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16
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19
0,fvdkY&wmr[kw/f aemufwpfcg zsmwpfcsyf0,fzkYd awmfawmfav;

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20
acgufMujyefonf/
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--
21
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22
rde;f rESihf pum;ajymcGirhf &aom naecif;udk ai;um pOf;pm;aerdonf/

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d f
--
23
d f
26
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d f
--
27
cPMumawmh av'Dcsyfjym;u olYAdkufuav;udk vufESpf

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d f
28
wpfcgwav uRefawmfhrdef;rudkp&wm awmfawmfysif;zdkY

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--
29
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30
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32
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33
d f
36
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37
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40
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d f
42
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47
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d f
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54
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56
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58
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63
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66
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f Gm;awmh uRefawmfwdkY awmfawmfESifh pum;
rajymjzpfMu/ tif;...]acwfop a&mif;tm;jrifhwifenf;aygh}[k
uRefawmf &ifxJ rSwcf sucf s&onf/ av'Dcsyfjym;uawmh cHvku
d &f jyef
NyDqkad omoabmESihf uRefawmfhudk rJhum jyonf/
aemufwpfaeY aeYvnf aEGaeylaomtcg uRefawmfha&tdk;udk
zGihfum a&cyfaomufonf/ uRefawmfha&tdk;u rat;awmh/ av'D
csyfjym;oJtdk;xJu a&udkcyfaomufMunfhawmhvnf; at;onf[k
rxif&awmhacs/

d f
--
81
d f
84
uRefawmfwdkY jrefrmvlrsdK;onf tpm;taomufukd tcsdefESihf

tBudrfaygif;rsm;pGm 0,f,lpm;aomufwwfMuaom vlrsdK;jzpfonf/
xdkYtjyif wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; {nfhcHjcif;? cspfcif&if;ESD;jcif;udkvnf;
tpm;taomuf wnfcif;{nfhcHjcif;jzifh jywwfavh&o
Sd nf/ tpm;tpm
auR;arG;jcif;? 0,f,lpm;oHk;jcif;rSm jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkY\ ,Ofaus;rI
wpfck[kyif qdk&rvdkjzpfaeonf/
]]igawmh tjrifuyfvGef;vdkY tdrfudkvmawmh a&awmif cyf
rwdkuv
f dkub
f l;}} [k rauseyfoludk ajymwwfavh&So
d nf/ ]]ightrd f
vm&if a&awmifraomuf&bl;rSw}f }[k tjypfay;avh&Sdonf/ xdkY
aMumifh wnfcif;{nfch x
H m;aom tpm;taomufukd Munfjh cif;tm;jzifh
cifrif&if;ESD;uRrf;0ifjcif;udk cefYrSe;f EdkiMf uygonf/ uRefawmfwkYd jrefrm
vlrsdK;rsm;onf reufrdk;vif;onfESifh 0,f,lrIukd pwifwwfonf/
reufrdk;vif; rsufESmopfNyD;onfESifh rkeYf[if;cg;? tkef;EdkY
acgufqGJ? tokwf ponfwkYEd Sihf nusex
f rif;Murf; tqmajypm;avh
&dSonf/ wcsdKUuvnf; yJjyKwfESifhxrif;aMumf? yJjyKwfESifh qDxrif;
odkYr[kwf vufzuf&nfESifheHjym;? tDMumauG;? aumufnif;aygif;
d f
--
85
ESihf a&aEG;Murf;? wdk&Sn?f rkeYv

