An electromagnetic bomb, or e-bomb, is a weapon designed to take advantage of this dependency.

But instead of simply cutting off power in an area, an e-bomb would actually destroy most machines that use electricity. Generators would be useless, cars wouldn't run, and there would be no chance of making a phone call. In a matter of seconds, a big enough e-bomb could thrust an entire city back 200 years or cripple a military unit .The Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) effect was first observed during theearly testing of high altitude airburst nuclear weapons.

The effect is characterised by the production of a very short (hundreds of nanoseconds) but intense electromagnetic pulse, which propagates away from its source with ever diminishing intensity, governed by the theory of electromagnetism. The Electromagnetic Pulse is in effect an electromagnetic shock wave. This pulse of energy produces a powerful electromagnetic field, particularly within the vicinity of the weapon burst. The field can be sufficiently strong to produce short lived transient voltages of thousands of Volts (i.e. kilovolts) on exposed electrical conductors, such as wires, or conductive tracks on printed circuit boards, where exposed. It is this aspect of the EMP effect which is of military significance, as it can result in irreversible damage to a wide range of electrical and electronic equipment, particularly computers and radio or radar receivers. Subject to the electromagnetic hardness of the electronics, a measure of the equipment's resilience to this effect, and the intensity of the field produced by the weapon, the equipment can be irreversibly damaged or in effect electrically destroyed. The damage inflicted is not unlike that experienced through exposure to close proximity lightning strikes, and may require complete replacement of the equipment, or at least substantial portions thereof.

A data logger (or data logger) is an electronic instrument that records data over time or in relation to location. Increasingly, but not necessarily, they are based on a digital processor (or computer). They may be small, battery powered and portable and vary between general purpose types for a range of measurement applications to very specific devices for measuring in one environment only .It is common for general purpose types to be programmable. Standardisation of protocols and data formats is growing in the industry and XML is increasingly being adopted for data exchange. The development of the Semantic Web is likely to accelerate this trend. A smart protocol, SDI-12, exists that allows some instrumentation to be connected to a variety of data loggers. The use of this standard has not gained much acceptance outside the environmental industry. SDI12 also supports multi drop instruments.

Some data logging companies are also now supporting the MODBUS standard, this has been used traditionally in the industrial control area there are many industrial instruments which support this communication standard. Some data loggers utilize a flexible scripting environment to adapt themselves to various non-standard protocols. Another multi drop protocol which is now stating to become more widely used is based upon CANBUS (ISO 11898) this bus system was originally developed by Robert Bosch for the automotive industry. This protocol is ideally suited to higher speed logging , the data is divided into small individually addressed 64 bit packets of information with a very strict priority. This standard from the automotive/machine area is now seeping into more traditional data logging areas, a number of newer players and some of the more traditional players have loggers supporting sensors with this communications bus.

Wireless Underground Communication Networks (WUCNs) constitute one of the promising application areas of the recently developed wireless networking techniques. The WUCNs consist of wireless devices that operate below the ground surface. These devices are either (i) buried completely under dense soil or (ii) placed within a bounded open underground space such as underground mines and road/subway tunnels. In the former case, networks of wireless nodes are buried underground and communicate through soil. Underground wireless communication enables a wide variety of novel applications, including soil condition monitoring, earthquake and landslide prediction, underground infrastructure monitoring, sports-field turf management, landscape management, border patrol and security, etc. However, underground is a challenging environment for wireless communication. The propagation medium is no longer air but soil, rock and water where the well-established terrestrial wireless communication do not work well Using of electromagnetic waves in underground has several disadvantages. Magnetic induction (MI) seems a better choice. A detailed analysis on the path loss and bandwidth of the MI communication channel in underground environments was analysed. Then based on the analysis, we develop the MI waveguide technique for WUSNs, which can significantly reduce the path loss, enlarge the transmission range and achieve practical bandwidth for MI communication in underground environments. Here some small coils are deployed between the transmitter and the receiver as relay points, which form a discontinuous waveguide that transmit the MI waves

Traditional wireless communication techniques using electromagnetic (EM) waves encounter three major problems in underground environments: the high path loss, the dynamic channel condition and the large antenna size. First, EM waves experience high levels of attenuation due to absorption by soil, rock, and water in the underground. Second, the path loss is highly dependent on numerous soil properties such as water content, soil makeup (sand, silt, or clay) and density, and can change dramatically with time and space. Consequently, the bit error rate (BER) of the communication system also varies dramatically in different times or positions. Third, large size antenna is necessary for the efficient propagation of EM waves. Path loss can be reduced if lower operating frequencies are used. Magnetic induction (MI) is a promising alternative physical layer technique for underground wireless networks in deep burial depth. It can address the problems on the dynamic channel condition and the large antenna size of the EM waves techniques. The MI channel conditions remain constant. More over transmission and reception are accomplished using small coil of wire. However, MI is generally unfavourable for terrestrial wireless communication. As the transmission distance r increases, magnetic field strength falls off much faster (1/r 3 )than the EM waves (1/r 2 ) in terrestrial environment. The total path loss of the MI system is lower than the EM wave Taking into account all the limitations mentioned above, MI waveguide technique is developed for WUSNs, which can significantly reduce the path loss, enlarge the transmission range and achieve practical bandwidth for MI communication in underground environments. Unlike the simple transmitter receiver model of MI communication, in MI waveguide several coils are placed between transmitter and receiver which forms a continuous waveguide

A type of flat-panel display that works by sandwiching a neon/xenon gas mixture between two sealed glass plates with parallel electrodes deposited on their surfaces. The plates are sealed so that the electrodes form right angles, creating pixels. When a voltage pulse passes between two electrodes, the gas breaks down and produces weakly ionized plasma, which emits UV radiation. The UV radiation activates color phosphors and visible light is emitted from each pixel. Also called "gas

discharge display," a flat-screen technology that uses tiny cells lined with phosphor that are full of inert ionized gas (typically a mix of xenon and neon). Three cells make up one pixel (one cell has red phosphor, one green, one blue). The cells are sandwiched between x- and y-axis panels, and a cell is selected by charging the appropriate x and y electrodes. The charge causes the gas in the cell to emit ultraviolet light, which causes the phosphor to emit colour. The amount of charge determines the intensity, and the combination of the different intensities of red, green and blue produce all the colours required .Today, Plasma displays are becoming more and more popular. Compared to conventional CRT displays, plasma displays are about one-tenth the thickness--around 4'', and one-sixth the weight--less than 67 pounds for a 40" display. They use over 16 million colours and have a 160 degree-viewing angle. Companies such as Panasonic, Fujitsu, and Pioneer manufacture plasma displays. Plasma displays were initially monochrome, typically orange, but colour displays have become very popular and are used for home theater and computer monitors as well as digital signs. The plasma technology is similar to the way neon signs work combined with the red, green and blue phosphor technology of a CRT. Plasma monitors consume significantly more current than LCD-based monitors.