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Lifestyle, health and risk End-of-topic test

1 Read through the following account and then write in the spaces provided the most appropriate word or words to complete each statement. (8) The water molecule is composed of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen, combined by __________ electrons (__________ bonding). However, the water molecule is __________ rather than linear, and the nucleus of the oxygen atom draws __________ (negatively charged) away from the hydrogen nuclei (positively charged) with an interesting consequence. Although overall the water molecule is electrically neutral, there is a net __________ charge on the oxygen atom and a net __________ charge on the hydrogen atoms. In other words, the water molecule carries an __________ distribution of electrical charge within it. This arrangement is known as a __________ molecule. 2 The diagram below shows the structure of two monosaccharide sugars, glucose and fructose.
glucose CH2OH H C C H OH OH C H O H H C CH2OH O C H H C OH OH C C CH OH 2

C OH OH

H HO fructose

a Draw a diagram to show the structure of the disaccharide formed when these two molecules bond.

(2) b What type of reaction has occurred, and what type of bond has been formed? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ (2) 3 The table below refers to three polymers. In each box, place a tick to show if the statement is correct for that polymer. Place a cross to indicate if the statement is incorrect. (6)
Statement polymer of glucose monomers found in cells of plants built from unbranched chains only formed by condensation reaction energy store found in muscles glycosidic bonds present Glycogen Amylose Amylopectin

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LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK END-OF-TOPIC TEST 4 Explain in your own words the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated lipid.

(3) 5 The graph below represents the changing blood pressure throughout the circulation, as it is often shown in medical sources. Note that pressure falls as the blood ows through the arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins, and that pressure is recorded in millimetres of mercury (mmHg).
capillaries 120 blood pressure/mmHg 100 80 60 40 20 0 32 12 arteries arterioles veins

90

a The kilopascal (kPa) is generally used by scientists to measure pressure. Given that 1 mmHg 0.13 kPa, express in kilopascals: i the highest pressure recorded in the arteries _________________________________________________________________________ ii the fall in pressure that occurs whilst blood ows through the capillaries. _________________________________________________________________________ b Explain fully the reason for the changes in blood pressure as blood ows through: i the arteries

ii the capillaries.

c Explain how backow of blood in the veins is prevented, despite the low pressures there and the external pressures imposed by surrounding body tissues such as the contracting muscles.

(6)

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LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK END-OF-TOPIC TEST 6 In the following account certain words have been omitted. Read the text and then ll in the blanks. (6) The molecules that make up a substance are constantly on the move in a __________ way. It is these movements that cause molecules to be dispersed from areas of __________ concentration to areas of __________ concentration, a process called diffusion. We say that molecules diffuse along a concentration gradient. Diffusion occurs freely across thin, __________ membranes, too. Each type of molecule diffuses along its concentration gradient; diffusion in one direction is __________ of diffusion of other molecules in an opposite direction. An example of this process is the inward diffusion of __________ into a respiring cell and outward diffusion of __________. Another molecule constantly on the move across cell membranes is water. Movement of water is by __________, a special case of diffusion, due to the presence of a __________-permeable membrane. Free water molecules diffuse across such a membrane unhindered. Dissolved substances attract a group of the __________ molecules around them, held by __________ bonds, and their free movements are __________. 7 In an experiment to investigate whether a particular concentration of caffeine will increase the heart rate of a water ea such as Daphnia, describe what control you would require as part of your procedure, and why.

(6) 8 The blood-clotting mechanism may be represented by a simple ow diagram.

damaged blood vessel

platelets collect and release A

also required from plasma B thrombin

E+F

blood clot

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LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK END-OF-TOPIC TEST a From the list below, select substances that are the essential components of the bloodclotting process identied in the ow diagram by the letters AF. cholesterol adrenalin thromboplastin brinogen prothrombin calcium ions amino acids vitamin C vitamin K glucose blood cells prothrobin brin bres insulin

A ____________________ C ____________________ E ____________________

B ____________________ D ____________________ F ____________________

b Suggest an advantage to the body of the complexity shown by the clotting mechanism.

