EIO

-
London

Van der Waals

9 E

2.
, Mr.

9 T

(0)
.

i) : .
ii) : .

V = nRT = CRT

9 ()

+ +

=
< 0
> 0 .

i) .
ii) .
iii) .

9 ()

= 1atm, = 25C C = 1M
H
Orbit Graphic Design & Advertising
. 210 3840020

1.
.

 B
=
() = 0, .

9
Q = mc Q = (C + mc)

9 Lavoisier - Laplace

1
.. 2 + 2 2(g)
2
1
2(g) H2 + 2
2
1 = 2, .

= 58kcal
= +58kcal

9 Hess
= 1 + 2

+ +

1 []
1 []
1 []
1 []
= = = =
t
t
t
t
K

9
1.
-C -

2.

-P V -C -

3.
- -

Orbit Graphic Design & Advertising

. 210 3840020

 B
4.
- -

5.
-

6.
-

9
1.

H2 O(g)
.. CO + O
(g)
2(g) CO 2(g)

2.
Fe(s)
.. N
2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH 3(g)

3.
4

+ 2MnSO

4 + 10CO 2 +

8H2O

.. 2KMnO 4 + 5(COOH) 2 + 3H 2SO 4 K 2SO

+ +

= k[A]x[B]y
1(x + y)
s1
k: , mol
L

( )

x + y:

x = y =.

..
+ 3

A + 2B ( )

+ B ( )

: = k[A][B]2

9
1.

.. N2(g) + 3H2(g) R 2NH 3(g)

2.
.. CaCO 3(s) R CaO(s) + CO 2(g)

9 ()
=

0<<1

Orbit Graphic Design & Advertising

. 210 3840020

9
1.
.. N2(g) + 3H 2(g) R 2NH 3(g)

- [N2 ] .. 2
.
- [NH3 ] .. .

2.

.. N2(g) + 3H2(g) R 2NH 3(g)

- P .. mol
.
3.
.. N2(g) + 3H2(g) R 2NH 3(g) < 0

- ..
.

(g) + (g) R (g) + (g) .. :

[ ][]
kc =
[A][B]
kp =

9 k

P P

P P

kc
kp = kc(RT)n
n = + ( + )

+ = + kp = kc

9 (Q )
c

+ R +

[ ][]
Qc =
[A][B]
Qc = kc ..
Qc < kc .
Qc > kc .

Orbit Graphic Design & Advertising

. 210 3840020

9 1 -

.
.. C + O2 CO2
4HCl + O2 2Cl2 + 2H2O

A
.
.. H2 + Cl2 2HCl
1
HgO Hg + O2
2
2 -

O .
.

9 3 -

.
.

1. .
2. .. .
3. F .. 1.
4. o .. 2, OF2, +2
.. 22, 1.
5. .. +1, .. Cl 1,
.. .
6. o .. .
7. ..
.
Orbit Graphic Design & Advertising
. 210 3840020

2 2 + : F, Cl, Br, I

O2 O2 +
O3 O2 + O2 +

MnO2 + H+ Mn2+ +
PbO2 + H+ Pb2+ +
CuO Cu0 +
Ag2O Ag0
H2O2 H2O2 +
SO2 S0 +
O
H2SO4 () SO2 +
HNO3 () 2 +
3 () +

nO4 + + n2+ +
K2Cr2O7 + H+ 2Cr3+ +

..
..
.. Fe3+ Fe2+ +
Sn4+ Sn2+ +

3 +
+
.. ClO3 KCl +
CaOCl2 () CaCl2

M Mx+ +
x .
.

C CO2 +
S H2SO4 +
H2 H2O +
P H3PO4 +

SO2 H2SO4+
H2O2 O2+
CO CO2 + ...
O
1/22 + (: Cl, Br, I)
H2S S0 +
-
-
.. 2SO3 H2SO4 +

-
-
.. Na2SO3 Na2SO4+
NaX 1/2X2 + ... (: Cl, Br, I)
Na2S S0 +
.. .
.. Fe2+ Fe3+ +
Sn2+ Sn4+ +

3 2 +

9
(. , . , .. H SO )
3

1.

.. .
3+

..
2Fe + 6H 2SO 4
Fe 2(S 4 ) 3 + 3SO 2 + 6H2O

Orbit Graphic Design & Advertising

. 210 3840020

 B
2+

Cu + 4HNO 3
Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + 2NO 2 + 2H2O
2+

3Zn + 8HNO 3
3 Zn(NO 3 ) 2 + 2NO + 4H2O

2.
.
C

. H2SO4

CO2

H3PO4

SO2

. HNO3

CO2

H3PO4

H2SO4

HIO3

H3PO4

H2SO4

. HNO3

I 2 + 10HNO 3
2HIO 3 +10NO 2 + 4H2O

3P + 5HNO 3 + 2 2
3 3P 4 + 5

C + 4HNO 3
CO 2 + 4NO 2 + 2H2O

KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, MnO2, PbO2
, H2SO4.
5CO + 2KMnO4 + 3H 2SO 4 5CO

+ 2MnSO 4 + K2SO4 + 3H2O

H2SO4 :
1. (HCl, HBr, HI). .
2KMnO 4 + 16HCl 2KCl + 2MnCl 2 +5Cl 2 + 8H2O

2. .. ..
.
6FeCl 2 + K 2Cr 2O 7 + 14HCl 6FeCl 3 +2CrCl

+2KCl + 7H2O

SO2 H2SO3.
SO2 H2SO3 H2SO4 H2SO4.
H2SO4 , H2SO4,
.
2

5SO 2 + 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2SO 4 + 2H 2O 5 H 2SO 4 + 2MnSO 4 + K 2SO 4

5SO 2 + 2KMnO 4 + 2H 2O 2H 2SO 4 + 2MnSO 4 + K2SO4

Orbit Graphic Design & Advertising
. 210 3840020

1. ( )

K, Ba, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Zn, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Bi, Cu, Hg, Ag, Au

, ' , .
,
2, ' ' ' .
..
.

Zn + 2HCl ZnCl 2 + H 2

2+

Fe + H 2SO 4
FeSO 4 + H 2

Ag + FeSO 4

2.

F2, Cl2, Br2, O2, I2, S

.
Cl 2 + 2KBr 2KCl + Br 2

.
22 SO2. .
5H 2O 2 + 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2SO 4 2MnSO 4 + K2SO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
H 2O 2 + 2HI 2H 2O + I

1. H2SO4 S.
.
2H 2SO 4 + S 3SO 2 + 2H 2O

2. SO2 2S

SO 2 + 2H 2S 3S + 2H 2O

Orbit Graphic Design & Advertising

. 210 3840020

 B
3. 2SO4

2+

Fe + H 2SO 4
FeSO 4 + H 2
3+

..
2Fe + 6H 2SO 4
Fe 2(S 4 ) 3 + 3SO 2 + 62

Cu + H 2SO 4

..
Cu+2H 2SO 4
CuSO 4 + SO 2 + 2H 2O

4. (CaOCl2)
Cl ..(1 +1)
CaCl2 ..
Cl ( +1 1)

3CaOCl 2 + 2NH 3 3CaCl 2 +N 2 +3H 2O

Orbit Graphic Design & Advertising

. 210 3840020