f Hk;BuD; ponfwkYd 0,fpm;avh&SMd uonf/
ae&ma'o wpfckESihfwpfckawmh uGmjcm;avh&dSMuonf/
jynfrmS qdkvQif reufrk;d vif;vQif xrif;okwf (odrkY [kw)f aumf&nfukd
aomufavh&So
d nf/ NyD;rS vufzuf&nfqkid f xkdiMf uonf/ rEav;rSm
awmh rkefYwD? &Sr;f acgufqJ?G qefjym;? aumfpD;? eef;BuD;okyf ponfjzifh
pm;Muonf/ rnfonfha'owGif aeoljzpfap reufrkd;vif;onfESihf
tqmajywpfckckawmh pm;av&dSonf/ awmifilukd pmaya[majymyGJ
oGm;pOfu eHeuftdyf,mxawmh Al;oD;aMumf? b&maMumf? MuufoGef
aMumf ponfhtaMumfpHkESihf a&aEG;Murf;? aumufnif;aygif;wdkY
auR;wmudk BuHKcJzh ;l onf/ rke[
Yf if;cg;a&azsmq
f kw
d mudkvnf; aomufchJ
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xdkokYd ae&ma'otvdkuf tpm;taomuf uGmjcm;jcif;om
&drS nf/ eHeufrk;d vif;vQifawmh jrefrmrSev
f Qif wpfckckawmh 0,fpm;avh
&dSonfrSm trSeyf ifjzpf\/ xdkeHeufrkd;vifonfrS pwifaom aps;0,f
jcif;onf tcsed fESiht
f vdkuf wpfaeukejf zpfonf/ eHeufpmpm;NyD;awmh
aps;odkYomG ;onf/ aps;rSm [if;csupf &mESihf rD;zdkacsmifok;H ypn;f rsm;udk
0,f&jcrf;&onf/
csujf yKwf pm;aomufNyD;awmh aeYvnfcif; wpfa&;wpfarm
em;um aeYv,f wpfem&DavmufrSp tdrfa&SUodkYa&mufvmwwf
aom oa&pmudk a&aEG;Murf;ESifh jrnf;wwfao;onf/ xdktpm;
taomufuawmh ayghyg;onf/ tcsdKwnf;onf[k jrefrmawGu
ajymwwfMuonf/ xef;oD;rkefY? bdef;rkefY? aumufvdIif;jcnfrkefY?
rkefYcsdKaoG;? aygufpD? rkeYfvHk;BuD;? rkefYpdrf;aygif;? omul? rkeYfvuf
aumuf ponfwdkYukd 0,fpm;wwfMuonf/
naeapmif;udk a&mufjyefawmh tenf;i,fqmvmaom
0rf;Adkufudk tqmajyHk pm;jyef\/ tokyf? rkefY[if;cg;? &cdkifrkefYwD?
d f
86
wdkY[l;oky?f vufokyfpHk? tke;f EdkYacgufqGJ ponfwdkYjzpfonf/ xdktcsed f

&efukefNrdKUxJodkYa&mufaevQif naecif; tqmajypm;aeMuaom
vlrsm;udk yvufazmif;eHab;&dS qdkifrsm;wGif BudwfBudwfwdk;vsuf
&dSonfukd awGU&ayonf/ odrkY [kwf oifuk,
d w
f kid v
f nf; xdkqkid x
f w
J iG f
&dSaumif;&dSaevdrfhrnf jzpfonf/
n 7 em&DrS 8 em&DtwGi;f npmudk pm;NyD;jyefawmh
NyD;NyD[k rxifygESihf/ rdef;uav;wGif rdef;rBuD;awGu u
wkwfum;Munfh&if; vufzufokyfuav;? csif;okyfuav;udk
a&aEG;Murf;ESifh jrnf;wwfum a,musmf ;av;awGu vufzuf&nf
qdkif xdkiw
f wfMuonf/ odkYwnf;r[kwf nbufa&mif;wwfaom
rkeYfzufxkyf? ajymif;zl;jyKwf ponfwdkYudk 0,fpm;wwfMuao;\/
xdkodkY npmpm; tcsdKwnf;NyD;awmh tdyf,m0if? tpm;
taomufudp NyD;jywfNyD[k uRefawmf xifcJhaomfvnf; wpfcgu
nbuf dkuu
f Gif;rStjyef aemufwpfaeY eHeuf 3em&DavmufBuD;rSm
rif;om; vGifrdk;u qmonf[k ajymonf/
]]'Dtcsdef b,frSm qdkif&dSawmhrSmvJ}}
rif;om;u bmrSrajym/ olYum;udk 19 vrf;bufodkY
armif;onf/ 19 vrf;udka&mufawmh r,Hkcsifp&m um;awG woD
wwef;? rD;a&mifxdex
f deEf Sihf naecif;vdkyif pnfum;pGm pm;aomuf
a&mif;csaeMuaom naps;wef;udk awGU&onf/
tpm;taomufuvnf; pHkvSonf/ [if;rsdK;pHkESifh xrif;
aMumf? 0ufom;wkwfxk;d ? aumf&nf? qDcsuf? eHkd;aygif;? Muufuif?
qdwfuif? prlqmokyf? qdwfom;? yef;ao;acgufqGJ? vufzufokyf?
*si;f oky?f tat;pHk? rjynfah o;olrsm;twGuf (odkY) trl;ajzcsif
olrsm;twGufuawmh axmywfoD;? yef;oD;? vdarmo
f D; ponf
aeYv,fcif;aps;wef;ESihf tvif;tarSmifomjcm;aom aps;wef;BuD;udk
d f
--
87
awGUvdku&f awmh uRefawmfhrSm tHhMo&onf/ xdkokdYpm;jcif;udkawmh

