fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa f"k HkweaMyhdj.

k % fu;e]
rdkZkkj vkSj ifj.kke1

ts eksgu jkWo rFkk lokZlW LVkWe

1- Hkwfedk

1980 rFkk 1990 osQ n'kdksa osQ nkSjku] fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] vke rkSj ij
uhfrxr O;oLFkk vkSj [kkl rkSj ij O;kikj&uhfr;ksa esa] egoiw.kZ ifjorZu gq, }kj
[kksyus dh fn'kk esaA bldh ;knk izsj.kk cSad&iaQM dh vis{kkr ;knk igqp vkSj
dBksj 'krks ls feyh ftldk dkj.k Fkk 1980 osQ n'kd esa vfkdka'k foaidkl'khy ns'kksa
esa vkus okyk .k ladV vkSj lao`f dh jrkj esa dehA cSad&iaQM }kjk tks
lqkkj&iSosQt ykxw fd, x,] mudk ,d eq[; osaQ&cnq Fkk f"k dk Hkhrjh o ckgjh
mnkjhdj.k] [kkl rkSj ls fukZu fodkl'khy ns'kksa esaA ckn esa] m#Xos jkWmUM (ftlessa
f"k ij le>kSrk 'kkfey Fkk) us bu 'krks dks laLFkkxr vkSj cgqi{kh :i fn;k] u
osQoy fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh lkSnsckth dh vleku {kerkvksa osQ vkkkj ij] cfYd mu
u, nwjxkeh fu;eksa osQ ek;e ls Hkh] tks jk"Vh; uhfrxr O;oLFkkvksa dh cgqi{kh
ekWuhVfjax vkSj vuq'kklu dh bkkkr nsrs FksA ysfdu ;g izsj.kk iwjh rjg ckgjh ugha
FkhA vusd fLFkfr;ksa esa] jk"Vh; fu.kZ;&f;k] ftl gn rd ;g Lok;k Fkh]
fodkl&lacakh pru vkSj uhfrxr mik;ksa esa uo&mnkj la'kkskuokn osQ fr mkjkskj
laosnu'khy gksrh xbZA fodkl uhfr dk lewpk <kapk] u osQoy mldh izHkkoh ,tsalh
rFkk fufgr LokFkZ] bl vofk esa f'kV gks x;kA
bl ys[k dk ms'; bl ckr dk o.kZu vkSj fo'ys"k.k djuk gS fd fdl gn
rd fodkl'khy vFkZ&O;oLFkkvksa dh f"k] ckgjh ckkkjksa osQ lkFk ,dhr gks xbZ gSA
o.kZu osQ rkSj ij] gekjh dksf'k'k O;kikj&izokgksa vkSj dher&ifjorZuksa esa mu uD'kksa dks
[kkstus dh gS tks HkweaMyhdj.k dk izfrfufkRo djrs gSaA f"k dks osaQ&cnq cuk dj]
ewY;&o`f] mRikfnrk vkSj Je&foy;u esa gksus okys lgorhZ ifjorZuksa dks Hkh ge uksV
djrs gSaA fo'ys"k.k osQ rkSj ij] gekjk iz;kl bu uD'kksa vkSj mQij&o.kr O;oLFkkxr

izksisQlj ts-eksgu jko ds vuqefr ls vuwfnr ,oa iquizZdkf'kr

2
ifjorZuksa esa lacak [kkstuk gS] vkSj ;g ns[kuk gS fd D;k buesa 'kkfey f;kvksa dh
uo&mnkj ;k lajpukRed le> osQ ek;e ls] bu lacakksa dks csgrj <ax ls vkSfpR;
iznku fd;k tk ldrk gSA
}kj [kksyus dh uhfr;ksa vkSj mlosQ ifj.kkeLo:i ckgjh O;kikj osQ ,dhdj.k esa
o`f dh o`fk;ksa dks igpkuus esa] geus vkadM+ksa dk igys@ihNs osQ :i esa
vofkdj.k fd;k gS] vkSj blosQ fy, geus 1961 ls 1997 dh vofk dks 1980 dh
foHkktu&js[kk dh enn ls nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk gSA bl vofk dk izR;sd Hkkx vkxs fiQj
nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA de ls de vfkdka'k fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] 1980 dk n'kd
,d ladV dk le; Fkk tc mnkjoknh lqkkjksa dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZA 1990 osQ n'kd osQ
var rd vfkdka'k lqkkj 10 o"kZ rd py pqosQ Fks] vkSj muosQ ifj.kkeksa dk vkdyu
laHko FkkA ^igys* okyh vofk Hkh nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dh xbZ gS 1960 dk
n'kd vkSj 1970 dk n'kdA ;g foHkktu bl ckr ij vkkkfjr gS fd 1970 osQ n'kd
esa rsy dh dherksa esa o`f gqbZ vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, ckgjh fok cM+h vklkuh
ls miyCk gksus yxk] tcfd vfkdka'k fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa us ckgjh mnkjhdj.k
dh fn'kk esa egoiw.kZ dne mBk fy, FksA
fo'ys"k.k dk osaQ&cnq] fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ vuqHko esa fn[kus
;ksX; vkSlr (;k oqQy) varj gS] ;fn bu xqziksa osQ Hkhrjh varjksa dks ;knkrj njfdukj
Hkh dj fn;k tk,A fuLlansg] fo'o O;kikj lacakksa osQ] mkj&nf{k.k osQ <kaps esa] igys
Hkh cgqr vPNs fo'ys"k.k gq, gSa] vkSj vHkh Hkh budh dkiQh klafxdrk gSA bruk dg
pqdus osQ ckn k:jr gS {ks=k ikj rFkk ns'k ikj izek.kksa osQ O;f"Vxr fo'ys"k.k dhA bl
orZeku elkSns osQ fy, ;g dke le; ij iwjk ugha fd;k tk ldkA
O;kikj&izokgksa ij miyCk lwpukvksa osQ vkkkj ij irk pyrk gS fd
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] O;oLFkkxr ifjorZuksa osQ lkFk&lkFk] f"k&HkweaMyhdj.k esa Hkh
o`f gqbZ gSA cgjgky] O;kikj&izokgksa esa o`f osQ lkFk fodkl'khy ns'kksa vkSj fodflr
ns'kksa osQ chp] lkis{k dherksa esa vfHklj.k ugha gqvk gS] ftldk ,d fufgrkFkZ rks ;g
gS fd uhfrxr ifjorZu fo"ke jgs gSa vkSj@;k mkj o nf{k.k osQ chp esa f"k&O;kikj
dk egoiw.kZ Hkkx iwjd gS] u fd fr;ksxh (tSlh fd vke kkj.kk gS)A blosQ vykok]
la?kVu dk roZQnks"k] tks O;kikj&mnkjhdj.k osQ HkweaMyh; vkjksi.k esa gh fufgr gS
vkSj ek=k izkFkfed mRiknksa rd lhfer ugha gS] bl vofk osQ vfkdka'k esa] yxrk gS]

3
dke djrk jgk gSA blosQ lkFk&lkFk ;knk mQph miHkksDrk dherksa dk [krjk Hkh
(vk;kr o fu;kZr djus okys] nksuksa rjg osQ fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa [kklrkSj ls fukZu o
vlqjf{kr oxks osQ fy,) lkeus fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA bldk Hkko rc eglwl fd;k
tk,xk tc fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa mRiknu o fu;kZr lkgk; [kRe dj fn, tk,axsA
bl chp] yxrk gS fd O;oLFkk ifjorZuksa us ,d vksj rks f"k&vkiwr esa ifjorZu ykus
esa f"k&dherksa dh {kerk esa vR;fkd fo'okl mRiUu fd;k gS] vkSj nwljh vksj
lkoZtfud f"k&vknku vkSj lsok, iznku djus esa] jktdks"kh; vkSj laxBukRed
{kerkvksa dks de fd;k gSA buesa ls R;sd fu"d"kZ HkweaMyh; O;kikj vkSj
mRiknu&laHkkoukvksa (ftuls fodkl'khy ns'kksa dk lkeuk gS) dh lajpukoknh le> osQ
vuq:i gSA
fodkl'khy vkSj fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa osQ chp] vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ
Hkhrj Hkh] ekx o iwfrZ nksuksa i{kksa ls] f"k osQ Hkhrj rFkk iwjh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ Lrj ij
forj.k&lacakh ifj.kke Hkh gksrs gSaA ekuh xbZ ckr gS fd fodkl'khy rFkk fodflr
ns'k&lewgksa osQ chp fgrksa osQ Hkh egoiw.kZ foHkktu gSaA ysfdu fliZQ ;gh ugha gS fd
O;oLFkk&ifjorZuksa us forj.k&lacakh ifj.kkeksa dks tUe fn;k gS_ Lo;a O;oLFkk&ifjorZu
Hkh dkiQh gn rd] jk"Vh; vkSj varjkZ"Vh; vkFkd <kapksa esa fufgr] fgrksa osQ varfoZjksk
osQ dkj.k gSaA f"k&HkweaMyhdj.k osQ jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=k dks bl ys[k osQ vafre Hkkx
cl Nqvk ek=k x;k gSA

