Ap

HHlK.

AAHHJ\O P AlilKOBH'Fl

TABJ\. I1UE
H3

OTTIOPHOCTH MATEPHJAJ\.A
e"'AAI OVIO

1I6'f1Y~

xm Jil3ME.If,EHO Jil3.llAH>E
\.

"

r PAD E B 11 H C K A KID liT A"

Ii EO r P A)l, 1985.

PeueH3CKT
Jlp HHlK. KATYlUA)(EJlPI1X. B8Hp. npoq,.
MawHHCKor $aKymCTa y HHWY

3a HPO "rpal)eaHHexa ""'MrS": MwtSH BKWlbHh - rnBBHK ype,aHKIC, MwtHUB .uOJlKh

- onroaoplDl YPCIl/IIIJC, OnTa BaCHJloCBKh - ypeJlHIIJC, ' lOBO KapauKh - TexHH'OOI
YPCIl/IIIJC,

CHeJIClIH8 HeuHh -

H8C110BHa C\llaHa

1'Hp8llC: 5.000 npKMep:uca

UJT8Mna: UJTaMnaPKjs .Ba~ap" Bop

nPEllrOBOP llBAHAECTOM H311Al-bY

OBO 1131131he Tu6.1uqa U3 OiJiiiOPHOCiJiu .lfaiJi epujaAa HCTO j c Kao II
npeTXO-UHa H3-ua1h3, aJJH cy nornYHO 113MelheHe Me pH e je-UHHHue nojellHHHX BeJJHqHHa II Y reKCTY H Y TafiJJHllaM3 y -uyxy 33KOHa 0 MepHHM j e-UIIHHU3M3 II MepIIJlIIM3 (CJJYlKfieHH JlIICT C4>PJ 6p. 13/76, QpaH3 341).
Ii

oeorp311, 17. jaHyapa 1982. rO-UIIHe.

ll. P.

llPE,UrOBOP
,Ua 611 CTYAeHTH npH peWaBaH>~' 3allaTaKa 113 OTnoplt0CTU .IUlTepu)ClAc.
Mor JlH JlaKWe KOPHCTHTH pa3He HYMepl1'1Ke H npaKTH'IHe no-uaTKe. aBe cy
To6J1u~e H311BojeHe H3 YI,l6eHHKa 36uPKa 3aaaTaKa IL3 OT1lOPHOCTU AtaTepujClAa. OHe ey YCKJlaljeHe ca MOjHM yufieHHl\HMa OTTlOpHOCT AtaTcpujClAa
11 36upKO 3aaaToKa U3 o'rnopHocTU AtaTepujClAa, na cy cnpoaelleHa MeTa
ofieJle>KaBalha Kao H y y ufirHHllI1Ma.
TafiJlHl\e ey npBeHeTlleHO HaMetbeHe CTYlleHTHMa MalUHHeKHX q,aKYJlTE1Ta, aJlH >ly. MOry KOPHCTHTH H cry,lleHTH ,lIpyrnx q,aKYJlTeTa, BHCC;-:fX
H BHWKX WKOJla na H TeXHH'{KHX WKOJIa.
no JKeJbH eTY,lleHaTa AonYlbeHe ey TafiJlHlle eJlaCTH'IHHX JlHHHja H
pa3HH MaTeMaTH'IKH ofipacUH Y l\HJbY OJlllKlllatba HYMepK'O<Or pewetba
eJlOJKeHKX npo6.neMa H3 OTIlOPHOCTH MarepHjBJIa M TeopKje OCl\KJlaUl11a.
C Ofi3HpOM Ha BeJIHKY npll1\leHy JlOrapMTMapa ,lIO,lla'r je O,llCJbaK 0 PAA)!
ca JlOrapHridapoM.
npoq,. lIP HHJK. M. Tp60jeBHII fiPHJKJbHBO je npo'lHTao pyxonHC M
y'lHHHO MH KopHCHe npHMeAfie Ha '1eMY My ee HajcpJl.8'1Hltje. 3axBaJbyjeM.
3aXB3JbyjyllH ,.rpa~ea ItHCKoj K>I>U3U'-' y neTOM M311aIbY ,lIO,llaTa jc
npoWHpeHa Ta6JIMlla XnI. Y WecTOM M3,l131bY (M3 1965. ro,llKHe) ,lIO,llaTa je
TafiJlHl\a XVIII . .. noaa~u 0 CTaHaapduMQ "peMa JY10CA08eHCKUAt cra'"
oapalUUl Jye", a y OBOM - oeMOM - H3,l1aH>Y H Ta6J1u~e xunep6oAw .. Kl&I
4>YHK~uja 3a apeaHOCTW Oil x=O IlO x = 2r.. CeM TOra OTKJlOIbeHH cy YO'leHH wTaMnapcKH He,llOCTRl\H.
Pa./lM eMaH>elba TpowKoBa WTaMnatba yufieHHKa HHCY ee MOrJle M3MeHHTH MepHe jeAHHHl.\e noje./lHHHX BeJlH'floIHa Y AYXY 33KOH3 0 MepHItM
je./lMHMl\aMa (CnYJKfieHH JlIiCT C4>PJ fip. 45/61), na npH '1IiTaIbY Tpe6a
KOPHCTIiTH 03HaKe H je,llHHHl.\e ,lIaTe Y TafiJlIiUH Ha HapeJlHoj CTpaHIt.
5. MapTa 1961. rOAHHe
7. q,efipyapa 1971. rO./ll1He
Beorpa./l

.II P.

MEPHE JEnYlHYlUE nPEMA 3AKOHY 0 MEPHI1M JMI1H I1 UAMA

(c,1\,>t-:6cHIi ; IIICT C<PPJ Gp. 13/76, CTpaHa 341.}

~l

Mr plIa

I.

Ay>t'HHn

"-,

R l',l lC'IHtU\

OJt13Ka

MepH e

j C411HHU C

Mer.p. : rn = 10 drn = 100 ern = 1000 mrn;

MHKpOH (1') = MH,pOMerap (I' rn);
MH.1KMHKpOH (m Il)

HaHo~leTap (om).

2.

n ORp wHH a

3.

3anp~MHHa

4.

Yrao

V I m ' ; km' = 10' m'; 1 dsm' - 10' m' ; 1 dm' =

; = 10- 1 m'; 1 em' = 10-' m';
'Hrap. 1 I = 1.1000 028 dm' ~ I dm';
6po~e.a TOHa. I hI = 2.8J2 m'.

Im'; ap. I = 100m'; ""TaD. 1 ha = 10< m';

I kmt = lOa m2; 1 dm:l = 10- : mt; 1 em! = 10 ~ rna;
1 mm2 = 10 - 1 rna.

rad

CTrn r H. 1 = 90

L ; "HHyr I' = 60 ;

I'

1" = -60'' rpa.yc

Ig =
.
180
= 1 rad = - - L =
5.

Bp. " e

6.

6p'HHa

,.

7.

'y 6 p38tbC

~.

Milea

9.
10.

CHAa. T\')KHHI

200
- - g r.dusa .

"

U.nH 'UIC

m/s ; m min ; kUl/h ; qBOP (kno l) = I nmUe/h =

= 1.851 km/h.

"

r.rrTlilla

-100'
-L ' p'H)
...
.

(I min = 60 s) ; l'aT
(1 h = 60 min) ; na. (1 d = 2~ h).
l'(, K~f H .1a ( S); !-HtUyTB

mIs'
.H.orp'w (kg) ; ;rOHa. 1 I = 10' kg: .,iI.HT.. Hnll
M"UOeKa Ue,na. 1 q=IOO kg; rp .... \' g.....:O.OOI kg:

'M, m

Cne1lH~1I1{1I8 lr.Ia
~a

ee'YHn

kg/m': I g/cm'= 10' kg/ m' = I,OO!) 028 gfrom'.

r = MfV
F; 0

"'YTH (newlon). l N =1. kgm/s'; KHJl1nOHll. I kp _

=9."116 65 N; MerlnOH4. Mp=IO' kp;noH4,
I p = U.ool kp; ".'.1I0H4. I
10-" kp.

mf'...,

II.

Cn tu.<I>H~. TellC.

12.

Hlnoll , npHTHcaK

13. Pa4, elll'pn'j;o

1'",=01 V
0',

N 'm'; 6ap (bar) : 1 bar = H),' N/n,'; kp/m';

TrXM II""" .. "oc<I>"p. (al) ; 1I0p ....... (<I>H3H"'0:) aT"oc<l>epa (' aim); ... JlH .. eT.p <Tvn'll lIC .ne (mm Hg)
1 .'m = l,n:\3 227 al = 1.013 250 bar = 101 325,U
N/m' = 760 mm Hg.
."
VY~ (i'l,I_). I J = I Nm; 1 kpm = 9,81l6 65 J ;
.." 'C, I Wh = :. 600 J .

r, p

A, 1:.

BaT (w.II), I W = 1 J 's ; "Olbe.s

75 kpoo 's < 7;15,5 W.

f'

H . CHa...

N 'm' : 1 kp{dm' = I plem' = II 806, 65 N/ru'.

(.1 ... ,

I KS =

Q 6pUOB8tt.e "" 0 *."111 K AtJlOHI "(.'I,II II X jt:Jl HHHUI BPWH t't: l103.81Ialbt"M "pe a M("TKI Hc' np eA je llt lllllte :

repa

(Tl

10 ":

rH". (U) 1011 ;

Nl',,> (M) 10' :

I<H.O (k) Ill-'

'CKT O

(il)

to':

lleK" (d.) 10 :

4tllll
Ut' IiTH
MHJlII

(0) 10-' ;
(to)

I U-"t;

(m) 10-:1;

MHKpU (1\) 10 e

lIaHO (n) 10-'

nllKO (p) 10-".

..

I. TABJII1UA
0) e6PAC~H
3Ka'lelbC o6pacua

06pa3aa

1. JlHHeapHo CTalbe Haopeaalba

I

HanoH. 3a npoH3Bo.'bHY

-f

Pn

paBaH (ca HopManoM n)

-+

...

....

=a. n + TnT T + T.N N

61

o.

llHnaraunja

e=-=-=-=,
I
EA
91
E

Hcre3Ha KPYTOCT

9l=EA

flOnpeQH3 .llHJlaT3UHja

Poisson~oB ' KoecjJHUHje"T

Koecj>HUHjeHT enaCTH'I- m<>

HOCTH
.
.

KOHTpaKUKja npeceKa

8
9

dim91=dimF;

1/11;

INr

a .. liE

~/... A.-A',

A.

.100'/.

AI", FIIEA = FI

Hooke'oB saKOH

,a=Ee

10

HanoH 3a ynpaBHH
npeceK

a~=a,-FIA

II

CTeneH cHrypHocTH

v =aM/a.

12

flpnpawTaj 3anpeMlfHe 6 V = V' - V "" (1-2 Il) I: V

WTana

13

TBp.lloha n6 BrineU'y

..

IJa - 2 Flrr. D (0 - VO-::::--d'-:::)

(Fz3kN: 0 -10 mm; d npe.. I.K OC:II01e
ccj>epHor oTce'!K.)

v= 4

31 "RPRO

onTepehe.e (\).

14

HanOHH 3a KOCH npeceK

TOTanHH

p.

HopMallllH

an='/.a. (I:+-cos2rp)
". '" 'I. o. sin 2 'I'

TaHreHUHjallHH

= FIA' = (FIA) cOS'll = a. cos 'P

0nmox::::Oz

je.a.Ha'!HHa Mohr'oBor
Kpyra

15

,=0;

3a

"..... ='/,a. 3a '1'= 4So

(0. - 'I. a. )' +fo' ''' ('I. d. )'

~'h.a.ylKelbe no.a. YTH-

uajeM conCTBeHe TelKHHe

npIt3MaTH'IHH

O=y", AI

WTan

.. ..

HanOH

a.= y ..

.~.

(I-Z);\~I~~.=.Y .. 1/'~ z"O;

Adz- edz = (fJ,/f) dz; AI <=: QI/2fA . 01/291.

KPYlKHO KOHH'!HH WTan

a,='/. y,. (I-z); a, .... = 'I. y .. l

HanoH

A/-Ym l'/6E .. 01/2EA, ; A . ~A sa Z DO,

16

YTHUaj ueHTpHlflyrall
He CKlle Ha HanOHe

..

'

rYCTHHa MaTepHjalla

.-..

p= ),,,,/g

HopMallHH HanoH .
yraoHa 6p3HHa o6pTaiba
.
6poj o6pTaja y MH"YTY

17

="

30l/2.ae....
n
V pit [o/miD)

YTHUaj TeMnepaTYPCKe npOMtHe Ha HanOHe

Ji,HlIaTllUHja
HanoK' (KoHiaKTHH)
TepMH'!KH Koe(j)HUHjeHT wHpeIba

(Ta6l1Hua II)

", .

A.-.-----,., --;;-r " - - ,'.

-r"+--<' :

,' ,

~\ I

r----.
(1
-iF -:,~~>- --~"':--'t r .~ r

OJ

~-J-.-

)------- -

--r-;o'

In

-- -- ... '

..

f-,---

'~ '

!-6l-j
,

,,

Alrcwar.llo IIlJiiproolJl'
Oy

~------

---

/(Ol'lOO;JQuii}I1/lJJU UOJoIJU

toy _(J{!Sln'l'

lJoOproo"e

Ij

gbo f;oriJuo

l/uctJ.o

t~

zj

,[x,

:--

[r.. :

--~/ I ...
:

1"~

,-~-",,""'---

"
/

.r
1I00p(JJ:Jne V iUpu 0.0001/0

/"_-1- _ _ _ 1

"
I ,

CY L lIen,'.

l.t,
,

!/fJUJOIDIJ (fEo{JJtJJO)

/:
~
", r

II

2. Hanpeaalba Y Asa npaB~a (PasHO CTaibe Haopeaalba)

18

KOMnoHeHTHe AHJlaTa UHj e

19

HopManHH HanOHH

20

KOMnoHeHTHH HanOHH
HOPM3J1HH

.a. = 'I. (a. + a,) +'/. (a. -

T3HreHUHjaJlHH

~"= '/.(a.-a,) sin

r n3BHH

Ka nOHK

O",.mo%::; (1", -

JeA~a'lHHa Mohr'oBor
Kpyra

"

21

..

"

21'
CPm =0

a"mi,,=Oy=a.

