Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Chng 7

GHP QUANG V KHUCH I QUANG

7.1. Ghp quang B ghp quang cn gi l Photo coupled isolator, Photo-couplers, Photo-coupled pairs v Optically Coupled pairs.T thng thng nht cho linh kin ny l Opto-Couplers. B ghp quang dng truyn t tn hiu v ng thi to s cch in gia nhng mch in. Ngoi ra n cn dng trnh cc vng t (ground circuit circuit terrestre) gy nhiu trong mch in. S truyn t tn hiu c thc hin qua nh sng. 7.1.1. C ch hot ng Thng thng b ghp quang gm 1 diot vi vt liu bn dn loi III/V (v.d.GaAs) pht ra tia hng ngoi v 1 phototransitor vi vt liu silic.Vi dng in thun, diot pht ra bc x hng ngoi vi chiu di sng khong 650-950nm. Dng in thun IF c cng khong 1-30mA.

Hnh 7.1. Opto-Couplers Nng lng bc x ny c chiu ln trn b mt ca phototransitor (face to face) hay chiu gin tip qua mt mi trng dn quang . B ghp quang face to face thng c dng nht.

Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

u tin tn hiu c phn pht (LED hng ngoi) trong b ghp quang bin thnh tn hiu nh sng. Sau tn hiu nh sng c phn nhn (photodiot, phototransitor, IC c t hp diot) bin li thnh tn hiu in

Hnh 7.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca Opto-Couplers Tu theo loi b ghp quang tn s truyn t tn hiu c th t DC n 20MHz. B ghp quang c 1 v nha loi DIP (Dual-In-Line-Plastic) bo v. V nha ny chn sng v cch in. Phn pht v phn thu c ghp bng 1 loi nha trong sut v cch in. 7.1.2. Cc tnh cht quan trng 1. Tnh cch in Nh ni b ghp quang thng c dng cch in gia 2 mch in c in th cch bit kh ln. B ghp quang c th lm vic vi dng in 1 chiu hay tn hiu in c tn s kh cao. c bit vi th tch nh b, b ghp quang t ra u vit hn so vi bin th. 2. in tr cch in l in tr vi dng in 1 chiu gia ng vo v ng ra ca b ghp quang. N c tr s b nht l 1011, nh th p ng yu cu thng thng . Nh th chng ta cn ch , vi dng in r trong khong nA c th nh hng n hot ng ca mch in, v d khi dng in r chy vo cc gc ca phototransitor cn trng. Gp trng hp ny ta c th to nhng khe trng trn mch in hay 1 ng mch in ni vi in th t gia ng ra v ng vo. Vi b ghp quang ta cn c mch in loi tt. 3. in dung ghp ni S min nhiu tn hiu ng hnh (common mode transient immunity) Cu trc ca b ghp quang gm c phototransitor, LED, phn c. Gia cc phn t ny c th to ra 1 in dung t 0.32pF. in dung ny c o khi chn ng vo cng nh chn ng ra c ni tt. Vi s thay i cao p kh nhanh (500V/s v d do nhng xung in nhiu trong li in) gia ng ra v ng vo, in dung k sinh c th truyn i s thay i ny v xung in ng ra c nhng gai nhn. Trong trng hp ny, nn s dng b

Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

ghp quang khng c chn ni vi cc gc, v gia cc thu v cc pht nn ni 1 t in lm gim gai nhiu xung ra. khng to thm in dung k sinh , vi b ghp quang ta khng nn dng chn cm IC..Vi tr s in dung ghp ni cng b ta c s min nhiu ng hnh cng tt. 4. in th cch ly: in th cch ly l in th cao nht gia ng vo v ra m b ghp quang c th chu ng ni. in th cch ly cn tu thuc vo cu trc ca b ghp quang, khng kh 5. Hiu ng trng Di 1 mt th kh cao gia LED v phototransitor c khong cch kh gn, ta c 1 in trng kh ln. Nu b ghp quang lm vic vi iu kin nh th lin tc vi ngy, cc thng s ca b ghp quang (c bit l phototransitor) b thay i. Hiu ng trng cng r rng hn vi nhit cao (100 o) v 1 in th 1 chiu kh cao (1kV). Cc thng s nh khuch i, in p v dng in ngc c th b thay i, vi 1 in trng kh ln So vi transitor, cc thng s ca LED rt n nh di tc dng ca in trng. Ngi ta c th bo v lp chuyn tip pn ca transitor silic bng 1 mng ion trong sut chng li nh hng ca in trng (Transparent Ion Shield Trios) 6. S lo ho Vi thi gian, cng sut pht sng ca LED b gim i, do ta c h s truyn t ca 1 b ghp quang b i. Ngi ta trnh s lo ho ca 1 b ghp quang bng phng php Burn in . Sau khi sn xut, cc b ghp quang c cho lm vic vi dng in v vi nhit xung quanh kh ln trong 1 thi gian (v d 24 gi). Do b ghp quang b lo ho trc v n khng b lo ho nhanh nh cc b ghp quang cha qua Burn in. cho b ghp quang lm vic lu di khng b lo ho nhanh, nhit xung quanh v dng in lm vic cng thp cng tt. 7. H s truyn t H s truyn t (current transfer ratio-CTR) ging nh khuch i dng in ca 1 transitor. H s truyn t l h s tnh theo phn trm cho bit dng in in ra ( v d ca 1 phototransitor) ln hn so vi dng in vo ca LED hng ngoi trong 1 b ghp quang ( CTR= (IC/IF ) x 100% ) Theo s mch di, ta c th o c h s truyn t. Ngun dng IF c th to bng 1 in p n nh ni tip vi 1 in tr. Trong c trng k thut ca 4 loi b ghp quang CNY17ta c s lin h gia dng in I F qua LED v h s truyn t. S lin h ny khng tuyn tnh. C cng chiu sng ca LED hng ngoi v khuch i ca phototransitor cng u

Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

gia tng nhanh khi IF tng. Vi dng IF kh ln, t tuyn khng cn dc nhiu na. Cng chiu sng ca LED khng cn tng theo IF v phototransitor cng bo ho. Nh th b ghp quang ch hot ng vi tn hiu tng i b. Trong b ghp quang digital phn nhn l 1 mch t hp, tr s CTR khng cn ngha. y ngi ta ch cn bit vi cng dng in ng vo c trng thi High hay Low ng ra.

Hnh 7.3. H s truyn t 8. rng di tn s - Tn s truyn t: Cc b ghp quang hin nay c th t n tn s B ghp quang loi transitor n 250kHz. B ghp quang vi b nhn t hp n gin ( photodiode, transitor nhanh) n 2MHz. B ghp quang vi b nhn l mch t hp (IC) n 20 MHz. 7.1.3. Cc s la chn khi dng b ghp quang p ng cc i hi cho tng ng dng cc b ghp quang c chn v th nghim c bit.

Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

1/ m bo s cch in: Vi in th VI/O =500V v nhit 175oC in tr cch nhit phi 109. m bo s cch in ny b ghp quang phi lm vic vi cc thng s gii hn bng nhng mch in bo v. 2/B ghp quang c th nghim 100% m bo thi gian chuyn tip ngn. ton 4,5 s (IF = 10mA) toff 4,5 s (IF = 10mA) 3/ C n nh cao hn vi nh hng mi trng: V l do kinh t v bc b ghp quang khng c lm bng kim loi hay gm m lm bng plastic d phm cht ti hn. Trong nhng iu kin nng (25-55oC) v m (trn 90% m tng i, hm m trong khng kh c th thm vo bn trong linh kin v lm c cch in gim i. Ngi ta c th dng silicon bc bn ngoi. 7.1.4. B ghp quang vi phototransistor

Hnh 7.4. Thng thng cc gc ca phototransitor c ni ra ngoi ( v d trong trng hp vi mch phn hi ). Tuy nhin b ghp quang vn lm vic trong trng hp khng c cc gc. trong trng hp khng c cc gc, b ghp quang c h s truyn t gia LED v phototransitor ln hn, v b mt cc gc khng b che lp 1 phn bi cng tc ca cc gc.Tuy nhin khng c cc gc b ghp quang vn c nhng bt li B ghp quang lm vic khng n nh vi nhit cao ( v dng in ngc tng cao vi nhit ). B ghp quang lm vic chm hn. Nu ta ni gia cc gc v cc pht 1 in tr b ghp quang lm vic nhanh hn, dng in ngc b hn. Tuy nhin h s truyn t cng b i v 1 phn dng in ca cc gc b dn i mt.

Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Cng sng ca LED b gim i, nhng dng quang in ca phototransitor gia tng khi nhit tng cao. Do b ghp quang lm vic kh n nh vi nhit .