2- jk"Vh; rFkk HkweaMyh; fu;e

blesa dksbZ lansg ugha fd fo'o O;kikj laxBu esa LFkkfir cgqi{kh
O;kikj&O;oLFkk us] jk"Vh; Lrj ij] Lora=k O;kikj&uhfr;ksa ij pyus dh xqatkb'k dks
cgqr de dj fn;k gSA ;g f"k ij Hkh ykxw gksrk gS] ftls xSV osQ fiNys pksa esa
NksM+ fn;k x;k FkkA uCcs osQ n'kd osQ e; esa] m#Xos jkWmQUM (;wvkj) f"k le>kSrs
(,,) us f"k esa u, vuq'kklu dh LFkkiuk dh ftlosQ dkj.k fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh
f"k uhfr O;oLFkkvksa osQ egoiw.kZ igyqvksa esa ifjorZu dh k:jr iM+ xbZ gS] gkykfd
u, izfrcakksa esa ls oqQN dh Hkfo"; esa gh ykxw gksus dh laHkkouk gS tc f"k&le>kSrk
ykxw gksxk vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ vkFkd <kps fodflr gksaxsA
ysfdu ;g osQoy f"k&le>kSrk gh ugha gS ftlus f"k&HkweaMyhdj.k dk ekxZ
iz'kLr fd;k gSA vusd fodkl'khy ns'k ,d n'kd ;k mlls Hkh igys] fLFkjhdj.k vkSj

4
lajpukRed lek;kstu osQ ,d ;k ,d ls vfkd pksa esa ls fudy pqosQ FksA ,sls
vfkdka'k osQlksa esa] f"k dks vR;fkd izHkkfor djus okys laLFkkxr] jktdks"kh; vkSj
O;kikj&uhfr osQ ifjorZuksa dh fliQkfj'k dh xbZ Fkh vkSj mUgsa ykxw fd;k x;k FkkA
D;ksafd bu ifjorZuksa esa] pkgs laiw.kZ dYiuk ;k fiQj fof'k"V y{k.kksa] nksuksa osQ n`f"Vdks.k
ls] vR;fkd le:irk Fkh] uhfrxr vfHklj.k dh o`fk igys gh 'kq: gks xbZ Fkh]
mlls cgqr igys tc m#Xos jkWmQUM vkSj f"k&le>kSrs us bl vfHklj.k dks vfrfjDr
izksRlkgu o laLFkkxr :i iznku fd;k x;k FkkA
vius le;&fukkZj.k vkSj dk;Z{ks=k osQ }kjk] lajpukRed lek;kstu vkSj
f"k&le>kSrs] nksuksa us feydj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh O;oLFkk esa] jk"Vh; o HkweaMyh;
Lrj ij] nksgjk ifjorZu fd;k gSA jk"Vh; Lrj ij] vk;kr&izfrLFkkid vkS|ksxhdj.k
(ftlesa lkoZtfud fuos'k vkSj ?kjsyw cpr ij cgqr kksj Fkk) ,sls O;kikj&funsZf'kr
vkoaVu esa cny x;k ftlesa xfr'khy fuxeh; fuos'k vkSj fons'kh cprksa dks ;knk
3
Lora=krk nh tkrh gSA HkweaMyh; Lrj ij] m#Xos jkWmQUM dks NksM+ nsa] rks Lo.ke ;qx
flDosQ osQ ;qx esa ifjofrZr gqvk gS] vkSj ;g ifjorZu lHkh O;oLFkk&ifjorZuksa dk
dkj.k Hkh gS vkSj ifj.kke HkhA ;g Hkkx mu fof'k"V O;oLFkk&ifjorZuksa dk o.kZu djrk
gS tks fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh f"k dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA

2 (d) m#Xos jkmQUM ls igys lek;kstu

fo'o osQ Lrj ij vkFkd eanh vkSj rsy osQ ladV osQ ckn rhljh nqfu;k osQ
fons'kh .k esa o`f us feydj 1980 osQ n'kd esa gq, lae.k osQ fy, okrkoj.k
rS;kj fd;kA C;kt&njksa esa o`f] jhxWu&oksYdWj eanh rFkk ckgjh O;kikj&'krks esa fxjkoV
us vusd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa .k&ladV mRiUu fd;kA mu lHkh ns'kksa esa] tgk
iaQM&cSad osQ laj{k.k esa fLFkjhdj.k vkSj lajpukRed lek;kstu osQ izksxzke py jgs Fks]
lef"Vxr dherksa (fofue; njksa] C;kt njksa vkSj okLrfod eknwjh) esa Hkkjh ifjorZu
vkSj jktdks"kh; #[k] iwjs iSosQt osQ egoiw.kZ vax FksA lcls ;knk uksV djus dh ckr
;g gS fd lkoZtfud O;; esa deh (vusd ckj rks cgqr ;knk) dh fliQkfj'k] u
osQoy ckgjh vkSj lkoZtfud {ks=kksa osQ ?kkVksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy,] cfYd nh?kZdkfyd
fodkl esa ckkkj osQ i{k esa ljdkj dh Hkwfedk dks de djus osQ fy, dh xbZA
fo'o cSad lek;kstu osQ rgr ftruk Hkh .k fn;k x;k] mldk 60 fr'kr
f"k&lacakh dher&fukkZj.k ;k O;kikj&uhfr dh 'krks ls cakk Fkk] vizQhdk osQ osQl esa

5
80 fr'kr (,iQ,vks] 1991)A Hkhrjh vkSj ckgjh mnkjhdj.k esa fuEufyf[kr ckrsa
'kkfey Fkha %
fu;kZr djksa rFkk dksVk esa deh ;k mudh lekfIr
f"k O;kikj ij ljdkjh fu;a=k.k esa deh ;k mldk var] vkSj ljdkjh
foi.ku ,tsafl;ksa ;k cksMks dk fo?kVu
vk;kr djksa esa deh] vk;kr ykblsalx] dksVk ;k izfrcakksa dk var
Hkhrjh ckkkj fu;eksa ;k fu;a=k.kksa] vkSj mRiknksa o vknkuksa osQ foi.ku esa
futh {ks=k ij yxs izfrcakksa dh lekfIr
lkoZtfud mRiknu rFkk vk%lajpuk&lacakh lsokvksa] ftuesa 'kksk o izlkj]
mRikn&forj.k] vknku&iwr o f"k&.k 'kkfey gSa] esa deh
lqkkjksa dk eq[; kksj f"k&fojkskh ;k uxjksa dh vksj >qdko dks de djuk Fkk
D;ksafd mnkjokfn;ksa osQ fopkj esa] rhljh nqfu;k dh ;gh chekjh FkhA os lksprs Fks ;g
>qdko vk;kr&izfrLFkkid vkS|ksxhdj.k dh vkFkd j.kuhfr vkSj mu jktuhfrd
O;oLFkkvksa ls mitk gS tks uxjksa ;k ukSdj'kkgh osQ fgrksa dk izfrfufkRo djrh gSaA f'kWiQ
rFkk okWYMsl (1992) us 1960 ls 1985 dh vofk osQ fy, 18 fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ
lewg osQ fy, vuqeku yxk;k fd f"k ij izR;{k vkSj ijks{k djkkku] vkSlr :i ls]
ldy ?kjsyw mRikn dk 46 fr'kr FkkA [;ky Fkk fd ckgjh O;kikj osQ mnkjhdj.k osQ
lkFk&lkFk] lef"Vxr lqkkj ([kkl rkSj ls eqk dk voewY;u) uxjh; >qdko dks
iyVus osQ eq[; gfFk;kj FksA
ysfdu lqkkjksa dk ,d fgLlk] uxjh; >qdko osQ funku vkSj mRiknu&dherksa esa
o`f osQ ek;e ls blosQ myVko osQ] lhks rkSj ij] fo# tkrk FkkA fuLlansg] bl
{ks=k osQ lkfgR; dh ;g fo'ks"krk gS fd igys rks fons'kh fofue;] O;kikj rFkk
f"k&mRiknu osQ ckkkjksa esa gLr{ksiksa dh og k`a[kyk] ftlosQ ckjs esa lkspk tkrk gS fd
og f"k&lao`f osQ ekxZ esa ckkk jgh gS] dk o.kZu fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj fiQj mu
rjhdksa dks fxuk;k tkrk gS ftuls ljdkj us f"k&vknkuksa dks vFkZ lkgk; fn;k gS
(mnkgj.k osQ fy, nsf[k, fiUlWVi&,sUMjlWu rFkk ikaM~;k ykspZ] 1992)A vusd ns'kksa osQ
ckjs esa ;g uksV fd;k x;k gS fd mUgksaus vknkuksa dks lfClMh nh gS] dHkh&dHkh rks
vk'p;Ztud gn rd (i`"B&48) ;k .kkRed okLrfod C;kt&njksa ij xzkeh.k .k