33

'Pm;:!/:"

...... = '/.(a.-a,,)

3a

'Pm'" '/.n

01

[a. - 'I, (a. + a,)J' +,", -

x'

02

2 '9

3a

-+

EJiHnca K3nOHa

CI.) cos

[' I,(a. - a,)]'

y'
-= 1

cst

"

H3npe331be TdHKKX
CYAOB3
OCI' lIHa

jeAHa-

qV Ja

t a,.IR ..~'" (a,IRe) = (r/")

C!pepHH CYA

0'

= pR12.B;

0'111

a, = pRI",
KOHHtlHH c Y Jt

:2

CJ c :-

am =a. = p1?/2"

p=(H":" ~}r.; a, .... - (r .H'lga}/4ocosIX

am~.' ';'-(3 y. H'Ig a)/1 fj 6 cos a

.;,

3. CMKu.albe
22

23

HopMaJl'HH HanOH~

0.1[ =0

1+f1

E"

0, - - 0= -

--

1+1\ '

24

KOMnoHeHTHH HanOHK
Y KoeOM npeceKY

cos 2 'l'

HopManHK

a,,~a

TaHrCHUKjanHH

t.= a sin 2"

cKCTpeMIjH

0'''''''.' -=!: 3,n q> - 0- ~ a,.."", ~ - c 3.1

t._.= a

31 ,. -

:1:45'

25

Knl\3albC

y - 2a ~2 ~
f- 0

26

CMKWljHa KPYTOCT

(!cOA

27

MOIJ.'j1l KIIK3a_ (CMH-

G-

ua]"H

1I0lJ.ynl

28

.lJ.HMeH3HOHHC3lhe

29

3aKHBUH

f-F/A<t,

aKcHjallHa CHna

F~

Moh Howelb.

F AI" F=0.785 d&J,

IKTIIBUI DOSPWHKa IIHMB

A.-(b-dJ &

Ha-

cneUlicliH.jHH

OT-

4. Haape3albe y Tpll
3aTeJalb4!

CI"

IJ.M1IlITaUHje

-FIA

<'cr..,

np.a~. (OpoCTOPHO

CTalb1! Mupeaa ....)

1
~.- (Or-I'(G,+",l).

!, - E1 (<1,-1' (": "<I.)}.

~,-

1,57, a",-2.SNd&J"

TpH

npaaua

--

f ~ FINA-lJ, <: fd.... '1. a"

1J.0380lb4!HK
nOK

--- a:
F

2,6

IJ.HMeH3HOHHcalhe

nop Tpelhl

30

2(1+1')

-9\ '

E I", -1' ('. + ",)1.

HopManHH HanOHH

a.

=- ( I A

fl) e. + fl (~y +e.)J,

ay =

((I-fl) Ey+fl(e, +e. l] ,

a,e

[(I-fl) e,+fl (e.+ey)]

A=(1 +fl) (1-2)1)=flj).

31

Ky6Ha JlHllaTSUHja

32

XHJlpOCTaTHQKH npHTHcaK

33

MOJlYIl KOMnpeclljc

34

i1HsapHjaHTe

&v=AV/V - e.+&y+e,_

) - 2fl
E (1.+'1,+:1,)

:1 (I + fl) G
3(1-2\1}

HanOIHI
JlHII3Tau.Hja

35

Lame'ose KOHCTaHTe

36

Hooke'os JaKOH .

S l(d =

e.r

Ey

+6, = V
20p.
1-2fl

a. =1.Sf+20e..

T%~Oy..

Yx"'y,i', tz=>r,,;

...

Ty - Gyy ,
' .'

. r~-Y''''t
a, =1.S!+2Ge 't.+Gy..
Y,=rx::1'
-+

37

HanoH 32 npOH380Jb '

Hy paBaH (ea HOp-

...

MallO", n)

HanOHH 3a KOOPJJ:HHaTHe pasHH

-+...

-+

.....

t',-'fay;

P.-P. a+pyll+p, y-p i+ p.yj +Pn. k

.....

.....

-+

-~

n=ai+~j+yk;

38

-+

"",=1':%;

...

a-eosa; ~=COSIl;
y =COS y; a 1+ fll + y' - 1
.....

p.- a. i + 't.y j +'t.. k

-+-+

-+

py =

...

Ty.

...

i+a y j +Ty,\(

'.

.....
.....
P. = T,.i+T l1 j +'1 , k

1
-+ ..

39

CauchYdeBe je.llHaqHHe

=a ax+ ~ c, +)

pnx - (Poi)

.....

P., = (P. j) = ex r, + J3 a, + r

....

"

'

Pn.= (Pn k) = a c,+J3 r.+ r a,

40

KOHjyroBaHH Han01l1!

41

KOMnoHellTHII HanOHH
3a npoH3BolbHY pa
Ball

f., =r,. = r,

"

HODMallHH

0" =a,u"+a,~' + a, yS +

+2 (rx J3y + 0, ra +1', a~)

TaHreHUHjallHH

42

't,,= Ypn"l.-a"J

x+ayy'+a.z'+

Lame'oB eIlHnCOHJI.
lIanOHa

0,

43

rllaBHI! HanOHH

O'lla~.aa;

44

r lIaBHI! eIlHnCOHJI.
HaD OK a .

-+
-+-=1
1

46

CK.allapH Jl.eTep.... n.S

re Cl1creMa

+2 (t'x, xy+r.. y.:+ 'tx lX) = I

'tu=rl!l='ru=O

. .

q'

~.

aJ.

CJa

t';I

oy-a

t',

t'z-

'(.II:

fI, -

$, = ax+cJ,+cJ. = a, +0, +a.

s.=

fSy t'x
t'x 0'.

cJ.
S ...

a ... 'ry

f,

't, ti,

t'y

e, a, ex

+ ax r1 =
-t"", 0, t
=a, o. +cJ, a. +a. 0.,

= 0,0'2 al .

ry r. 0,

4.7

rllaBHH npaaUH .

13(6)
r lS )
--=--=-0

K(S)

31

48

KO!jlaxTOPH ceKY nap.

He Jl.eTepMHHaHTe

a'+llt + y ... I

1')

'K/<)
31 '"
K<;} =

K(s)

Krtl

r,

0,

Oy-O,

r.

0,

T,

Io. . r.

s = 1,2, 3

l~

KW=-

0',-0',

tile-a,

r,

t',\-,
.

e.

49

HajsckH TaHrCHUl1janHH Han OH.H

", = '/, (a,-a,)

r,, _= '/,(a,-a,)
rill

II. (a, - a.)

5_ YBHjalhe
50

O.D.HOCH HanOHa H .D.Ccj>opMaUHja

('.

51

-=--=-~-

't"'t..II'

Y.

HajsehH TaHreHUHjanHH H3nOH

'mc. =W,RIJo

3a XpylKHH npeCCH
3a KpylKHo-npCTCHaCTf! npeceH

52

f .. c.=2

W,IR" n (I-t'); t-rlR

Yrao YSHjalba

y pa.D.HjaHHMa

9=y, I/R= I r",cxlR G -Wi I/Glo =: W, If!

y CTClleHIIMa

ec _ a-( 180'/" ) ~ 57,3 f)

-.'1. R' ,,;. 10,_ '/, '
",(I.- t')
':"

53

T-op3HcKa HPYTOCT

s: ~ G 10; 10

54

CHara

3f n
p ;.. W',w =W, 30 '

p. w

'JR'Q)

102'

. i

.", .

<m, ' 9~ 60P (tW) ' ,

(kNcm,

(BH/leTH Ta6J111ny IV)

56

Top3HcKe onpyre

F W"
'.lll"= --+
-", A'
10
10

KpYlKHa 3asojHa
onpyra

MaHCHMaJlHH HariOH

'em -

H3.1lYlKCfuC
(yrn6)

t=64NFR'=CF
G d'

HPYTOCT onpyre

e ..,; FI .~ G

m'

16 FR
._ d'it .'

. .. :; ', '

d'/64 R' N

;" ~

'-. ,

.'...

':

6poj 3KTHBHHX
3asojaKa

Od'
Od' !
Od!
---=
64 cR' 64 F R' 4 R' IttJ I

KOHHQH3 3asojHa
onpyra

k = (R, - R,)/2 N"

H3JlYlKe!be
(yr/l6)

'
I ~-FNr:
-( R ,'+R,)
20/.

(R,+R,)

KPYTOCT onpyre

Od'
c- .16N(R,'+R,')
----------(R, +R,)

6poj aKTHBHHX
3aBojaKa

N - ------~~-----

<,

Od' !
16F(R,I+R,I) (R,+R.)

6. CBanj_Hot
57

KpHBHHa

1
M
y'" ,
-=--p
1.

58

HOpMaJlHH HanOH

~
M e ,

u,
- -y-d,

CIt ~

/.

59

HajsehH HOPM3J1HH
HanOH (HSHqHH)

60

OTnopHH MOMeHT
nOnpe'lHOr npeceKa

w.-~

HJleaJlHH ornopHII
MOMeHT

W,

61

Ymu

'I.' h A, (A,

nOBpwRHa nojle.)

.'

62

CTeneH HCKopHwhe!ha npoljJHJla

w,
'1=""

W.
- '/IAh

251 /., npaBoyrloHHK 33'1. TI""Y

500/,. TaHK" K8aApaTHH OKBHP 67'1,_

31: Kpyr
U~8

npocj>RJlH

I
C

OA

61 AO 65'1.

OJ!; 59 JlO 61'/,

.r OJ!; 57 J!;O 60'1.

63

JlII"aHH HOCaq

Il "" 63'1,

w. = 'I, '1 Ah "" 0,315 Ah.

I;"" 'l"h' [A.+6(1-2u)A,I.
W, "" 'I. h lA, + 6 (1-2 u) A,I.

u - ~/h

10

.n

,-"
\ .,_,s..

n.')
oc..,

:n

'--'

~: .

"""

gr~..

b)

kCfIPUIlJpuwg Op;i1JuWi. JroI/XJ

fipecPko

C) "" "

,I

",

II

I ls ='/.Ah'(~+O)'

I,

a=A,fA

Ah'

a+~(l + 0)

1+0

= _.-

W _ ~_ o+~(I+ol
,- 2
1+20
64

PeAYKosaHa nospwH'
Ha npeeeKa

<,

A". = 1,I(S:/~) mo'

KUaJl,par

"I, A;

npaaoyraoKHK

'I, A ;

Kpyr

'I.A;
A,"4 = ko A,;

JlHMaUH HOCaq

k.~2 (1
0 ==

65

HanoHH Y KOCOM npeeeKY

HopMallHII

+60)13 (1 +4 0) =0,8 -+- 0,9

A.IA,

(OAlloe noupWHlle nojaea npewa

nOBpWHRIf pe6pa)

a., == 'I, a, (1 +e05 2,)-fsin 2 'I'

TaHreKllHjallHH

66

r lIaBHR

G7

HajuehH Taureul.\HjaJI-

HanOHIi H
npaullH

tg2a - -2 rIa,
a"I~f/2 a,'/, '/a,'+4 .. ; f,:=O

UH HanOHH H !bKXOBH
npaBllR

68

Mohr'os Kpyr Hanoaa

69

Ig2~~a,f2f=
f . IT-

-1/tg2a

'I, (a, -a,)

(a.- '/, a,)'+,." _ 'I. (a.'+4 t!)

a, ,=

M, ....

W(z)"

W. M(l)s/(l}.
M,.d

KOWQOKeHTHH

1I0lleHTH

71

HOPWi llUH HanOIl

AI (zl

w. '" w (z)

7. Koeo ea.BJa ..e

70

<I

12

72

JeJlH34HHa HeYTpanHe

oce

G:ctg'9 )x=(tgt)X;

00, = 0 ; y= '2

tgt - - 7'. ct gtp

73

, y

HajBehH HopManHH
HanOH

'lIt.
W.

C l m a .. -

8.

74

HanaJlHa Ta4Ka aKCHjanHe npHTHCHe CHne

75

HopManHH lIanOH Y
TaqKH N (x; y)

EKc~eHTpH'fHH npHTHcaK

F; N, (xo; Yo)

F
'lIt.
em,
OJ c:a - - - - y - - x =
A
I.
I,
= _

76

JeJlHa411Ha HeYTpallHe
oce

77

OTCe'fUH HeYTpanHe
oce lIa rnaBHHM ueHpallHHM DcaMa
HHepuHje

78

79

F[I +

~x+YOy+I=O

"'

...

I~ ..

I Y

i:

&y+
JI X

~x
if,

,
bo- - -

'0

a.;;; - - ,

Yo

Xo
'0

KOOpJlHHaTe Ta4aKa
KDHType je3rpa
HBHqHH HanOHH
KO.ll Kocor
BHjalba

'lIt
W,

+ -y

Xj

I Y
0:=

00

ca

KOJl eKcue,.HTpHqHor npHTHcKa

am = - F (k +r.)/Ak
06r.HllH je3rpa -

ra61lHua

9. EnaCTH'fHe nHHHJe

80

,UHcjlepeHUHjaJlB3 jeJlHaqHHa
npocTa rpeJla

y"
~ Y' = M, -fez)
(I + 1'2) 'I,
Elx

y"- -M/'J3;

y"- - M/'J3;
,
'}3-E/.
CaSO)Ha KPYTOCT " _,
..
', '''.
HHcjlnyeHTHe yHK'9 (z. 0) +1 X(z, 0);
KOH3DIl a

81

M-M(~J
M -Mr.)

UHje;;u~~:~TY

rpeJlj

uHnyeHmHe Y"/{IJuie

'9 -

~ f~ ~

'9' (z. 0) +!x' (z. a);

1-

+,-.j. (/)
+ ~ (d)

(+

r-cr]

13

82

Ijr{:, a)+lx(z, aJ;

x--6) (z-a)'
1

1jr'(z,al+Ix'{z, aJ;

Ijr = -)
6

rpaljJoaHaJlHTHQKa
MeTOJl:a
IjJHKTHBHO
peheH>e

OnT~

(-=-)'
[3~1 --=-I
1

ff. c

M dz;

'ayu ~~

(: narHO

ynl6

83

rpaljJHqKa HeTOAR
Koecjllll(KjeKT
pa3Mepe

If,-Iem]; 'a':' [kNm']

f - u, Y; (em);

yrH6

84

YrII6 npH KOCOM caBHja.1bY

85

PeJl:YKl(Hja AujarpaMa
HanaAHor HOHeRTa

y,=[cm]

f-vt.'+f/

' y,"= M,f.8,; y," c

M.ro,

y,"- y." - y"-M*fJj,;

AJ> = M/,III -1tN

/" = Mf8,EnaCTUQHe IIHHHje -

Ta6.tHIta VI

10. HaBRJaa.e
Ta6Hl\8 IX

86

Oine.poBa KPIITUQH3
eUJla

87

PeAYKoBaHa AYlKHHa

~8

BUTKoeT
wT3na
.
. .' :

y"- -Fy/EI.= -k' y, k"",F/c/.