Hnh 7.5. 7.1.5. B ghp quang vi photo-darlingtontransistor Hot ng ca mt b ghp quang vi photo-darlingtontransistor ging nh vi 1 phototransistor, nhng vi h s truyn t ln hn(t 2001500) nh s khuch i kh ln ca darlington-transistor. Tuy nhin vi photo darlington-transistor ta c mt s nhc im Thi gian ng m chm Dng ti tng.

Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Tu thuc nhiu vo nhit . Vi mch in khng c in tr gia cc pht v cc gc. Khng c in tr, b ghp quang c h s truyn t ln vi dng in qua diot nh, nhng b nh hng bi nhit rt ln.Vi in tr (trong khong M)b ghp quang c h s truyn t b hn nhng lm vic tt vi nhit cao.

Hnh 7.6. 7.1.6. B ghp quang vi photothyristor v phototriac Vi nh sng ,ta c dng in IB lm thng photothyristor dn in . cho photoristor nhy vi nh sng n ch c th lm vic vi in p v dng in b v cu trc ca n b v mng. Khi in th v cng dng in thay i nhanh theo thi gian ,tr s dV/dt v di/dt kh ln ,thyristor c th t kch v dn in ngoi mun. chng li hiu ng ny,ta c th ni 1 in tr Rgk gia catt v Gate.Vi tr s Rgk b ,chng nhiu dV/dt tt ,nhng cn dng in If qua LED ln ,ngc li vi tr s Rgk ln (t 10k n 100k),dng If b nhng chng nhiu dV/dt ti.

Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Hnh 7.7. 7.1.7. Mt s lu c bn vi b ghp quang Vi mch iu khin

Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

iu khin cc b ghp quang ,ta cn dng vo cho LED hng ngoi l 10mA v dng ra cho phototransistor khong 2mA l b nht . gim thi gian ln (rise time) v thi gian tr (propagation delay),dng dit hng ngoi c th gim cn 1mA nhng chng nhiu ti. Vi cc mch in trn ,b ghp quang c th thay th cc r-le.B ghp quang lm vic nhanh hn,khng c hin tng ny (contact bounce), an ton hn v cch in tt hn.Tuy nhin r-le lm vic vi dng in ln hn ,in th ng ra ln hn,in tr khi r-le ni in nh hn v in tr ngt in cao hn. B ghp quang c th thay th cc bin th xung.N c th truyn cc tn hiu 1 chiu hay tn hiu c tn s thp.Trong khi bin th xung ch c th lm vic tt vi tn s cao v mt b m (latch) lu gi tn hiu 1 chiu. Bin th xung c thi gian ln nhanh hn b ghp quang vi phototransistor. Cc IC ti v nhn tn hiu c dng trong vic truyn cc tn hiu digital qua cc ng truyn d liu rt di trong s hin din cc tn hiu nhiu.Bin tn hiu nhiu cao nht cho php l khng 30V.Trong nhiu trng hp thc t ,tn hiu nhiu c th ln n vi trm Volt trn cc ng truyn.B ghp quang vi cch in hng nghn Volt t ra rt hu dng trong trng hp ny. Vi mch tuyn tnh Dng in thun ca dit hng ngoi phi c cng khong t 5mA n 20mA.Tn hiu bin iu (modulating signal) c ghp vo nn ca in th 1 chiu ny. Vi tn s cao phototransistor phi lm vic vi 1 khuch i c tng tr vo thp,thng l khuch i c cc gc ni t

Tm tt c tnh cc linh kin ghp tn hiu Linh kin B ghp quang u im Khuyt im - Kinh t , r tin - Khi ngt in hay dn in - C th ch to vi vt liu bn u c mt in tr gii hn dn (in tr khng th bng

Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

R-le

-t tin v m r-le lm bng kim loi qu -Cng sut tiu th cao -Vn tc lm vic rt chm -Kch thc ln Bin th -Khng th truyn tn hiu 1 xung chiu hay xoay chiu c tn s thp - cch in(c tng tr cao hay in th cao)rt t tin . IC pht v -C th ch to vi vt liu bn -Tng tr cch in b nhn tn hiu dn -in th nh thng rt ng di -Kch thc b (Dip)/Truyn tin thp 30v. vi vn tc cao -C th truyn tn hiu DC r tin.

- Lm vic t tn hiu 1 chiu n tn hiu xoay chiu vi tn s cao - cch in tt n vi KV - Tng tr cch in cao - Kch thc nh - Khng c cng tc nn khng b ny - Cng sut tiu th t - Lm vic vi cng sut ln - Khi dn in c in tr rt thp - C th truyn tn hiu 1 chiu - Cch in tt -Truyn tn hiu vi vn tc cao. -Kch thc trung bnh -C h s truyn t tt

zero hay v cc) - Dng in khi dn in v in p khi ngt in u c tr s gii hn - H s truyn t CTR thp.

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

7.2. Khuch i quang Trong cc b khuch i quang (Optical Amplifier) tn hiu nh sng c khuch i trc tip trong min quang m khng thng qua vic bin i sang min in. Cc b khuch i quang c cc u im sau: Khng ph thuc vo tc bit v phng thc iu ch tn hiu nn nng cp h thng Khuch i nhiu tn hiu c bc sng khc nhau cng truyn trn mt si quang. 7.2.1. Nguyn l khuch i quang Nguyn l khuch i quang trong cc b khuch i quang c thc hin da trn hin tng pht x kch thch v khng c s cng hng xy ra trong qu trnh khuch i. a. Hin tng pht x kch thch (stimulated emission) l mt trong ba hin tng bin i quang in c ng dng trong thng tin quang. Cc hin tng ny c minh ha trn hnh sau

(a). Hp th

(b). Pht x t pht

(c). Pht x kch thch

Hnh 7.8. Cc hin tng bin i quang in Hin tng pht x kch thch, hnh c, xy ra khi mt in t ang trng thi nng lng cao E2 b kch thch bi mt photon c nng lng h12 bng vi chnh lch nng lng gia trng thi nng lng cao v trng thi nng lng thp ca in t (Eg= E2 E1). Khi , in t s chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao xung trng thi nng lng thp hn v to ra mt photon c nng lng bng vi nng lng ca photon kch thch ban u. Nh vy, t mt photon ban u sau khi khi xy ra hin tng pht x kch thch s to ra hai photon (photon ban u v photon mi c to ra) c cng phng truyn, cng phn cc, cng pha v cng tn s (tnh kt hp, coherent, ca nh sng). Hay ni cch khc, qu trnh khuch i nh sng c thc hin.

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Hin tng ny c ng dng trong cc b khuch i quang bn dn (OSA) v khuch i quang si (OFA).Hin tng pht x kch thch cng c ng dng trong vic ch to laser. Tuy nhin, im khc bit chnh gia laser v cc b khuch i quang l trong cc b khuch i quang khng xy hin tng hi tip v cng hng. V nu xy ra qu trnh hi tip v cng hng nh trong laser, b khuch i quang s to ra cc nh sng kt hp ca ring n cho d khng c tn hiu quang ng vo. Ngun nh sng ny c xem l nhiu xy ra trong b khuch i. Do vy, khuch i quang c th lm tng cng sut tn hiu nh sng c a vo ng vo b khuch i nhng khng to ra tn hiu quang kt hp ca ring n ng ra. b. Hin tng hp th (absorption) Hin tng hp th, hnh (a), xy ra khi mt photon c nng lng hf12 b hp th bi mt in t trng thi nng lng thp. Qu trnh ny ch xy ra khi nng lng hf12 ca photon bng vi chnh lch nng lng gia trng thi nng lng cao v trng thi nng lng thp ca in t (Eg = E2 E1). Khi xy ra hin tng hp th, in t s nhn nng lng t photon v chuyn ln trng thi nng lng cao. Hay ni cch khc, hin tng hp th l nguyn nhn gy suy hao cho tn hiu quang khi i qua b khuch i quang. Qu trnh ny xy ra ng thi vi hai hin tng pht x t pht v pht x kch thch trong mi trng tch cc (active medium) ca b khuch i. c. Hin tng pht x t pht (spontaneous emission) Hin tng pht x t pht, hnh (b), xy ra khi mt in t chuyn trng thi nng lng t mc nng lng cao E2 xung mc nng lng thp E1 v pht ra mt nng lng Eg= E2 E1 di dng mt photon nh sng. Qu trnh ny xy ra mt cch t nhin v trng thi nng lng cao E2 khng phi l trng thi nng lng bn vng ca in t. Sau mt khong thi gian c gi l thi gian sng (life time) ca in t mc nng lng cao, cc in t s t ng chuyn v trng thi nng lng thp hn (trng thi nng lng bn vng). Ty theo loi vt liu khc nhau, thi gian sng ca in t s khc nhau. Cho d hin tng pht x t pht to ra photon nh sng, nhng trong khuch i quang, pht x t pht khng to ra li khuch i. Nguyn nhn l do hin tng ny xy ra mt cch t pht khng ph thuc vo tn hiu nh sng a vo b khuch i. Nu khng c nh sng tn hiu a vo, vn c nng lng nh sng c to ra ng ra ca b khuch i.Ngoi ra, nh sng do pht x t pht to ra khng c tnh kt hp nh hin tng pht x kch thch.

