ANALYSIS OF A SUPERCRITICAL STEAM GENERATOR

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MR. GAVENDRA NORKEY

GROUP MEMBERS
ABHISHEK K. SHUKLA(101604) RAHUL GAUR(101658) ROHIT PANDEY(101663) SAURABH ANAND(101668) SAYUSH SAMRAT(101668)

IN THIS PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION PRESENT SCENARIO IN INDIA GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY- VARIOUS METHODS THERMAL POWER GENERATION STEAM GENERATORS SUPERCRITICAL STEAM GENERATORS

What is the need?

India is a nation under transition. It is also known as emerging economy. Here electric sector supplies the world 5th largest energy consumer , accounting for 4% of global energy. And consumption is more than 17% of global population. Year 2010-11, the energy requirement registered a growth of 3.7% against the projected growth of 5.6 %. Here Base load requirement was 861,591 (MU) against availability of 788,355 (MU) which is a shortage of 73,236 i.e 8.5% deicit.

WORLD STANDING
Rank Country Year 2010 Electricity Consumptio n ( TWh ) 4,365 4,160 1,065 1,049 918 625 619 572 Population Million Annual KWh per capita.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

USA China Japan Russia India Germany Canada France

307 1,339 127 140 1,166 82 33 64

14,218 3107 8389 7493 787 7622 18757 8937

9
10

Brazil
S . Korea

495
487

199
49

2487
9939

From the above table:

India has lowest Average power per capital among the top ten power consuming countries. If GDP growth rate accelerates to ambitious 8 to 10%, shortage of power will become more severe.

GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
Some popular methods includes: a) CONVENTIONAL METHODS
1.THERMAL : energy from fossil fuels or nuclear energy is used to

produce steam which drives the alternators.

2. HYDRO-ELECTRIC: potential energy of water stored at higher

altitudes is utilized to drive the alternators.

b)

NON-CONVENTIONAL METHODS
1.WIND ENERGY : high velocities of wind are utilized to rotate wind

turbines coupled to alternators. This method is having advanatage of being pollution-free and renewable. Also this method has zeroproduction cost.

NON-CONVENTIONAL METHODS continued 3. SOLAR CELLS: Solar cells or photovoltaic cells directly converts solar energy into electrical energy, through a chemical action taking place in cells. This method is based on photo-voltaic effect, which develop an emf on absorption of ionizing radiation from sun. 4. FUEL CELLS: These are devices which directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy. These are yet to become popular for bulk-power generation. Other potential non-conventional sources of energy include Biomass energy, tidal energy , geothermal energy etc.

PRESENT SCENARIO IN INDIA

THERMAL POWER: INDIAN SCENARIO

Production of electricity through thermal power is best suited in Indian scenario as Scarcity of water resources: Water resources are not abundantly available and are geographically unevenly distributed. Thus hydel power plants cannot be installed with ease and are limited to certain locations. Coal is abundant: Coal is available in excess quantities in India and is rich form of energy available at relatively lower cost . India stands 3rd in Coal production after China & USA. Low installation cost: compared to hydel power plants, conventional coal based power have lower installation cost. Low Maintenance Cost: Once installed, these require less maintenance costs and on repairs. High Electricity Demand: Being a developing economy, the need of the hour is to first balance the increasing demand with production.

THERMAL POWER PLANT

In a thermal power station ,the heat energy given out by burning of fossil fuels is utilized to drive the prime mover of the alternator. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives the prime-mover. A thermal power plant runs on RANKINE CYCLE. HISTORY Reciprocating steam engines have been used for mechanical power sources since the 18th Century, with notable improvements being made by James Watt. The very first commercial central electrical generating stations in New York and London, in 1882, also used reciprocating steam engines. As generator sizes increased, eventually turbines took over . The first thermal power plant set up in India was NEYVELI THERMAL POWER PLANT , which uses lignite-coal as fuel.

THERMAL POWER STATION

The basic energy cycle involved in the plant is as follows :

Chemical Energy

Mechanical Energy

Electrical Energy

THERMAL POWER PLANT

CLASSIFICATION
1)BASED ON FUEL Nuclear power plants use a nuclear reactor's heat to operate a steam turbine generator. Fossil fuelled power plants use either coal or petroleum products such as diesel or natural gas. Biomass Fuelled Power Plants may be fuelled by by-products such as bagasse (by-product of sugarcane industry) or municipal wastes etc.

2)BASED ON PRIME-MOVER Steam turbine Gas turbine Combined Cycle

THERMAL POWER PLANT

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

IDEAL RANKINE CYCLE

1-2 isentropic compression 2-3 constant pressure heat addition 3-4 isentropic expansion 4-1 constant pressure heat rejection

TYPE OF STEAM GENERATORS

Based on the pressure & temperature range Superheated steam boiler Supercritical steam generator

SUPER HEATED STEAM BOILER

Superheated steam boilers vaporize the water and then further heat the steam in a superheater . This provides steam at much higher temperature, but can decrease the overall thermal efficiency of the steam generating plant because the higher steam temperature requires a higher flue gas exhaust temperature.

SUPERCRITICAL STEAM GENERATOR

They operate at supercritical pressure. In contrast to a "subcritical boiler", a supercritical steam generator operates at such a high pressure (over 3,200 psi or 22 MPa ) thus the fluid is neither liquid nor gas but a super-critical fluid. There is no generation of steam bubbles within the water, because the pressure is above the critical pressure point at which steam bubbles can form. The term BOILER" should not be used for a supercritical pressure steam generator, as no "boiling" actually occurs in this device.

What is supercritical pressure..??

Critical point in water vapour cycle is a thermodynamic state where there is no clear distinction between liquid and gaseous state of water. Water reaches to this state at a critical pressure above 22.1 MPa and 374 oC.

ON THE T-v DIAGRAM

ISOBARS

SUPERCRITICAL & SUBCRITICAL A COMPARISION

No requirement of latent heat. Lower specific enthalpy Supercritical(660)

Subcritical(550)

Lower specific coal consumption Lower pollution Overall efficiency is high(40-42%).

More latent heat required

Relatively more specific enthalpy. Higher specific coal consumption Pollution is much higher than supercritical unit Overall efficiency is lower about(36-37).

Advantages of SC Technology
I ) Higher cycle efficiency means Primarily less fuel consumption less per MW infrastructure investments less emission less auxiliary power consumption less water consumption II ) Operational flexibility Better temp. control and load change flexibility Shorter start-up time More suitable for widely variable pressure operation