theo
bc sng WDM 1480/1550 nm.
3.2 S thit lp cho thc nghim
S kho st hiu ng laser cng bc

Si nhy quang

Hnh 3.6. S kho st hiu ng Raman cng bc.
S kho st hiu ng Raman cng bc vi ngun tn hiu l laser n mt
v laser a mt c bn ging nhau. Qu trnh thc nghim kho st hiu ng tn x
Raman cng bc c thc hin nh sau:
Hn li ra ca 2 m-un laser tn hiu v laser bm vi 2 u vo ca b ghp
knh theo bc sng (WDM), u ra cn li ca b WDM c hn vi mt u ca
si nhy quang + si quang tiu chun SMF-28, u ra ca cun si oc hn vi
conector quang v ni vi thit b phn tch ph quang Advantest Q8384.
Thay i chiu di si quang vi chiu di tng dn t 14 km cho ti 28km vi
mi s thay i ca chiu di si quang, ph pht x qua si quang c ghi li bng
thit b phn tch ph.
3.3 Cc kt qu thc nghim v tho lun
3.3.1. Kt qu thc nghim
Kho st hiu ng Raman cng bc vi ngun tn hiu l Laser n mt.
38
WDM
Laser
tn
hiu
OSA
Laser
bm
B ngun tn hiu

Hnh 3.7. B ngun tn hiu quang laser n mt pht x ti bc sng 1552 nm
a)Ngun tn hiu l mt laser n mt.
Ngun tn hiu quang l mt laser DFB pht x n mt c bc sng 1552 nm.
Cng sut ca tn hiu quang qua khuch i EDFA c th t n 16.85 dBm (tng
ng ~ 50 mW). Ngun tn hiu quang vi cng sut quang thay i c t -6 dBm
n +17 dBm rt thch hp kho st hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc trong si
quang Tuy nhin ti cc vng sng chung quanh ph tn hiu c cc nh ph nh, v
vy cc ph ny c th nh hng n thng s tp m ca tn hiu khuch i.

Hnh 3.8. Ph pht x ca tn hiu quang t laser DFB c khuch i
H kho st s ph thuc cng sut ca ngun tn hiu c khuch i dc
theo si quang nh hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc theo s 3.10.Laser bm c
bc sng 1460 nm hot ng n nh 25
0
C, ngun tn hiu l laser n mt c nh
l 1552,9 nm, hot ng n nh 25
0
C. Tin hnh kho st th nghim ln lt vi
cc si quang c chiu di khc nhau theo th t:kho st laser tn hiu m khng c
39
laser bm , gi tr cng sut ca ngun tn hiu c ghi li, sau tin hnh kho st
laser tn hiu c ngun bm. Gi tr o c nh sau:
Bng 3.1. Kho st cng sut ti nh ca laser n mt


Bng thng khuch i:=0,580 nm.
D vo bng s liu ta c s ph thuc ca h s khuch i vo chiu di
si quang cng nh s thay i ca cng sut ra khi c v khng c laser bm.
40
Chiu di
si(km)
Cng sut tn hiu ra P
out
(dBm) H s
khuch i
G(dB)
Khng c laser bm C laser bm
10 -12,58 -12,14 0,44
14 -13,43 -12,97 0,46
18 -14,62 -14,15 0,47
20 -15,60 -15,01 0,59
24 -17,34 -16,64 0,7
26 -18,52 -17,70 0,82
28 -19 -18,42 0,58
Hnh 3.9. S ph thuc ca cng sut ra khi c v khng c laser bm
41

Hnh 3.10. H s khuch i khi c tn x Raman cng bc theo
chiu di si quang
Nhn vo th ta c th rt ra nhn xt :ngun tn hiu r rng l c khuch i
v h s khuch i ny c gi tr tng dn n 26 km n t gi tr ln nht nhng
h s khuch i G nh, khng t c gi tr ln nh mong i. iu ny c th
gii thch nh sau:
Khi cng sut quang ca Laser bm khng i, cc photon ca laser bm ch c
th truyn cho mt s lng phn t nht nh chng dao ng v to ra hiu
ng Raman cng bc. Khi tng chiu di si quang, ng thi gi nguyn gi tr
cng sut bm, tc l chng ta tng s lng cc phn t trong mi trng tn
x trong khi khng tng nng lng kch thch, do vy m cng ca tn x
Raman cng bc gim xung dn n h s khuch i gim. Mt khc do hiu
ng tn x Raman cng bc yu cu ngun bm cng sut cao th mi t c
gi tr ti u trong khi ngun laser bm ti a ch t 200mW vn l nh c th
t gi tr G cao hn. Mt im quan trng khc l tn x Raman cng bc s
xy ra mnh nht vi =80-100nm, do vy kho st vi laser n mt s c hin
tng chnh bc sng gia bc sng c khuch i vi bc sng cn c
khuch i. iu ny c th gim thiu bng cch kho st vi ngun tn hiu l
laser a mt phn di y.
Kho st hiu ng tn x Raman cng bc vi ngun tn hiu l mt laser a mt.
b)Ngun tn hiu l mt laser a mt.
Ngun tn hiu l mt laser a mt, trong cc mt chnh c kho st c
nh l 1542,28 nm;1546,6 nm;1545,52 nm. Laser a mt c dng nui ti a l ti 30
mA ,ngng pht l 9,7 mA v c tin hnh th nghim trong iu kin nhit n
nh l 25
0
C.
42