6
fn;k gSA lcls ;knk egoiw.kZ vFkZ lkgk; moZjdksa osQ fy, Fks ctV esa Hkh rFkk
fofue; nj esa Hkh fufgrA fiQj Hkh] lc&lgkjk vizQhdk esa] yxrk gS bu vFkZ lkgk;ksa
us Hkwfe dh ;knk mQph ykxrksa (de ek=kk vkSj ,dkfkdkjh ykHk osQ dkj.k) vkSj
mQph forj.k ykxrksa dks ek=k fu"Hkko gh fd;k gSA
ftu ns'kksa esa lajpukRed lek;kstu gks jgk Fkk] muesa f"k ij gksus okys
ljdkjh O;; osQ fgLls esa [kkl rkSj ij rhoz fxjkoV vkbZA ftu ns'kksa esa cgqr vfkd
deh gqbZ] muesa ?kkuk] t+kfEc;k cksyhfo;k] czkt+hy] eSfDldks rFkk baMksusf'k;k Fks]
gkykfd oqQN ,sls ns'k Hkh Fks] tSls osQU;k] eykoh rFkk ft+Eckos tgk bl O;; esa o`f
gqbZA (fiaUlVWi&,sUMjlWu rFkk ikaM~;k ykspZ] 1992)A O;; esa deh dk ,d fgLlk
vknkuksa ij vkFkd lgk;rk dh miyCkrk esa dVkSrh osQ :i esa FkkA gkykfd ;g
O;kid rkSj ij ekuk tkrk gS fd lajpukRed lek;kstu dk;Zeksa osQ rgr f"k dks
c<+kok nsus okys lkoZtfud O;; esa vke rkSj ij cgqr ;knk dVkSrh dh xbZ] ysfdu
bldk dkj.k lac ljdkjksa dh jktuhfrd uh;r ekuh tkrh gS] u fd cSad ;k iaQM
}kjk mdlkgVA
f"k&'kksk ij fd, tkus okys O;; dk mnkgj.k yhft,A vusd ns'kksa] [kkl rkSj
ls ykrhuh vejhdk vkSj lc&lgkjk vizQhdk] dks f"k&'kksk osQ fy, vkoafVr jkf'k]
tks igys gh de Fkh] esa vkSj Hkh ;knk dVkSrh djuh iM+h gSA tc 1960 o 1970 osQ
n'kdksa esa ,sls O;; esa rhoz o`f gqbZ] blosQ ckn dbZ osQlksa esa mlesa okLrfod fujis{k
deh gqbZA bl lanHkZ esa] ,d vksbZlhMh v;;u (czsuj 1993) osQ ifj.kke uksV djus
yk;d gSa %
f"k&'kksk ij lkoZtfud {ks=k esa fd, tkus okys O;; dh eq[; o`fk
.kkred jgh gS] oqQy ek=kk esa Hkh rhoz deh gqbZ gS vkSj fuos'k osQ la?kVu
esa Hkh cM+s ifjorZu gq, gSaA lajpukRed lek;kstu us iqjkus ctV&lacakh
izfrcakksa dks dgha ;knk c<+k fn;k] [kkl rkSj ls vizQhdk esaA
ftu ns'kksa ij .k o lef"Vxr ladVksa dk lcls ;knk vlj iM+k Fkk] ogk
lajpukRed lek;kstu 'kksk rFkk vU; mRiknu ls lac fuos'kksa] tSls fd
lpkbZ] dks cgky ugha dj ldkA
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] czkthy esa jktdks"kh; nckoksa us 'kksk laxBuksa o iz;klksa
dks] vkFkd iqu%lajpuk osQ vuqowQy cukus dh laHkkouk dks Hkh lekIr dj

7
fn;kA futh {ks=k 'kksk] tks ;knkrj lgdkjh O;oLFkk esa laxfBr dh xbZ Fkh]
dks Hkh uqdlku gqvk D;ksafd bldk fok&izcak Hkh ljdkjh foi.ku dksVk ij
dj yxk dj fd;k x;k FkkA

gkykfd 'kksk dk c<+rk gqvk futhdj.k va'kr% mUgha ifjorZuksa osQ dkj.k
gS tks f"k rdukWyksth esa fd, x, gSa] lajpukRed lek;kstu us ml
jktdks"kh; dVkSrh osQ ek;e ls ,d vizR;{k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ ftls mlus
izsfjr fd;k ;k vkSfpR; iznku fd;kA

rdukWyksth&izlkj osQ {ks=k esa] mnkgj.kr% cht&mRiknu vkSj foi.ku dk

mkjkskj futhdj.k gqvk gS] ftlosQ iQyLo:i u osQoy futh O;kikfj;ksa osQ
ykHk esa o`f gqbZ gS] cfYd chtksa dh mRiknu&ykxr Hkh c<+h gSA
la{ksi esa] dbZ fodkl'khy ns'k] m#Xos jkWmQUM ls igys gh f"k&mnkjhdj.k]
futhdj.k rFkk HkweaMyhdj.k dh fn'kk esa vkxs c<+ pqosQ FksA fiQj Hkh] oqQN
fodkl'khy ns'k] [kkl rkSj ls vkZ&vkS|ksxhr ,f'k;k esa] Fks tks ,slh f"k&uhfr;k
dk;e j[k ik, Fks tks HkweaMyhdj.k dh etcwjh ls fukkZfjr ugha FkhaA vk;kr&
izfrLFkkid vkS|ksxhdj.k rFkk fofufeZr fu;kZrksa dh lgk;rk ls os vkFkd ladV dks
csgrj <ax ls >sy ik,] tcfd f"k&{ks=k esa mudh miyfCk;ksa us] [kk| inkFkks dh
ekx esa rhoz o`f osQ ckotwn] ?kjsyw vkRe&fuHkZjrk dks lqfuf'pr fd;kA bu nksuksa us
feydj mudh ,slh f"k uhfr;ksa dks cukus esa enn dh tks eq[;r% muosQ ?kjsyw ckkkjksa
osQ vuqowQy FkhaA nwljh vksj] fodflr vFkZO;oLFkk, [kqn gh] cM+s Lrj ij]
f"k&okf.kT;okn esa yxh gqbZ FkhaA vxys Hkkx esa ge m#Xos jkWmQUM osQ mu izkokkuksa ij
fopkj djsaxs tks bu rhuksa Jsf.k;ksa osQ ns'kksa dks izHkkfor djrs gSa] ysfdu leku :i ls
ughaA

2 ([k) f"k&le>kSrk
xSV osQ rgr O;kikj&le>kSrs osQ igys oSQusMh vkSj VksD;ks jkWmQUMksa osQ fof'k"V
y{k.k ;s Fks % (1) O;kikj&mnkjhdj.k ij vfkdka'k ok;ns fodflr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa us
fd, Fks rFkk (2) ,sls lqLi"V le>kSrs Fks tks fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks mu vuq'kkluksa vkSj
ekun.Mksa ls NwV nsrs Fks tks ml le; LFkkfir FksA ,slk yxrk gS fd m#Xos jkmWQUM us
HkweaMyh; O;kikj&O;oLFkkvksa esa varjkZ"Vh; vlekurk dh klafxdrk dks] lSkafrd :i
ls] igpkuuk can dj fn;k FkkA blosQ vykok] m#Xos jkmWQUM f"k&le>kSrs osQ lkFk

8
gh] f"k us xSV@MCY;wVhvks osQ Hkko&{ks=k esa izos'k dj fy;k FkkA ;g oqQN gn rd
ml yM+kbZ osQ ifj.kke dks yf{kr djrk Fkk tks f"k&fu;kZrdksa osQ oSQUlZ lewg vkSj
laj{k.koknh ;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u osQ chp FkhA ysfdu bl izos'k ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks
iQk;nk gqvk ;k ;g muosQ fy, gkfudkjd Fkk] ;g vkt Hkh ,d fooknxzLr eqk gSA
bl Hkkx esa f"k&le>kSrs osQ rgr eq[; 'krks vkSj ekun.Mksa dks la{ksi esa fn;k x;k gS]
tcfd bl fo'ys"k.k dks] fd D;k ;g le>kSrk varjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij ,d lery [ksy
dk eSnku cukrk gS (;k ;g eSnku lery gksuk Hkh pkfg, ;k ugha)] Hkkx 5 osQ fy,
NksM+ fn;k x;k gSA
HkweaMyh; f"k&O;kikj dks izksRlkgu nsus osQ fy,] f"k&le>kSrs esa 'kqYd&njksa
vkSj dksVkvksa osQ lanHkZ esa] fuEufyf[kr izkokku 'kkfey gSa %
lHkh ek=kkRed vkSj vU; xS+j&'kqDy izfrcakksa dks rqY; 'kqYd&njksa esa cnyk
tk, vkSj mUgsa orZeku 'kqYd&njksa rFkk 'kqYd&lhekvksa esa tksM+ fn;k tk,A
fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, muosQ eq[; ikjaifjd Hkkstu dks NwV nh xbZA
mUur vFkZO;oLFkk, 1999 osQ var rd] R;sd oLrq ij vkc 'kqYd esa
vkSlr :i ls 36 fr'kr vkSj U;wure 15 fr'kr dh deh djsaA
fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkk, 2004 osQ var rd R;sd oLrq ij 'kqYd&nj esa
vkSlr 15 fr'kr vkSj U;wure 10 fr'kr deh djsaA
ysfdu dksVkvksa dk O;kid rkSj ij xank 'kqYdhdj.k bu le>kSrksa osQ
okLrfod f;kUo;u dk vax jgk gSA [kkl rkSj ls] mUur vFkZO;oLFkkvksa us 1986&88
dh vkkkj&vofk osQ fy, cgqr gh c<+s gq, 'kqYd rqY;ksa dk pquko fd;k gSA ;wjksfi;u
;wfu;u osQ fy, LiQhfr dkjd dkiQh vfkd Fkk & 61 fr'kr vkSj vejhdk osQ fy,
44 fr'krA D;ksafd ;s dkjd le>kSrs esa ekuh xbZ dVkSfr;ksa ls ;knk gSa] vafre vkc
'kqYd&njksa esa 'kqYd&laj{k.k dh nj esa okLrfod o`f 'kkfey gksxhA blosQ vykok]
vkSlr 'kqYd&dVkSrh dh x.kuk djus dk rjhdk mUur vFkZO;oLFkkvksa dks ;g NwV nsrk
gS fd os ;knk mQph 'kqYd&njksa esa de dVkSrh djsa vkSj uhph 'kqYd&njksa esa ;knk
(baXdks] 1996)A ;g iQkewZyk izkslsflax dh voLFkk osQ lkFk&lkFk 'kqYd&njksa esa o`f
dh Hkh bkkkr nsrk gS vkSj bl rjg fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ izkslslWM fu;kZrksa osQ f[kykiQ
izHkkoh laj{k.k nj dks c<+krk gSA