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Do vy, pht x t pht c xem l nguyn nhn chnh gy nhiu

trong cc b khuch i quang. Loi nhiu ny c gi l nhiu pht x t pht c khuch i ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission noise). 7.2.2. Phn loi khuch i quang Tng qut, cu to ca mt b khuch i quang c th c biu din nh hnh sau

Hnh 7.9. M hnh tng qut ca mt b khuch i quang Trong mt b khuch i quang, qu trnh khuch i nh sng c din ra trong trong mt mi trng c gi vng tch cc (active medium). Cc tn hiu quang c khuch i trong vng tch cc vi li ln hay nh ty thuc vo nng lng c cung cp t mt ngun bn ngoi gi chung l ngun bm (Pump Source). Cc ngun bm ny c tnh cht nh th no ty thuc vo loi khuch i quang hay ni cch khc ph thuc vo cu to ca vng tch cc. Ty theo cu to ca vng tch cc, c th chia khuch i quang thnh hai loi chnh: Khuch i quang bn dn SOA ( Semiconductor Optical Amplifier) - Vng tch cc c cu to bng vt liu bn dn. - Cu trc ca vng tch cc ca SOA tng t nh vng tch cc ca laser bn dn. im khc bit chnh gia SOA v laser l SOA hot ng trng thi di mc ngng pht x. - Ngun cung cp nng lng khuch i tn hiu quang l dng in Khuch i quang si OFA (Optical Fiber Amplifier) - Vng tch cc l si quang c pha t him. Do , OFA cn c gi l DFA (Doped-Fiber Amplifier)

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

- Ngun bm l nng lng nh sng c cung cp bi cc laser c bc sng pht quang nh hn bc sng ca tn hiu cn khuch i. - Ty theo loi t him c pha trong li ca si quang, bc sng bm ca ngun bm v vng nh sng c khuch i ca OFA s thay i. Mt s loi OFA tiu biu: + EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): 1530nm 1565nm + PDFA (Praseodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): 1280nm 1340nm + TDFA (Thulium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): 1440nm -1520nm + NDFA (Neodymium-Doped Fiber Amplifier): 900nm, 1065nm hoc 1400nm Trong cc loi OFA ny, EDFA c s dng ph bin hin nay v c nhiu u im v c tnh k thut so vi SOA v c vng nh sng khuch i (1530nm-1565nm) thch hp vi di tn hot ng ca h thng ghp knh theo bc sng mt cao DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing). C hai loi khuch i quang SOA v EDFA u hot ng da trn hin tng pht x kch thch. Ngoi ra, mt loi khuch i quang khc cng c s dng nhiu trong cc h thng WDM hin nay l khuch i Raman. Loi khuch i ny cng s dng si quang lm vng tch cc khuch i nh sng. Tuy nhin, nguyn l khuch i ca khuch i Raman da trn nh hng phi tuyn ca si quang (hin tng tn x Raman c kch thch SRS, Stimulated Raman Scattering) hn l hin tng pht x kch thch. 7.2.3. Cc thng s k thut ca khuch i quang: a) li (Gain) li ca mt b khuch i quang l t s gia cng sut quang ng ra chia cho cng sut quang ng vo. (1.1)

(1.2) G: li tn hiu ca b khuch i quang Pin, Pout cng sut tn hiu nh sng ng vo v ng ra ca b khuch i quang (mW). li l mt thng s quan trng ca b khuch i. N c trng cho kh nng khuch i cng sut nh sng ca b khuch i. Tuy vy, li ca

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

mt b khuch i b gii hn bi cc c ch bo ha li. iu ny lm gii hn cng sut quang ra cc i ca b khuch i. b) Bng thng li (Gain Bandwidth) li ca b khuch i quang khng bng nhau cho tt c cc tn s ca tn hiu quang vo. Nu o li G ca cc tn hiu quang vi cc tn s khc nhau, mt p ng tn s quang ca b khuch i G(f) s t c. y chnh l ph li ca b khuch i quang. Bng thng li ca b khuch i quang B0 c xc nh bi im 3dB so vi li nh ca b khuch i. Gi tr B0 xc nh bng thng ca cc tn hiu c th c truyn bi mt b khuch i quang. Do , nh hng n hot ng ca cc h thng thng tin quang khi s dng chng nh cc b lp hay b tin khuch i. c) Cng sut ng ra bo ha ( Saturation Output Power ) Khi hot ng ch tn hiu nh, cng sut quang ng ra s tng tuyn tnh vi cng sut quang ng vo theo h s li G: Pout = G.Pin. Tuy nhin, cng sut ng ra khng th tng mi c. Bng thc nghim, ngi ta thy rng trong tt c cc b khuch i quang, khi cng sut ng vo Pin tng n mt mc no , li G bt u gim. Kt qu l cng sut ng ra khng cn tng tuyn tnh vi tnh hiu ng ra na m t trng thi bo ha. S thay i ca tn hiu quang ng ra so vi cng sut quang ng vo c minh ha trong hnh sau

Hnh 7.10. Cng sut ng ra theo cng sut ng vo

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Hnh 7.11. li khuch i theo cng sut quang ng ra Hnh trn biu din s bin i ca li tn hiu G theo cng sut quang ng ra Pout.Cng sut ng ra ti im li gim i 3 dB c gi l cng sut ra bo ha P sat, out . Cng sut ra bo ha P sat, out ca mt b khuch i quang cho bit cng sut ng ra ln nht m b khuch i quang c th hot ng c. Thng thng, mt b khuch i quang c li cao s c cng sut ra bo ha cao bi v s nghch o nng cao c th c duy tr trong mt di cng sut vo v ra rng. d) H s nhiu (Noise Figure) Ging nh cc b khuch i in, cc b khuch i quang u to ra nhiu. Ngun nhiu chnh trong cc b khuch i quang l do pht x t pht. V s pht x t pht l cc s kin ngu nhin, pha ca cc photon pht x t pht cng ngu nhin. Nu photon pht x t pht c hng gn vi hng truyn ca cc photon tn hiu, chng s tng tc vi cc photon tn hiu gy nn s dao ng v pha v bin . Bn cnh , nng lng do pht x t pht to ra cng s c khuch i khi chng truyn qua b khuch i v pha ng ra. Do , ti ng ra ca b khuch i cng sut quang thu c Pout bao gm c cng sut tn hiu c khuch i v cng sut nhiu pht x t pht c khuch i ASE (Amplified Spontaneous Emission). Pout = G.Pin + PASE (1.3) nh hng ca nhiu i vi b khuch quang c biu din bi h s nhiu NF (Noise Figure), m t s suy gim t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) do nhiu ca b khuch i thm vo. H s NF c cho bi cng thc sau

(1.4)

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

SNRin, SNRout l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ti ng vo v ng ra ca b khuch i H s nhiu NF ca b khuch i cng nh th cng tt. Gi tr nh nht ca NF c th t c l 3dB. Nhng b khuch i tha mn h s nhiu ti thiu ny c gi l ang hot ng gii hn lng t. Ngoi bn thng s k thut chnh c nu trn, cc b khuch i quang cn c nh gi da trn cc thng s sau nhy phn cc (Polarization sensitivity) l s ph thuc ca li ca b khuch i vo phn cc ca tn hiu nh hng ca nhit i vi li v bng thng li, Xuyn nhiu (crosstalk) 7.2.4. ng dng ca khuch i quang Khuch i quang c ng dng trong cc cc h thng truyn dn quang nh cc b khuch i nhm lm tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang trn ng truyn, khc phc suy hao do si quang v cc mi hn, ni xy ra trn ng truyn. Ty theo v tr lp t, cc b khuch i trn tuyn truyn dn quang c chia lm ba loi a. Khuch i cng sut (Booster Amplifier): l b khuch i quang c t ngay sau thit b pht nhm mc ch lm tng cng sut tn hiu quang n mc cao nht lm cho khong cch truyn cc i. Yu cu ca cc b khuch i cng sut l to ra cng sut u ra cc i ch khng phi li cc i v cng sut tn hiu ng vo ln. b. Khuch i ng dy (In-line Amplifier): l cc b khuch i quang c t trn tuyn quang nhm mc ch b mt mt cng sut gy ra bi suy hao si, suy hao do kt ni v suy hao do vic phn phi tn hiu quang trong mng. Cc b khuch i ng dy c th c lp t ni tip nhau trn ng truyn gia tng khong cch lp t. Tuy nhin, vic lp t ni tip cc b khuch i quang s lm gim h s SNR nh hng n cht lng ca h thng truyn dn quang. Yu cu ca b khuch i ng dy l n nh trn ton b di thng ca h thng WDM, gi nhiu mc cc tiu v thc hin vic trao i tt tn hiu quang vi si quang truyn dn. c. Tin khuch i (Preamplifier): l cc b khuch i quang c t ngay trc thit b thu quang nhm khuch i tn hiu ngay trc khi tn hiu c a vo thit b. iu ny lm gim yu cu nghim ngt ca nhy thit b thu v cho php h thng truyn dn quang hot ng vi tc bit cao hn. Do v tr lp t, cc b tin khuch i hot ng vi cng sut tn