rnfuJhokdY trnfwyf&rSef;yif uRefawmf rodawmh/ pdwf0ifpm;
pHkprf;Munfhawmh xdkaps;onfrsm;onf wpfaeYvHk;a&mif;Muonfh
aps;onfrsm; r[kwfMu/ nq,fEh Spfem&D (wpfaeukef aps;onfrsm;
odr;f rS) pxGuMf uaom aps;onfrsm;[k od&onf/ xdkokYd uReaf wmfwkYd
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm pm;Muygonf/ a&mif;olrsm;&dS pm;Muoavm?
pm;olrsm;&dSyif a&mif;Muoavm qdkwmvnf; MuufrESihf MuufO
b,fup qdkovdkyif ajym&cufygonf/
xdkYaMumifh wkwv
f kd&Sm? ukvm;vdkpk? Armvdkrpm;eJY qdkaom
pum;ay:vmonf[k uRefawmfxifonf/
tckwavm eHeufcif; pm;p&mwm0efESifh aps;oGm;&aom
wm0efudk uRefawmf ,lae&onf/ uRefawmhZeD; av'Dcsyfjym;u
vlYavmuwGif ta&;BuD;qHk;jzpfaom rsKd ;qufjyefYyGm;jcif;wnf;[l
aom wm0efukd xrf;aqmifae&ojzifh udk,0f ef ig;vrSpum aps;oGm;
jcif;? rkefY0,fjcif;udprSm uRefawmfhvufxJodkY a&mufumvmonf/
]]Munfhprf;ygOD;.../ rkefY[if;cg;u MuufoGefOvnf; ryg
bl;/ Al;oD;aMumfuvnf; aysmhvdkY/ ikyfoD;rIeYaf wGudkvnf; xnfhvm
jyefNyD/ tJ'Dqkid fu ikyo
f D;rIefYu raumif;ygbl;qdkwm.../ tnHhpm;
awG/ odvm;}}
]][...qdkifrSm vlu enf;wmr[kwb
f l;/ wdk;ae&wm.../
olYbmomol xnfhray;wmawmh igvnf; b,fwwfEdkifyghrvJ}}
]][m...MuufoGefOu tvSnfha&muf&if udk,fuajymrS
xnfhay;wm/ MuufoGefOu [if;&nfxJxnfhxm;wm r[kwfbl;/
udk,u
f ajymrS &wm...}}
av'Dcsyfjym;u rausreyf wAspfAspfawmufawmufESifh
d f
88
&dS\/ olwkdYaps;0,fenf;AsL[muvnf; rvG,fvS/ b,fqdkifudk