(8) 9 For an adult male, the estimated average daily energy requirement is about 10 600 kJ. The table shows the composition of a typical meal eaten by an adult male with a sedentary lifestyle, found to have a Body Mass Index of over 30.
Carbohydrate/g roast chicken chips peas canned pineapple in juice ice cream coffee semi-skimmed milk jam tart 0.0 49.2 6.8 9.8 7.7 0.2 1.5 19.5 Protein/g 24.8 5.3 4.2 0.2 1.1 0.3 1.0 1.1 Fat/g 5.4 6.9 0.6 0.0 2.9 0.0 0.5 4.3 Saturated fatty acids/g 1.6 3.0 0.1 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 1.6 Energy/kJ 621 1134 204 160 249 8 59 517

a What was the total energy content of this meal, and what percentage of the estimated total daily requirement does it represent?

b Bearing in mind this persons BMI and lifestyle, identify three changes that a dietician might recommend concerning his choice of food items, and explain what the chief advantages of such changes would be. 1.

2.

3.

(8)

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LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK END-OF-TOPIC TEST 10 Studies of the incidence of conditions such as cardiovascular disease include investigations of the risks of contracting the condition in different populations. a In the design of statistically signicant studies, explain why the following are given special attention. i Size of samples: _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ ii Composition of samples: _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ b Given the establishment of a statistically signicant association between a particular factor and the incidence of a disease, outline two types of study that are necessary to conrm the existence of a causal relationship. 1.

2.

(8) 11 The incomplete equation below contains the structure of a molecule of a monoglyceride.
H H H H C C C H C O OH OH (CH2)nCH3 hydrolysis reaction ( + H2O) +

a b c d

Draw a line around that part of the molecule described as an ester linkage. Complete the equation to show the structure of the products of hydrolysis. Write in the names of the products of the hydrolysis reaction. Explain how a molecule of triglyceride differs in structure from the monoglyceride molecule shown above.

(6)

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LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK END-OF-TOPIC TEST 12 The diagrams A and B show the left side of the heart in two stages of the cardiac cycle.
X Z Y

a Identify the stages in the cardiac cycle represented by diagrams A and B. A ______________________________________________________________________ B ______________________________________________________________________ b Name the labelled structures X, Y and Z. X ______________________________________________________________________ Y ______________________________________________________________________ Z ______________________________________________________________________ c Describe the events of the stage of the cardiac cycle shown in B, referring to the conditions generated in all parts of the structures shown, and explaining how these are brought about.

(10) 13 Atherosclerosis is an unhealthy condition of blood vessels, particularly of arteries. a In describing this disease, explain what is meant by the following terms: i plaque

ii thrombus

iii embolus

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LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK END-OF-TOPIC TEST b The following are factors that are statistically correlated with a raised incidence of coronary heart disease. For each, suggest how they may directly contribute to a diseased heart condition. i A condition of severe hypertension:

ii The practice of smoking cigarettes:

(7) 14 The data below shows the relationship between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the incidence of death per 10 000 people per year.
Diastolic pressure/mmHg 7079 Systolic pressure/mmHg 120139 140159 >160 13 25 40 8089 14 25 35 9099 17 26 37

a By means of a histogram, display this data to show the relationship between systolic pressure (x axis) and deaths per 10 000 people per year (y axis), at the three diastolic pressures quoted.

b Compare the effects of systolic and diastolic pressure on death rate.

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LIFESTYLE, HEALTH AND RISK END-OF-TOPIC TEST c If the data had been recorded for males and females separately, what do you anticipate this would have established?

(8) 15 High levels of blood cholesterol are associated with an increased risk of CHD. a What are the chief sources of blood cholesterol in the healthy body?

b What do you understand by the term lipoprotein and why is the density of these substances found to vary?

c Blood cholesterol levels are measured in blood samples collected from patients who have not eaten for at least 12 hours. Suggest why this condition is necessary.

d Explain what you understand by the heart condition known as angina, and how a diet with a high cholesterol content may cause this condition.

e Persistent serum levels of cholesterol above 5 mmols l 1 are considered to be potentially dangerous. What treatment is typically prescribed for this condition?

(9)

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