17

Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

hiu vo yu v mc nhiu u thu cao. Do vy, yu cu ca mt b tin khuch i l nhy ln, li ln v nhiu thp. Ngoi cc ng dng chnh lm cc b khuch i trn ng truyn quang, cc b khuch i quang SOA v OFA cn c s dng trong cc b chuyn i bc sng. Vic chuyn i bc sng c thc hin da trn hin tng bo ha li v hin tng trn bn bc sng FWM (FourWave Mixing) xy ra trong cc b khuch i quang. 7.3. B khuch i quang bn dn (SOA) 7.3.1. Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ca khuch i quang bn dn SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier) tng t nh laser bn dn. Ngha l cng da vo h thng hai di nng lng ca cht bn dn v cc qu trnh bin i quang in: hp th (absorption), pht x t pht (spontaneous emission) v pht x kch thch (stimulated emission). Trong , tn hiu quang c khuch i da trn hin tng pht x kch thch xy ra trong vng tch cc ca SOA. Vng tch cc ny c t gia hai lp bn dn loi n va p. Ngun bm bn ngoi c cung cp bi dng in phn cc.

Hnh 7.12. Cu trc ca mt b khuch i quang bn dn SOA Do c cu trc v nguyn l hot ng tng t vi laser bn dn nn SOA cn c gi l khuch i laser bn dn SLA (Semiconductor Laser Amplifier). S khc nhau chnh gia SOA v laser bn dn l SOA hot ng di mc ngng dao ng. iu kin ny xy ra khi dng in phn cc I bias < dng in ngng Ith ca laser v h s phn x ca hai mt phn x ca vng tch cc nh. Khi , qu trnh phn x, cng hng v t pht x nh sng s khng xy ra. SOA c th c phn thnh hai loi chnh da vo h s phn x ca hai mt phn x ca lp tch cc.

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Loi th nht, khuch i Fabry-Perot FPA (Fabry-Perot Amplifier) c h s phn x cao (c th ln ti 32%). Cu trc ca FPA cng tng t nh laser Fabry-Perot nhng hot ng vi dng phn cc Ibias<Ith. Vi cu trc hc cng hng c h s phn x cao, qu trnh hi tip, chn lc tn s xy ra. Kt qu l, FPA c li cao nhng ph li khuch i nhp nh, khng u. iu ny lm gim bng thng khuch i ca FPA. khc phc hn ch trn ca FPA, hai lp chng phn x AR (antireflection) c h s phn x R = 0, c t ti hai u ca vng tch cc khng cho qu trnh phn x xy ra bn trong b khuch i. Khi , tn hiu vo SOA s c khuch i khi ch i qua mt ln (c gi l single pass) xuyn qua vng tch cc ca b khuch i m khng c hi tip v. y l cu trc ca loi SOA th hai: khuch i sng chy TWA (Traveling Wave Amplifier). Trn thc t, h s phn x hai u ca vng tch cc ca TWA khng hon ton bng 0 m c gi tr rt nh t 0.1% n 0.01%. 7.3.2. c tnh ca b khuch i FPA v TWA Xt mt b khuch i FPA c h s phn x cng sut hai mt phn x ca lp tch cc l R1 v R2 nh hnh 7.12. B khuch i ny cng c th TWA nu cho R1 = R2 = 0. Do , qu trnh phn tch sau, u c th p dng cho FPA v TWA. B qua suy hao khi nh sng truyn qua mi mt phn x, ta c h s xuyn qua ca cng sut nh sng i qua mi mt phn x tng ng l (1-R1) v (1-R2). Tng ng, ta c h phn x v h s xuyn qua ca cng in trng ti hai mt phn x l:

Gi Gs l rng li n thng (single-pass gain) ca SOA khi tn hiu quang i qua vng tch cc m khng c s hi tip (h s phn x R= 0). Ta c

(1.5) - Trong - g: li trn mt n v chiu di ca vng tch cc - : suy hao trn mt n v chiu di ca vng tch cc

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

- : h s tp trung (confinement factor) biu din mc tp trung ca lung nh sng bn trong vng tch cc - L: chiu di ca vng tch cc - Pin, Pout: cng sut tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ca b khuch i

Hnh 7.12. Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu xy ra trong FPA Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu nh sng trong FPA (xem Hnh 7.12. ) c th c dn gii nh sau: in trng ca tn hiu quang vo Ei c a vo hc cng hng ca FPA c chiu di L ti mt phn x R1. Sau khi xuyn qua mt phn x R1, tn hiu ban u s c khuch i bi vng tch cc v t cng ti mt phn x R2 (k l h s truyn dn ca mi trung khuch i). Ti y, mt phn nng lng nh sng s truyn ra ngoi vi cng . Phn cn li s phn x ngc tr li v pha R1 vi cng . Ti R1, in trng thu c l mt phn in trng li s i ra ngoi hc cng hng. . Tng t nh ti R2,

s phn x ngc v pha R2, phn cn

Sau khi i qua khong cch L ca vng tch cc, tn hiu thu c ti R1 t gi tr . Qu trnh phn x v truyn xuyn qua mt phn x R2 tip tc din ra. Phn tn hiu xuyn qua c in trng . Phn cn li s phn x ngc v pha R1. C nh vy qu trnh phn x trong vng tch cc tip tc tip din.
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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

in trng tng cng thu c ti ng ra ca b khuch i s bng tng ca cc thnh phn in trng i xuyn qua R2. Nu gi s rng thi gian truyn trong hc cng hng nh hn chu k ca in trng ti Ei , ta c in trng thu c ti ng ra

Vi

, biu thc (2.6) c th bin i thnh

Hm truyn cng sut ca b khuch i FPA

Do vi v l vn tc nh sng truyn trong mi trng khuch i, l tn s gc ang xt, 0 l tn s gc cng hng m ti li t gi tr ln nht. Biu thc trn c vit li nh sau

Nu h s phn x ca hai mt phn x ca FPA bng nhau R1=R2=R

v l vn tc nh sng truyn trong mi trng khuch i l tn s gc ang xt 0 l tn s gc cng hng m ti li t gi tr ln nht L chiu di FPA R h s phn x ca hai mt phn x Gs l rng li n thng (single-pass gain) ca SOA
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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Hnh 7.13. li G(f) ca FPA thay i theo tn s vi R = 0.3;R=0.03 v R=0 Gi s li n thng Gs, tng ng vi R=0 (TWA), c dng Gauss. Khi h s phn x ca hai lp phn x ca vng tch cc ln R=0.3, li G() khng bng phng theo tn s m c dng gn sng ln do chc nng lc tn s ca hc cng hng. Ti cc tn s cng hng =(2fN)/(2L) vi N l s nguyn, li ca FPA t gi tr cc i. Gia cc tn s cng hng, li ca FPA gim nhanh chng. Do , bng thng li (c xc nh ti v tr -3dB so vi li nh) ca FPA nh so vi bng thng li ca TWA. V vy, FPA khng thch hp vi cc ng dng khuch i trong h thng thng tin quang. Khi h s phn x R=0.03, G() tin gn ti Gs nhng vn cn gn sng nh. gn sng ny c th c loi b bng cch gim h s phn x hn na b khuch i tr thnh TWA. 7.3.3. Nhiu xuyn m (Crosstalk) trong SOA: Nhiu xuyn m xy ra khi cc tn hiu quang khc nhau c khuch i ng thi trong cng mt b khuch i. C hai loi nhiu xuyn m xy ra trong SOA: nhiu xuyn knh (interchannel crosstalk) v bo ha li (cross saturation). Nhiu xuyn knh xy ra l do hiu ng trn bn bc sng FWM (Four Wave Mixing). Bn cht v nh hng ca hiu ng phi tuyn ny i h thng thng tin quang WDM khng c trnh by trong chng ny.