9
le>kSrksa osQ ykxw gksus osQ ckn Hkh] vkSlr 'kqYd&nj fodflr ns'kksa esa 36
fr'kr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa 20 fr'kr gksxhA vkc 'kqYd&njsa Hkh 50 ls 250
fr'kr osQ chp esa jgsaxhA O;kikj&Hkkjr vkkkj ij ns[ksa] rks fodflr ns'kksa esa
f"k&'kqYd njsa] vkS|ksfxd {ks=k dh rqyuk esa] yxHkx N% xquk ;knk jgrh gSa
(,iQ,vks] 1999] i`"B&8)A
f"k&le>kSrs us oqQN vfrfjDr izkokku Hkh fd, rkfd xans 'kqYdhdj.k dk
ckkkj&igqp ij dksbZ cqjk Hkko u iM+sA ;g izkokku gSa %
mu mRiknksa osQ osQl esa] ftUgsa igys x+Sj&'kqYd mik;ksa osQ rgr vk;kr djus
dh NwV nh xbZ Fkh] lqLi"V dksVkvksa dk bLrseky gksuk pkfg, rkfd vk;krksa
dks] de ls de] vkkkj&vofk osQ Lrj ij dk;e j[kk tk losQA
mu mRiknksa osQ osQl esa] ftudk igys [kkl vk;kr ugha fd;k tkrk Fkk]
'kqYd&nj&dksVk 'kq: djuk pkfg, rkfd o"kZ 2000 rd ?kjsyw ekx esa
vk;krksa dk fgLlk c<+ dj de ls de 5 fr'kr gks tk,A (bldks
dk;kZfUor djus osQ fy, ;g k:jh Fkk fd dksVk osQ Hkhrj vk;krksa ij
vis{kkr uhph 'kqYd&nj yxkbZ tk, vkSj ckdh vk;krksa ij ;knk mQph
vkc njA)
blosQ lkFk gh] f"k&le>kSrs dk ,d cgqr [kjkc izkokku og gS tks fodflr
ns'kksa dks rks ^fo'ks"k lqj{kk* mik;ksa dk vkku djus dh bkkkr nsrk gS] fodkl'khy
ns'kksa dks ughaA bu mik;ksa dk ms'; ml fLFkfr esa vk;krksa dks lhfer djuk gS tc
vk;krksa esa o`f vizR;kf'kr :i ls ;knk gks ;k fo'o (vk;kr) dherksa esa fxjkoV
gksA
fu;kZr vFkZ&lkgk;ksa osQ lanHkZ esa] tks fd fodflr ns'kksa dh uhfr;ksa dk ,d
eq[; vkkkj gS] f"k&le>kSrs esa fuEufyf[kr ckrsa 'kkfey gSa %
fu;kZr vFkZ&lkgk;ksa ij oqQy jktdks"kh; O;; esa fodflr ns'kksa esa 36
fr'kr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa 24 fr'kr dh dVkSrh dh tk,A
vFkZ&lkgk;&izkIr fu;kZrksa dh ek=kk esa] fodflr ns'kksa esa lu~ 2000 rd 21
fr'kr dh] vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa lu~ 2004 rd 14 fr'kr dh dVkSrh
dh tk,A

10
uksV djus yk;d ckr ;g gS fd vfkdka'k fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fu;kZr
vFkZlkgk; gSa gh ughaA blosQ iQyLo:i] mUgsa Hkfo"; esa ,sls vFkZlkgk; ykxw djus
dh bkkkr Hkh ugha feysxhA
f"k dks ?kjsyw lgk;rk osQ lanHkZ esa] le>kSrs us 'krks dk ,slk lewg Hkh izLrqr
fd;k tks fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, laHkor% cgqr egoiw.kZ fl gksA le>kSrs dh 'krZ
gS fd lgk;rk dh oqQy ek=kk (,,e,l) esa] ftldh vfkdre lhek 1986&88
dh vkkkj&vofk ij r; dj nh xbZ Fkh] fodflr ns'kksa esa N% lky dh vofk esa 20
fr'kr dh vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa nl lky dh vofk esa 13 fr'kr dh dVkSrh
dh tk,A ysfdu bl izkokku esa 1992 osQ oSQi lqkkj vkSj ;w,l MsfiQf'k,salh isesUV~l
izksxzke osQ rgr ;wjksih; ;wfu;u HkjikbZ dk;Ze 'kkfey ugha FkkA
;s ekun.M lexz Lrj ij] u fd oLrq osQ Lrj ij ykxw djus osQ fy, gSaA
,,e,l ls fof'k"V vknku vFkZ&lkgk;ksa dks fudky dj (uhps nsf[k,) ,,e,l
fodflr ns'kksa osQ osQl esa oqQy lgk;rk dk 5 izfr'kr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ osQl
esa 10 fr'kr fudkyus dh bkkkr nsrk gSA uksV djuk pkfg, fd 88 fodkl'khy ns'kksa
us ,,e,l osQ 'kwU;] ;gk rd .kkRed Lrjksa dh lwpuk nh] ;k fiQj kukRed
ysfdu U;wure lgk;rk ls deA osQoy 12 ns'kksa esa lgk;rk dk Lrj dVkSrh osQ ok;nksa
osQ vuq:i gSA
U;wure izkokkuksa osQ vykok] fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy, nks egoiw.kZ NwVs gSa
f"k o xzkeh.k fodkl mik; % fuEu vk;&Lrj ;k de lalkkuksa okys
mRikndksa osQ fy, vknku vFkZ&lkgk; rFkk vke fuos'k vFkZ lkgk;A
^xzhu ckWDl* mik; % buesa f"k dks nh tkus okyh vke lsok, 'kkfey
gSa] tSls & 'kksk o izlkj] dhV fu;a=k.k] i;kZoj.k&lacakh dk;Ze]
iQly chekA lcls egoiw.kZ 'krZ ;g gS fd ,sls mik; O;kikj o
mRiknu dks de ls de for djsaA
varr% fVIl (O;kikj&lacafkr ckSfd laink vfkdkj) le>kSrs esa ikSks o i'kq
'kkfey ugha gS] ysfdu ;g le>kSrk lnL;ksa dks lw{ethoksa rFkk ikSkksa dh fdLeksa osQ
fy, ckSfd laink laj{k.k nsus dks ck; djrk gSA ikSkksa osQ osQl esa] lnL; ns'k isVsUV
dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa] ,d vf}rh; O;oLFkk cuk ldrs gSa] ;k nksuksas dk feJ.k dj
ldrs gSaA ;g rks Li"V gS fd fVIl le>kSrs osQ mu fLFkfr;ksa osQ fy, nwjxkeh fufgrkFkZ

11
gksaxs ftuosQ rgr ck;ks&VsdW (tSfod&rduhdh) kafr osQ lanHkZ esa] ubZ f"k
VsdukWyksth miyCk gksrh gSA ysfdu ;g vHkh ns[kus dh ckr gS fd D;k ikjaifjd Kku
o lk>k {ks=k mRifk&lacakh lalkkuksa (tks fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa cgqr ewY;oku gSa) dh
j{kk djus osQ izHkkoh vfkdkj jg ik,xsA

3- f"k HkweaMyhdj.k dk vkSfpR;

vfkdka'k fodkl'khy vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa] [kk| miHkksx&Lrj fuEu gSa vkSj f"k
vYifodflr] pkgs Je&mRikfnrk osQ fygkt ls ns[ksa ;k Hkwfe&mRikfnrk osQA
f"k&lacakh vYifodkl u osQoy [kk| oLrqvksa dh fuEu iwr dh O;k[;k djrk gS]
cfYd Hkkstu dh fuEu izHkkoh ekx dh Hkh O;k[;k djrk gS D;ksafd oqQy jkstxkj vkSj
vk; dk ,d cM+k fgLlk f"k&{ks=k ls gh vkrk gSA bu ns'kksa esa] Hkkstu dh lkis{k
dher miHkksDrkvksa osQ fy, vfr'k; egoiw.kZ gSA ;g okLrfod vk;&forj.k dh
eq[; fukkZjd Hkh gS] izR;{k :i ls yxku osQ fgLls] okLrfod eknwjh&nj vkSj vkSlr
ykHk&nj osQ ek;e ls] vkSj eqk&LiQhfr ij vius Hkko osQ }kjkA
bldks ;ku esa j[ksa] rks bl ij fookn dh dksbZ xqatkb'k ugha gksxh fd eq[;
[kk|ksa esa varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj&voljksa osQ ewY; dk vanktk [kk| lqj{kk vkSj leku fodkl
osQ lanHkZ esa yxkuk pkfg,A fiQj Hkh ;g cgqr fookniw.kZ gSA fookn dk ,d fgLlk
lhks [kk|&lqj{kk ls tqM+k gqvk gSA uo&mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k ls] [kk|&vk;kr ;k fu;kZr
dk [kk| lqj{kk osQ ms'; ls dksbZ izR;{k fojksk ugha gksuk pkfg,A blosQ foijhr]
O;kikj osQ ek;e ls gksus okys fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ ykHk ns'kksa osQ fy, [kk|&lqj{kk osQ
ms'; dks vkxs c<+kuk vklku dj nsrs gSaA oSdfYid er ;g gS fd laoqQfpr o
vfLFkj varjkZ"Vh; ckkkjksa osQ fr [kqyko] [kk|&dher vfLFkjrk vkSj mlls lac
[kk|&vljq{kk dk eq[; ksr gSA vjf{kr mRiknd rFkk miHkksDrk] ftuosQ ikl
[kk|&lqj{kk izkIr djus osQ nwljs lkku ugha gSa] ,sls ?kjsyw ckkkjksa esa ;knk vPNh
fLFkfr esa gksaxs] tks dkiQh gn rd ,slh vfLFkjrk ls cps gq, gSaA blosQ vykok] ns'k
xSj&vkFkd dkj.kksa ls dkiQh vfkd ek=kk esa ?kjsyw vkRe&fuHkZjrk dks ego ns ldrs
gSaA fookn osQ nwljs vax dk lacak U;k;laxr@lerkiw.kZ lao`f dks c<+kok nsus osQ mik;ksa
ls gSA uo&mnkjoknh nkok fiQj ;gh gS fd varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks
fof'k"Vhdj.k djus vkSj O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHkksa dks izkIr djus osQ volj nsrk gSA
vr% ?kjsyw vkRe&fuHkZjrk dks lqjf{kr j[kus dh uhfr;k foHkzkar gSa vkSj fpjdkfyd

