Consider two Boltzmann gases A and B, at pressures PA and PB and temperatures TA and TB, respectively, contained in two regions

of space that communicate through a very narrow opening in the partitioning wall,

[I.1] Show that the dynamic equilibrium resulting from the mutual effusion of the two kinds of molecules, rather than

PA = PB 1, satisfies the condition, That the two effusion rates are equal means, given that a Boltzmann gas is an ideal gas for which we have equipartition of energy,
1 R A = RB 1 n A u A = 4 nB uB n A 4

???

kTA kTB = nB mA mB

n = N /V P /T ; 1 mv 2 = 1 kT 2 2

PA TA

kTA PB = m A TB

kTB P TA m A A = [I.2] mB PB TB mB

Appendix: derivation of the effusion rate from Pathria

[I.3] Consider velocities over the range [u, u + du ] . Normalization condition,

all velocities

f ( u ) du 1

[I.4]

How many particles will strike dA in time dt? Vinc = dA u dt dninc = Vinc d = ( dA u dt ) ( n f ( u) du ) ; Integrating the density [I.5] over a volume gives pressure,

d pz = pz u z d = 2 pz uz ( nf ( u) du ) [I.5]
1 n pu 3
[I.6]

P = n d pz = 2npz u z f (u) d 3u = n ( pz uz ) f ( u) d 3u = n pz uz = n pu cos2 =

Effusion

We are integrating from = [0, ] , half the range you might expect, since we are considering only uz > 0 --that 2 is, only the particles that make it through the hole. Using the normalization R = n u z f ( u ) d 3u = n

f (u)d 3u = f (u)4 u 2du 1 ,

0
0

/2

u cos f ( u ) u 2 sin du d d = n f ( u) u 3 du =

1 n u 4

[I.7]

For more info: see SMT 01, p. 14, pr 22.

Which would be the case if the equilibrium had resulted from a hydrodynamic flow