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Hnh 7.14. nh hng ca nhiu xuyn knh trong SOA khi khuch i hai tn hiu Nhiu xuyn knh gy nn do hin tng bo ha li xy ra trong SOA c minh ha trn. Xem xt u vo b SOA l tng ca hai tn hiu quang cc bc sng khc nhau. Gi thit rng c 2 bc sng nm trong bng thng ca SOA. S c mt ca tn hiu th hai s lm suy gim mt in t vng nng lng cao do qu trnh bc x kch thch lm dn n s nghch o nng c quan st tn hiu th nht gim xung. Do , tn hiu th nht s khng c khuch i ging nh tn hiu th hai, v nu mt in t vng nng lng cao khng ln th tn hiu th nht c th b hp th. Qu trnh ny xy ra ng thi i vi c hai tn hiu. Do , trn hnh 2.8 ta thy, khi mc 1 ca hai tn hiu 1 v 2 xy ra ng thi, li ca mi tn hiu s nh hn so vi bnh thng. Hin tng xuyn m ph thuc vo thi gian sng ca in t trng thi nng lng cao. Nu thi gian sng ln so vi tc dao ng ca cng sut trong cc tn hiu vo, cc in t khng th chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao xung trng thi nng lng thp do s dao ng ny. Do , khng c xuyn m xy ra. i vi cc SOA, thi gian sng ny mc ns. Do , cc in t d dng phn ng li s dao ng trong cng sut ca cc tn hiu c iu ch tc Gb/s, dn n mt s suy yu h thng chnh do xuyn m. Ngc li, thi gian sng pht x t pht trong EDFA l khong 10ms. Do , xuyn m ch c mt nu tc iu ch ca cc tn hiu vo t hn vi kiloHertz, iu ny thng t gp trong thc t. Do , EDFA ph hp hn khi c s dng trong cc h thng WDM hn SOA. 7.3.4. u khuyt im v ng dng ca SOA: u im: - li cao (25-30dB). - Kch thc nh, c th tch hp vi cc linh kin quang bn dn khc. - Di thng ln, c th ln ti 100 nm, rng hn so vi EDFA.

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

- C th thc hin khuch i tn hiu c hai ca s nh sng 1300nm v 1550nm. Khuyt im: - Cng sut ra bo ha thp (khong 5mW) hn ch kh nng ca SOA khi c s dng lm b khuch i cng sut. - H s nhiu cao (5-7 dB) nh hng n cht lng ca SOA khi c s dng lm b tin khuch i v khuch i ng dy. - Ph thuc vo phn cc ca tn hiu quang ti - Nhiu xuyn knh ln do cc hiu ng phi tuyn: hiu ng trn 4 bc sng FWM (four wave mixing) v hiu ng bo ha li cho (cross-gain saturation) - Ph li c dng gn sng do s khng hon ho ca lp chng phn x to - Km n nh do li chu nh hng ca nhit ng dng: Vi cc c tnh k thut trn, SOA c nhiu khuyt im so vi EDFA khi c dng lm khuch i quang. Do , cho d SOA c nghin cu v ch to t trc EDFA, nhng SOA khng c s dng lm b khuch i quang trong h thng WDM cng nh cc h thng truyn dn quang khc hin nay. Thay vo , da trn cc hiu ng phi tuyn p ng nhanh ca SOA, SOA c dng trong cc ng dng khc ca h thng thng tin quang nh: b bin i bc sng (wavelength convertor), phc hi xung clock (clock recovery) v cc ng dng x l tn hiu quang (optical signal processing applications).

7.4. B khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium (EDFA) Thng tin quang si pht trin mnh trong cc h thng vin thng trn th gii cng nh ti Vit Nam. Vic tng kh nng truyn dn v m rng khong cch truyn dn ch c th gii quyt hiu qu bng cc h thng truyn dn mi s dng cc cng ngh nh SDH hoc ATM kt hp vi cc linh kin truyn thu kiu mi nh cc b khuch i quang hc. Khuch i tn hiu quang bng cch s dng cc si quang pha t him m ra nhng kh nng gim gi thnh tuyn truyn dn trong cc mng vng hoc cc mng ng trc bng vic tng khong cch cc trm lp hoc a knh truyn trn cc mng a phng c sn. Cc b khuch i quang si bng si dn quang pha tp erbium (EDFA) bc sng 1550nm c s dng

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

rng ri trong cc tuyn thng tin cp quang ng di hoc cc mng vng ln. Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc khuych i quang si pha tp Erbium l pht x cng bc. Cc ion Er3+ hp th cc photon t chm sng bm vi bc sng nh hn 1,5 mm, ri li ti pht x mt phn nng lng di dng cc photon vi bc sng ca signal. Cc ion Er3+ c chn bi v n pht x hunh quang ti bc sng ~ 1.5 mm, bc sng ny sinh ra bi dch chuyn pht x gia trng thi in t b kch thch v mc c bn 4I15/2. Cc cng trnh nghin cu v laser v cc khuych i quang pha tp vi cc ion t him v vi Erbium, khi so snh vi cc phng php ch to khc, cho thy rng bng phng php sol-gel, ch to cc khuych i quang, trn thu tinh, vi nng erbi 0.25 at.% v vi chiu di khuych i l 5,7 cm, thi gian sng l 6 ms vi Gain (dB/mW) c 2,7 ti bc sng bm 980 nm. Trong cng ngh vin thng quang hc ton b (all-optical telecomunications) th cc laser pha tp t him v khuych i quang l mt vi trong s cc linh kin c bn, v bi s cn gim gi thnh v kch thc linh kin nn n cn phi c tch hp li. S nh gn v cng sut ca laser v khuych i quang ch yu lin quan ti mc ion t him pha tp cng nhiu cng tt v phi gim thp nht mt mt trong qu trnh truyn sng. Trong bi ny s trnh by vi nt s lc v cc b khuch i quang si pha tap Erbium v cc ng dng ca n trong thng tin quang. S dng cc b khuch i quang si pha tp Erbium (EDFA) ko di c ly v tng tc bit truyn dn ang c xem nh l mt trong nhng gii php tt nht xy dng cc h thng thng tin quang si. Trong nhng ng dng , EDFA c dng lm tin khuch i quang ci thin nhy thu c sc hp dn c bit . S c mt ca b khuch i quang trong h thng thng tin quang ni chung v trong b thu khuch i quang (OAR) ni ring lm tng cng sut tn hiu quang l do EDFA khuch i tn hiu trc khi tin hnh tch sng ti b thu quang. 7.4.1. Cc cu trc EDFA

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Hnh 7.15. Cu trc tng qut ca mt b khuch i EDFA Cu trc ca mt b khuch i quang si pha trn Erbium EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier) bao gm Si quang pha ion t him Erbium EDF (Erbium-Doped Fiber): l ni xy ra qu trnh khuch i (vng tch cc) ca EDFA. Cu to ca si quang pha ion c minh ha nh sau.

Hnh 7.16. Mt ct ngang ca mt loi si quang pha ion Erbium Trong : + Vng li trung tm (c ng knh t 3 -6 m) ca EDF c pha trn ion l ni c cng sng bm v tn hiu cao nht. Vic pha

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

cc ion trong vng ny cung cp s chng lp ca nng lng bm v tn hiu vi cc ion erbium ln nht dn n s khuch i tt hn. + Lp bc (cladding) c chit sut thp hn bao quanh vng li. + Lp ph (coating) bo v bao quanh si quang to bn knh si quang tng cng l 250 m. Lp ph ny c chit sut ln hn so vi lp bc dung loi b bt k nh sng khng mong mun no lan truyn trong si quang. Nu khng k n cht pha erbium, cu trc EDF ging nh si n mode chun trong vin thng. Ngoi ra, EDF cn c ch to bng cc loi vt liu khc nh si thy tinh flouride (flouride-based glass fiber) hoc si quang thy tinh a vt liu (multicomponent glass fiber). - Laser bm (pumping laser): Cung cp nng lng nh sng to ra trng thi nghch o nng trong vng tch cc. Laser bm pht ra nh sng c bc sng 980nm hoc 1480nm. - WDM Coupler: Ghp tn hiu quang cn khuch i v nh sng t laser bm vo trong si quang. Loi coupler c s dng l WDM coupler cho php ghp cc tn hiu c bc sng 980/1550nm hoc 1480/1550nm. - B cch ly quang (Optical isolator): Ngn khng cho tn hiu quang c khuch i phn x ngc v pha u pht hoc cc tn hiu quang trn ng truyn phn x ngc v EDFA. 7.4.2. L thuyt khuch i trong EDFA a) Gin phn b nng lung ca Gin phn b nng lng ca trong si silica c minh ha trong hnh v. Theo , cc ion c th tn ti nhiu vng nng lng khc nhau c k hiu: , , , , , , . Trong - Vng c mc nng lng thp nht, c gi l vng nn (ground-state band) - Vng c gi l vng gi bn (mestable band) v cc ion c thi gian sng (lifetime) ti vng ny lu (khong 10ms) trc khi chuyn xung vng nn. Thi gian sng ny thay i ty theo loi tp cht c pha trong li ca EDF. - Vng , , , , l cc vng nng lng cao, c gi l vng kch thch hay vng bm (pumping band). Thi gian cc ion c trng thi nng lng trong cc vng ny rt ngn (khong 1 s)
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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Hnh 7.17. Gin phn b nng lng ca ion

trong si silica.