12
lao`f dks uqdlku igqpkrh gSaA bl er osQ f[kykiQ] nwljs yksx vkxzg djrs gSa fd
eqDr O;kikj x+yr laosQr nsrk gS vkSj vkFkd fofokhdj.k rFkk lerkiw.kZ lao`f osQ
fy, vko';d jk"Vh; {kerkvksa dks Hkh dekksj djrk gSA fpjdkfyd lao`f osQ bu
vkxkeh y{;ksa dks ,sls ?kjsyw o O;kikj&uhfr osQ mik;ksa dh enn ls gh vkxs c<+k;k tk
ldrk gS] ftudk dkiQh gn rd eqDr O;kikj&uhfr osQ lkFk fojksk gSA

3 (d) O;kikj ls gksus okys ykHk

D;k f"k dk vYifodkl eq[;r;k fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ Hkhrj vkSj lewps
fo'o esa dher@O;kikj O;oLFkkvksa osQ dkj.k gS] bl 'u dk ^gk* esa mkj gh cqfekk
gSA ,iQ,vks dh ,d cM+h fjiksVZ dk v;k; mu vleku lkSnksa ij dkiQh dk'k
Mkyrk gS tks gky dh O;kikj&okrkZvksa us fodkl'khy ns'kksa ij Fkksis gSaA ;g fjiksVZ fcuk
fdlh fgpfdpkgV osQ dgrh gS fd bu ns'kksa esa] vrhr esa uhfr;ksa osQ Lrj ij f"k
osQ f[kykiQ >qdko] vkSj vusd fodflr ns'kksa esa bl {ks=k dks laj{k.k vkSj vFkZ lkgk;
fn, tkus osQ dkj.k] fo'o osQ f"k ckkkjksa esa iSnk gqbZ fofr;k ,sls nks egoiw.kZ
dkjd gSa tks f"k osQ vYifodkl dh O;k[;k djrs gSa (,iQ,vks] 1999]
i`"B&119) (fufgrkFkZ osQ rkSj ij] fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa mriknd&dherksa dks iwr osQ
'kfDr'kkyh fukkZjd ekuk tkrk gSA
ikjaifjd er osQ vuqlkj] mUur vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa mRiknu o O;kikj ij fn,
tkus okys vFkZ&lkgk;ksa us bu ns'kksa esa mRiknu o fo'oO;kih fu;kZrksa dks c<+kus esa enn
dh gS] tcfd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa mRiknu o O;kikj djksa us] pkgs os O;Dr gksa ;k
vO;Dr] bu ns'kksa osQ mRiknu rFkk fuoy fu;kZrksa dks de fd;k gSA vr% HkweaMyh;
Lrj ij] tgk rd nksuksa uhfr&lewgksa osQ fo'o&vkiwr vkSj fo'o&dherksa ij Hkko dk
loky gS (gkykfd fuoy Hkko okLrfod ek=kkvksa vkSj R;qkjksa ij fuHkZj djsxk)] bu
uhfr&lewgksa us ,d&nwljs osQ fo# dke fd;k gSA O;kogkfjd lkfoZd larqyu x.kuk,
(iw.kZr% uo&'kkL=kh; lekiuksa osQ lkFk) lger gSa fd fodflr ns'kksa dk izlkjkRed
Hkko fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ laoqQpukRed Hkko ls ;knk Fkk ftlosQ dkj.k fiNyh
uhfrxr O;oLFkkvksa us oqQy feykdj fo'o&dherksa dks de fd;kA fu"d"kZ ;g gS fd
blosQ iQyLo:i nksuksa ns'k&lewgksa esa okLrfod vk;ksa vkSj dY;k.k esa deh gqbZA ;g
Hkko fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa f"k&{ks=k ij osaQfr Fkk vkSj fodflr ns'kksa esa xSj&f"k{ks=k
ijA

13
bldk vkxs fufgrkFkZ ;g gS fd mnkjhdj.k ls ,d vksj rks vk'kk dh tkrh gS
fd og fodflr ns'kksa esa mRiknu o fu;kZr dks de djsxk] vr% fo'o f"k&dherksa
dks c<+k,xk] tcfd nwljh vksj og bu ns'kksa osQ ckkkjksa dks ckdh nqfu;k osQ fu;kZrksa osQ
fy, [kksysxkA vk;kr osQ fy, ckkkj&igqp esa o`f osQ dkj.k] O;kikj dk tks izlkj
gksrk gS] og fuoy fo'o&ekx dks c<+k,xk] fo'o&dherksa esa o`f djsxk vkSj
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa iwr&frf;kvksa dks tUe nsxkA gkykfd bldk ykHk eq[; rkSj ij
fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ LFkkfir fu;kZrdksa (vU; ns'kksa osQ vykok vtsZUVhuk] czkt+hy rFkk
FkkbZySaM) dks feysxk] vfrfjDr ykHk mu nwljksa dks Hkh feysaxs tks ;knk dherksa ij
fu;kZrd cuus dks rS;kj gSa vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa (ftuesa ls vusd oaQxky gSa) osQ lHkh
mRikndksa dks HkhA gkykfd fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa djkkku vkSj fodflr ns'kksa esa f"k ij
vFkZlkgk;] bu nksuksa dks lekIr djus ls] vFkZlkgk; okys mRiknksa osQ fuoy vk;krdksa
dks uqdlku gksxk] ij vFkZO;oLFkkO;kih mnkjhdj.k ls vk'kk dh tkrh gS fd og
mnkjhdj.k djus okys lHkh ns'kksa dks fuoy iQk;nk igqpk,xkA
vkus okys Hkkx esa] ftu ijaijkxr ekU;rkvksa ij mQijfyf[kr fu"d"kZ vkkkfjr
gSa] mudh vkykspukRed n`f"V ls tkp dh tk,xhA bl le; vkb, dYiuk djsa fd
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa f"k ls lkkuksa dk vuqekfur LFkkukarj] n`'; ;k vn`';]
uo'kkL=kh; n`f"Vdks.k ls voqQ'kyrk dk izek.k gSA ;g Hkh dYiuk djsa] tSlk fd
lkfgR; esa vke gS] fd lHkh f"k&oLrq, O;kikj&;ksX; gSa vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ
vkfn izk:i dh vkjafHkd fLFkfr ,d cM+s fu;kZrd dh gSA rc ge ;g 'u iwN ldrs
gSa fd okLro esa oqQ'kyrk esa fdruh o`f gksxhA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] lexz
f"k&mRiknu dh nh?kZdkfyd iwr&yksp osQ vuqHkotU; vuqeku 0-1 ls 0-5 osQ chp
4
gSaA ,sls izkpy&ewY;ksa osQ lkFk Hkh ftudk vfr'k; >qdko eqDr O;kikj fLFkfr osQ i{k
esa gS] oqQ'kyrk esa o`f jk"Vh; vk; dk 3 fr'kr curh gSA vkoaVu&lacakh voqQ'kyrk
5
dh vU; fdLeksa osQ lkFk] ;g vuqeku Li"Vr% ,d NksVh la[;k gSA
tcfd vfkdka'k fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ fy,] laHkkouk ;g gS fd ijaijkxr
ekU;rkvksa osQ vkkkj ij] ,d ckj esa gksus okyh oqQ'kyrk&o`f cgqr gh de gksxh]
yxHkx ux.;] ij HkweaMyhdj.k ij vkkkfjr lqkkjksa osQ dkj.k] cgqr cM+s Lrj ij vk;
dk iqufoZrj.k gksxkA mQij fn, x, la[;kRed mnkgj.k esa] f"k&miHkksDrkvksa dks
jk"Vh; vk; osQ 13 fr'kr dk uqdlku gksxk] ljdkjh jktLo esa 5 fr'kr dh fxjkoV