b,fvdkajym&onf/ b,fqdkifu bmypnf;aumif;onf ponfjzifh
&dSao;\/ uRefawmfwdkY a,musmf ;av;awGuawmh udk,fvdkcsifonfh
ypn;f awGUvQif 0,fvdkurf nf/ tav;jynfhovm;? ypn;f u ppf&JU
vm;? aps;u rSef&JUvm; ponfawG odyfpdwrf 0ifpm;vS/
]]trav;..Munfph rf;ygOD;?Munfph rf;ygOD;/ oGm;ygNyD..oGm;NyD}}
aps;rS armarmESiht
f jyef aq;ayghvyd u
f av;ESihf ESyfaewke;f
rD;zdkacsmifxJrS av'Dcsyfjym;\ xdwfvefYwMum;atmfoHudk Mum;&
jcif;jzpfonf/
]][...bmjzpfwmwke;f uG}}
]]oGm;NyD...oGm;ygNyD/ 'DrSm 0,fvmwJh MuufoGefawGu
topfawG...topfawG}}
av'Dcsyjf ym;pum;aMumifh uRefawmf aMumifumvefYomG ;\/
MuufoGet
f opfqdkwm bmjzpfoenf;/ topfqdkwmu opfvGif
onf? vwfqwfonf r[kwfvm;/ bmhaMumifh 'Davmuf aMumuf
vefYwMum; atmfae&oenf;/
]]topfawG bmjzpfovJu/G opfwmu ydrk aumif;bl;vm;}}
]]topfu aumif;rvm;/ MuufoGefta[mif;awG &dS&uf
om;eJY/ MuufoGefu ta[mif;rS aumif;wm? tESpfxGuw
f m/
topfqkd &if rTefwmyJ&dSw,f? bmrSraumif;bl;/ rod&ifvnf;
rar;bl;? aps;onfawGuvnf; nyfcs ESyfcszdkYyJ odw,f}}
]]a[haumif ESycf s&atmif igu uav;r[kwfbl;uG}}
MuufoGeif g;q,fom;udk taMumif;jyKum uRefawmfESifh
Adkuu
f av; pum;rsm;Mu\/ uReaf wmf rcHcsiq
f k;H pum;rSm ]]aps;onf
awGu nycf s? ESycf sonf}} qdkaom pum;yifjzpf\/ [if;usu
f
xrif;pm;Muawmh? Adkufuav;trnfwGiu
f mp av'Dcsyfjym;u
d f
--
89
rauseyf/ olYMuufom;u uRefawmhMf uufoGefaMumifh tqDtESpf

rjynfh[kqdkum yGpyd Gpd? xrif;udk [kwfwdywfwd rpm;/ uRefawmf
uawmh &GJUum xrif;awGtrsm;BuD; pm;jyvdkuo
f nf/
'gawmifrS ]]b,fem;u aps;onfvJ/ aemufaeY jyefoGm;
vJr,f...}} bmnmvkyfaeao;\/ ]]at;...rif;oGm;jyefvJ&if
aemufaeY ighudk aps;oGm;cdkif;zdkY rajymeJYawmh}} qdkawmhrS wdwfum
oGm;onf/ olwdkYaps;xJrSm oif,lp&mawGu tjynfh&dSonf/
rusnf;rSnfhqdk ta[mif;rS/
qefqdkvQifvnf; ta[mif;rS/ ig;ajyrESifh xnfhaom
ig;yd&nfqdkiu
f dkvnf; rSwfxm;&ao;onf/ a&TzHkoD; pD;rpD;udk
Munfhenf;? Muuf&ifhr&ifhudk Munfhenf; ponfjzifh Adkufuav;
av'Du wpfcgrSm; wpfcgql? uRefawmfESifh wpfcg&efjzpf/ reuf
rdk;vif;wdki;f uRefawmhfrSm pdwfnpfpGmjzifh tajymtqdk vGwfatmif
usDpm;&onf/
wpfcguvnf; uRefawmf ig;z,fjcpfESpq
f ,fom; 0,fvm
onf/ Adkuu
f av;u xdkig;z,fjcpfudk rppf[kqdkum uRefawmfESifh
&efjzpfMujyefonf/
]]'g ig;a&TeaJY &mxm;wJh ig;z,fjcpf/ odvm;.../ vufnKd ;eJY
xdk;MunfhwmeJY odw,f}}
]]rjzpfEkid w
f muGm.../ igha&SUrSmwif ig;awGukd jcpfaewmyJ}}
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]]at;... igvnf; 'gyJwwfEdkifw,fa[h/ rauseyf&if
aemufaeY rif;[mrif;oGm;}}
[if;usu
f pm;Munfah wmh [kwo
f nf/ ,cifu pm;&aom
ig;z,fvkdr[kw/f ig;z,fjcpfu yGppd ?d t&om odyfr&dSwmudk awGU&
d f
90
onf/ aemufaeYawmh av'Dcsyfjym;u pm;&aom&uf tqifrajy