F.-II' EI ..;.. /I;

t, '" t; 2 t; 0,51 H

...

At -= I,/illtill

11. Cno)l(eH8 Hanpesalba

XunOTest -

Ta6J1Hll.a I b

0,7 t

b) XHnOTEaE 0 'fBPCTOnH
p.,
6~ .

n.npt3R~

Jisl.rher nopu .'1'lor

"lneH.l

1011llel, La ... "

Navlor Rankine)
Ht1Bcher TJllreui"fJanRor
2

IIlnOHI

(Coulomb, QUelt.
Mobr)
HII.e~e

,ccllopNluMle

(Marlolle. S, Veunt,
ar..hoH. Bub)

I
- (d

_ _ ";;'"
=".,a+4t
>a.
Z
)

'i"

Vd'+ 4 t

CT...,

ad.

;;;. "'c

! [(I-I1)d (1 +11)Yd'+ 4t'); :::

[0,35<1200,65 V. ...Ht'] ~ a.,
adc

l-k
l+k
.
-2-a+"'2 va'+4~ ";;a.,

--

a,
QHtTO

M,

C1IIRua ..e

'" "d.
;;. a.,

a
clBHjlH.e

Y"H'III.eU"

M,='I, [M,+ VM/ + M,'!

.

--

a',.

ad<

;;;;oa.

(Mobt)

y "paDaa

Hila. her u4lop".IlMOHOr

pI~1 npoMeBe 06nHKI
'{a+3t'<a
(ilabet; He".ky;
c
/Il1.e 'Schlelcl1er)
fAltTMQHOr rpa 8or

Ii

XHllorr:3A

Y,-,.6CHHIC,.n. IS. CTp. 320

3 PJ"'IfR R ICpJlIOIonPtTtllltni nODpe'tfll npte:eK

2.

< a

;;;;. "d,

(I+I1)t ...

M,-v M/

+ M,'

-I,3t~ a

M,-O,35M,+
+0.65 YMl + M,'

::rtVa< "

M,=y Ml + 'I,M,..

adc

;;;. "dc

MeTOA~ AetllopM.~RoHor

12.

pa,ll,a
.... ...
1
J (F d s) = F ' ;'.1

7:

89

,UecpopMaUIIOtrH pap.

A rl

90

CneUHcpHQHH p.ecpopM,
pap'

A'd - A.I V -'/2 Cle

91

,Uecp, p8JI. 8KcHjaJlHor

Hanpesalbl

"I

_1_

JOld V

A'd, =

TOTBJlHH pap.

d.-

pap' npH H3p.YlKelb Y

npH3MaTH'IHOr
WTana
CHJlOM

-Cle .. -

el

--

1
PI
PI
A d, - - F M=~...c... = 2
2A
2'l1

conC'I'lIeaoll Te
lKHHOM

92

cn,~UHcpHqHH P~A

0'/
Ad --'-

6EA
1

1
Or'
---20
2
~I

,Uecp, paA npH CIIII

ualbY

93

,Uecjl, paA npH YBH'

1
9J!,1 O/c/J"
Ad! - -!ll,9; 010-1:

94

,U~cjl, PBA npH ' C8BH'

, jalby

d--~r-

20/0

jatt.'y

21

YCJIeA 1I0MeHT3

YCJleA TpaBcBep
wac C"Jle

AI:;' - -1

A(Frl=
41

JM'
- dz; M=M(:); I.-V(z)
I.

20/,"

JJ(S.')dA
.JF}dZE
A

," ,J.p'

-2\t
CKHll3jHH

cjlH~aT

Koe

,,-

I~. JJ(~'r dA
A

33 npaBoyraoHHK

"' - '/, - 1,2

sa Kpyr

... -";.-1.1

,dz

16

95

.ue, pall.
H OM

nplt pa8'

HJnp e33lbY

(HCTe3~fbe

Y JlBa

npaSlla)

A'. = _1_ (",'-2 I'0.a,+a;) - /(o" a,)

2
A'. =

96

.uel, paJl npH npoCTOPHOM CTafbY Hanpe3afba (HCTe3afbe

Y rpH -npaSlla)

2(1 - ...")

(e.'+2)1e,y+e? ) - 'P(.,':y)

A'. = '/, (0. e.+ 0, e,,+ a. e,l

1
'
A'd = [0;+0/+","_2 )1(",",+0, 0.+

A'.

+". a,)] = / (",,0,. cr,)

= 2(1+)1) (1-2)1) [(1 -

\1) (6; +e.'+

+', ') + 2)1 (e,'y + y e, +.:, e,)] ='I'(e, .ey el)

A'd = 1/! (aZ)f +'J'y ),+0'2 ,+

+<, Y,+r,y,+f, Y.)

A'd= .!..[a,.+0!+cr.. :....:2)1 (aya, + o,o,-t

....

+.0, Oy)] + - -. /+ <!+ r,' j = / (0, r)

20

.! " ': ,'

A'd=O[e.'+el+e.'+

+ -21 0 (y .'+ Y7'+ y,') -

PaJl yrpoweH Ha np.oweuy 3311peMHHe II '

Ha npOMeHY 06J\1tK3
~arerHyror napaJlenenHneJla
_.
. 'cOeJllbH KanOH
paJl YTpoweH Ha npo MeKY 3anpeMHHe
paJl YTPOWCH Ha ,npoMeHY 06J1HKU

97

Clapeyron OBa
reopeMa

paJl KOKlleKTpHcaKHX
CHna

)1 '} +
1-2)1 ,

A'~")

, .(e;x)

I - Z)l (", + a. ~ a. )"

A,~ol = t + j1 [(a, _0.)' +(cr, -0,1"+(0, -0,)' )

6

:.

_. -,

.:.

A';'A.='/.F/;
A=

"2,'/, I'd{,
0=1

'Ii ~j~!~:" $'-: "

(JlH]arpaM pIJla
Tpoyrao)

Ie

17

P~ ,1

cnprroB3

= L '/. 'lIl,'I',
i= 1

reHepanHcaHa CHna

O,=F.

reHepaMlcaHa AeljJop
MaUHja

QI=/,

KOKTHKyanHor
onrepellelba

p~

98

Betti'jeBa reopeNa
o Y3ajalolHocrH
pall:osa

99

MaxweH:oB 3aKOH 0
Y3ajalolHocTH ellaCTHqHHX nOMepa~a
YTHuajHH KoeljJHuHjeHTH
yKynHo nOllepalbe
HanaAHe TaqKe N,
CHile F,
Beaa H3l1e~y eHna H
nOMepa~a

.n.yanHH KoeljJHQHjeKTH
' ll:e!jJopIolBQHOHH paA

100

L '/,0, QI
;:::;;: J

paA reHepanHe3HHx
CHila

Castigliano'oBH
o6paeUH
pall: reHepanHcaHHx
CHna
reHepailHcaHa CHna
reHepSilHC3HB ll:eljJopMaUHja .
cneUII<j>H'IHH Il:e<j>. pall:
nunOKH

q,='I'

(1I1lH

6)

A,,- 'I.IB J (Y")'dZ-'/.J q(z)ydz-A;

o

'1_

f(z)

A'I-A,,+A .. +A II - A.. + All +A.,

'I. F, '" + 'I. F./II +F,
'f. F. ,.. +

'It +'/,F.I,,+F.'I.,
-

AI l - All,

F, ". - F.,.,

F.".cF,'a.,.F.cF.,.,=F.'ISa,F,
all =au;

a,. = at,

18

enen. Ae<l>opltanHje
(AHJlaT8UHje H KJlH'
S81ba)

101

&-

d A'd (a) .
d.a'

npHBUHn BajMalber
Aecjl. p8Aa

Xc F.;F A , FB 91IA"; A."' f (Fh 911/; F.;!IJI.)

TeopeW8 ~enabre8
ItOA H3BHj8lb1

dA. = dAd =0' dA d O

() X
d F.
(}!IJI.
I

A =F.r (ds-dz) <:s'/IF

enOib8WlbH pu.

(y)ldz

J!B (yU)1 dz

A. ~ 'II

o
YCJlOB eKcTpeJtYlia

ArA=~incO
I

, !B ()lU)" dz
KPHTHQH8 CHJla

Fk =

!B=!B(z)

J ()I')I dz
o

,
13.

.'

"

CaSRJalbe KPHBHX' WTanOBa

e = (y A d 'P) / [ (R. +)I) d 'P1

103

HopllanHH HanOH

104

eKCTpeliBe BpellBOCTH

'"

necjlopll8UHOHH pall

0._
A'I= r'Mt

-'mu/S. R.;

tS,... = 'ms/S.

R,;
S.=Ae

ds +J F.lds '+JMIF. ds+

2 ES. R,
2EA
EAR,

"

20A

f F'

ds

., ,
, o

A _fM('dS
.:...F::-.'.:...ds_
412!B + . - 2m 3a

R,=R.+e

R, " "R.

19

c) O,lJ.HOCH Ll,OJIOBHHX H METAPCKHX MEPA

I) Mepe 8a AY)I(HHY:
1"= 1 In (Inch)
1 It (foof)
I yd. (yard)

= 91,44 em,

2. npeTBapalbe
u.on H

'I ...

mm

". 0,397

l/u
3/"

4,,,

II"

""
7/"
'/u

""
11 /14
tl,"

1/,4
Jl/ ~,

u'"
15/14
I"et

~OIlB

y aallBaeTpe

mm

UQJtM

../"
"r"

tllN

6,747
7,144
7,54 1
7,938
8,334
8,731
9,128

"I ..

9, 52~

uonH

!fIN

0,794
1,191
1,588
1,984
2,38 1
2,778
3.175
3,572
3.969
4,366
4,763
5,159
5,556
5,953
. 6,350

1 m = 39,37 In
I m = 3,28084 It
1 m 1.09361 yd.

= 2.54 cm,
== 30,48 em,

18

Il,...
/"

" 1..
'"/
%2,,,,

2-'1,4
z'/"

21/."

DIG.
DIet

. ,.,
","
n /u

13.097
13,494
13,891
14,288
14,684
15,081
15,478
15,875
16.272
16.669
17,066
17,463
17,859
18,256
18,653
19,050

"'"

"'"
WI/..

..
"1"

Ut
"/

9,922
10.319
10,716
11 ,113
11,509
11,906
12,303
12,700

mm

4t/"

4',,,

. ....

41/....

4"/14
/

"/

47,"
4',,,

4) Mepe 8a
I cub.
1 cub.
I cu~ .

uonH

..

"/

"f..

"/J4

Ill1",..

12

"/..
"/

"'"
57,"
"'"
"'"

"I..
"I",

",'.'..'
1

mm

19,447
19,844
20,241
20,638
21,034
21,431
21,828
22,225
22.622
23,019
23,416
23,813
24,209
24,606
25.003
2S, l oo

..

3) Mepe

Ba nOBpWBHY:
I sq. In. (square Inch)
6,451 6 cro l ,
1 sq. fl. (squar. toot) '" 929,0300 erne,
1 sq . yd. (square yard) =
0,83613 m' ,

I em! = 0,1 55 sq. 10.

I m' = 10,764 sq. II.
1 mt = 1,196 . q. yd.

eanpe. BHY:

I... (cubic Inch) = 16,387 em'.

II. (cubic (001) _ 0,028317 ' ,',
yd. (cubic yud) = 0,76455 m',

I em' = 0,051024 cub. In.

1 m' = 35,315
cub. f l.
1 m' = 1,30175 cub. yd

.6) Mepe UB . Tc",aay ( .. acyl:

1 lb. (pound)
= 0,45359 kg,
1 ton (2240 Ibs) = 1016,05 kg,

1 ki: '" 2,20462 lb.

1 t = 0,9842 ton

6) Mepe. aa onTepe"elLe:
1 lb. per yd. (pound p" yard) = 0,49605 kg/m,
1 1~. per II. (pound per loot) - 1,48816 kg/ m,

1 kg/m = 2,01593 lb. pcr yel.

1 kgJ m '" 0,61197 lb. per It.

7) Mepe oa HanOHe :
1 tun per sq. In = 157,488
kp/cm'
I lb. per. sq. III _
O,Oi Q307 kpfcm'
1 lb. per sq. It.
4,6825
kp/m',

2'

1 kp

I kp/ mm' = 0,63491 ton pe, sq. 10.

= 14 ,2233 lb. per sq. In.
1 kp/ m' , = 0,2048 lb. 'per sq. II.

.I kp/cm'

11,806 55 N;

II. TABJH1UA
I{AP A I{TEPHCn11{E MATEPHJAnA

..

Ym

NIemi

N/em'

'kN /m'

21 . 10'

3. 1 . 10'

77

TOn./btR
'{CJlHK

22 . 10'

8.3 . !O'

17

Ton .... e.
"Ie-,," I

22 . 10'

8.3 . 10'

17

'"ie""K sa
onpyre

22 . lOt

8.3 10'

17

tNI

21. 10'

Man:pHju

"=

d d. <1

"d,

d ..

a l()-4

"d/

"dl

TOnJbeR .e
IIKK, VCI(

_.AeH

YCIIHK CI

HH-enO.,

n.. BCHO rlO- LO

)I(~'
S.up
(I ..., )

ell

(7.5+10).10' (2.9+4) HI'

1.15 . 10'

AYWH.'JyW AL 6,75 . JO'

IIKIC"M

......

MCCH"r

8 lOo
(0,9+ 1)10'

.!lPBO

..

Kawey

(I +3) 10'

SeroB
(l : 6 : 8)

(1+2.5) 10'

ApwHpaHK
OCTOH

(1,4+2.1) 10'

.101 'C

kN/cm'

.
9.6

~2 ~ 6

+12

...

1O-t- 9
16 14

12 +18

9 +
12

9
15

~O

70

9
15

12
18

72

I + 6
2 + 2 + 2
3.5 9 + 3,5 5
6

88

4
5

7+9
20+22
21+24

... 18

...
... ...
40
60

12

84

11

11,2

77

25

...

12
18

12.5

... 41
I ...
.... 1,2

11 .3

11.6

....

...

...+
. :..; .... , ...

4 +6

....

1
1,8 ... 0,9

....

..

";

-,

"

0.39

17

1 ...
2

23,8

lI.s.... 3.5 ....) 4

".7
r' .

4,7

..

0,30+ ., . ,

0.7
. . ..
0.13

..2

,..:,

:'

"

;0:' . .J,; :

! . _ .'!o

;::. ,

, I ", ..

..