14
gksxh] tcfd mRikndksa dks jk"Vh; vk; osQ 21 fr'kr ;k f"k ewY;&o`f osQ 50
fr'kr dk ykHk gksxkA
;knkrj izklafxd lkfgR; esa] forj.k&lacakh 'u lewps rkSj ij ^mRiknd*
cuke ^miHkksDrk* ;k uxjh; cuke xzkeh.k fuokfl;ksa osQ :i esa O;Dr fd, tkrs gSaA
bl dkj dk Js.khdj.k] forj.k&lacakh varojksk osQ egoiw.kZ ksrksa dks mn~?kkfVr
djus dh ctk; mUgsa Nqikrk gSA iw.kZ jkstxkj dh fLFkfr esa :f<+oknh O;kikj&flkar osQ
vuqlkj Hkh] ;g ugha ekuk tk ldrk fd [kk| dherksa esa c<+kskjh vke eknwjksa dh
enn djsxhA LVksyiWj&lSE;qylWu osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ vuqlkj] f"k&Hkwfe ls vk; esa o`f
gksxh vkSj ml iwth ij izfriQy esa] tks eq[;r% m|ksx esa iz;qDr gksrh gS] fxjkoV gksxhA
f"k vkSj m|ksx esa e'k% Hkwfe vkSj iwth ls gksus okyh vk; osQ fo'kky Hkkj osQ
pyrs] Je&tfur vk; ij Hkko Li"V ugha gSA D;ksafd f"k Je&l?ku gS] eknwjh dh
o`fk c<+us dh gksxh] ysfdu D;ksafd Hkkstu xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh eknwjksa osQ miHkksx&O;;
dk ,d cM+k fgLlk gS] okLrfod eknwjh dk c<+uk k:jh ughaA D;ksafd iwr dh
frf;k de gksrh gS] vr% jkstxkj dh frf;k Hkh de gksxhA blfy, okLrfod
vk; esa fxjkoV jkstxkj esa gksus okyh o`f dks laHkor% vius esa lek ysxhA ;g Hkh
ifjdYiuk ugha gS fd Hkwfe osQ ekfyd fdlku mRikndksa dks mQph dherksa ls iQk;nk
gksxk] D;ksafd xzkeh.k mRikndksa dk ,d cM+k fgLlk [kk| inkFkks dk fuoy ozsQrk gSA
eryc ;g gS fd ijaijkxr <kps osQ Hkhrj Hkh] ?kjsyw [kk| o f"k dherksa dks
varjkZ"Vh; dherksa osQ vuq:i ykus ls ^jk"Vh;* dY;k.k esa FkksM+k gh iQk;nk gksxk]
tcfd blosQ iQyLo:i vk; esa gksus okys iqufoZrj.k dh ek=kk cgqr vfkd gksxhA bl
ckr dk tjk&Hkh Hkjkslk ugha fd bl iqufoZrj.k ls [kk|&lqj{kk esa c<+kskjh gksxh vkSj
xjhch de gksxh_ blosQ foijhr bl ckr dh iwjh laHkkouk gS fd [kk|&dherksa esa o`f
fr O;fDr [kk|&miHkksx dks de djsxh] vkSj vk;&iqufoZrj.k tula[;k osQ vjf{kr
fgLlksa dks [kk|&vlqj{kk osQ dgha ;knk Lrj osQ lkeus isaQd nsxkA

3 ([k) lajpukRed frcak o vleku fodkl

HkweaMyh; f"k&ckkkjksa osQ fy, vius }kj [kksyus ls] ;knk ls ;knk] vkoaVu
lacakh oqQ'kyrk esa o`f gks ldrh gSA f"k&{ks=k m|ksx ls fHkUu gS vkSj bldh fr;ksxh
lajpuk osQ dkj.k ,slk nkok djuk csdkj gSA blosQ foijhr m|ksx esa ,d vksj iSekus
dh ferO;;rkvksa] ckkkj osQ vkdkj rFkk mRikn o f;k esa uoizorZuksa osQ chp gksus

15
okyh var%f;k] rFkk nwljh vksj fr;ksxh ncko dh ek=kk ls dbZ ckj ;g vuqeku
yxk;k tkrk gS fd vFkZ&O;oLFkk osQ }kj [kqys gksus ls] iQeZ osQ Lrj ij lalkkuksa osQ
iz;ksx vkSj fodkl esa oqQ'kyrk dks c<+kok feysxkA blosQ foijhr] ihNs dh vksj tkus
okys f"k&{ks=k esa lalkkuksa dk fodkl iwjh rjg lkewfgd f;kdyki (ftlesa
lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ iz;kl Hkh 'kkfey gSa) ij fuHkZj djrk gS] vkSj vusd ckrkvksa vkSj
vlaxfr;ksa osQ [krjksa ls f?kjk gSA vc 'u ;g iSnk gksrk gS % D;k ;g ckr ekuus dk
dksbZ dkj.k gS fd vFkZO;oLFkk osQ njokts [kksyuk f"k osQ xfr'khy fodkl esa ckkk
cu ldrk gS\ blosQ fy, lajpukRed lacakksa ij fopkj djuk iM+sxk % mkj@nf{k.k]
m|ksx@d`f"k] lkoZtfud@futh rFkk cM+s [ksr@NksVs [ksrA
bl ckr osQ tcnZLr izek.k gSa fd ftu fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ oqQy fu;kZr esa
izkFkfed oLrqvksa dk fgLlk de gS] muesa vkFkd lao`f dh nj mu ns'kksa dh rqyuk
6
esa de gksrh gS tgk ;g fgLlk ;knk gSA blosQ dkj.k fuEu vk; okyh
vFkZO;oLFkkvksa esa mkj@nf{k.k lacak m|ksx@d`f"k lacak ls tqM+s gSaA ,d rks fuEu vk;
vkSj de dher&ykspksa osQ pyrs] ,sfrgkfld :i ls izkFkfed O;kikj&'krks esa fxjkoV
dh o`fk gSA ysfdu uksV djsa fd O;kikj&'krks dh okLrfod o`fk uhfr osQ Hkhrjtkr
gS % uhfrxr n`f"Vdks.k ls] fu;kZr izfrcakksa osQ lkFk tks O;kikj 'krs gSa] mudh rqyuk
eqDr O;kikj osQ rgr O;kikj&'krks ls djus dh k:jr gSA nwljs] HkweaMyh; oLrqvksa esa
dher&vfLFkjrk] fons'kh fofue; esa vfLFkjrk dks tUe nsrh gS] ftlls lao`f esa
mrkj&p<+ko vkrs gSa] u osQoy blfy, D;ksafd vk;kr djus dh {kerk de gks tkrh gS]
cfYd blfy, Hkh D;ksafd jktLo esa vfLFkjrk lkoZtfud oLrqvksa dh iwr esa fu;fer
izlkj dks de dj nsrh gSA varr%] yxrk gS fd ,slh ferO;;rkvksa dk iQk;nk mBkus
osQ fy,] tks iQeks o m|ksxksa osQ fy, ck gSa] ij lewps vkS|ksfxd {ks=k ;k vFkZO;oLFkk
osQ fy, vkarfjd gSa] ,d vkS|ksfxd vkkkj dk igys ls fodkl gksuk k:jh gSA
varjkZ"Vh; fof'k"Vhdj.k osQ vkjafHkd <kps ls mRiUu izfrcak dks ns[krs gq,] ;g
;kn djus yk;d gS fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh f"k ftl chekjh ls ihfM+r gS] mldk
mnkjoknh funku vkSj lekkku D;k gSA bl funku dk ,d fnypLi igyw ;g gS fd
gkykfd jk"Vksa osQ Lrj ij varj Fks] fiQj Hkh uhfr;k ,d leku Fkha_ fodkl'khy ns'k
vius f"k {ks=k ij dj yxkrs Fks vkSj fodflr ns'k mls vkFkd lgk;rk nsrs FksA vc]
ftl gn rd m".kdfVcakh;@'khrks".k f"k fof'k"Vhdj.k fr;ksxh ugha] vfirq iwjd
7
gS nksuksa rjg dh uhfr;k] ,d nwljs dks j djus dh ctk;] ,d nwljs dks ekcwr

16
djrh gSaA eryc ;g gS fd fodflr ns'kksa }kjk fn, x, vFkZ&lkgk;ksa us fodkl'khy
ns'kksa dh f"k vk;kr dherksa dks de fd;k] tcfd fodkl'khy ns'kksa }kjk yxk, x,
djksas us mudh f"k fu;kZr dherksa esa c<+kskjh dhA f"k&uhfr;ksa osQ nksuksa lewgksa us
feydj] fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh f"k O;kikj&'krks dks mQij p<+k;kA mYVs] O;kikj
mnkjhdj.k osQ ^lekkku* dks dk;kZfUor djus ls O;kikj&'krks dks uqdlku gksxk
(mRikndksa dks jktLo esa ykHk osQ ctk; gkfu gksxh)A
:f<+oknh funku dh nwljh eqf'dy] tks vHkh O;Dr dh xbZ igyh eqf'dy dh
iwjd gS] ;g gS fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh dkiQh vfkd f"k O;kikj&;ksX; ugha gS] u
osQoy blfy, fd ijaijkxr eq[; [kk| inkFkZ vke rkSj ij thou&fuokZg iQlyksa osQ
rkSj ij mRikfnr fd, tkrs gSa] cfYd blfy, Hkh fd ifjogu vkSj #fp osQ vojksk]
ekx vkSj iwr nksuksa dks LFkkuh; cuk nsrs gSaA vr% bl lhek rd] fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa
f"k O;kikj&vojkskd uhfr;ksa osQ cks> us ,slh ?kjsyw iQlyksa vkSj vk;kr&izfrLFkkidksa
osQ mRiknu esa c<+kskjh dj nh gksrhA foykser% O;kikj&uhfr dks myVus ls fu;kZr&;ksX;
oLrqvksa osQ ewY; ij cqjk Hkko iM+us osQ vykok (O;kikj&'krks esa uqdlku osQ dkj.k)]
,slh f"k&oLrqvksa dh ?kjsyw iwr Hkh de gksxh] tks O;kikj&;ksX; ugha gSA
vc ;fn iwr i{k dks ns[ksa] rks dher&papyrk vkSj tksf[ke] thou&fuokZg osQ
fy, mRiknu djus okys NksVs mRikndksa dh mRiknu osQ fofokhdj.k dh] ubZ
VsdukWykth dks viukus dh vkSj ckkkj osQ fy, mRiknu djus dh bPNk ij cgqr
;knk Hkko Mkyrs gSaA ;g osQoy blfy, ugha gS D;ksafd xjhc fdlkuksa osQ fy, vk;
osQ tksf[ke cgqr ;knk gSa] cfYd blfy, Hkh fd futh chek laHkkouk, cgqr de gSa
;k fiQj egaxh gSaA vr% de vkSlr dherksa ij Hkh] ?kjsyw dher&fLFkjhdj.k mik; rFkk
fo'o ckkkj dh dher&papyrk osQ f[kykiQ j{kk osQ mik;] iQk;ns dk lkSnk gks ldrs
gSaA gks ldrk gS dksVkvksa dk 'kqYd njksa esa cnyuk vkSj 'kqYd njksa esa deh Hkh]
8
fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ mRikndksa osQ fy, iQk;nsean u gks] cfYd mu ij cks> gh gksA
f"k oLrqvksa dh iwr dh oqQy yksp dk uhpk gksuk bl ckr dk izR;{kr%
izek.k gS fd fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh f"k esa izyksHku ls izsfjr gksdj vknkuksa dk futh
iz;ksx bruk 'kfDr'kkyh ugha fd og xfr'khy iwr frf;kvksa vkSj f"k&lao`f osQ
dkj.kksa dh O;k[;k dj losQA vHkh Hkh f"k&fodkl esa egoiw.kZ dkjd gSa %
Hkwfe&okZd vk%lajpuk (tSls lpkbZ) esa] xkaoksa esa fctyh vkSj ifjogu usVooZQ esa