[kqku
d m oludk,fwkdif aps;odkYoGm;onf/
wpfem&DavmufMumawmh Adkufukd ESyd fum qdkufum;jzifh
jyefa&mufumvm\/ aps;0,fae&if; Adkux
f u
J atmifhvmaomaMumifh
[kqko
d nf/ uRefawmfvnf; vefYjzefYum aps;jcif;awmif;ypfcsNyD;
um;iSm;um aq;cef;odkY oGm;&onf/ q&m0efru udk,f0efBuD;ESifh
aps;vTwf&ovm;qdkum uRefawmfhudk qlonf/ aiGajcmufaxmif
avmuf xGuv
f m\/ bmrS rcsuEf kid o
f jzifh xdkaeYreufpmudk 0,fum
pm;&onf/ aemufaeY rif;bmom aps;oGm;qdkaompum;udk rajym
&Jawmh/
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f ku
d kid u
f m
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f dk&Sm&if;? olYpum;twdkif;&Sm 0,fay;&onf/
olESihn
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ol udk,f0ef&awmhrS olYvrf;Tefcsuftwdki;f aps;a&mif;olwdkYrm,m
[if;oD;[if;&GufwdkY\ vQdKU0Sucf sufESihf ukefypnf;wdkY\ aps;twuf
tusudk oif,lqnf;yl;&avonf/
xdkaeYu uRefawmfhAku
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vrf;Tefpm&Guu
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rSe;f rodawmhygbl;[k nnf;onf/
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f D;eJY jyefESyrf ,fumG .../ NyD;awmh
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wdkUp&m/ uJ...}}
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u oabmus\/ uRefawmfvnf; oif,loifo
h oif,lxm;ojzifh
[if;csuf[if;0,fawmh tawmfem;vnfaeNyD jzpfonf/
'gESihf aps;odkYoGm;um ig;Muif;cyfvwfvwfwpfaumifudk
d f
--
91
uRefawmf 0,frnf/ 'Dawmh rkev

f mOESpfpnf;? aygufyef;jzL&Gufudk
jyKwfumwdkYrnf/ ocGm;oD;ESpfvHk;0,frnf/ "nif;0ufu wpf&mzdk;
ig;vHk;? aMumfNyD; wdkYpm;rnf/ ig;Muif;u ig;q,fom;&dSonf/
tNrD;ESifhacgif;udk csnf&nf[if;xJ xnfhcsuf&rnf/ aMomf...arhvkdY/
eHeHyifuav;tkyrf S csO&f nf[if;u arT;rnfr[kwv
f m;/ xdkokYad wG;um
uRefawmf0,faeus rsufrSef;wef;rdaomqdkifodkY vmcJhonf/
]]tpfr tav;jynhfjynfhuav;csdefaemf}}
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BuD;/ csdefcGiv
f QmusdK;rSmawmif pdk;&w,f/ jynfhovm;rar;eJY pma&;
q&ma&}}
[kwo
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uRefawmf auseyf&onf/
]]tpfr ig;udkifay;ygaemf}}
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vdkurf ,f/ [kwfvm;...}}
t&ifwke;f u ig;0,fvQif olwkYd "g;aumif;aumif;jzifh ig;udk
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jzpfonf/ tdrfrSm&dSonfh "g;awGu odyfraumif;/ olwdkYckwv
f Qif
wpfrdepfavmufudpudk tdrfu "g;ESifhqdk q,frdepfavmuf &Gmvnf
aewwfonf/ olrY mS vnf; vlusaeojzifh taMu;omxdk;NyD; uReaf wmf
jyefcJhonf/ tdrfa&mufawmh jyemu pawmhonf/
]]ig;b,fESpfq,fom;vJ armif}}
]]ig;q,fom;wJh}}
]]ig;q,fom;.../ bk&m;a&.../ 'Daumifu b,fenf;eJYrS
ig;q,fom; r&dSbl;/ NyD;awmh vlESpaf ,mufwnf;[m ig;q,fom;
vJ 0,fp&mrvkb
d l;/ r[kwfbl;...r[kwfbl;}}
d f
92
]]nae udkpH0if;eJY udkaZmfjrifhOD; vmOD;rSmwJh/

