Scheduling and capacity estimation in LTE

Olav sterb, Telenor CD (Corporate Development) ITC-23, September 6-8, 2011, San Francisco

Agenda
Introduction Obtainable bitrate as function of SINR Radio channel propagation model Radio signal fading model Analytical models for LTE radio network performance Numerical examples Conclusions

ITC-23, September 6-8, 2011, San Francisco

Introduction
LTE is the new, (following up of HSPA) mobile access technology specified by 3GPP: Flat all-IP architecture Flexible in frequency bands (700 MHz-2.6 GHz) Flexible carrier bandwidths (1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz) Increased spectrum efficiency based on OFDMA for uplink, SC-FDMA for downlink Typical cell capacity (20 MHz bandwidth), 20 40 Mbps for downlink link and 5 15 Mbps for uplink Momentum in the industry, building on current investments in the GSM/UMTS

ITC-23, September 6-8, 2011, San Francisco

Obtainable bitrate as function of SINR

Bitrate function B=B(SINR)
Upper bound Shannon: B/f=Log2(1+SINR) Discrete; B/f based on CQI-table (3GPP TS 36.213) and Linear relation between SINR[dB] and CQI-index Approximate/Truncated modified version of Shannon's formula: B/f=MIN[T, C Log2(1+SINR)]
CQI index 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM modulation code rate x 1024 out of range 78 120 193 308 449 602 378 490 616 466 567 666 772 873 948 0.1523 0.2344 0.3770 0.6016 0.8770 1.1758 1.4766 1.9141 2.4063 2.7305 3.3223 3.9023 4.5234 5.1152 5.5547
0
4 ITC-23, September 6-8, 2011, San Francisco

efficiency

@D
No rm ali sed T hro ugh pu t b it s H z
5 4 3 2 1

---- Shannon ---- Modified Shannon ---- LTE CQI table

1 0 SN d IR B

@ D

1 5

2 0

2 5

Radio channel propagation model

Signal-to-noise ratio:
Pw sending power

SINR =

PwG N

Path loss (model):

G = 10 L 10

L = C A log10 (r ) + X t

C and A constants, Xt shadowing usually assumed to be normal distributed with zero mean and given standard deviation Noise N = N int + N ext sum the internal (or own-cell) noise power and is the external (or other-cell) interference.

ITC-23, September 6-8, 2011, San Francisco

Radio signal fading model

S t r h ( ) Stochastic part of SINR: S t = X ln X e
SINR on the form: Slow fading (shadowing): Lognormal

Xln

Fast fading: Rayleigh, i.e. neg. exp. distributed

Xe
1 2
k 2 2 2

St :

Suzuki distributed with CDF

~ S su ( x, T ) = 1 2
T

~ S su ( x) =
e
t (ln(t x )) 2 2 2

t =0

xt

sln (t )dt =

t =0

(ln(t x )) 2 2 2

t
+

dt

Truncated version:
3

t =0

t
2 17 .5

1 (1) k k dt = x e 2 k =0 k!
Suzuki

erfc(

k 2

ln( x T )

Lognormal
25 .

= 5.0 = 2.0

= 0.2

= 5.0
s x

15 .

s x

15 .

= 2.0 =1.0

H L

H L

12 .5 1

=1.0 = 0.6 = 0.2

1 2 x 3 4 5

07 .5 05 . 02 .5

05 .

= 0.6
1 2 x 3 4 5

ITC-23, September 6-8, 2011, San Francisco

Analytical models for LTE radio network performance

Spectrum efficiency through the bit-rate distribution per Recourse Block (RB) for users that are either randomly or located at a particular distance in a cell. Cell throughput/capacity and fairness by taking the scheduling into account.
Scheduling based on metrics which depends (only) on own SINR and distance Specific models for the common (basic) scheduling algorithms, Round Robin, Proportional Fair and Max-SINR.

Estimation of the capacity usage for GBR sources in LTE

Non-persistent allocation, i.e. allocation every TTI to obtain GBR rate

Cell throughput/capacity for a mix of GBR and Non-GBR (greedy) users

ITC-23, September 6-8, 2011, San Francisco

Input parameters to numerical examples

Parameters Bandwidth per Resource Block Total Numbers of Resource Blocks Distance-dependent path loss. (Taken from a 3GPP document) Numerical values 180 kHz=12x 15 kHz 100 RBs L=C +37.6log10(r), r in kilometers and C=28.1 dB for 2GHz 8 dB (in most of the cases)

Lognormal Shadowing with standard deviation Rayleigh fast fading Noise power at the receiver Total send power Radio signaling overhead

-101 dBm 46.0 dBm=(40W) 3/14

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Mean throughput per RB as function of cell radius

0.8

Mea n thro ughput p er RB Mbi t s

@D

0.7

0.6

Suzuki distributed fading, 2GHz frequency and =0dB, 2dB, 5dB, 8dB, 12dB from below.