..,

,,f::' ~ {

~. -

19
,j, - \ ~

2-

L'

....li~ .:.

:..1,'

10
0,4

I'

IO-H

It,

G4 JI(UnOheHu (llonYWTC.lIa) NaDON; If WAcKeR: t ,., ' UCmC3Qt,.~q~KcreHl"JY) ,r t.' 3.

I 11 CQauja,oe
(cpJletcCMjy), k 3a u:J tluja loe.
YnoTpe61buI)Y ce H 0 3Hue k~, k e k" kl' k.t k. N /cm J (.D,. 811T3C. MJWHHCKH

Dpumucm; (KOMnp\!CHJy). s sa C.wuqQ/ot (CtKUHJy), I 31 YBUjOIU (TOP1HJy),

tAUteRlM, I KHtHrl).
BpellHOCTH A03ao.'L C:lIK l

H.nolll spene .u cny ... J .wup llo r opmtp thlltJ(J (I); 3:1 C","PlJ
jenH(lc.wt'pllor DpOMeHl'OUlj Or ODmfptilluod (II) tpe61 .aaTe apf!llHOCTH ltO)K HtH (II '2/3; 31
cllyq~J HaU3MeltUlCHOr npm t CH.'bHIOr onTepehcHtI (Ill) Tpe61t MIIO>J>HTIt e.G 1/3.

1IL.TASJillUA

peA. ,

a) MOMEHTH HHEPQHJE H OTnOPHH MOMEHTH PABHHX nP.ECEKA (CJlHKA)

. -,
'.'

--

6po)

'.

nPECEK

emS

W. c

W...

SI/.

<m'

em'

em'

em'

em'

bh'
12

hb'
-=
12

bh'
-=

hb'
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I' - "a'b'/( a' + b' )

" I----(
B' -b' . =
16 '1t
B
m ..
::I:

.!..

(I + ",') .:..~ I
GB

16 (I -=t- "") '"

(B'-b') 0 (8ft)

4,807 '.l1I, _
h'

~ O.677 0 8
I

... 0,208 h' (_ ....

... 0,1404 h' O..!.

1.475 ( _ 'I ...

Gh

." 7 WI, I
h' 0

n- -> I
b

'11

1'

q, b 0

'

38

0) YBHJAIbE rPEAE nPABOyrAOHOr nOnPElIHor

nPECEJ<A . CEH-BEHAHOBI1 J<OE4>I1L1,I1JEHTH

1,5

n'- h/b

q,

1,000

q,

0,208 0,231

0,246 0,267 0,282 0,299

O,~07

0,3 13 0,333

'II

0,140 0,196

0,229 0,263' 0,281

0,307

0,313 0,333

0',858

0,796 0,753 0,745

ti

10

0,743 0,743 0,743

0,299

00

0,743

CeH-!reHaHoBH KoeqlHllHeHTH 'Mory ce

no 06pacUHMa :

q,~ ~ [

1 _ 0,630
n

npH6nHlKHo Ol1peAHTH.

+ 0,052] ,

Il:!

n'

q.

1 +r.'
O,35+n'

3a Ol1pe~UBalbc yrna YBitjalba OCTanH X nOnpeQHII X npeceKa npHMe

"'Yie ce o 6puall

' 0- 9Jl, I

!l:

fAe ie !!: KpyWOCW Upu wOP3UjU (torsional rigidity). KpYToer ee ol1 pe ~yj e
nKo 118 ce nOnpeqHH npeCCI! saMe HH "eKBUBO A.HWHOM tAUDCOM' HeTe
nOBpWHUC II HCTor nonapHor MOMeHra HHepllHje Kao H CTBapHH' npeeeK.
Ha npHMep. 3a XPYlKHH nOnpeqUH "peeeK KPYToeT j e !!: = Glo , a sa ' npaaoyraoliH npeeeK ie !l:-q. G b'h (ra6nHlla IVa-I H 7).
3a Apyre opeceKe 6Hhe:
0) pasHocCilpOHU iDpoyrao, crpaHe b :

'! = 0,6 G 10;

203)1,
b'

Ga 4fi ,29Jl,1 .

G b'

'

b) DPOSUJ/OH wecwoyrooHuK (no Weber-y), npeqHHKa YOHcaHor Kpyr a d :

!!:-O,133G A <1';

'13 ,

A = -d
2

f mc

=-

g)/,

O,217r1<1

c) fiPOBU J/ /lU oCMoyrooHuK, npC""H"a yn ucaHor Kpyra d :

!l: - O,130 GAll" ;

~,

= -.:::;:..,-

mn

O,223A d '

-14
c) AHMEH6HOHHCAtbE JJAI{HX TPAHCMHCHOHHX

BPATJ.1JJA
nonpe~HH

(KpY>KHH

10 npeMa J/03B O:. eHaj JJ.eop.lla quju

npCCeK)

eo = / .'

Me-rpy

n o J! YlKHOM

[m] =4k ncmJ ; Jrdd = (kNlc,,'(

[P ] = (kWI ; 0 ~ 8 . 10 I (kNlc""
[n ] = [obrtaja/min.]

%'

I1peMa JlOJ80 !.eHoJ( maHreHqujaJlHOJ( HauaHY

3 _ __

d _ 16,80 -l/ p,. ... (cm),

V {" n

Oll.HOCKO

I
1,50

~JI

2,10

3a

AHMeH3H

OKHcaibe

I
I

KpHTepHjy"

3,10

14,6{!;

13 V :

< 0,112

<1

< 4,43

< 0,112

>1

> 4,43

kN/cm'

cm

11 ,5 V : :

I npeara

"'1,'

npeara

CTAHllAP.l1HH nPE4HHUH TPAHCMHCHOHHX BPATHIIA (0"01;

25, 30, 36, 40, 45, SO, 56, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100
lIO, 125, 140, 160, 180, 200

220, 240, 26~, 280, 300

315, 330, 355, 380, 400
420, 4SO, . dO, SOC.

np ... p. - 3 , = 3,10 kN lc ,"' 6Hhe:

1:1'('7iin

11 ,S V Pln
d l > d.

aKO

Je: 1,137>

12 log 1.132 = O,6H20

1.132
(pI n)"
(P ln)'/" .

tJ.

n. i< P' n= N 0.04 (;20.4.43.

<"

40

V. T A 6J1 ~IUA
OSJlHLl.H JESrPA BA)I{HHJHX ITP04>HJlAP. ..

KOOpAIIR.'tf: lttoltJl'

Opol

x. "' ;

Jurpa

' -I)

,. _ '/.h; y - O

1- 2

1- 2

3- 4

.. :, y... O,I 6fi (I +;")/1

v - hlH

.r .. 'I.b; y. O

1- 2
3

3- -4

vI

,-0

1-- 2
x3

4
y-

11/1'

bh'
I> /I (8/1 - bh )

0
I " II
- /i
- bU(8

b' ~

b. )

Pu.
01'01

C"O$t'-""'t

"PleeK

t~/;

'fty ... ~

, .. "

1-.1

,.

..

11
, .. 0
,U

.-0
,-

21
Ai

"

1.-'1.... -'1.. 1/'

I
I

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- t. 'I .

,-

II

42

P...
6poJ

KOOpA~IHate

nPECI!K

tewell'

X=Xj;

J... :lrpa

Y=YJ

OCMoyraoHHK

1-2; 3-4
2J
p= - .
Ad

10

A =d -2s';
'

CM3lbelbe CTpaHe

KB3ApaTa.
4

1= d
12

1-2

_4[S',36 + ~(!!...
- !...-)1
2 2
2
y=o

(H-h) B'+h (B-b)',

6B(BH-bh)

11

X=O
BH'-bh'
/iH (BH-bh)

y - -"..::,"-:-:...:.:.:..
"

1-2

X= 2/,.

3-4

x=o

AB'

y=O

2/"
y=-.

:z;

12

.1

AB .

rAe C}~:

b,

A a (B-b) .(B:\-b-b,),

pacTojalbe YHYTpaWIbKX
npo<jlKil8 K B=H, b=h.

KBKlla

I,c 'In [B'-b' - b, (B'-b')].

1,= 'I.. [B'-b'-b, ' (B-b.)].

43

VI.

TAEJlI1~A

EJlACTHlfHE JlHHHJE
(.

CTATH4KH OLlPEt.EHE rPEJlE'

t - npOCTa rpeAa

a
Fe DF Fb
M--,-z;

ab

MmoJl =- F -

- . -bz
F

I"+ F(z-a);

Zo =

Fb
M= ,Z

z>a

\8y'l~

aa

o.

F(z-G).

\8- EI. (casoinG KpymocJD)

a)' ]

FI' (b,. [ \- (-,

b )2 -3 (-,
Z)' ] + 3z -- , - '
y- 6\8
y _ F /' {.!!..., !.. [ I _
- 6\8 .. I /

(.!!...)' _{~)2
/

(Z~G)'}

t~~ 611he Hal.ebH yrH

N b 'f '31 [ 1- \1)
( b \1 ] }'/'
t",=s'i"-,

3a a

~'1,I6e:tlHK.

35 Z>

wnoAi.
.ilea rpe.a.e.

q:t. 9, CTp. 1H .

tpt6a YlerH " .ilCO JeJ.H!'Utllt l.eCHO 0.11. .",acHe" UplC - CltbsC'h-01i
.1eaH leo rput t~
a) npo),'CHlblU,. Je: %, " atCH_

<

Ope,..1 alaI MtroJ." '0

I: '). a)

nOnpe"lHH

I' - b:
3a z.. - ,{ 3 '

npONCII.'t.IlU je z _

npeen

10tT 'U=~~=CCJnSt.

KOOPlHHJTHI oca

Jc 'ICOHCUHlIH,

0,

I;Jx=cOf!S/. Tuo~c:

+Ay YCllepCHG Ie

Je kOH

_""'''''._ J____

HDIfUX(.

____...

B~eAHOCT.

~';,

-u'(I+'):

ljJYUKl\Bj.

1
6

,,; -u.( I+u);

u= a/I,

-+
-u

. 0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

'P 'IO-

285

480

595

6~0

625

560

455

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0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

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0.8

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u=bt/= l-u

I,

,.

0,9

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165

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0,;+0,:.

--

0,8
320

a=b-'/,I
Z'.= 'I. I,

3a

'P IOI ::: " rAe je t

U6"HQHl

=O.0625=11l6, nl Je a=flzJl6
H, DO.08ft"H plcnOH .

<s

'pCllHOCt; H. npHwep 31 u=v=O,5 Je ,,=625/10'=

HarHIS "POCte rpe.a.e HU neBMW OC.,oHuew YCJlU CHile F

'1---+

FA - Fs = F;
M_. - Fa 3 a a - <z<l-a
'l3y"--Fzl +F(z-a)+

I +F(z-(/-;-o)).
Y = : .. ;

{-H

3(

~)-

- 3(~)' -( ;)"]+
2

0=1/,1
2a
I

.....

_~.Ff1
384

'l3

F,,-Fs-F;
sa z.=I/.1

-'

f(z=' f41)

F f1
48''l3;

3 .FI'

Cl=-Il--'-'
32 'l3
,.

a - I/,I

2b

46 Ff1
23 FI'
1_- 36' .~= 648 ~

I-A-FsQ F;

3a

z.-I/,I

1 Ff1

Cl- -Il- - ' - .

9

'l3

,.L

'JJl
I

'JJl
FO - - -

F .. - - ;

sa z._1

M"... - g;n

'JJl
!B)'''- - - ;
I

3a

1",:;:

/
-=
V3

~~

30
'!l Y

'!ly=

'11l1

=_

'/3 !R /'

I .., = 27 'lI

1 'DII'

1(='1,1) = 16 '!l ;

;r +(-H]

33 Z.

= ( J_

a= g)1I
3\13

~ 3 ) I,

= -2~.

I .

'JJl

Fa= -

'JJl z+ 91! c 'JJl

~.' [2- 6(;) + 3(; )']

~1' [2H) -3(

- _ . - =-2a.
3 ~

9ll
F;. =- - - ,
I
M

1'13
c;I

[1- !.. ]
/

al~711

,1/r
bl
A}: V

71f~

'IDI
---

3~'

.'

'IDI

fJJ/i
- 6~

6~

'1I1 1

711,\4 1i8

d)

B
~~ O

CIA

3b

..

'lJ1I 'lJ1I
3'8 3 '8

'ID 1
6~

./

V3 fJJ/ I'

KIO
0)

"aD

t V3S I

Kao
c}

27 """"f"

z., ( 1- V3) I
.

1(30 0)

'lIl, - '1I1,
1

b)

-Fa

J+ '1I1, ( ~ )

M : 9J/, [ I - (; )

'By" = 'lIl. [(

'B

~ l~, [2-6( ~ )+3(; )']+illl' [I -3( ; )'] I

Y,' :

'By :

~ )- 1] - 9)1 ,(~ )

[I-(;)J {'1I1,[2-(f)]+'1I1,[1 +(f )]J

a . - - (2 'lIl, + 'lIl.) ,
6 '8.

p: - - 1 ('1I1 t + 2 911,).

6'B

y cny~ a jy )],a HeKII cnper ,(IIJlI! 06a) I!Ma cynpoTaH CMep

0)]' cr.sepa H33HaQeHOr Ha CJlHUH. Tpe6a y 06pacUI!r.sa KO)]' )],0THQ}{or copera SHa K UJlyc 3aMeHH'tH 3HaKOM MUHYC.

40

)'

~/[I -~(;)];

Y-

r'lC -C)']
qn I'

I~u - 8 ~
a _9111
- __ p.
2
'Ill

FA - I

F-

.--9J!

/.

M.... -

:m-aI

b
AI .... a - 911 I

5"

y2

~ .;[; [' -3(+r-(; nl + 3 (z~a n l

f
f

ex -

,A

MU

:~ [I -

~ ~ [~
3'.1:1

- (.!!..).]....

~ ~ [~

3m3 - (.!!..)']'"

3(

~ )' ].

301

3a a >

3a

=.. = 1 - V".I'-a:

'/. 1,/'3 lIarH6 ~ ....,.a

3Hal(.

'Illt

a=~'CD -- .
24~

npc ...