qufxm;vdkY}}
]]tdk...olwdkYvmygOD;/ 'Daumifu ig;q,fom;awmh
b,fvdkrS r&dSEdkib
f l;}}
]][...igha&SUwif csdefwmuG/ ig;buf aZmufxdk;BuD;yJ/
cdk;OD;uGm... ig;usyfom;a[h}}
uRefawmfhpum;udk Adkufuav;av'Du vHk;0 vufrcH/
cg;cg;oD;oD;udk jiif;onf/ olYtawGUtBuHKt&qdkvQif xdkig;Muif;
onf oHk;q,fom;eD;yg;om &d&S rnf[k tcdkit
f rmqdkonf/ uRefawmf
uvnf; ravQmh/ tav;cdk;onf xm;OD;? xdkavmufawmh rcdk;Edki&f m/
xHk;pHtwdki;f uRefawmfhukd nycf s ESycf sjyefNyD[laompum;u xGuv
f m
jyefonf/
uRefawmf a'gojzpfum em&D0ufavmuf pum;rsm;Muonf/
uRefawmfuvnf; ig;Muif;udk vHk;0 rudkiaf wmhbJ ypfcsum tdraf y:
wufcho
J nf/ av'Dcsyjf ym;uvnf; pdwq
f k;d um rudki/f q,fhwpfem&D
avmufusawmhrS raeEdkifawmhaom av'Dcsyfjym;u ig;udk xudkif
onf/
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pdwfqdk;oHvnf;r[kwf? a'goxGuo
f Hvnf; ryg/ tHhMorI
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ig;Adkufudk "g;ESifhcGJNyD;ump wtHhwMojzpfaeaom av'Dcsyfjym;udk
awGU&\/ ig;AdkufxJrSm awGU&wmu jynfwefywjrm;awmhr[kw/f
oHacsmif;awGjzpf\/ oHacsmif;awGrS tdrfkduNf yD;om; oHacs;wufae
aom av;vufroHacsmif;BuD;awGom jzpfonf/
]]uJ...awGUNyDvm;/ ESycf swm cH&NyD r[kwv
f m;}}

d f
--
93
uRefawmf aps;xJodkY &ifaumhum 0ifvmcJhonf/

rsufvHk;u bmudkrS tvpfray;/ a&jzef;um tyHkuav;
jzpfatmif oyfaeoludkvnf;aumif;? acgif;aMuaeaom ig;clrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? tarT;zkBuJBuJESifh cyfvwfvwfMuufwpfaumifudk
vnf;aumif;? oHk;yHkwpfyHkvSD;xm;aom a&TzHkoD;udkvnf;aumif;?
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d f
94
uawmh rQm;xm;wmAs/ rQm;ig;Muif; aocsmw,f/ ig;Muif;udk

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d f
--
95
uRefawmfheHab;rS tefwDBuD;ig;udk t&ifrcsdefbJ uRefawmfh

ykZGefudk t&ifcsdefum ay;\/ NyD;awmh... ykZGef vufwpfqkyfyg
xnfhay;onf/
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d f
--
97
d f
100
bwfpfum;ay:u
qif;NyD;NyD;csif; uRefawmfhzdeyf
jywfomG ;aMumif;udk uReaf wmf odvku
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f nf/ ]]uRw}f }ceJ pkwo
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pdwfysufvufysufESifh iHk YumMunfha wmh nmbufzdeyf
acgifxdyfrS a&El;um wdwd&d&d jywfoGm;jcif;jzpfonf/ uRefawmf
reuf tdrfuxGufpOfu zdeyfjywfrnfhvuPm wpfpHkwpf&mr&dS/
tenf;i,frS uRefawmfhudk owdray;bJ kww
f &uf jywfxGufoGm;
jcif;yifjzpfonf/
uRefawmf ywf0ef;usifudk owdxm;rdawmh uRefawmf
qif;vdkufaomrSww
f dkifESifh rvSr;f rurf;wGif aps;uav;wpfckudk
awGU&ojzifh uRefawmf 0rf;omoGm;rdonf/ aps;&dSvQif zdeyfcsKyf
zdeyfjyifqkdif wpfqkid fawmh &dS&rnf[k uRefawmf awG;rdaomaMumifh
jzpfonf/ uHw&m;u uRefawmfhbufrSm enf;enf;&dSao;onf[k
d f
--
101
awG;um 0rf;omtm;& aps;&dS&mbufodkY vSrf;vdkuo

