1

Active Zone
Volcanism: Active thermal fields in the past 10,000 years

Earthquake regions

6,357 Km

39,842 .
39,776 .

6,378 Km

4 3
r
3

1.08x1027 ..

() = 5.975x1027 .
= / =

5.518 ./.3

Seismology :
Seismograph :
Seismograms :

(Push-wave)

(Secondary-wave,
Shear-wave, Shake-wave)

P-wave S-wave

3,470 .

10.6
./..

2,900 .

4.6 ./..

5-70
17

2.8
./..

SIAL
SIMA

SIAL
Silicon Aluminium
2.7 ./..
SIMA
Silicon Magnesium
3.3 ./..

+
Positive Bouguer anomaly

Negative Bouguer anomaly

SIAL
SIMA

()
()


Isostatic Equilibrium, Isostacy
SIAL
SIMA

In areas formerly covered by

ice sheets (around the Baltic
Sea and Hudson Bay
http://www.homepage.montana.edu/~geol445/hyperglac/isostasy1/

(Technonic Process, Tectogenesis)

(Orogeny, Orogenesis)

(Continental Drift) : Wegener
: E.Argand
(Convection)

(Fold)
(Fault) Epeirogensis Epeirogenic Movement Epeirogeny

Continental Drift Theory

(Convection)

 (Convection)

SIAL

(Pre-orogenic Tectonic)

(Syn-orogenic Tectonic)

(Post-orogenic Tectonic)

10

 (Plate Tectonic Theory)

(Technonic Process, Tectogenesis)

(Orogeny, Orogenesis)

(Plate Technonic Theory)

(Continental Drift Theory)

Plates

11

(Divergent Plate Boundaries)

12



(Divergent Plate Boundaries)

(Convergent Plate Boundaries)

13


(Transform Fault Boundaries)

14


(Orogenic belts)
(Tectogenesis)
( Orogenesis)

(Shields)

(Platform and Sedimentary Basins)

(Epeirogenic Tectonic)

Orogenic Belts

15

Alpine Orogeny, Appalachian

Canadian Shield

16

Canadian Shield

Canadian Shield

Woodfin Camp and Associates,

Inc./Gerd Ludwig

Microsoft Encarta
Reference Library 2005.
1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation.
All rights reserved.

Canadian Shield
Also known as the Laurentian Plateau, the Canadian Shield is a massive horseshoe-shaped region
in Canada and the northern United States. The region, which occupies almost half of Canadas total
area, is mineral-rich, and many important elements are mined there.

17

Baltic-Scandinavian Shields

Platform and Sedimentary Basins

Sedimentary Basins in Asia

18

Platform and Sedimentary Basins

Sedimentary Basins in America

Sedimentary Basins: Death Valley

19

(Faults)

Transcurrent faults

(Faults)
Fault Line, Iceland
The island of Iceland lies at the boundary
of the North American and Eurasian
tectonic plates. The country is remarkable
for its number of volcanoes, craters,
thermal springs, geysers, and earthquakes.
Shown here, at ingyellir, just 41 km (25
mi) north-east of the capital Reykjavk, are
the ravines and cliffs that mark the line of
the mid-Atlantic fault.

20

(Faults)
San Andreas Fault, California

(Faults)
Reverse Fault

Rift Valleys

Horst
Rift Valleys, Garben

21

(Faults)

(Faults)
Great Rift Valley

22

(Folds)

(Folds)

Photo Researchers, Inc./V. Englebert

Microsoft Encarta Reference

Library 2005. 1993-2004 Microsoft
Corporation. All rights reserved.

Folded Rocks
Movements in the earths crust have compressed these layers of sedimentary rock into a fold
called an anticline. Geologists study features of the earths surface, such as this anticline, to
understand the various processes that change the landscape. For example when large pieces of
the earths crust move laterally, they create huge compressional forces that can bend or even
break rocks.

23

(Folds)

(Nappes)
Recumbent Folds / Overtrust Faults
Structurally, the Alpine mountain system is divided into the Western and Eastern Alps by a furrow that leads from the Rhine Valley in northern Switzerland,
across Splgen Pass to Lake Como in northern Italy. The Western Alps average about 1000 m (about 3300 ft) higher and are narrower and more rugged
than the Eastern Alps. The highest peak of the Alps, Mont Blanc (4807 m/15,771 ft), is on the Franco-Italian border. Among the principal ranges are the
Maritime, Ligurian, Cottian, and Alpes Gres in France and Italy and the Bernese, Glarus, and Pennine (or Valais) Alps in Switzerland. The Jura Mountains
are a northwestern outlier of the French Alps. From Lake Geneva the Alpine ranges curve northeast and become more widely separated, attaining a width
of 250 km (155 mi) in the center of the arc. The ranges of the Eastern Alps diverge, finally to plunge to the Danubian Basin near Vienna. Well-known
mountain chains of the Eastern Alps are the Bavarian Alps, Allgu Alps, Hohe Tauern, and Niedere Tauern in the north and the Dolomite and Carnic Alps
in the south.
Summit regions above 3000 m (about 9800 ft) are glaciated. Peaks and crests,
however, rise above the ice, displaying jagged shapes (toothlike horns, needles, and
knife-edged ridges). About 2% of the total area of the Alps is covered by ice. The
longest valley glacier, the Aletsch Glacier in the Bernese Alps, is 18 km (11 mi) long.
Broad and deep longitudinal valleys, which hold the courses of the upper Rhne,
upper Rhine, Inn, Salzach, Mur, and Drava (Drau) rivers, separate the structural units
of the Alps, and contain the main settlements and the principal arteries for traffic.
Deeply incised, transverse tributary valleys lead up to the pass regions. Passes at
elevations above 2000 m (about 6600 ft) are blocked with snow during the winter
months; these include the Mont Cenis, Great Saint Bernard, Simplon, and Saint
Gotthard passes. Brenner Pass, at 1,371 m (4,497 ft), and Reschen Pass, at 1508 m
(4948 ft), provide the easiest crossings. Engineering feats, such as tunneling of the
higher passes for highways and railroads, have lessened the barrier effect of the Alps.
Microsoft ? Encarta ? Reference Library 2005. ? 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. All
rights reserved.

24