S chuyn i nng lng ca cc ion c th xy ra trong cc trng hp sau: - Khi cc ion vng nn nhn mt mc nng lng bng chnh lch nng lng gia vng nn v vng nng lng cao hn, chng s chuyn ln vng c mc nng lng cao hn (s hp th nng lng)

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

- Khi cc ion chuyn t cc vng nng lng cao xung vng nng lng thp hn s xy ra hai trng hp sau: Phn r khng bc x (nonradiative decay): nng lng c gii phng di dng photon to ra s dao ng phn t trong si quang Pht x nh sng (radiation): nng lng c gii phng di dng photon chnh lch nng lng gia vng gi bn ( ) v vng nn ( ) 0.775eV (tng ng vi nng lng ca photon c bc sng 1600nm) tnh t y vng gi bn n nh ca vng nn 0.814eV (1527 nm) tnh t y vng gi bn n y ca vng nn 0.841 eV (1477nm) tnh t nh vng gi bn n y ca vng nn Mt phn b nng lng ca cc ion trong vng gi bn khng u nhau: cc ion c khuynh hng tp trung nhiu cc mc nng lng thp. iu ny dn n kh nng hp th v pht x photon ca ion Erbium thay i theo bc sng. Ph hp th (absortion spectrum) v ph li (gain spectrum) ca EDFA c li pha Ge c biu din trn hnh di

Hnh 7.18. Ph hp th (absorption spectrum) v ph li (gain spectrum) ca EDFA c li pha Ge b) Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA Nguyn l khuch i ca EDFA c da trn hin tng pht x kch thch. Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu quang trong EDFA c th c thc hin theo cc bc nh sau

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Khi s dng ngun bm laser 980nm, cc ion vng nn s hp th nng lng t cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton =1.27eV) v chuyn ln trng thi nng lng cao hn vng bm (pumping band) (1) Ti vng bm, cc ion phn r khng bc x rt nhanh (khong 1s) v chuyn xung vng gi bn (2) Khi s dng ngun bm laser 1480nm, cc ion vng nn s hp th nng lng t cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton =0.841eV) v chuyn sang trng thi nng lng cao hn nh ca vng gi bn (3)

Hnh 7.19. Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu xy ra EDFA vi hai bc sng bm 980 nm v 1480nm Cc ion trong vng gi bn lun c khuynh hng chuyn xung vng nng lng thp (vng c mt in t cao) (4) Sau khong thi gian sng (khong 10ms), nu khng c kch thch bi cc photon c nng lng thch hp (pht x kch thch) cc ion s chuyn sang trng thi nng lng thp hn vng nn v pht x ra photon (pht x t pht) (5). Khi cho tn hiu nh sng i vo EDFA, s xy ra ng thi hai hin tng sau: - Cc photon tn hiu b hp th bi cc ion hiu nh sng b suy hao
30

vng nn (6). Tn

Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

- Cc photon tn hiu kch thch cc ion vng gi bn (7). Hin tng pht x kch thch xy ra. Khi , cc ion b kch thch s chuyn trng thi nng lng t mc nng lng cao vng gi bn xung mc nng lng thp vng nn v pht x ra photon mi c cng hng truyn, cng phn cc, cng pha v cng bc sng. Tn hiu nh sng c khuch i. rng gia vng gi bn v vng nn cho php s pht x kch thch (khuch i) xy ra trong khong bc sng 1530 nm 1565nm. y cng l vng bc sng hot ng ca EDFA. li khuch i gim nhanh chng ti cc bc sng ln hn 1565 nm v bng 0 dB ti bc sng 1616nm. 7.4.3. Yu cu i vi ngun bm a) Bc sng bm Vi cc vng nng lng c nu trong phn trn, nh sng bm c th c s dng ti cc bc sng khc nhau 650 nm ( ), 800 nm ( ), 980 nm ( ), 1480 nm ( ). Tuy nhin, khi bc sng bm cng ngn th cc ion phi tri qua nhiu giai on chuyn i nng lng trc khi tr v vng nn v pht x ra photon nh sng. Do , hiu sut bm khng cao, nng lng bm s b hao ph qua vic to ra cc phonon thay v photon. V vy, trn thc t, nh sng bm s dng cho EDFA ch c s dng ti hai bc sng 980nm v 1480nm. Trong EDFA, iu kin c khuch i tn hiu l t c s nghch o nng bng cch s dng ngun bm bm cc ion erbium ln trng thi kch thch. C hai cch thc hin qu trnh ny: bm trc tip ti bc sng 1480 nm hoc bm gin tip bc sng 980 nm. Phng php bm gin tip (bm 980 nm): Trong trng hp ny, ion erbium lin tc c chuyn tip t vng nng lng thp ln vng nng lng cao , sau cc ion s phn r xung vng nhng khng pht x. T vng ny, khi c nh sng kch thch th cc ion s pht x bc sng mong mun (t 1550 n 1600 nm) khi chuyn t vng nng lng xung vng . y chnh l h thng ba mc. Thi gian sng ca ion erbium mc khong 1s trong khi th ti 10ms. Vi thi gian sng di, vng c gi l vng n nh. V vy, cc ion c bm ln mc cao, sau nhanh chng ri xung vng v tn ti trong mt khong thi gian tng i di to nn s nghch o v nng . Vi phng php bm trc tip (1480 nm): cc ion erbium ch hot ng trong hai vng nng lng v . y l h thng 2 mc. Cc ion erbium

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

lin tc c chuyn t vng nng lng nn ln vng nng lng kch thch nh nng lng bm. V thi gian tn ti mc ny di nn chng tch ly ti y to ra s nghch o nng . Ngun bm c hiu qu cao c hai bc sng 980 v 1480 nm. c h s khuch i hn 20 dB th ch cn to ra ngun bm c cng sut nh hn 5 mW, nhng vn cn phi c ngun bm t 10 n 100 mW m bo cho cng sut ra ln. Ch s nhiu lng t gii hn l 3 dB t c bc sng 980 nm. i vi bc sng 1480 nm th ch s nhiu l vo khong 4 dB v tit din ngang pht x ti1480 nm cao hn ti 980 nm v s bc x kch thch do ngun bm gii hn s nghch o tch lu ti 1480nm. Do , bc sng bm 980 nm c ng dng cho cc b khuch i tp m thp. H s li ti bc sng bm 980 nm cao hn ti 1480 nm ti cng cng sut bm. Do , t c cng mt h s li th cng sut bm ti 1480 nm phi cao hn ti 980 nm. V cng sut bm 1480 nm ln hn nn cng sut ng ra ln hn, do bm bc sng 1480nm c ng dng cho cc b khuch i cng sut. Ngoi ra, bc sng bm 1480 nm c truyn trong si quang vi suy hao thp. Do , ngun bm laser c th t xa b khuch i. Hin nay, bm bc sng 1480 nm c s dng rng ri hn v chng sn c hn v tin cy cao hn. tin cy l c im quan trng i vi laser bm v n dng bm cho khong cch di v trnh lm nhiu tn hiu. Cc thit b khuch i cng sut i hi cng sut bm cao nht v n nh ca chng l mu cht trong qu trnh nghin cu pht trin chng. Nu tng c n nh ca laser c bc sng 980 nm th c th chng s c chn lm ngun bm. Mt s EDFA c bm ti c hai bc sng tn dng u im ca c hai bc sng. Bng 1 So snh hai bc sng bm 980nm v 1480nm Bc sng bm Tnh cht: li li cng sut bm Suy hao cng sut bm H s nhiu ng dng b) Cng sut bm Cng sut bm cng ln th s c nhiu ion erbium b kch thch trao i nng lng vi tn hiu cn khuch i v s lm cho h s khuch i tng ln. Tuy nhin, h s khuch i khng th tng mi theo cng sut bm 980 nm Cao hn Thp hn Cao hn Thp hn Tin khuch i 1480 nm Thp hn Cao hn Thp hn Cao hn Khuch i cng sut