Cle.~ h - o.o J

npOMU .. UA Je z - o.

wr:to.u

1I

&eo

< a DpowettA.lt8& Je z, I u aeo z > G

[ AF... = F8

='I, F" ='/, q/ ;

[Z

qf
q:'
qf'
M =- l - - - --

- ( ;)' ]

~ ~f [ :

_ ( ; )' ]

Mm &I/ .ql' 3az.='/.f

BpeAlIO.TII <l>YHKu.IIJe
rp(Cl)= IJ,,{u-2u*+u 4 ), u=zll;

-T-\ O,O~
qo(u ) 'I O~

0,10

O,I~

0.20

409

$99

773

207
0,9$

0:90

y=Fqkpj

.0,2S 1 ,30 10,M

928

1059

I 0,85 I 0,80 I0,75

1 0 ,70

k~l''''

0,40

O~

0,4$

1302 q>{uHO'

11&1 /1210 /1286

0,65

0,60

O~

0,55

qbd

u
+-

F,=qb; F .. = - = F. -;Fs-F..
1/1
A

s=a+'/.b; d=c+'/.b; e-a+b ..

O<z<a

btl

M=q-::,
I

50

3a

z.= o+(F .. /q)=ot (bd//);

(o+b)<Z<1

y=~:
7

M=q-I-qb(I-S) =qb -

(I-z).

;[;, ;[4-cJ'-4(~r-{T)'] '+(~W~Or +

, + 4C ~ $),+ (Z~ $) (~ r-(~) (Z I'an

a=~: ~ ~ [4 -(~r-4(~)l
qb

d[

(/-$)' (b
-I)1.

(d' (b )']

~ - -24 I'93 [ /8+4 [)+ / " -12 -1- -

OpeMa ClebschOBOj MeTOAH Tpe6a 3a npOMeHJbHBe Y3eTH: y

npeeeKy I) I , Y npeeeKy 2) I- 0 H Y npeccKy 3) I-e, rAe je
e z a+b. KaKO je s=o+ (b/2)=e - (b/2) TO je qb(l-S)=[q(i-o)'/2)-[q (l-e)'/2) , Te ce MOMeHT y TpeheM DOJbY
.aHera MO)l(e" U'palHTH nOMolly MOMeHara Y
ABa npeTXOAHa nOJba, ns je yKynHo

M--z
qbd
--(z-a)
q
"

'I

+-(z-e)'
q
.
"2

OBO naKwe nOCTH)I(eMO H3 raj HaqHH lllTO heMO onTepehelbe npo.

AY)l(HTH y, cneAehcM DOJbY H oAy.eTH ora, KaKO jc nOKa33HO Ha ClIHUH.

:VY - - qbd
- l ' +"'"
" q ( z -a )., -" qz
( " e!!
)
w

,q

,q

6Hhe

.qbd .,

9ly'a ___
'+C, +-(z-a)' --(z-e)'
21
6
6
qbd"z' C, z+C,
~ y = -'-'-""::'+
61

I+-

-q (z - a)' '- q (z - e)'.

24

24

\"j'

51

---~------------~------~--------------,
KOHCTaHTe C, OJl.p e ~ yj e~1O H3 ycnoaa Jl.a j c Y 0 3a ~ 0 H

z=l, na cy

C,=O

C =qbdl_ ..!L(I-a)'+ ~(I -e) " ec a+b'

,
6
24 I
24 1
'
,

'l3 Y= C, z -

qbd~. +..i (z -

a)' -

24

61

..i(~ - e)'

24

a = C,f'I3
(

fI=-1 [C,_qbdl +..i(l-a). -..i(l- e)' ] ,

'B
2
6
6

~---------I

a =b = c ='/,1; e -

"I, I;

FA = F.

s=d='/,1

='I. ql;

F. = 'I. ql

'1- ~(z- ~n+ ~(z - ~/)'

2~~ G~ ~ -: (-7-n (-~- ~ n-( ~ -:n

M=q:

7a

Y=

11 ql'
/ ='1,1) = 1944 ~ -

176
31104

ql' ,

~'

205 ql'
/(, =',.n = 31104 'B
13 ql'
648 ''II

a= - - - - -

-fl,

--;-------------~--r_------------------I

a - ca'/.I; b='/,1
s=d='/.I; e='I;1

F... =FB='I ,ql;

F.='I, ql

[!.! _(~)31
+ (~ _ 1..)'1_ (~ _~)']
I
I
4
r 4

Y = qt<
~
24!8 16 I
7b

ql'

57

ql'
m-

ft<=',.n ,. 768 ~

t c.-',.o

6144

Il ql'
384 'l3

a=----=-~,

40 ql'
= 61 44

m- ;,

52
0 =0: S='/,b:

~lllll r-__'B
_ -:l>.

e=b

d"/,1(2-(b/llJ:
8

c
b
qIJ'
F.='/,F. - = - ;

1 21

I
2

qz'
M=F",z--

\By"= -I'AZ+
'1'

\By' = 7C

q~'

,.-

i' + qz
-

'"
2

FA l '

z=O
z=1

y=

y=O; .

ql'

24 \B

q
+ -(z-b)'

(z-b)'

q
+ C, - - (z-b)'
6
6

I
24 ' ,

qz'

~y=---+-+('Z+C

F.=qb.

q
--(z-b)'

24 '

C,=O;

-[2!..(2-!..)
[~(~)3J
-:- .[~I ~(~)
. 'J +
1
1
1
1-.
" I .
-

~.

~'

,..' .

+(1- ~)'.~ 1_(Z~b)'I='

I

2:/~[(2 ~ ~ rJ~)~ -2+ -(2 -+)'C)' +(~ )' {~b)'l .

.~

a=2q4-~(2- ~r(~f: ~&-2q4'~[2-Cn-Cr

63

M - : ql1 7d

Y=

_2 ' I

~[~(!...) ~(!...)3 +

24 \II 16 I

c t(=/,~

q~'1 + ~ (z - ~

(!...)'
1_ (!.I. __21 )' ]
1

5. ql'
-768
!ll

ql';
a - 3- 128

~c

aeOi

7 q I'
384' \B

___

b't.l=ti

$='/,1; d=-'/,I
M7e

15 q
qzl
IZ--232

1+"'2q ( z-4'3/)2 .

Y.,=.2~/~g~~ C) -1: (;
75 ql'
tt - 20t8 \II

+ ( ;)'

.;

69 qf'
i~ = - 2048 \II

'l.,
B

F.

2 fa

M. os = - - F. I "" 0.1283 F., I

. 27

I-(; - !n

I.)

q : q. = z : Ii

F. ell, q,1

FA='/,F.i

F.-'/,G

q~'[;

33

Z.

-(;n
I
-=
~ 0.51731.
'i 3

64

t)y" c

z[

-'/of, .

1- (;

Y= .:S~.;[7(;)-IOC)" +3(+),].
8

I.... ""
I.... ""

0.01304 FI'e . ",,0.00&522"'ql'

!e"-33 z.. =/VI- 8/IS:o;,O.51 93 I.
384

33 z.:o;, '/,1 (rpewKa 1.8'/)

5 q,t'

5 F I'

768"i"""

q :q. - (z- a) :b;

FA =

F,d

-,.....-;

F,=-q,b;
2

FB=F,$; $ca+'/,b
I d=c+'/. b
M=F.4~=q.bd z
. J 21

...
8a

a<za+.b) M-- 6bl

q. [3b'dz-/(z-a)']
_. - _ ...
M.... = q.btl [3a +2b'{i1l]
61
.. .

"M q.bd (/-z)

21 .

r-

Y= 1:;0 ~ {;(270( +) (~)f~d )-4~( ~}(f)~ 17( ~

-270(:H~-r] 1+ 27(;t(z:a),+
+ f+ 45( ~rf: fi) -28(+)\ 270r~s)' -27(; r(: an
=

a=

1:;0 ~ [270( ; )( ~ ) (I~ d) - 45 ( ~ .)' (T)-17 ( ~

~ = - 1:;0 ~ [17( ~ )' + 45 ( ~

rC-1)- 270( ;) (~ )(I~ d)

+ 3 270 ( ~.)

(1 - 4)] .

npeMa Clebsch-oBoj e.eTOJl:H Tpe6a y nojeJl:HHHM npeceUHMa Y3eTH Kao upOMeHJbHlle

z, z.-a H z-e, rJl:e je e=a+b.

360r Tora np0Jl:YlKHMO Tpoyr JlaCTO
onTepehelbe Y TpeheM npeceKY H
O.n.Y3MHMO

ra,

OHD.a

nocTojH O.ll.HOC

q* : q. = (z - a) : b,
na je MOMenT OJl:Y3eTor onTepehelba
Y TpehcM nOJbY

80
9. (z-e)'
. 2

(q*-q.}(z-c)' .
S

'

,q!',..(~z~-_e:.!)

q - q. = -

Te je yKynHH MOMeHT

9, (z'-e)'
2

9. (z-e)'
Sb

11 HTerpanelbeM Jl:06HB3MO
9l y' = ' . 'F'" z
2

+C +
'

q. (z -

z
9ly=- F"S-+C,z+C.
9. (z - eJ'
24

a)',_

24 b

9. (z - aJ'
+
120 b

q,(z-e)'

120 b

.,

9. (z - e)
6

q, (z - e)'
24 b

56

K OHCTatlTe oApeljyjeMo,
na je C, = 0 H

CI = F,i'

120

8a

YCJloaa A3 je y

=0

z =0

~a

H Z

= i,

[20~ - 2(i)': (I- ~)\ ' 1 0~ ' (I - ~)'+

$y - C z- Fqd

'6i
_

H3 ,

' b

z'l+ 60b'
F, _ (z -a)' I - ~cz-e)412b

F. (z- e)"
60 b'

acCI/~

_I
~

[e

I r , di + F, (I-a)'
2
12 b'

__

_ Fq (i-e)' _ F , (i-e)'] .
3b
12 b'

$-

2il0

(z - a)' )

(i- a)'

8b

Mma .

(i-a)':')
3I F.(I-a)((a)
1+ 2 \3/

3a zo= a+(I-a)

y=

,/i-a
V31

I~~ . ~ . [ [7 + 6 ( ~ ) - 3 C)' -

-IO(-=-)'J
'(1-~)
' (-=-)
,+3(z
-a)' )
I
I
i
1' (/-0 )'

57

Bb

a=I~~ ' I~ [7+6 (~)-3(;)l (1-;)

~ - - 1~~ , ~ [B +9 ( ~ ) + 3(; )'] ,(I - ;),
a='/,I; b-'/,I; c-O

s-'I,I; d='/,1

Be
F. '
Y - 180

I' Z [ 37-40 ( Tz
8eal

)11 (2z -1)5j

+3

'

q: q.-(J-~) :'1, q-2F.{I-z)/P

_-+~

.,8

__

1'.= 'I, q.l, FA

FT

e'l. F., F. - 'I. F.

! F.[I-3(~) + : (;n

M~F;/[2(;)~3(fr +(;)']
2f3

M.u -

27

9
33

z. _ 1 _
J

'lly"= -

cay' =

F;' [2( ;) -3( ;)' + (;n

F~~' [8- 60C),

F.I ... O,I283F.J

+60{~)' -lS( ~)']

Y3 "" 0,4217
5

58

F I'

I.ox '" O,01304-!-

3a

4='J,o -

5 F.t'
384

8 F, t'
i80!B

1m

= 0,4807 (

5 q,t',
G

768

9i '

8 q,l'
360 21 '

a=--= - - '

2 -

l{oH30JIa

,"

,I

".

,
"

"
-F(a- z)'.l -F(z-a)

.'.

!By"- - MI(;)=F(a-z)l +F(z-a)

10

,
'. I .' :

!B

' F(QZ'
1')" + C,Z+ C
T ' - '6

y. '. .'

38

c'

zzO, ' yay'=O;

F{Z-D)'

C,-C, - O

\Oa

1(, = 'f,

. FI'
Q = 24 'B ;

I(Z=I/t l)

FI'

= -- .
8 'B

FA - F;

!IJl A= - FI

'By"=P , (/-z)
Ii
F.

F I'
Y(, . I)='2''B ;

y~

:,;((+n -(+)]1
3

1r=:) =L ~ ,"~
3 'B

60

'Dl" c;
~y":::; :m

~y ' =

+ 'Dl
'lIl I

12

9Jl

Imtu = -

=0

II!

I'

. -

'13

9Jl .. - +311

F.. =O;

M= 9Jl(-1I + 1)= -9Jl!+911(I-a}'

~y" =

y- ~

9Jl1 - '1Il (z - aj'

.;

[(TrI-('~an

a ( a)

'1Ila
.
<JRfl
f<=n-~(I-, : ,a)-2~ -I 2--"

F.. = F, = ql; '. IDI", 7' -'/I.F,. I,

14
"

[Z (II)' + (Z/ )'] .

y'= F6''13}, 3/-3

61

(:y
I ' [6 - 4 (1)
I (Zn
I .

F" ' I'~ .

Y = 24

14
1(1_ 1) ::r.

I'
ql'
._= - ;

F"

8~

'lJ

I'
ql'
-=- .

yc,,-:....!/
6

'!l

6'!l

BptAHOCTII &!>YHkl\oJe
l' (II) = I,: ,

,.

I
I

u
,,(ul ,10'

16 u~ - 4 u~+ ul ), "=z/I

0,1

0,2

0,3

233

173

/83413010

0,7

0,6

7,;341 g17~

442715940
,

Ii

- I - L' Cl _

qa

MVI - F Az - . T

10134

112.;01

, .I
Ql

' 2

F .. z

'8 y - -- -+
6
z= O,

Y"'Y'- O;

'

I'

q (z-a)'
-6

qat z
+ -qz + C.: +C.
4
24
.

q
24

- - (z-~'

C.- C = OJ,?
,

. F6,a'Jltl[3-a~ -- 3(Z)'
(z .. a),)
- +
a (z-a)']/ -a

y - -

y - f'~~ 0'
~

I[ (.
F.0",

I
':'=0) -

r (z)' +:(- nI-("=-;;---)-

0 '\

6:- - 4 -;

8~

a
Yu=a,- F"
- ";

ti~

.,

-.- +2 (:-a)

!ll y' - - 111:'1

F" z'. +-z+-+

qa'
ql' C
'8Y=-

15

0,9

9Jl .. = - ' I.F,a - = -' I. qa'

I O~ I

F", - I-", - qa

!B

A~
_ - a

0,5

0.4

1,0

62

15

0=

'I, I

F,,-F,-'I,ql

yhld[6; -12(~)'+8(;)'f-(2~ -In

150

y-..