Hnh 3.11. B ngun tn hiu l laser a mt v ph ca n
Cu hnh kho st,cch tin hnh ging nh kho st hiu ng tn x Raman
cng bc vi ngun tn hiu l laser a mt,ch khc mt iu l ngun tn hiu l
laser a mt. Kt qu kho st thu c c trnh by di y:
Kho st tn hiu khi qua si quang vi cc chiu di khc nhau ta ln lt thu
c ph ca ngun tn hiu c khuch i bi ngun bm nh sau

(a) (b)
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(c) (d)

(e)
Hnh 3.12 Ph ca tn hiu ti cc chiu di khc nhau:
a)14 Km ; b)16 Km ; c) 22 Km; d)26 Km; e)28 Km
Kt qu kho st ti mt s nh nh sau:
Bng 3.2. Kho st cng sut ti 3 nh ca laser a mt
Chiu
di
si
quang
(km)
Cngsut(dBm)
ti 1542,28 nm
Cng sut (dBm)
ti 1545,52 nm
G
(dB)
Cng sut (dBm)
ti 1546,6 nm
Khng c
laser bm
C laser
bm
Khng c
laser bm
C laser
bm
Khng c
laser bm
C laser
bm
14 -25,57 -16,51 -11,71 -9,82 1,89 -22,65 -22,44
16 -21,60 -20,8 -15,69 -14,86 0,83 -37,92 -35,15
18 -25,84 -21,32 -15,23 -14,34 0,89 -33,99 -33,27
44
22 -25,63 -25,15 -19,89 -18,88 1,01 -34,35 -32,56
26 -25,53 -25,48 -21,36 -20,17 1,19 -35,53 -32,99
28 -36,97 -36,49 -30,35 -30,15 0,20 -36,93 -36,38
Nhn xt:ti c ba nh ta u nhn thy hin tng khuch i khi c s xut
hin ca sng bm. Xt c th ti bc sng 1545,52 nm, ta c th biu din s ph
thuc ca h s khuch i theo chiu di si quang nh sau:

Hnh 3.13. H s khuch i G thay i theo chiu di si quang.
Ta thy h s khuch i G tng dn khi si quang c chiu di thay i t 16
km n 26 km, khi si quang c chiu di 26 km th G t gi tr ln nht sau n
gim dn khi chiu di si quang tip tc tng, nguyn nhn v c bn l ging vi
trng hp ngun tn hiu l laser n mt, nhng i vi ring trng hp laser a
mt ta trnh c hin tng chnh bc sng. Mt khc, khi ngun tn hiu l laser
a mt th cc mt c bc sng nh hn cng ng vai tr l ngun bm (sng
Stokes), do h s khuch i s ln hn i vi trng hp l laser n mt
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Kt lun
Tm li ,nhng kt qu ni bt m chng ti thu c khi tin hnh kho st
ph tn x Raman trn si quang l nh sau:
Trong trng hp ngun tn hiu l laser n mt hay a mt, ph tn x Raman
trong si quang silica pha tp Ge nng cao u dch v pha sng di so vi bc
sng bm l 80-100 nm. Tuy nhin h s khuch i thu c ti
mt s mt xc nh ca laser a mt l tt hn rt nhiu so vi trng hp ca laser
n mt do hin tng chnh bc sng gia tn hiu c khuch i v tn hiu
c nghin cu.
Cng tn x Raman trong si ph thuc vo chiu di ca si quang, i vi
ngun bm bc sng 1460 nm c cng sut 200 mW chiu di si quang 26 km cho
h s khuch i l ln nht.
Trn c s nhng kt qu thc nghim thu c ti xut hng pht trin
ca ti nh sau:
Tin hnh kho st s ph thuc cng sut vo ngun bm cc si nhy quang
khc vi chiu di ln hn na: 40 km, 50 km hoc hn na.
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Nng cng sut bm ln n bc 1 watt v kho st hiu ng Raman vi cng
sut bm ln.
Ghp thm tn hiu vo thng qua WDM kho st hiu ng Raman cng bc
ng thi kho st h s khuch i tn hiu cng nh ch s nhiu.
Trn c s nhng kt qu thu c ch to th nghim b khuch i quang si
Raman.
Ti liu tham kho
Ting Vit
[1] Vn Vit Em K thut thng tin quang 2.
[2] PGS.TS Phm Vn Hi Gio trnh thng tin quang si.
[3] PGS.TS V Don Min C s thng tin quang si ,2001.
Ting Anh
[1] A.M. Rocha, B. Neto, M. Facao, P.S. Andre, Low cost incoherent pump
solution for Raman fiber amplifier, J.Opt. Applicata, v.XXXIX, No.2, pp.
287-293 (2009)
[2] P.C.Beker, N.A.Olssonm, J.R.Simpson Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers:
Fundamentals and Technology, Academic Press, 1998.
[3] Govind P.Agrawal Fiber Optics Communication Systems Rochester, NY
1997.
[4] S.A. Varshney, K. Saitoh, M. Koshiba, P.J. Roberts, Analysis of a realistic
and idealized dispersion compensating photonic crystal fiber Raman
amplifier, Opt. Fiber Techno., 13, pp. 174-179, (2007).
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