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

v s lng cc ion erbium c cy vo si l c gii hn. Ngoi ra, khi cng sut bm tng ln th h s nhiu s gim. iu ny s c trnh by trong phn tnh h s nhiu ca EDFA. c) Hng bm B khuch i EDFA c th c bm theo ba cch: Bm thun (codirectional pumping): ngun bm c bm cng chiu vi hng truyn tn hiu. Bm ngc (counterdirectional pumping): ngun bm c bm ngc chiu vi hng truyn tn hiu. Bm hai chiu (dual pumping): s dng hai ngun bm v c theo hai chiu ngc nhau. Hng bm thun c u im nhiu thp v nhiu kh nhy cm vi li m li tn hiu cao nht khi cng sut tn hiu vo thp nht. Trong khi , hng bm ngc cung cp cng sut ra bo ho cao nhng c h s nhiu cao hn bm thun. Do vy, ngi ta ngh s dng c hai laser bm c bc sng bm khc nhau. Vic bm ti bc sng 1480 nm thng c s dng theo chiu ngc vi hng truyn tn hiu v bm ti 980 nm theo hng thun s dng tt nht u im ca mi loi bm. Bm ti 1480 nm c hiu sut lng t cao hn nhng c h s nhiu cao hn, trong khi bm ti bc sng 980 nm c th cung cp mt h s nhiu gn mc gii hn lng t. H s nhiu thp ph hp cho cc ng dng tin khuch i. Mt EDFA c bm bng mt ngun bm c th cung cp cng sut u ra cc i khong +16 dBm trong vng bo ho hoc h s nhiu t 5-6 dB trong vng tn hiu nh. C hai bc sng bm c s dng ng thi c th cung cp cng sut u ra cao hn; mt EDFA c bm kp c th cung cp cng sut ra ti +26 dBm trong vng cng sut bm cao nht c th t c. Hnh 6 th hin mt EDFA c bm kp. Gi tr cc c tnh ca b khuch i EDFA c trnh by trong bng 2.

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Hnh 7.20.

Cu hnh b khuch i EDFA c bm kp.

7.4.4. Ph khuch i Ph li ca EDFA c trnh by trong hnh Hnh 7.18. l tnh cht quan trng nht ca EDFA khi xc nh cc knh tn hiu c khuch i trong h thng WDM. Hnh dng ca ph khuch i ph thuc vo bn cht ca si quang, loi tp cht (Ge, Al) v nng tp cht c pha trong li ca si quang. Hnh Hnh 7.18. cho thy ph li ca EDFA c li pha Ge kh rng. Tuy nhin, ph li ny khng bng phng. iu ny s dn n vic h s khuch i khc nhau i vi cc bc sng khc nhau. Nu li ca cc knh tn hiu khng ng nht, nht l sau khi qua nhiu tng EDFA, sai s li ny s tch lu tuyn tnh n mc khi ti u thu knh bc sng c li cao lm cho u vo my thu qu ti. Ngc li, knh tn hiu c li nh th t s SNR khng t yu cu. S lm phng li l cn thit loi b s khuch i mo cc tn hiu qua cc EDFA ng truyn ghp tng. Mt s bin php c s dng khc phc s khng bng phng ca ph li: Chn la cc bc sng c li gn bng nhau. WDM lm vic di sng bng C (1530 1565 nm). Trong di bc sng ny chn 40 bc sng lm bc sng cng tc ca WDM. Cc bc sng ny c li gn bng nhau. Cng ngh cn bng li: dng b cn bng (equalizer) hp th bt cng sut bc sng c li ln v b khuch i tng cng sut ca bc sng c li nh. Thay i thnh phn trn trong si quang: dng si quang trn thm nhm, photpho nhm hay flo cng vi erbium s to nn b khuch i c bng tn c m rng v ph khuch i bng phng hn. Ngoi ra, ph li ca EDFA cn ph thuc vo chiu di ca si EDF. L do l v trng thi nghch o nng thay i dc theo chiu di ca si quang khi cng sut bm thay i. B khuch i EDFA hot ng bng C (1530-1565 nm). Tuy nhin, li ca si pha tp c ui tri rng n khong 1605 nm. iu ny kch thch s pht trin ca cc h thng hot ng bng L t 1565 n 1625 nm. Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA bng L ging nh EDFA bng C. Tuy nhin, c s khc nhau trong vic thit k EDFA cho bng C v bng L. Cc phn t bn trong b khuch i quang nh b cch ly (isolator) v b ghp (coupler) ph thuc vo bc sng nn chng s khc nhau trong bng C v

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

bng L. S so snh cc tnh cht ca EDFA trong bng C v bng L c th hin trong bng 2. Bng 2 Bng so snh EDFA hot ng trong bng C v bng L Tnh cht li Ph li Nhiu ASE Bng C Cao hn t bng phng hn Thp hn Bng L Nh hn khong 3 ln Bng phng hn Cao hn

Hnh di trnh by cu trc ca mt b khuch i bng L lm bng phng li trong khong bc sng 1570nm 1610nm vi thit k hai tng Tng u tin c bm bc sng 980nm v hot ng nh mt b EDFA truyn thng (si quang di 20-30nm) c kh nng cung cp li trong khong bc sng 1530-1570 nm. Ngc li, tng th hai c si quang di 200m v c bm hai chiu s dng laser 1480nm. Mt b isolator c t gia hai tng ny cho php nhiu ASE truyn t tng th 1 sang tng th 2 nhng ngn ASE truyn ngc v tng th nht. Vi cu trc ni tip nh vy, khuch i hai tng c th cung cp li phng trn mt vng bng thng rng trong khi vn duy tr mc nhiu thp.
Optical Isolator Signal In 0,98 m LD Er3+ -Doped Fiber First Amp. Unit 1,48 m 1,48 m 3+ LD Er -Doped LD Fiber Second Amp. Unit Bulk-type WDM Coupler Optical Isolator Bulk-type WDM Bulk-type WDM Optical Isolator Coupler Coupler Signal Out

Hnh 7.21. Cu hnh ca mt b khuch i bng L lm bng phng li trong khong bc sng 1570nm 1610nm vi thit k hai tng 7.4.5. Cc tnh cht ca EDFA a) li (Gain) li ca mt b EDFA c th c tnh theo phng trnh sau:

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Trong : -

(z)

(2.11)

(z), (z): mt ion erbium trng thi kch thch v trng thi nn ti v tr z trong on si quang pha erbium : chiu di si pha erbium. , hiu. : tit din ngang hp th v pht x ca ion erbium ti bc sng tn

- Phng trnh (2.11) cho thy li lin quan n s nghch o nng trung bnh. Gi ln lt l nng ion Erbium mc nng lng nn v mc nng lng kch thch trung bnh. Khi cng thc sau: = = (z)ds (z)ds (2.12) (2.13) , s c tnh theo

Phng trnh (2.11) c th c vit li mt cch n gin hn nh sau: (2.14)

T phng trnh trn ta thy li tn hiu sau khi i qua si quang ch ph thuc vo s nghch o nng cc ion erbium trung bnh trong si quang m khng ph thuc vo chi tit v dng nghch o nh mt hm i vi v tr dc theo chiu di si quang. Trong phng trnh (2.12), (2.13) c hai tham s (z) v (z) l hm theo v tr z dc theo si quang c cho bi

(z) =

(2.15)

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

(z) = N

(z)

(2.16)

Trong : : thi gian sng ca ion erbium trng thi kch thch Ps(z): cng sut ca tn hiu ti v tr z trong si quang. Pp(z): cng sut bm ti v tr z trong si quang. hiu. : h s chng lp ti bc sng tn hiu. : h s chng lp ti bc sng bm. : tn s tn hiu. : tn s bm. mt ion erbium tng cng.

l tit din ngang hp th v pht x ti bc sng tn : l tit din ngang hp th v pht x ti bc sng bm. J.s.

h : hng s Planck; h= 6,625.