~;:(24(+r-32(+r+16(~)'
F I'

/cralh" -

ql'

64~

I28!B

-;

F.t'

192!B

1(,=1) - -

/-(2;-'),]

7 qt<
384'B

-=-.
F. =qb;

F" =.qb;

9Jl.. K -qhs;

s=a+'/,b=I-'I. b

M'(.) .. q~z - qbs. k

!B y.
156
y -

~~;{[I2~ (~)
qbt'
2.,

r,,-.)~-

Ioa, ';'

u
.-;
I

qbl' (a)'
12!B
I (3+ '/a);

= . - qb~+ qbs
,

'I. q (z -a)'

1+.'1. q_(z ."

a)' :

,
15b

qbl'
fc= n ~ 24'B

a = b='/,I;

[ 2 ( 4-3,
b)

$='/,1

+ ( -Ib )3] '

F... =F,, = '/!ql;

".IJIT'~-'/.ql'

i)

15c

Y(z=tl

7 ql'

= -

48 'B

41

h=,,=384

ql'

'B

q : qo - (/-:) : I

16

t.z)' (Z
-H''J

F" I' (:)' [

(Z) +5\/ r=60
' 9;' , 10-10/

) (,-1) -

F"

It

-' -

12 'B

. q;I' .
-""--

24 'B '

iI'
qo I'
' 15 'B
30 'B

F '
({I "' /) -

-' . -

64

q :q. - (o - z):o

160

q:q. - z:/; q - 2F,z/I' ;

- -' /, q. I' ;

17

~y'- ~':'[8 (~)-6(+)'+( ~ n

i3y-

F~~' [20C

r-IO( ~ )'+ (~)l

1 Fo I'

Yc. - o-- "4

65

FA='I.q.b~F. ;

9Jl A = -

'I,q,bs= -F.s;

Me - q. b (/- Z _.l b )
2
3

~ y"

Fq

[(s - z) 1+ 3~ (z - a)']

'By'=F,[SZ-~:+Cll +_1_ (:-O)']

2

170

'By~F.

12 b'

IZ'
.'
---+C,z+C,
[ 2
6

1
]
+-(z-o)'
SOb'

(z z ( Z)' 1 + (b"/ )' (Z- -0)'

/ ]

/' [ 30,
s , ) -10 (
y- F
6~!!l

..
aobe'/,/; s='I,/

. F /' [ ?5 ( Iz )' -10,

(z
Y=6~'B

)'1

+4

(,-"2
: 1 )']

1- 6bq, (z -

0)'

66

121 F,I'
n480
- - ~/(,~.,17b

3 -

rpep,a ca npenycTHMa

, !B
3a A 8 Taql\a eJlaCTHqHa JlHHHja
je "'PYlKHIt JlyK nOJlynpeqHHKa

R-!B/FC.

y-/-[R-VR'-('/,I-z)' .
/-.)' (2

-= 11.1,. -: . -

!Ill I Ft' - -F I'

fc-fD-IIC+fc - -c+.;-.

18

:l!B

3!B

6!B

(C~)22
[ .(-C)+3] .
I

npella C1ebsch-oBoj .. erOA" Tpe6a y Kpajlboj TaqKH C

peTit

KoopAHHaTHH

noqeTaK,

na

cy

MoileBTIt

nOJbHMa'

M-':'Fz

1+ F'(z-c)

I1HTerp3~elbell

I+F(z-e);

e-c+/.

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+C

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6

+ C z+ C
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1_ F(Z-C)'I
6

F(z - e)'

,!Oje,lJ,ItHItH

67

KOHCT3HTe Ol\pe~yjeMo
je y-O. n3 cy

C1 __ Fc(l+c)
2

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z- I+e

C. - Fe' (3 1+2 0)
6

Te je

I' [( 3+2-)
e ' (C
2 ( -C) _._+
e z
( -Z)3 +
y -F -1-31+
6'll
I
I)
I
I I
I

18

to

FI'

FI' e

!= l/. n- - 8'll ' -1 - - 8 'll

FA~

A . - - - -......+-~r

Fe
--,
. I

M.. = -Fe.

19

y _ _ FI'

3aAeo AS}

'/3 F I' e
f..... .. - - - 27 $

3aAeoCB)

.[~

.6.'ll I

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... 0.5711.

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(~

r(~ ~}
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npe... Clebscb.y 6Hhe

~a HHTerpane~eM

[2' .

Ao6HBaMO

I ('1+;') (Z - fl']

Fe "6+ C,Z+C, ~Y=-I

19

113 yenoBa 3a 2-0 H %;=1 je yrH6 y- O cn~Ae KolleTaHTe

C. =O; C,= - 1'/6, na cy

e[
Y= FI'
6!8 ' -1

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( (Z (Z) +' (Z)'
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0./ Z
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e (e
3-+2).

ye-Y(.-.+,)= FI'
_.-.
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FA_~/[I-0n
20

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~ [1 +2C)+(~)']

Mc.)=F"z-'/,q2'
MB

= - '/: qe' = ... '/, ql'

(z<1)

(-+)'

qz'
2

M=F"Z+F.(/-z)- _

MmF"z - qz'

y'

+ Fs(z-f)

~ 2:1~{[1-2( ~'r
+

20
y=

]-6[ 1- (-7)']( ~ rHe r

1-: 6[1 +2f + (-T)' }(Z;7};

2:1~ {[1-2(f)'

-2[

1-( ~f]( ~)' +(~ f +

+1-2f 1+2; -+(f)' )(~)' j;

a = 2:1''!l -

2:1~ (-7-)' = 2~t''!l [ 1-

2(

-H ]-

~~ - ~[1-4{~)'].
24'!l
\ I
fc=flc+fc
.

Yc-flc+ y{ .

(C)' +4 (-C
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I

= - ql'. -c ( 3 24. il I . I

-I;

..i!._[ -I + 4 (~)'
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24 '!l

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yUeA

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21

ceKY (k)
a'k - a .

u = 0,/1,

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= II.. ., k, (0.. 0.)

CI;t

,.'1.
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u (1-.) (2. -. u)

k =' 1'1'fJ je Koe.puqujeHUl rllUKOcUlu rpe/l.e,

"Hlle cmfkg, cm/l_

Ta6nHua

~
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Q"

jeJiHU "~ua reRepaJiHC&ua ilJHKTHSHI elUla TpalKeBe AeiIJop'

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Osy CIUIY Tpe6a ySeK peTH y cwepy TpalkeHe AeiIJopllaJtHje
npecelC4 (I).
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/Ilk = 6.,

..

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,

.. Sux

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~;-

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I6HpC ,DoKuyje AI HHTerpane 'Tpt6a yseTH y esa

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Cl, .. ~*.(al. a.. J-k . /.u(1-Y) (2Y-tl l -u'):

f{J3 t '.U(t-,,) (2~-Ll1 - u'1;

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0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20

0,25

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u=o ;//;

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319

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461

675

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994

1091 11 M 1200 12(!5 1183 1136 1060

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810

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118

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812

591

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909

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311

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",

VII. TABlll1UA
CTATH~KH

HEOAPEmEHE rPEAE-

fL--t'--l

y - ~: ~(~fI[3-(:)'j(I-~)-2(~n

t~~~

;+ ;.([ 3-(~n[2-3(~)]-4Cn

y - ~ ;(;)'.(1-.~)[3+ - (2++)(I-fn

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uk . 'In. 10, up. W .

.prq.aoc ....

npc~

c. __

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p= -!:. . !

acO;

4- "

- (~)' . (!.-) 1

no Cltbsch-y 6Hbe
N=F.,z-fII" I-F(z-a)
"y"=-F.,z+CJII"

I +F(z-a)

F zI +!IJl"z+C. I+ ~(z-a)'
F
"y'- --1I

"z'
'"~ = -F-

e l + -F
+'m"zI
+e
.z+
2
6

(z-a)'

z .. O; y-y'=O; C1 -C. ==:: O

(z-a)Z}
+,,-, 3-(b)'J(Z)'1 +2,

a b(1
y'= ..FI'" {2'/
1- PI'
'

12"
.

b)Z

b[

{3~~(I+!.-)'-')' -!.-[3~ (~)Z](!:)' +

1 1

1 \..1
.

.-

,
' ~------------------~

y'-~~[6(;)-11(;)"I+1s(;

I.

". 16II F . - F._!.P

16

F '"

10

set -

- ~)']

1-~-;-!(;n9-11 ;)1+ ItiH- -~

)' )

1 Fl'

~I . f,.-.
', 768

; f~ .. ""

(V5) 1",,0,55281

0,009317 -FI'
; z. = 1- - 5
~

10

Fl'O
a- ;
128 ~

Y(6::1/."- - . - ;

F I'

fl=--' - '
32 ~

!R.c--

F . / .

9
MCr='I. n= 128 F ,I

II.[ 6
y'. F4~'lJ

(z)
T -15 (TZ)1 +8 (TZ)']

I' [ 3
ya F
4;!B

(Z)'
T -5 (ZT )1 +2 (zT )']

t_ "" 0,00544 F -I'

cx=O;

z. "" 0,58 I.

S3

!B

,"

~=-...!-.

3_

48 !B

s-o+'/.b_l _d
e=o+h

. FAc

'lJ

-(~r(~)]

A( I - --f.- b
L

Fs=qb-FA

d.

'i

0,58 I.

~ [8- 12(+)' H(+)J_

1-----1
20

Z ""

8 m = 8qbl

----1".

s )'
)1
-12 ( T
H (T
+

76

~y"=
20

-M'(.) = - FA z+3II A
Z

'By' = _ F"2

'

'By= _ FA Zl
6

I + q(Z;O)'I_ q(Z;e)'

+ 311" Z 1+ q(Z~
+ 3II A Zl
2

0)'1_ q (Z~e)'

1+ </(Z-a)'I _ q(z-e)'
24
~4

,9
9
11
11
= -q.l= -Fo; Fs .. -qo/=:.:..r.

fA

40

20

40

20

3II A = - _7_ qo /' = - J.... F /' F = '!.!.!.:

, 120
60 0 '
0
2'
M.... =

q, /' (27 - 7 {5) ""

120 V5

"" 0,04229 qo /' < 3II A

33

.q:

q.~Z:

/;

z,=O,5975/

qeqoz/I.

q Z,
q I'
j,{eF"z- 9)l.. - - ' - = -'-I -7 +27 u -20 u']

61

120

q /'

!By"= -'-[7-27u+20u'];
120

z
u=I

/'
!By'= ~ (14 u-27 u'+ IOu']
_
.240

q I'
' 240

!By = - ' - [7 u'-9 u'+2 u']

' ... 0< " "

q I'
0,003048 - ' -

!B

33

Z. =

0,598 /.

2
4
F A = - Q,I =-F.,

Q,I'
9Jl A = - -

>M

15

I
I
FB'-"-q,I=-F.;
10

rrttn ,

3a

z. = ( 1- v~) 1",,0;55281
~p

, Y'-120'B u (2-u)(5u'-10u+4); y'=O ,33 u - O; '1I>=2; u-Iy=

fmrn.

Q I'

(l-u)[I-(I-u)']O' u= 120!B
'I

3751'5

a-O; ~= _ q.p

q.I' ",,0,002385.9. 1';

'a
'93

F A - F'(

Fa4

(~)\

Dl" = - Fa. 'I

~r[st~ r( ~)]

f..(~)'[3(~)+(;n

a)'

AlP - aFI( 1-4,a)

.I
9Jl o =-tb\T;

y' = ; ; (

12018 '

~ )' ( ~ ) [ 2 ;

(+ + 3 ; ) ~ ]

:~ (+)' (+)'( 3 ~ -( ~ + 3 ~) ;] ;

vI
5

78

. a-IJ='/.I

4a

1(:=1/ l) -

F
/'
_0_
192 '!l'

9ll,,- 9ll", .. _ F,I

12
M (~'...

1__
a

1m

F !...
384 ~

8 - y'(.='I.,,_ O.

c:::

1',1
24

79

s=a+'/,b, d=c+'/.b,

-(~r(;-;)]

A
"',
:.oY-- I' 2' + 'lIl AI

+ q(z-a)'
6

- q(z -e)'
6

+ q(Z-a)'I_

q(z-~)'

24

24

F.I
!DIs = - - ;

.
M(,,= :~I [-2+!( ~) -10 (;)']
y

' a F,I'

6O~

6018
... s

Mt.- .utO -

r 4(+)-9(~r ~ ~(~n

Y _ ~.L[

10

F, I'
382 ~

2(;)'--3(;)'+(;-)']
Ja

"

~ (

- -21 +

V21)
_
I "" 0.525 I.
20

F.!
23,3

80

a+'I. b. d- c+ '/. b

'B

qObl[(b)'(
a +28 -b) +270S.(d)']
-I
-I -30+45(

!IIl A - -

540

6a

a+ b)

y=

1
120!B

(a+b) < z < 1

y-

--

a<z

!B = Elx = canst.

I.J. "

6~

IF.

20F AZ' +60 1 IJIl AI

Z']'

{I-z)' - 31 IDI.1 (1- z)].

93
1M

[qbO(Z- a)' -

"I1t!-, ....-., ol-r

,.

~{+I
l t

OBa je)lHaqHHa BalKH 3a npeTnOCTaSJbeHe (MepOBe MOMe

HaTa Kao Ha CKHUH. 3a )lpyre CM epose aHa Melba 3HaK Ha )le
CHOj CTpaHH . 03HaKe ( ) nOKa3yjy )la HarH6e II (.lleCHe rpe)le
Ha neROM ocnOHUx) H 13k (neBe rpe)le Ha )!.eCHOM OCIIOHUY) Tpe6a
Y3eTII ca IbHXOSIIM CToapHHM npe)l3HaKOM 3a CBaKO noje.l\lIHaQHO
onTepehelbe ycne.l\ KOHueHTpHcaHe CHne (Fl. KOHTKHyanHor
onTepehelba (q) H cnpera (WI) H'Y3eB peaKTHB.HHX YOMey"ra Ha
ocnOHUHMa (!Dl._., 'Dl.. !IIlk+ .)'

YU6U"K .. n.. 10.5.1, Up.H. 251.

/'

- 'J!:"

81

AKO je KOHTHKYAnK" HOCaq ca n pacnoKA cAo6oAHO OCAOlOtH

j OCJ! oHau tk =O.I,,,,, n)
OUlla je n + 1 - ~ '~ n - 1 Dylilo
Cill a CIi u"l l(u Heol1pe~ell . n.1
CHcre' t r apH, lor; je.llH3 tHfH3 TpH "OMeKT.1 I1Ma n - I j e.ll,HtlI.{HHY.
Koj e <jJOp.~Hp3 MO Olt' "HlleKCJ k = 1 110
k= n - L PeaKTHBHH M O)l:eHTH
KpaJtbH' OCIIOH3U3 cy 'lli. = 0 If

no

H3

9Jl, = O.

cnyqajy Ila cy l:pajeB" Koca4a Y/{Aewllle"u OIl)l3 je

n+3-

- 2 '= n + 1 Dyilla ciIlalilu'Hu "eoape~e", no CHCTeM HMa n _ 1 jeJ('

HaQIiHY . Y OAOlo\e cy cnyqajy:

,npaa
je)lHa4"Ha
,

2 9Jl.I, + 91!,I, = 6 !B1~(tt,)l,

nOCllelltba jeIlH.""H"

91!,_, 1,+ 2<m.I, - - 6 '51~ (~.)].

rile cy MOMeHT" y~neWTetba npeTnOCTa8JbeHH Kao Hn rop'I>oj eIlMUH.