17
vkSj iwr&okZd dkjdksa tSls f"k&'kksk o izlkj lsokvksa esa] lkoZtfud fuos'kA ;g Hkh
,d dkj.k gS fd ^dherksa dks lgh djus* ls rskh ls f"k&lao`f ugha gksrhA
ysfdu fodkl osQ fuEu Lrjksa ij] f"k&dherksa dk ,d jktdks"kh; dk;Z Hkh gSA
dj&jktLo esa o`f djus osQ fy, eq[;r% varjkZ"Vh; O;kikj ij dj yxk, tkrs gSa
9
vkSj xSj&f"k] eq[;r% vkS|ksfxd {ks=k] ij ?kjsyw dj yxk, tkrs gSaA tgk rd ?kjsyw
gLr{ksiksa dk loky gS] f"k eq[; :i ls vFkZ lkgk; dh rjiQ fn[kkbZ nsrh gS vkSj
djksa dh rjiQ Li"V :i ls vuqifLFkr gksrh gS] ;g fLFkfr O;kikj&djksa vkSj vFkZ
lkgk;ksa osQ osQl esa dkiQh gn rd myV tkrh gSA fu;kZr dj (vFkZ lkgk;) vke
rkSj ij f"k (vkS|ksfxd) oLrqvksa ij gksrs gSa] tcfd vk;kr dj eq[;r% vk;kr&
izfrLFkkid fofufeZr oLrqvksa ij yxk, tkrs gSaA ysfdu ftl rjg xSj&f"k oLrqvksa osQ
fy, vk;kr&laj{k.k lkkuksa dks f"k {ks=k ls fudky dj xSj&f"k {ks=kksa esa f'kV djrk
gS] xSj&f"k {ks=k ij ?kjsyw dj lalkkuksa dks xSj&f"k {ks=k ls ljdkj dh vksj
LFkkukarfjr djrs gSaA nksuksa rjg osQ gLr{ksi bdV~Bs feydj] f"k ls feyus okys jktLo
dks c<+krs gSaA ;fn jktLo lkoZtfud fuos'k ij ,d vya?; lhek gSa] rks jktLo c<+kus
dk ;g rjhdk] pkgs ;g lkkuksa osQ vkoaVu dks for gh djrk gks] f"k esa fcYoqQy
fuos'k u djus ls csgrj gSA
,slh jktdks"kh; lhekvksa osQ pyrs] f"k&dherksa esa lkis{k o`f ls] gkykfd
futh izsj.kk ksrksa esa lqkkj gksxk] ysfdu lkoZtfud fuos'k osQ fy, fok izcak djus
dh {kerk de gksxhA vr% ftl gn rd futh vknkuksa esa o`f gksrh gS] f"k mRiknu
esa o`f gksxh] vkSj ftl gn rd lkoZtfud vknkuksa esa fxjkoV gksrh gS] f"k mRiknu
esa Hkh fxjkoV gksxhA ;g nwljk egoiw.kZ dkj.k gS fd lexz f"k iwr dh yksp dk
voyksfdr ewY; de D;ksa gSA ;g ifjdYiuk bl ckr dh O;k[;k djus esa Hkh enn
djrh gS fd ljdkjsa D;ksa yxkrkj f"k mRiknu dh dhersa de j[krh gSa vkSj lkFk gh
lkoZtfud vknkuksa dks vFkZ lkgk; Hkh nsrh gSaA ns[kus esa varojksk okyk ;g
uhfr&lewg] lkoZtfud fuos'k osQ fo'kky Hkkj] vkSj f"k ij izR;{k djkkku ;k
lkoZtfud vknkuksa osQ dher&fukkZj.k ij loZO;kih izfrcak dks yf{kr djrk gSA
igys m`r ,iQ,vks fjiksVZ mu jktdks"kh; lksp&fopkjksa dks cgqr ego nsrh
gS ftUgksaus O;kikj&vkkkfjr f"k&djkkku esa ,d Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ Fkh (,iQ,vks]
1999)A cgjgky ftl gn rd bu lksp&fopkjksa dk Hkko cuk jgrk gS] ;g le>us

18
dh k:jr gS fd bl djkkku dks NksM+ nsus ls jktdks"kh; vkkkj de gks ldrk gS
vkSj f"k fodkl Hkh #d ldrk gSA gekjs ikl cl ;g 'u jg tkrk gS fd D;k
f"k&fojkskh O;kikj >qdko dh lekfIr] tks vc ekuk tkrk gS fd viuh ;k=kk iwjh dj
pqdh gS] f"k iwr esa o`f osQ fy, iQk;nsean jgh gS ;k uqdlkunsgA
?kjsyw f"k&oLrqvksa vkSj fu;kZr ;ksX; f"k&oLrqvksa dh ekx&lajpuk osQ vykok]
?kjsyw izHkkoh ekx dk Lrj Hkh ,d vkSj dkjd gS ftlosQ fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa f"k
dher&fukkZj.k vkSj O;kikj&uhfr osQ fy,] cgqr tcjnLr fufgrkFkZ gSaA fuEu vk; okys
ns'k vis{kkr can gSa (vkdkj ij fu;a=k.k djus osQ ckn)] vkSj ;g ldy ?kjsyw mRikn
esa f"k osQ lkis{k fgLls dks yf{kr djrk gSA bl dkjd dk ego nks dkj.kksa ls gSA
,d rks] tSlk fd igys uksV fd;k tk pqdk gS] vkjafHkd fof'k"Vhdj.k dk <kapk ?kjsyw
fofokhdj.k dks fodkl osQ fy, k:jh cuk nsrk gSA blosQ fy, vko';d gS fd
vkS|ksfxd fodkl osQ laj{k.k osQ fy, O;kikj&djkkku gks] D;ksafd vFkZ lkgk;ksa ij
fiQj jktdks"kh; izfrcak gks ldrk gSA ysfdu blosQ lkFk gh ;g Hkh lp gS fd]
fofufeZr fu;kZrksa osQ lhfer vkkkj ij] rhoz vkS|ksfxd fodkl vius&vki [kk| inkFkks
dh ekx vkSj iwthxr@varoZrhZ oLrqvksa dh vk;kr k:jrksa dks iwjk ugha dj ldrkA
O;kikj 'krks esa gkfudkjd ifjorZu ls ykHk esa gksus okyh deh dks jksdus osQ fy,]
fu;kZr;ksX; oLrqvksa vkSj ?kjsyw f"k ij frcakksa ls tw>uk gksxkA bl ijaijkxr ekU;rk
dks vuqHkotU; leFkZu izkIr ugha gS fd dher&ifjorZu vko';d iwr frf;k iSnk
djus osQ fy, dkiQh gksaxsA
nwljs] vkSj foykser%] rhoz f"k&lao`f vius fy, ckkkj mRiUu ugha dj
ldrhA dher&oSaQph&Hkko ls f"k izsj.kkksrksa esa gksus okyh deh dks jksdus osQ fy,]
vkS|ksfxd fuos'k vkSj@;k f"k dh jkstxkj l?kurk dks c<+kuk k:jh gSA ;g roZQ fn;k
tk ldrk gS fd f"k vk;kr&izfrLFkkiu vkSj@;k fu;kZr o`f osQ ek;e ls
ekx&izfrcak osQ Hkko dks de fd;k tk ldrk gSA cgjgky] igyk jkLrk (vk;kr
izfrLFkkiu dk) can gks ldrk gS ;fn ekx i{k esa ?kjsyw f"k oLrqvksa dk vklkuh ls
vk;krksa ls izfrLFkkiu ugha gksrk] tcfd nwljs jkLrs dks fuEu iwr frf;k] fons'kh
ekx dh de yksp vkSj@ ;k fu;kZr ckkkjksa esa dksVk&izfrcak lhfer dj ldrs gSaA bu
esa ls vafre dkjd (dksVk izfrcakksa) esa gh O;kikj&lqkkjksa osQ ek;e ls ifjorZu fd;k
tk ldrk gSA

