Presented by:Rupali Kusumbe MC08004

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INTRODUCTION HISTORY

MICROPROCESSOR
MICROCONTROLLER CLASSFICATION APPLICATION AREA VIEWS SOME PROBLEMS
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HISTORY
First embedded system was the APOLLO GUIDANCE

COMPUTER. In 1961 Autonetics D-17 guidance computer used in missile. Microprocessor INTEL 4004 was designed .

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EMBEDDED SYSTEM
A system that has an embedded software in a device

that make a system dedicated for an application or for a specific part of an application or product ,or a part of a larger system.

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What is an Embedded System

An Embedded System is microprocessor or microcontroller based system that is embedded as a subsystem, in a larger system (which may or may not be a computer system). Physically, embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the systems controlling nuclear power plants
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MICROPROCESSOR
A microprocessor is used as general-purpose processor

when large embedded software has to be located in the external memory chips. In general , a microprocessor is a single VLSI chip that has a CPU. CPU executes information stores in the memory.

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MICROCONTROLLER
A microcontroller is a single chip VLSI unit having

limited capabilities.
No addition of external memory. Microcontroller is of 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit.

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General Characteristics of Embedded Systems

Perform a single as well as multitasking. Increasingly high performance and real time

constrained. Power, cost and reliability are important considerations. HW-SW systems Software is used for more features and flexibility Hardware (processors, memory etc. are used for performance and security.

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Small scale embedded systems. Medium scale embedded system. Sophisticated embedded systems.

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Small scale embedded systems

Single 8-bit or 16-bit microcontroller. Less number of hardware and software. Battery operated. Use of C language. Example:-Telephone

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Medium scale embedded systems

Few number of 16-bit or 32-bit microcontroller. Number of hardware and software increases. Use of C++/C/JAVA. Example:-Music system

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Sophisticated embedded systems

Number of 32-bit or 64-bit microcontroller. Increase in the Number of hardware and software. Use of C++/VISUAL C++/JAVA. Use of software function such as encryption. Example:-Mobile phone , Smart card

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Application areas
Automotive electronics Aircraft electronics

Trains

Telecommunication

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Application areas
Medical systems

Military applications

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Views on embedded System

It is estimated that each year embedded software is

written five times as much as 'regular' software The vast majority of CPU-chips produced world-wide today are used in the embedded market ... ; only a small portion of CPU's is applied in PC's ... the number of software-constructors of Embedded Systems will rise from 2 million in 1994 to 10 million in 2010; ... the number of constructors employed by softwareproducers 'merely' rises from 0.6 million to 1.1 million.
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Some problems
How can we capture the required behaviour of complex systems ? How do we validate specifications? How do we translate specifications efficiently into implementation? Do software engineers ever consider electrical power? How can we check that we meet real-time constraints? How do we validate embedded real-time software? (large volumes of data, testing may be safety-critical)

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