T cng thc (2.15) ta thy h s khuch i ca EDFA ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: Ph thuc vo nng ion : Khi nng trong si quang ca b EDFAtng th kh nng chng c chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn cng nhiu, do h s khuch i tng. Nhng nu nng tng qu cao s gy tch t dn n hin tng tiu hao quang lm cho h s khuch i gim. Ph thuc vo cng sut tn hiu n v cng sut bm quang: Khi cng sut vo tng, bc x b kch tng nhanh, ngha l ion mc nng lng cao tr v mc nng lng c bn cng nhiu lm gim nng s ion mc nng lng cao, lm yu i kh nng bc x ca ion khi tn hiu quang c a ti, do h s khuch i gim. S c mt mc gii hn m cng sut tn hiu vo tng nhng cng sut ra khng tng na gi l cng sut bo ho. Ph thuc vo chiu di si: Khi chiu di si ngn th tn hiu khng c khuch i nhiu do li tn hiu nh. Ngc li, khi chiu di tng ln th tn hiu c khuch i nhiu hn, do li ln hn. Tuy nhin, khi chiu di qu di so vi cng sut bm th li tn hiu s b gim do chiu di qu ln m cng sut bm li khng

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

p ng ht chiu di si th tn hiu s b suy hao dn v do lm gim li. Ph thuc vo cng sut bm: Cng sut bm cng ln th s c nhiu ion erbium b kch thch trao i nng lng vi tn hiu cn khuch i v s lm cho h s khuch i tng ln. Tuy nhin, h s khuch i khng th tng mi theo cng sut bm v s lng cc ion erbium c cy vo si l c gii hn.

Do vy, ty theo ng dng ca EDFA, cc yu t trn s c hiu chnh sau cho li ca EDFA t gi tr yu cu vi hiu sut cao nht. Thng thng, li ca EDFA vo khong 20-40 dB tu theo ng dng ca EDFA l b khuch i cng sut, khuch i ng truyn hay tin khuch i. b) Cng sut ra bo ho (Output saturation power) S bo ho xy ra khi cng sut tn hiu vo EDFA ln gy ra s gim h s khuch i. V vy, n gii hn cng sut ra ca b khuch i. S bo ho h s khuch i ny xut hin khi cng sut tn hiu tng cao v gy ra s pht x kch thch mt t l cao v do lm gim s nghch o nng . iu c ngha l s cc ion erbium trng thi kch thch gim mt cch ng k. H qu l, cng sut tn hiu ng ra b hn ch bi s bo ho cng sut. Cng sut ra bo ha c nh ngha l tn hiu ra m h s khuch i b gim i 3 dB so vi khi khuch i tn hiu nh.

Hnh 7.22. Cng sut ra bo ho tng tuyn tnh theo cng sut bm vo ti bc sng bm 975 nm i vi bc sng tn hiu l 1555 nm v 1532 nm.

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Cng sut ra bo ho khng phi l mt hng s m tng ln tuyn tnh vi cng sut bm (xem hnh 8). Cng sut bo ho c th c xc nh bng cng sut tn hiu ng ra m ti li bng li tn hiu nh tr 3 dB. Nh vy bng cch xc nh li tn hiu nh ta c th suy ra im bo ho v t xc nh cng sut bo ho. Cng sut ra bo ho cng thay i ty theo bc sng ca tn hiu v mt cc ion phn b ti vng nng lng gi bn khng bng nhau. Hnh 2.16 cho thy cng sut ra bo ha ti 1.55 m cao hn ti 1.53 m vi cng cng sut bm. 7.4.6. u khuyt im ca EDFA a) u im: - Ngun laser bm bn dn c tin cy cao, gn v cng sut cao. - Cu hnh n gin: h gi thnh ca h thng. - Cu trc nh gn: c th lp t nhiu EDFA trong cng mt trm, d vn chuyn v thay th. - Cng sut ngun nui nh: thun li khi p dng cho cc tuyn thng tin quang vt bin. - Khng c nhiu xuyn knh khi khuch i cc tn hiu WDM nh b khuch i quang bn dn. - Hu nh khng ph thuc vo phn cc ca tn hiu. b) Khuyt im: - Ph li ca EDFA khng bng phng. - Bng tn hin nay b gii hn trong bng C v bng L. - Nhiu c tch ly qua nhiu chng khuch i gy hn ch c ly truyn dn. 2.4 B khuch i quang RAMAN (RA) 2.4.1 Nguyn l hot ng Khuch i Raman da trn hin tng tn x Raman kch thch (Stimulated Raman Scattering). Tn x Raman kch thch l hin tng mt nguyn t hp th nng lng ca mt photon, sau to ra mt photon c nng lng khc. V vy, tn x Raman kch thch c nh ngha l hin tng photon th cp c sinh ra do kch thch t ngun bn ngoi.

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Hnh 7.23. S chuyn nng lng trong khuch i Raman c khuch i Raman th phi to ra s nghch o nng . iu ny t c bng cch cung cp nng lng cho cc nguyn t ca si quang t mt laser bm c bc sng thp hn bc sng ca tn hiu. Khi , cc nguyn t ca si quang s hp th nng lng bm c nng lng cao (bc sng ngn) v chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn. Khi c tn hiu n, n s kch thch cc nguyn t ang mc nng lng cao chuyn sang trng thi nng lng thp hn v gii phng ra mt nng lng di dng photon nh sng c cng bc sng (di hn bc sng bm) v cng pha vi tn hiu n. Do , tn hiu c khuch i Da trn gin nng lng trn, tn s nh sng bm fbm v tn s nh sng c khuch i fkhuch i c xc nh nh sau fbm = (E3 E1)/h f khuch i = (E2 E1)/h Trong h l hng s Plank; E1, E2, E3 l nng lng ca cc trng thi nng lng cao (transition state), trng thi nng lng trung gian (vibration state) v trng thi nng lng thp (ground state) ca cc nguyn t trong si quang. Khng ging nh nguyn l khuch i ca EDFA, khuch i Raman khng cn mt si quang ring v c bit (pha trn ion Er3+). Trong khuch i Raman, tn hiu quang c khuch i dc theo ton b chiu di ca si quang silic bnh thng. Cu trc ca mt b khuch i Raman c minh ha trong hnh 2.19.

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Hnh 7.24. Cu trc ca b khuch i Raman Si quang: l ni xy ra qu trnh khuch i. Si quang ny cng l si quang truyn tn hiu nh si SMF, DSF, Trong khuch i quang khng cn s dng si quang c bit (pha ion Erbium) nh b khuch i EFDA. B ghp (Coupler): dng ghp bc sng tn hiu vo vi sng bm. Laser bm (Pump laser): dng cung cp nng lng cho cc nguyn t ca si quang chuyn ln trng thi kch thch, gip to ra s nghch o nng . B cch ly (Isolator): t hai u ca b khuch i quang ngn chn tn hiu phn x hai u b khuch i. ng thi n cng gip loi tr nhiu ASE theo hng ngc v pha u vo c th gy nh hng n tn hiu u vo. 2.4.2 rng bng tn v h s khuch i H s khuch i Raman tng hu nh tuyn tnh vi chnh lch bc sng gia tn hiu v ngun bm (wavelength offset), t gi tr nh ti 100 nm v gim nhanh chng sau . Trong hnh cng cho thy, bng thng li ca khuch i Raman c th t c t 45-50nm.

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Hnh 7.25. H s li Raman thay i theo chnh lch bc sng ca tn hiu v ngun bm (wavelength offset) Nu di tn ca cc tn hiu cn khuch i Raman ln hn bng thng li ca khuch i Raman (gi s 40nm), cn phi s dng nhiu ngun bm khc nhau. Mi ngun bm c bc sng cch nhau khong 40nm (bng vi bng thng li). Khi , di tn ln ca cc tn hiu c th c khuch i mt cch hiu qu (xem Hnh 7.26.-a). Tuy nhin, do c tnh khuch i ca khuch i Raman v do khong ca cc bc sng bm, bng thng li tng cng c dng gn sng nh hnh Hnh 7.26.-b. Vi u im bng thng li ln, khuch i Raman c quan tm n trong cc ng dng thng tin quang. Tuy nhin hiu sut li ca khuch i Raman khng cao. t c h s khuch i ln, cn phi s dng cng sut bm tng i cao.

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Chng 5: Ghp quang v khuch i quang

Hnh 7.26.
(a)Vi khong cch cc ngun bm 40nm, cc knh nm trong di tn rng c khuch i (b) Gn li do khuch i Raman v do khong cch cch ngun bm

2.4.3 u khuyt im ca khuch i Raman: So vi cc loi khuch i quang khc, khuch i Raman c nhng u im sau: Tp m nhiu thp Cu trc n gin, khng cn si c bit. D chn bng tn. C th t c bng thng rng nh kt hp vi laser bm.

Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im b khuch i Raman cng c nhng nhc im nh sau: - Xuyn m gia cc knh tn hiu do hin tng tn x Raman kch thch SRS. y l mt trong cc hiu hng phi tuyn ca si quang c th gy nh hng n cht lng ca h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM. - H s khuch i thp. - Hiu sut khuch i thp hn so vi EDFA: khuch i Raman cn mt cng sut bm ln hn t cng mt gi tr li

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