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pH A[
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pH

7.3 - 7.5

Ero

6.5 - 7.5

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4.5 - 5.5

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4.0 - 4.4

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2.4 - 3.4

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2.2 - 2.4

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Tv Nk
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3) XLs YolTRtm,
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TiLs
LiQ
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2) L]U] Utm Sdm RuU EPV.

3) lhP EX CpX.
4) p LWV.
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TdLlTYpX.
6) ahWd AXm Utm LWeLs RW Ut\
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UYL LiQV Adm RuUPV].

G@
YL p Cmu dVU] J T G@
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Cum AkRj i llTpX. L]odp Es[
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Cm Utm G@ BXLp Cm Utm G@
RVdLlT\. Ut\ G@ BXLs oLX, Xn,
oLo, TLW, NXm Utm NLlTh]jp
Es[]. G@u TiLs Ap Es[ LoTuA[Yl
TjR. TYL CWi YLV] G@Ls Es[].

UuUV] G@
CkR YL Cmp 0.1 - 0.4% LoTu Es[.
CR]j RLPL AdLXm. LmVL hPXm. Lm
E YnkR. C RLLs, LmLs, UhPo Yi
TLeLs, AfLs LLs, RiPY[eLs, NdLWeLs,
LlTpLs, TXeLs, ZnLs, EV] Lmd LLs
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TVuTjRlTu\.
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LdL]U]. Um CR L]UPVf NnRp
(Quenching) Xm L]UdLXm.
L] G@,
NYWdLjLs, LjLs, [mUtm Yhm
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G@Lm J \T Es[. CYt\ NVL
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d, RYV] TiL[ j lhP
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G@t EXLd LXY Gu TVo.
G@ EXLd LXY
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[Y HtTjm. ldLR G@, PevPu G@,

dLp G@, UeLv G@ Tu\Y G@ EXLd
LXYuYLLs Bm.
ldLR G@
Cp 8% dLm 18% WVm Es[. C
ldL. L AL m RuU EPV. C
TjWeLs, Yhm LLs (Cutlery), YL] Fo
TLeLs, AY fN ETLWQeLs RV]

NnVl

TVuT\.
PevPu G@
Cp 20% PevPu, 5% WVm R[ Y]Vm
Es[. C PevPPu Nm

T L]U.

[m Utm Yhm LLs NnVl TVuT\.

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Cp 2% dLp Es[. C L]U].
ldL. Cdm RuUPV. CmTP
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TLeLs, Yo TLeLs NnVl TVuT\. dLp
36% Gp AVp ETLWQeLs NnVl
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Cp 7-20% UeL Es[. C L]U] Utm
EV]. CkR G@ RXLlTuLs (Helmets), T\
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RiPY[eLs CYt\ RVdLl TVuT\.
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Cp 15% Lu Es[. C L]U].
AXjRp RdLlTP. G]Y AXeL[ Gjf
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Clu C uLmTm NnVm, uLkReLs
NnVm TVuT\.
LTph G@
Cp 35% LTph Es[. C LkRj RuU
EPV. G]Y LTph G@ XV] LkRm
RVdLl TVuT\.

EXLeLm. AXLeLm
LUeLs Utm RdLs
RdLs u Ap UdU Gu\ Zmu
AlTk PjRRL SmTlThP. GUX
Yjf Rm T YYm GUXd Zm
k EXLeLs u UtTWlt Li

YWlT\. GUXd Zm UtTLjt YkRPu

EP]VLd ok RYd Ld\. d
As[ UdU UYL ok T\Vm. ARu
UtTWlp AL A[ LU XlTs ClTRd
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RdLudVjYm
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LUeLs LhPeLs LhYp dV Te Yd\.
lNm, LUim Uih RVjRp TVuT\.
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VR LtLm JR LUeLs Bm. UWLRd LtLs
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AVm Bd^Pm. Cp LTph Utm
PhPVm NoUeLs UL[L Es[].
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NoUeLs p U TsL[ Nok
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(KCl), LpVm LoT]h (CaCO3), UdVm

LoT]h (MgCO3), ed NpT (ZnS), lWv
NpT (Cu2S) BVY CVtLp Pdm
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V. GkRd LUj k EXLeL[ XTLWU]
RLm GRLm jRdL U AY
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2H2O). CY CWim AVju
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p AVjR jRdL YpX. B]p
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j Gdu\]o. G]Y TdNhP AVju
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EXLVp Su TLs Es[].
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3. EXL BdNP EXLUL JdRp.
4. nUVdLp.
RY APojRp
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NoUeL[L ClTpX. AYtPu dVUL Ui
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ol \p jRjRp

(Gravity Separation)
BdN RdLs CkR \p
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Km ]p Ajf NpXlTu\].
EXL BdNP EXLULJdRp
u]tTjRp ApX Edl jRp\p
EXL BdN EXLUL JdLlT\.

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Jdm LWL[] LoTu, LoTu U]d^
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AL Sou RuU YnkR EXLeLs u]tTl
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]p T\. ThPVm. NVm, LpVm,
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AYtu EXL EldLu LWNpL k
u]tTl \p EXLeL[L JdLm
NnVlTu\].
Edl jRp (Smelting)
tRp ApX YjRd EhThP R EXL
Xd JdLlT\. AL YlTXp EV
Xp Es[ EXLeL[ JdYRt Edl
jRp Gu TVo. C[d uXp TYL
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U]dN ApX ahW_u BVY Li
EXL BdNLs EXLeL[L JdLlTu\].
hPL Xm ed BdN JdLlT\. Cm,
Xh Utm LlTo CYtu BdNLs LoTu, LoTu
U]dN ApX ahW_u BVYt\ Li

JdLlT\. YlTf RYp UodUtm pYo

Tu\ BdNLs JdLlTu\].
EXLeL[j nUVdLp
UX [dLlThP HRY J \p PdLl
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