f nf/ owdarh
um vSrf;rdaomaMumifh acgifu jywfxGuaf eaom zdeyfxdyfonf
uRefawmfhajcaxmufatmufodkY vdyfum0ifoGm;ojzifh uRefawmf
NyHK;rdao;onf/
NyD;rS owdxm;um ajcaxmufukd <u,Hk<uum yvufazmif;
ESihf &SyfwkdufumpD;&if; uRefawmf udkY,dkYum;,m;jzpfaeyHkukd jyefjrif
a,mifum xyfNyHK;jzpfjyefonf/ aumfvvnfuwHk; vuf&Snf
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aeYusrS zdeyfjywfjcif;onf uRefawmf BuHKaeus vGJrSm;rIwpfckyif
jzpfonf[k vG,v
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a,musfm;rSm zdeyf rde;f rrSm em;uyf&dSrS wifhw,fonf
[laom pum;udk uRefawmf Mum;zl;onf/ odkYaomf em;uyfr&dSaom
rde;f uav;aygif;rsm;pGmudk uReaf wmf awGUz;l ygonf/ vlMum;olMum;rSm
olwkdY bmrS rjzpfMuyg/ rnfolurSvnf; t&SufuGJp&mwpfck[k
r,lqMuyg/ wpfcgwpf&H uRefawmfwdkY owdyifrxm;rdMuyg/ tck
aumhaumhwefwef omrefvrf;avQmufolvdk r[kwaf om uRefawmfh
udk vloHk;av;a,mufu *kxm;? owdjyKrdoGm;ygonf/ zdeyfu
em;uyfxuf ta&;BuD;onf[k uRefawmfawG;rd\/
uRefawmfah e&mrSm em;uyfa&m? qGBJ udK;a&m vufaumufawG
bmawGa&m tukejf ynfhpHkonfh rdef;uav;wpfa,mufqdkvQifaum?
ydkawmifqk;d OD;rnf[k uRefawmf xifonf/ uRefawmf 'DaeY oGm;&rnfh
c&D;u tvSLwpfckyifjzpfonf/ ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsi;f rde;f uav;
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jzpfatmifoGm;&rnfh tvSLjzpfonf/ q,fhESpef m&Davmuf uRefawmf
a&mufatmifvmrnf[k uwday;cJhonf/
d f
102
yvufazmif;eHab;u aps;wef;uav;rSm uRefawmf awGU

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topfwpf&H r0,frdovJqdkwmudk aemifusrS uRefawmf em;rvnf
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uRefawmf bmudkrS rawG;rdcJh/
zdeyfjyifqdkifudk ig;rdepfcefY &Smaomfvnf; rawGU&ojzifh
'Dvkdawmh rjzpfacs[k awG;um aps;onfwpfOD;udk pHkprf;rIjyK&onf/
tcsdefodyfrMumaerjzpf/ oli,fcsif;tvSLtdrfudk a&mufzdkYu
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ta[mif;tpkwu
f av; av;ig;&H wifumxm;onf/ NyD;awmh zdeyf
wifum vSD;jzwfxkaxmif;vdk&Y onfh &Spv
f ufrcefY ajymifacsmaeaom
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&yfNyD; [dk[dk''D D &SmMunfhaomfvnf; zdeyfjyifonfh q&mudkrl rawGU&/
vlawGu olYt&Sed fESifhol oGm;vmaeMuonf/ uRefawmf zdeyfqdkif
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d f
--
103
'geJY Am'Hyifuav;wpfbufrS ausmufausma&mif;aom

rdef;rwpfOD;udk vSr;f umar;&\/
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*sme,fzwfaeonfh vlwpfOD;u jyefatmfonf/ uRefawmf pdwfnpf
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wpfvdyfxkwfzGm&if; apmifhonf/ pD;u&ufwpfvdyfom ukeo
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onf/ udk,fhq&m armifwk;d u a&mufrvm/ uRefawmf zifw<u<u
vnfwqefYqefYjzpfaeaom tjzpfudkMunfhum tat;a&mif;aom
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d f
104
tv,favmufrSm/ ar;vdkuf&if &w,f}}