Y enyqajy Ila je . AeBu (KIIK /lewu) Kpaj YKilewTeK OHIlI

je KOCaq II DyQla cmalIlu'H" . Heo/lp.~tH K Tpe6a opOPIIHPaTM eH.
CTeM 0)1 II je)lSa4HK3 H TO 0)1 "K)leKca k = 0 AO k z II - I (OJlftOCIIO
0)1 k = I )10 k-n), Tj. Tpe6a CMCTeMY je)lK3qHHa
JlO)l3TH npay
(OAHOCHO nocnelllbY) jeJlHa4"HY KS npeTXOJl"Or CTaaa.
!B. = EI. ~!B ,

9.'1.

7a

.. ,

~'-Cl

rt

P. = ~./!B ,

~-) .1)"

1;- 1.
.,

I...

k.1

91l._,/.
'11,

~" +I

7b

,)

F..... ,

U m

a/I,

f---l.

l.

Ie.. '

v= b/ I

.,II+, P. =

.= IF...,f. + , P,U.

+. v. +I( 1+ .... J+

+ F.I!u. v.(1 +u,)}.

-

-- -

m.#1 9Jl._, I. + 2 9Jl. (/. + P.IH'~ +

Gi-a,.. -.: A.i

"r
P
+'Dl
~.-+"..~.
k-'

6 [ t(<Xt+,,-t{J!,l

+ ;911 I, +. P. - 6 ~~ 1t(<Xt . ,} -1: (~.}l

= 'B./~k+'

1L

Flit

<.m._, 1.+2 91!.(I. + p./H

P.

+ 291!.( I. + IH' ,)+

'B. ~ .. ,

+ 91!'H IH'

MnK

1R1t.. ,

..

'lI ,

82

P. - ~./9! ,

7c

rpot/loGNoalllu ..o/ M.IDO,lU IIlt.6 nllrr.rt ua

u .. je y .rllo.. npecelCy jeAK." Ie TJIIW~PSU1l0) eHAli
apeeo. YO-eA cjl.n.... or onrepehe.... no.aeMlIOj ICp)'TOruh y rptAe. $.IfT'II~hO orrr~pe
'5.
'l\.
he ... e je onrepehe ... r rpeAe It
)orp""''' .. o..en
eoll")
.
~
I<.~o je Tpa.ceepl~.1 eMAI III
AUO .. OCAOHI1YlulIUI oTnopy
Tora OC'OKI1 a .. AeeHo .. ht-

npbll

CT1I~U
TOta

...

r:

rnK8"oJ

8peAMOCTH

otnopa

oeAoHlla.. TO ey IUr.6. II A
QCA06U'" It yeA A onn-pen ""

. .

"... a".1 - - "-

..
0 __
.., Pf.

7d

,.

cr.:.
..ll!:._
!l.

360r

TOra )U8. . . 111 Tpll .. o.. eKTI ....

o6JI."

--If6'5.... ...

I ...

_.,.,._
_ ,-+
I,
2 _~. (-4.+ I, ) .CJD .. .. , - ""
tl.
'8, "

e.

e. ..

-s[ ~.:. . ~.~]

."'

,..

1'. ...

..

3. cny 1 )

,'" .. 1 "j,
~ I

'I'

H ,,,

pelf.

tt. ..

ItC

~(\

ornOr"

~ C

HW, -

YY

l""~ q,,

7d

I 2 ,(I, tT.H

,', '" 2
4

"I, _

~! I.

(I,

.,

//
I

I [
I
- 1& I~
, .

.111

...

-.. 11

III ,

KaA3 cy OC!lOHUH :H3 pa3J1UilUiilU.Af BUCUtfaMO ;OIlJl3 ce Ha

rH6H HB A OeJlOHUHMa nOBchaoaj y 38 yrJloBe

oee rp CAa rpaAe ea XOpH30HTaJlOM.

e. "

0.. ,

Koje

360r Tora jeAHa4HHa TPH MOMeHTa HMa 06J1HK

lJll o_.
Q3.

7e

t.

Yq6eRHK .. n. 10. 8, crpa.. 259.

I. + 2 an (I. +
>I

--

'80

iH

'll...

85

vrn

TAEllliUA

CTATJ.{1.{1{11 HEOAPE1JEHJ.{ OI{BJ.{PH (PAMoam0Q.

BPeTA OKBI1PA H OnrEPEnEt-bA

KAPAKTEPHCTH4HI! BEJlH4HHE"
'"xl----------------------~----_+--------------------------~

I,

Oll/axe:

Itt:::

h'

I.

Itl = '[ .

2 \lJl c

I, 10

'"
k,

(AI, + !..)
= 6 ql'
I.
241.

2 \lJl c ( ~

+ __1 )

= ql'

4 k.

k.

.k,

cum:mmt_
1-+__ ( I,

=" T:;:

1 qt
\lJl = ___
c
I +k 8

0 -

T,

~,=a,;= ~o

qi'

E k, +k. 24

3+H t
I +k 8

,Ueo AC:

=a,

~,

.- "--

a b

MF=McI _ a )= PI-- -

I . FI

!lie l+k "2/-1 1 +

1.

A
~,

ab (

........ ?I

a)

MatOll' = MF - !lie -I

r.
F.

P... a,=
1

Ft

a b ( a)

=" k,H. S i l l +1
YU6t: IUUC, 'in . 10.S. CTp . 262,

K'pancpHCTH'IIiC aC .IHI(HIlC yUle

e"MIlH.

'1 no .nco .. ynoJ .pUIlOC1'L

n~,

....

CI ......

86

F~ g)/c
Y A - -+-,

Y8~

- YA'

.ll.eo A C:

2g)/c (.!..k, + '!")6(a, -P,) k,

C'-=~::::f
~
L 1.

F,h' 7 F,h
--6p,= -42 = - - -.

180

I,

30

3
1\1

Y A='IRcll- - Y ..

-ZA-~F.- g)/c -Zs.

3

z _~ . l+k ./

..

2 4+3k

k,

87
a, - O,

~,="s

'm,,-

FI

a -b ( 1+ -b) = -I !DI
c
4+3k {{
{
2

M m ila ~MF

r.. -

-gnC -

Fb 'me
-{+-{- ., Y e - F - Y..

:.

i6 +9k -.!Lf' h

30

4 f-3k

'D!c = .....-:k=--- F. h
4+3k 5

1l1 . ~ ...-. !l!l!iIIlIlIlIDlDlDDIDt

\,.~ " T-

.....

r.
F.

!II" __

qJ'
l+k 24
1_
_

-~~'
L I.

1
h

3Jle _ 2 + 3 k
1 +k

=..!.. 'me
2

ql'
24

z., -

4+3k {
1 +k 8

Ye - q{ -l' ..

-ZA -'mAlh -Z .

9l1 .

3+ 2 k qh'
1+k 24

= - k - -qh'
- = 2iTl /l

9Jl c

t + k 12

3+4k h
1 +k ' 8

8
M ....

c '/ ,

qy!. -~lc

k
qh'
=---- Ys
1+ k 8 f

(1, -O ;~,

- l.A

=..!:. F

9l1 A

a,;~, ~ O
-

2'

+ 9Jlr 9.llc _ 1 s.
h

FIO(fJI)'

1 - - l-t>k2 11

1 9Jl c
2

WI. _ ~o+(o+l) k ~!!... ~

l+k
2 1 I.

ubi

M .... =FI - - +-(;olcb -;ol.o)

1 1
1

YA = F -

b'

'... - (9Jlc 1
1

9ll D)

I.

k .F.h 29Jl
9Jlc - - - - =
0
1 +k. 15
1

Y, .
F.

~lc

YA=--=-Y.
2 1

- lA c

9JlA - !IJl c
h

=lo.

89
~I = a. i""

!I1l c = 'lJl 0
2k+3= N

9
0

1 q I' =!Ro= qt'

3+2k 4
4N

g)!c '"
I,

11

M..,.= qt' -g)!c

8

y .. = Y B ='/. q/

r.

!R'

ZA :::: -.-f

c. -

Yo

ZB-

9, = 9.",9;, 9..= 0

~. =

C"==tr.::;,
==10
It '
I,

q.;"
24 '8.; a" = ~.=O

gn... = 311. = 0; !Dlc = gn.

I,

gnD=gn.; 'JJls=gn,=O
A

lc =
,.,

A -.

~ (q h + \lIl C ) ; ZD=~
2

.h

: ' 13.

- 2g)!.c (1 +.1<) + gnD 2

r,

q h'
k - 6 &k.
T

-9Jl c +2(l +k)!JID -6E9k:

lD+?C=O;
na cy 3.a N=2l:+:i

~c.=
.

q h'(l_
4

..!.);

'2'N

_ Y ... ~ gnc+gnq = qh' =Ys

2/

_ l .. = q I + 'DI c = q h (3 _ ~) ,
2
'h
' 4'
2N' .
nOMepalbe,

npt~l JaCi~"u.M VII, 1"

.CMAe

y C,

D cynpoTHe CHAe.

'fIh

gnc
II .

-Zc= - - -

~ ..9. h

2+5k,q h'
48 E.k'

_-,'-c..

Tpehl )eA.auKa en.. n

rUGal

U cy ucaJun

90

a,gO

61 _8.-=9;

I!. - 0;
b

a. .

a. c -F Db( 1 +-b)

l. L

6tl.

I,

J,

F Db(
0 )
1I'=-6!1la 1 +/

II

",

'oS.

2(1 +k)9'IIc + 9l!.o =

.!

F fJb
=-(b+/)-6k,e
I'

ZD-ZC=O;

3FI D b
9l!c = 9l!" = - - - '
2N I I '
13

&= Fob

12 tl.

[1-2~]'
I'

D b

MF=F 1 - - -9l!c
. I I.

6=h&

a
YlI=F-

P,pyru HOOUN. - OTCTPatlHWO 3rno6oBe A H B H 3~MeHIIMO

HX OTnopHwa. Tua cy CA H DB K(,lH30Jle enaCTHQHO YKne
wnHe Y C H
na cy nowepalb.1 3rno6oB. ~ H B

a,

,.= [-11,- l

/
9l! h
~ tl,

!1I=Hh;

lA= -ZlI=H.

nOBehaa.e pacrol""", AB wopa 68TH nOHHWTeHO XOPH30HTaJlHHM

H na cy nOllepalba H YCJIOB

CH~alla

/'A= f'

.= -;
H h'

3 !Il,

/ A+.=
/
/ ' .. + /'

91

OAHOCHO XOpH 30HTanHa KOWnOHeHTa

OTnOpa

a._
b
H= ZA = -ls = -'3 -F_I . _
.
2 N h

MOMeHTH cy

~F I a b
13 !Dle = 91l D =9)l=Hh= _._,_.

2N

<,
HarM6

C. 360r enaCTM"Hor YKnewTetba.

KOA

H3KOCH

!DIe h + e__ a .- !DIe I _ !liD I " ""

""e =!DID =!DI = H h

3!l.

na

3 !l.

6!l.

cy

e=

F ab
12, ~.

[1 _2~]; A e.
=h

II. =

8 F. T'
.180 !l.

- -

2 {I + k)!DIe +!DID =

t,

7
30

= -F. I -6 E k.6

14

...

~" "

:4.

.. ---- I! ...":--Z

'

!DIJ:+2{1 +k)!DI n =

.!.F., + 6 E k.6
30
-!DIe + 9J!D = 0

F.I

9J!e=9J!D = - ;
2N

npe ...

nO... u,.

VII. 7e. Tpeb.l

C 0 cynpoTlle ellA..

IUU'IIiBa

ue;r,tI

tl3

yc.ao. . . . C1

II:CKja:.ln aI.Ie

92

14

e~

7 /' I'

~, . ;

180

-2 (1 ;. k) 93lc +93lD =

~ 2.;:,/ h k 30

6Ek.6
-

- 93lc + 2 (1 + k)93l o =
= 6 k,"

I,
L

15

'l'A

r~;.(~,

2
3

9J1c + 9Jl o ; - F , h

I,

93l ; 60+ 33k p h

c
60 N

_-..".""'''''!'Qr......, IPl:!l!!!lBll::!~

01! _ 60 + 47k F I
:.&. 0 " 1
60N

1 13,

.~:
,

-.

6= '- SJl c +2 (I +k)93l o

6Ek,
1l = "9

93l

93l

c
- l,,= - F7 + 3
h
c
-lc = - F, - 3
h

!nD

-Zs = -

= Zo

93

!ill A

I,

I.

16

1 q I'
= 'Il!s
2+k 12

= - - --

_t. ........_.

AJ

~ .

M .. _

='I, q I' -!Rc

Y.. = YII='/lql
l!l!e
Z.. ="/.-=
h

- Ze= -Z.= ZD'

8 !Ill.. + 4 9JIc- q Jrl

I,

4 Ic'lll .. +4 (2k + S)9Jlca q It" k

t
l,

17

A 01,

IS,

3+kq Jrl
2+" 12

9JI.. - - - --

-!II.

k q Jrl
9Jl c = - - - - a9R D
2 +k . 12

94

N,

2 (~) - II

N,=6k+l

2N

ab
PI -, I

!Ill c ~
a

I L

" '

18

'lllD =
=

2(-)
b ' -',
I

I
N, -

2N,

ab

FI - I I

'lRB=
I
2N

2(~)-IJ
,
2N

."III

k, ~ /JI,

F. ='I:q, ,

-, +
.,

"

k, = IJh,

a b

2 a, (k, +k,) + ~,k,"': : '

- 3 r; 1!, = 'I,. (F., I/E)

a, k, +2f1=(k,~k,) -

19

~.I. __ .. . _

,f.:;;, .

J! .... z

ria

" Of

-3H,= -'/,.(F .,'Ij

-.a, - ~.+4~ ~ 0
cy: .

~m.=2e(a2-3')k,;

tJ.=h

g)lc = 2 c' \:l ": -~ 'i) ",

Y.