19
lkj ;g gS fd ?kjsyw f"k@m|ksx O;kikj&'krs vk;&forj.k vkSj izHkkoh ekx esa
,d 'kfDr'kkyh pj gSaA fiQj dYiuk djsa fd O;kikj osQ [kqyus ls fuoy fu;kZrksa vkSj
?kjsyw f"k dherksa esa o`f gksrh gSA blosQ iQyLo:i 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k eknwjksa vkSj
xjhc fdlkuksa dh ;&{kerk esa gksus okyh deh xSj&f"k {ks=kksa dh izHkkoh ekx dks
de djsxh vkSj blosQ lkFk gh mRiknu rFkk ljdkjh jktLo esa Hkh fxjkoV gksxhA ;fn
fuos'k ekx dh fLFkfr ij fuHkZj djrk gS] rks blls e;edkfyd lao`f de gksxh
vkSj lkoZtfud O;; dk vk%lajpuk vkSj f"k ij okZd Hkko Hkh de gksxkA ;fn
O;kikj&lqkkjksa osQ lkFk ,d lgk;d f"k&uhfr viukbZ tk,] rks bldk ifj.kke
e;edkfyd LVSxys'kWu (xfrghurk vkSj LiQhfr dk feJ.k) gksxk (nsf[k, u;j o
lsu 1994 vkSj LVkWeZ 1997)A
Hkhrjh O;kikj 'krs@ekax ekxZ vkSj jktdks"kh;@iwfrZ ekxZ] nksuksa feydj ;g crkrs
gSa fd O;kikj&izfrjkskd uhfr;k lewph f"k dh lao`f njksa dks mQij mBk,axhA ysfdu
gekjs fiNys mkj@nf{k.k roZQ osQ foijhr] ge fuf'pr rkSj ij ugha dg ldrs fd
fodflr vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh uhfr;k ,d gh fn'kk esa dke djsaxhA ;g bl ij
fuHkZj djsxk fd blosQ iQyLo:i fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fuoy f"k ;k [kk| ekx c<+rh
gS ;k de gksrh gSA ;fn ?kjsyw fofokhdj.k liQy gksrk gS (lao`f nj c<+kus vkSj
blosQ ykHkksa dk izlkj djus osQ fygkt ls] rkfd [kk| oLrqvksa dh ekx rhozrk ls c<+
losQ)] rc bl ckr dh dkiQh laHkkouk gS fd fuoy f"k ekx c<+dj HkweaMyh;
ckkkj rd igqp tk, vkSj mldh dherksa esa o`f dj nsA ,slh fLFkfr esa] mkj o
nf{k.k dh uhfr;k foijhr fn'kkvksa esa dke djsaxh] tSlk fd mnkjoknh n`f"Vdks.k gS]
ysfdu blosQ dkj.k xR;kRed gksaxs] u fd LFkSfrdA
;g lp gS fd vk;kr&izfrLFkkid vkS|ksxhdj.k djus okys vusd ns'kksa dks ,slh
liQyrk ugha feyhA vkSj ;fn ihNs n`f"V Mkysa] rks ,d mnkjoknh O;kikj&O;oLFkk ftu
LFkSfrd ykHkksa dk Hkh oknk djrh gS] os mu ij gksus okyh ykxrksa dh rqyuk esa
vkd"kZd yx ldrs gSaA vliQyrk osQ dkj.k] yxrk gS] izlaxkkhu gSa vkSj mUgsa vklkuh
ls lkekU; fu;e dk :i ugha fn;k tk ldrkA 'kk;n ^f"k&lacakh 'u* jktuSfrd
:i ls vlk; fl gqvk_ ;k miyCk VsdukWykth dh lgk;rk ls f"k&kafr ugha dh
tk ldh_ ;k dHkh ,d vkSj dHkh nwljs vojksk osQ pyrs] jkT; }kjk lkkuksa dh
ywVekj dh xbZA cgjgky] ;g Li"V gS fd lao`f esa e;e ;k vk'p;Ztud
liQyrkvksa vkSj lqLi"V vliQyrkvksa esa bl vkkkj ij Hksn ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd

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igyh fLFkfr dh fo'ks"krk eqDr O;kikj vkSj f"k ij dj u yxkuk gS (bl ekeys esa
dksbZ ;knk varj ugha tSlk fd ge vkxs crk,axs)A ;g fu"d"kZ] udkjkRed gksrs gq,
Hkh] de f'k{kkokZd ughaA
gkykfd f"k ij djkkku dh vkSlr nj] [kkl rkSj ls O;kikj vkSj fofue; nj
esa gLr{ksi osQ ek;e ls] lc&lgkjk vizQhdk esa ;knk mQph Fkh] ;g ykrhuh vejhdk
vkSj ,f'k;k osQ vusd ns'kksa esa Hkh ;knk ihNs ugha FkhA igyh Js.kh osQ ns'kksa esa djkkku
dh vkSlr nj yxHkx 51 fr'kr Fkh tcfd nwljs ns'k&lewgksa esa ;g 36 fr'kr osQ
djhc Fkh (ozwQtj] f'kiWQ o okYMst] 1988)A O;kikj 'krks esa f"k osQ f[kykiQ ifjorZu
djus osQ ckotwn Hkh] izHkkoh lkoZtfud dkjZokbZ vkSj fuos'kksa osQ ek;e ls (ftudk
ms'; ckrkvksa dks Hkhrjh cukuk] lkoZtfud oLrqvksa dk mRiknu djuk vkSj vU;
ckkkj&vliQyrkvksa dks nq#Lr djuk Fkk)] liQy f"k kafr dh xbZA f"k ifjorZu@
kafr dk osaQh; dke dherksa dks ^lgh* djuk ugha gS & HkweaMyh; ckkkjksa osQ vuq:i
& cfYd mUgsa mfpr rjhosQ ls ^x+yr* djuk gS % ckgjh O;kikj 'krks dks izfrowQy gksus
ls jksduk vkSj xzkeh.k thou&Lrjksa dks de fd, fcuk] Hkhrjh O;kikj&'krks dks xSj&f"k
10
{ks=k osQ i{k esa djukA
vuqokfndk % MkW pUizHkk
1
2
3
4
5

HkweaMyhdj.k] vk;&forj.k rFkk lajpukRed ifjorZu ij gqbZ ooZQ'kki osQ fy,

rS;kj fd;k x;k ys[k] 14&17 fnlacj] 2000] psUubZ] HkkjrA
;wfuolVh vkWiQ eSlkpqlsV~l] ,sEgLVZ] ;w,l,] bZ esy % rao@econs.edu. rFkk
bjkWLel ;wfuolVh] jkWVjMe] fn uhnjySaM~l] bZ esy % storm@few.eur.nl. e'k%A
;g uksV djus yk;d gS fd fiNys O;oLFkk&pquko Hkh] gkykfd varjkZ"Vh; nckoksa
}kjk vis{kkr de izfrcafkr ;k laxfBr Fks] fiQj Hkh os cgqr ;knk vfHklfjr FksA
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] f"k&iwr frf;k ij miyCk lkfgR; dh vkykspukRed
leh{kk osQ fy, ns[ksa jkWo (1989 ch)A
dfYir izkpy ewY; gSa % ?kjsyw f"k&dhersa vius lhekorhZ Lrjksa dh 50 fr'kr_
ekx o iwr dh ykspsa e'k% &0-5 vkSj -25_ f"k fu;kZr ?kjsyw mRiknu osQ 25
fr'kr_ rFkk f"k&{ks=k esa ewY;&o`f oqQy ewY;&o`f dk 40 fr'krA
gky osQ losZ{k.kksa osQ fy, nsf[k, [kksj (2000) rFkk vks,ftns (2000)

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fodkl'khy ns'kksa osQ eq[; fu;kZrksa esa 'kkfey gSa dikl] rEckowQ] dkWiQh] dksdks] pk;
m".kdfVcakh iQy] ukfj;y] ikWe dk rsy rFkk phuhA egoiw.kZ vk;kr gSa xsgw] pkoy
rFkk eDdkA
;g lp gS fd ;fn lHkh ns'kksa dh Hkhrjh dherksa dks fo'o dherksa osQ lkFk ckak
fn;k tk,] rks fo'o dhersa de papy gks tk,axh ysfdu blls ckkkj&tksf[keksa esa tks
o`f gks ldrh gS] ml fo"k; esa ;g pqi gSA vfkdka'k fo'o f"k&ckkkjksa osQ
irysiu osQ pyrs] ?kjsyw chek pquko O;kikj ij Hkjkslk djus dh rqyuk esa] fiQj Hkh
,d csgrj fodYi gSA ;g Hkh uksV djus yk;d gS fd f"k le>kSrs osQ rgr]
fodflr ns'kksa us vius ?kjsyw ckkkjksa dks fLFkj djus osQ ms'; ls] vius dks leFkZ
cuk;k gS fd os mQph vkc 'kqYd&njksa osQ uhps (xans 'kqYdhdj.k osQ
ifj.kkeLo:i) viuh 'kqYd njksa esa ifjorZu dj losaQA
fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa] ckgjh mnkjhdj.k ls igys vkSj ckn esa] jktdks"kh; izfrcak osQ
fo'ys"k.k osQ fy,] nsf[k, jkWo (1991)A
bldk ,d mnkgj.k rSoku gS (nsf[k, yh] 1971)A