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f Gm;zdkY qHk;jzwfcsuf
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f &mu
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vrf;usO;f uav;udk awGU&\/ vrf;u tkwcf aJ v;vHk;udk tvsm;vdkuf
cif;xm;aom vrf;usOf;uav;/ vlESpfa,muf a&SmifEdkifHkom&dS
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Murf;jyifay:rSm csxm;onf/ ig;yd&nfcu
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zefcGufwpfcGuf/ uRefawmf NyHK;vdkuo
f nf/ udk,fhq&mu xrif;
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onf/ toufu uRefawmfx
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d f
--
105
qHyifu nif;odk;odk;/ vufarmif;ydefvSDvSDay:rS wufwl;kyfawG

xdk;umxm;onf/ om;om;em;em; aumifav;wpfa,muf zdeyfjyifzkYd
olYtrd t
f xd vdkuv
f mwmudk ol r,Hkovdkjzpfaeonf/ uRefawmfonf
olYtvkyftwGuf yxrOD;qHk; tdrfwdki,
f ma&muf vmolwpfOD;vnf;
jzpfEdkiyf gonf/
uReaf wmfu eHab;uqdkirf S vrf;Tev
f ku
d af Mumif;? uReaf wmf
ta&;BuD;ojzifh vdkuv
f m&aMumif;&Si;f jyawmh ]]xdkiu
f mG }} [kajymum
wpfcu
G if YaJS omufNyD; uReaf wmf trnfrazmfwwfaom[if;udk vufnKd ;
ESihfaumfum jrnf;onf/ olu xdkifygqdkawmhvnf; uRefawmf
xdkipf &mae&m rawGU/ 0if0ifcsif; a&SUcef;u ajrBuD;omjzpfonf/
NyD;awmh wdkvDumvDypn;f awGu yGpmusJaeonf/ uRefawmf olESihf
cyfvSr;f vSr;f Murf;jyifay:wGif ubrf;udk wifyvGJvJu
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jywfaeonfh jcifaxmifu wdkYvkYw
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d f
106
avmurSm tusdK;ESifh wdkufqdkifvmvQif rjzpfEdkifwm bmrSr&dS[k

uRefawmf awG;aerdonf/ xdkpOfrSm udk,fhq&mu aemufwpfcGuf
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rdef;uav;udk twGif;odkYac:um cPpum;ajymonf/ NyD;aemuf
xdkred ;f r uReaf wmfu
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xrif; pwifumpm;onf/ tenf;qHk; q,frdepfcefYawmh xyfapmifh
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aom om;a&udk jyefcsKyf/ 'gu 10 rdepfcefYqkdawmh tenf;qHk;
rdepf 20 avmufawmh MumEdkifonf/
uRefawmf 'kwd,pD;u&ufwpfvdyfudk xkwfumzGmaewke;f
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onf/ wpfa,mufu axmifaxmifarmif;armif;/ vufrSm xdk;uGif;
tkyfawG&Sdonf/ aemufwpfa,mufu yktdkut
f dkuf *ifwdkwdk/
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axmifaxmifarmif;armif;ESifhvlu cyfqwfqwfar;onf/
udk,fhq&mu bmrSjyefrajym/ xrif;pm;ae&if;u uRefawmfhudk
wpfcsufMunfhonf/ uRefawmfuvnf; udk,fESifhrqdkifonfh udprdkY
d f
--
107
tomyif aevdkuo
f nf/ odkYaomf axmifaxmifarmif;armif;ESihv
f lu
uRefawmhfbufodkY vSnfhumvmonf/
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f aH y;p&m&dw
S ,fqkw
d m 'Daumifvm;/
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f H ighudkomay;awmh}}
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f l;cifAs/ uRefawmfu zdeyfvmcsKyfwmyg..}}
uRefawmf xdki&f ufuyif olwkYjd yemxJrSm rygaMumif;udk
tvG,fulqHk; ajz&Si;f vdkuo
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jyemu xdkrSmwif NyD;roGm;/
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uRefawmf em;vnfvdkufonf/ uav;udk cg;wpfcGifcsDxm;aom
trsdK;orD;uawmh uRefawmfhudk r0Hhr&J Munfhumaeonf/ NyD;awmh
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108
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109
jzpfvmonf/
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110
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--
111
0,f,lrI[k uRefawmf xifygonf/ odkYaomf rSerf rSeaf wmh raocsmyg/

d f
--
113
d f
114
uRefawmfhtaronf 1306ckESpf arG;aom Ak'[l;orD;

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--
onf/
115
aA'ifq&mrsm;udk uRefawmf wpfckawmh aus;Zl;wif&yg
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touf 35 ESpft&G,fu aA'ifar;onfhtcgrsdK;wGif aemif 23ESpf
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116
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d f
--
117
ajymif&Jawmh/ ESpaf ygif; 23ESpfwdkifwdkif wpf&ufcsif;pD vmcJh&aom

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118
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119
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120
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