0.5

Located at cell edge Random location

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

2 Distance

@ D
3 Km

Throughput per RB drops for large cells. Approx 0.2 Mbit/s for 2km cell and 0.05 Mbit/s at cell edge with 8dB shadowing.
9 ITC-23, September 6-8, 2011, San Francisco

Multiuser gain as function of cell radius

80

70

C el l ca pa ci ty M bi t s

@D

60

2GHz frequency, 100 RBs, fading Susuki distributed with shadowing =8 dB, number of users =1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 25, 100 from below.

50

40

30

-- PF -- Max-SINR

20

-- RR
10

Distance

Multiuser gain very large for Max-SINR. PF doubles cell throughput compare to RR for cell of 2 km and 25 users.
10 ITC-23, September 6-8, 2011, San Francisco

@ D
Km 3

Mean Bitrate for a user located at cell edge as function of cell radius.
40

@D

35 30 25 20 15

Capacityper user Mbit s

Capacityper user Mbit s

MaxSINR PF

2-users

@D
25 20 15

3-users
MaxSINR PF

10

10 5

RR
1 2 Distance

16

@ D
Km 3

RR
4 5

1
8

2 Distance

@ D
3 Km

@D

14 12 10 8 6 4 2

Capacityper user Mbit s

Capacityper user Mbit s

@D
7 6 5 4 3 2 1

5-users
MaxSINR

10-users

PF RR
1 2 Distance

@ D
Km 3

MaxSINR
1

PF

RR
2 Distance

@ D
Km 3

Max-SINR shows very poor cell edge performance

11 ITC-23, September 6-8, 2011, San Francisco

Scheduling: RR, PF and Max-SINR scheduling algorithm , 2GHz frequency and 100 RBs

Mean cell throughput for 10 users scheduled according to PF and a GBR user
80
80

@D

70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Cel l c apa cit y Mbi t s

Cel l ca paci ty Mbi t s

GBR=3 Mbit/s

@D
70 60 50 40 30 20 10

-- Non-Persistent, cell edge -- Non-Persistent, random -- mean PF 10 users

-- Non-Persistent, cell edge -- Non-Persistent, random -- mean PF 10 users

GBR=1 Mbit/s

0.5

1 Distance

80

@ D
1.5 Km

0.5

2.5 80

1 Distance

@ D
1.5 Km

2.5

@D

70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Cell capacity Mbit s

Cel l ca paci ty Mbi t s

@D

-- Non-Persistent, cell edge -- Non-Persistent, random -- mean PF 10 users

70 60 50 40 30 20 10

-- Non-Persistent, cell edge -- Non-Persistent, random -- mean PF 10 users

GBR=0.3 Mbit/s

GBR=0.1 Mbit/s

0.5

1 Distance

GBR rates of less than 1 Mbit/s does not reduce the overall throughput very much. GBR rates larger than 1 Mbit/s is not recommended.
12 ITC-23, September 6-8, 2011, San Francisco

@ D
1.5 Km

2.5

0.5

1 Distance

@ D
1.5 Km

2.5

GBR of 3.0, 1.0, 0.3, 0.1 Mbit/s using non-persistent scheduling, for 2 GHz and 100 RB and Suzuki distributed fading with std. =8dB.

Conclusions
The two most important factors for the radio performance in LTE are fading and attenuation due to distance. Numerical examples for LTE downlink shows results which are reasonable;
In the range 25-50 Mbit/s for 1 km cell radius at 2GHz with 100 RBs . Multiuser gain is large for the Max-SINR algorithm but also the PF algorithm gives relative large gain relative to plain RR. The Max-SINR has the weakness that it is highly unfair in its behaviour. (Not recommended to use in real operation.)

The usage of GBR with high rates may cause problems in LTE due to the high demand for radio resources if users have low SINR i.e. at cell edge.
GBR rate limited to at most 1 Mbit/s per user?

13

ITC-23, September 6-8, 2011, San Francisco