'lll1J; '/"F, ' ~2[;'(a,+2p.)k:

95

'I F Q _ '3Jle+'mo
YA'_
I

19

'=B~+~'DI=D~
Zs= - 'm
h

k, =1,Ih, k. = I..}I, F. ='I, q. h

2 a. (II', +k,)+ P. Jc.'-36'k, = -'/i.(F.hIE)

a.k, + 2 fit (Jc,+Jc.)- 3eJc, =0

- a.Je, - P.k/+ 48 ", =

20

.. ...

,.-:

na cy:

/.Ii'

fl

'I,. (p. hIE)

'DI,, = - '/,oF q h+ 2E(a.-36}k,

"

'DIe = 'I,.F.h+2(2a.-3&)k,

'DID = 2.E Clio + 211,) k.

'DIo = 2 E(Il,-39) k,
II =9 h

y .... = 'DIc+'DIo

= _

YB ,

I'

I, '

"
21

I.

2 a. (Je, +Jc~) +11, k,-

,~

Yo

-39k,~

-M/2E

96

na cy :

'11lA = 2 E (a~ - 3 e) k,
9l1e= 2 E (2 a , ~D =

3 ~)

k,

2 E (!:t, + 2 P,) Ii,

9ll n = 2 P (P, - 3 6) k ,
9lle' = M - <me,
KOHTpoita 9Jl" + 9Jtc.,. AI = 0,

21

Y A + Ye = F

l"

Y'e =

9ll"

-~

-2,a
.

9J1'e + 9ll D
-=--=-'-'=
I

+ Y'e=F
6. = h e.
YA

k .=l,lh,

'.

k.=IJI;

k=k,/k.

M=Fc
0:" = (!,.~

p, = ~1

Ala

2h-~1!

_
h' 2k. '+- .~. 2 E
-

9Jl A = Mb (2h -3b) h'

22

_ ex" k
2E 1

t ,l

=M!!..{.2-3~).h \

. h

_ M4. 2...,3(alh)
h
2k,+k,

F.

'me = M.!!... L .
.
h 2+k
l,,=

[2 - 3'!h!"'] = 9Jl

'Dt,,+M+'Ifle
h

Y,,= Ys=F.

= - ls

97

IX. TABnHUA
a) I<PHTHIfHH HAnOH nPH HiiBHJAIhY.

>.._111:>.._1,11
A-A.

e..n,..o

Hee"'C1K'fHO n04p,.'f1e

M"TEPHJAJ1

Llp.o
,.

I . 10'

).

287a-19 A

> 100

m . 10"' . (1M'

16102-11.. H
+5,2 ).1

> eo

9870 10' (1/11'

2~716-127

).

> 112

19740. 10' l~

30402-112

> lOS

21m 10' PM'

>

22210 10'

<100

r.o*~e: J"IUKO

10 . 10'

<

rao1k~t UpeHQ

20 10'

< 1\2

r.o*~e TOnAefto

21 . 10'

. <; lOS

lfel'KIC TOnJilea

21 100

dl

110

89

<

01 I

.F

l28S3-~1

-I

...

...
1-

F
Cny~aj

EI

(l

t1J

b)

c)

n' El
-

4 I'

~"'EI.
--I'

21

0,51

' I,

1
d)

20.19 EI
f'

2~1
..,-I'

0,7 I

1= {,,", HajM8lbH MOMeHT HHepUHje nOnpeQHOr rrpece-.;

{, cA06oll"a (ptIlYKoBoHa) lIyxuHa uS8uifJlto A,~k.
YUtlooHl. ~JL 12, CTp. 28;.
7 TaO ....... Ot p.on.

".rt,_f,l.u

,.
II

a)
Ttl

F.

el

'IIAI'

lit

..L

89

h
..

I
I

).

. 1"

..

N/c'"

I -

1\

d,

dk
N/cm'

f"!/cm 1

,r

oo.q>Y'l<
I!aJer

Tetmajor'

1-'.,. :

Ib)

BPEJUfOCT

KOE.H~HJEHTA

H8BHJAIbA-.J

'"

MATfPHJAn

1-, - 1,/1

20

10

110

40

110

110

70

110

.
reo.~t!

10

\'~I'

A = - - em'
d F

110

100

120

1110

140

1110

1,00

1,01

1,02

1,05.

I,ll

1,18

1,27

1,41

1,62

1,94

2,48

3,00

3,57

4,i9

4,86

5,58

tl7

1,00

1,01

1,02

(,05

1,10

1,17

1,16

1,39

1,59

US

2,36

2,86

MI

4,00

4,64

5,32

it"

1,00

1,01'

1,03

1,06

1,12

1,20

1,31

.,49

1,76

2.2f

3,07

3,72

4,47

5,10

6,03

6,92

SJ't

1,00

1,01

1,03

1,01

1,13

1,22

1,35

1',54

1,8.5

2,39

3,65

4,29

5.11

6,00

6,9~

7,9&

.. puo

e) Rp.lcu.... o6p.!'.... I\. . .a o........ apn..... yTu DrT.aou (lI,n-ld. ,N/em'l

I) Rankine -';'J(I+al.'l, a=O,OOOOS~ ..e.o ....
Amrr/ea. ,.,tllult ./ SI..I Co.slrucflo,(1028 roJL)
... =2263 . I04ftI8ooo+).I): Itplnce m,.noae CJ} ~10s0
3) limIT/con Rallllla,. e",'nttrlnt -Auoe/allon
cr.\_ U20-~9 >". sa.).
3Q .,.,.=980 ... k<3(l
4) Jo"niky - II ..... _,=3387 -I4,33l.,
60< A"; 100

2)

>

) Johnfo,,oa 4apo6'oAI""u

30KOlf ..

.p.

.,"1&: -.=2800+0,(93)..

J) CCCP - HopMe "A=F/II ,,; . KoelMllRJtl!lT KlIlj.",

7) Jyr),uo..Jlcw uop". (19.12 ~ .)
,. tcplTKt 0.=(0, +700) (l-l/tn).l .If; , nee l1\H"oae 0'.=2013 19',')..

Je crt rp'HHll' r"'t'ltl" .

...

d) CABHJAIbE 11 118BI1JAibE

k' = F/~;
CKH~a'

P,6P'"

'l I
,.

(,

u= '/, kl = '/:"/F/'J3 = '/,fI ~FIF.

MOMeHT caBHjslb3

EnacTHqUa nHHHja

M/ ~

Y=

.!:..[ sin~bsi,
nkZ Itsin k(z-a) J
Sin 2

'!3~E';

:in'

Y [Sin kb .
b
- - Sin kz - - lCz +
k F sin 2u
I

+1 + Sill k (Z - n) + k (Z - a)]
1 .

-Y- [Sinkl
- - kz + Stn (kz- u) +
2kF casu
I

[Sin-k z1 l- 2sln. (kz-.u)]

-Y la

2k

a=b='/.1

AI

r (kZ- U) ]

cos u

YI'!. ~I .

/(1'''= H

"

: , =;

"2

= ~~ - u)

f
mu

48 m

' a= -~~ -

Y It

_.

16 !ll

u'

2 (I
ul

- cos u)
cos u

P.6p.

MOMeBT casNje ....

CKHQa

Y=

-L[COlkZ+
FIe'
~

:f!ll"",,,,,,,,,;nl!1i!i:::]o:

MIG . . = qt'.
8

a" COS a

:~~

5q " 24 (sec u - I - '/, u')

5 u'
('='/01) 384!B
.
q I" 3(tga-u)
11= - / 1 = u'
24 'l\

f_ =

M... ' .
sin 20
coskz= - 2a

q,P [ ( z)'
12k'!B 2

T -

3 (

a'

TZ) - 2 (Z)
T +

Z]

+3 -sin-ku" sin 2u

I
P.6p.

MOM~BT

caBHjalba
M, =

CKHQa

I
4

-!ITt sink(/-z)
F

::.

'fa

sin 20

!ITt

MCt='/lf) = - - -

2coso

-!ITt s ink.

At

$'

II
I:
,

iD 'kz _ !t.:. ]
z
Ie' ,la20 20
q,

2(1 -cos a)

I - cos 2u
sin kzsin 2 a

k' Z
- 2(1-l)
- I]

qt'[Z
2
' -(Z)'l
' +Fy

.,

II

EJiacTHQH3 IIMHKja

M, =

sin 2a

!ITt
M(r-ro'/." - - - 2 cos U

EnaCTHQHa nHHHja
Y=

_ Z)]
I(~/.I) = ~- [I -_1_]

~e(/-Z)
Ie' !B
2u

sin k (1 sIn 2u

2k' !B

co s

!ITt [ k z
k Z]
- - -sin
1e'!B 2a
sln2u

ICPJIof/ ~ ~[12k' !B

_1_]
':05U

X. Y3AJAMHl1 fIPI1THCAE< )lBA. TEnA

(Hertz-oBH O(!p.C~H)

1881. roa. .11,10 ie He .. aqKH cpHsHoap Hertz pewelbe np06l1eM. 0 ysa

i.MHoM npHTHcKy aoa enaC"KqHa Tena OrpaHHQeHa y 611H3HHH aOaHpsHx
nUJIlI 6H"0 ccpepHHM 6HIIO l(HIIHHAPHqHHM noopWHKaMa. npe~HHl(a D, H D,.
YCJlU ysaiaMHor npHTHCKa Tella OKOIIHHa aOaHpHe TaqKe aecpopMH.
cahe ce H aoaHp TeJla npowHpYi~ ce Ha '"any nOBpwHHy y cnyqaJy
ccpepllHx nOBpWHHa OrpaHHqeHY Kpyro". q"iH ie nonynpeqHIIK Pt . aOK ie
'y cnyqaiy l(HIIHHAPHqHHX noapWHHa aOa \'pHa noopWHHa ysaHH npaooyrao'
HHK ca aylKHM CTpaHa"a napallellHHM H~a.oAIIHIIRMa IIHIIHHAapa. illHpHRa
' OBor npaBoyraoHHK3 H3HOCH . Pt: Y cnyqaiy aOARpa ccpepHHx noopwHHa
HaJaehR. ie HanOH npHTHCKa p, y TaqKR AOARpa. Haio~hH TaHreHl(HianHH
HartoH jasroa ce y UqKH .Hcnoa AoaHpHe TaOKe Ha YAaibelbY OKO 0.5 P. a
Baj8eh" HanOH ' 3aTesalba jaBiba ce y UqKaMa AOAHpHor Kpyra.
uynjy aoAHp~ l(HnHHApHQHHX nOBpWHKa ca napa.neJIHHM OCOMa
npHTllcaK ce Ha DoapwHHH ~OAHpa Melba UO eJlHlllJjqHOM SBKORY.
Y c"y,!~jy AOAHpa l(HnHHapHqHHX nOBpWHHa ca YKpWTeHHM ocaMa
npHTMc:ax ~e Melba no 3aKOHY ellHDCOHAa
nOBpWHHa AOARpa ie entinca.

Y n6nRUH X AaTe cy KapaKTepHCTHOHe BpeAHOCTII ca OSHaKaMa:

F
- "pHTHeaK Tella (N).
q
p,

oQTepehelbe no ieAHHHlIH AYlKHHe URJI"Rapa (N/ em).

HajBehH npHTHcaK no IIHRAiH JlOaHpa (N/cml).
HaiBehH HanOH saTesalba (N/cm').
'.~ - HaiBehH T3JlfeuIlHjanH~ HaDOH (N/cm l ).
II I - nOMepalbe y npaBIIY nap.neIlHOM np"TRcKY.
P.
- no~ynpeqH"" KpYlKHe aoaHpHe . nOBpWlIHC OaHocHO WH o
pHH. npaBoyraoHe AOJlHpHe nOBpWHHe.
G. b .- nOllyoce eJl"nTH'IIIe JlOJlHpHe noapWHHe.
D,. D. - npeqHHIlH aoaHpHHX noapWHH

a... -

E
p.

MOAYJI eJlaCTHqUOCTH,

noacpHOB Koeq,HIIHieHT.

C"paheHHlIe:

A=

D, D,

D,+D, .

D, D,
U,-D,

1-

p.',

E,

X. TABJII1UA
yaAJAMHH nPHTHCAI{ C4>EPHHX H L\HJJHHAPn'lHHX TEJJA (HERTZ-OBH OBPACLl.I1)
nO..ynpe .. "Hk

8pcu y.uJaWHOr npNTJla'1

aOA"pHt

no.pw.~e

H .ilaehll .anQH....
I-__...-:::..:--!...::....::..~--=:....::..;:..;:;..:;_ _ _I~
OpK tHCn

'OPV&Jtftlf

P.

O"U

Pk

9.81

TlRre.all.
\II

(al

N/em'

a) CcJlepHa Tell.

'--=,..--

09181 /

la

E" .. E,,,,E
11, = 111 c 0,3

II

VD'(k, + kJ'

0.881 VF~

0,616 t F (EID)'

0.133p,

r F)..IE

0.61 St F(EfA)'

0.133P.

1.55

r P IE' D

2a

E, s E, - E

1'. -..

mO.8

0.881

'li P,

I.SS" P IE' A

TlHreHU ..

Bpcta yuJawRor npRTRC:U

9.81 '_N/em'

"m".

II

30

E, =E ,= E
1', =1', =0.3

0,881

r FvlE

0.616 V' F (EIV)~

O,133p.

'liP.

FIE!' v

1,55t

b) L\IIIlHUAPH'IlIa Tella (q N/cm)

.6D = 4k. q

0,798 1/

1t

If

Y D (k, +k.)

4b

E,=E,=E
11, '" 1'1 = 0.3
E=2.110' N/cm2

1' = 0.25

2,t5VqDIE

0,591 VqEID

0.OO15~qD

846'/ qlD.
(Hlf .JI.y6HHH

+ In-20)
P.

,
4a

. (~ +

250'iq{0

"0.393 P. O.!l nOBpWHoe .!lO.!lHpa)

$]-:~ ~
-

d'

1,6'/q (k,

+ k.) A

0,798
.

q
A(k.+k,)

"').:..(2.+

2(1
E,=E, = E

5a

2,15'/ qA/E

0,591 '/ qE/l..

~
<

I ........

60

E,=E.=E
P-. c I'-t = 0,3

4D,D.)
+ In
--

l'-1 = I't = 0,3

1f

P'.

1.6'/qv <k, +k.)

0,798'/
q
.
v(k. +k.l
.

2,15 Yqv/E

0,591 " qE/v

,
o - afJ'),,(k. +k.)

b.pa

1.5F
-Rob

yV~~)'
l.. k. +.k.

106
~ OnWTH cIIY'laJ. - .. AKO Cy Y TaqKH JlOJlHpa R, H R,' r A08HU
aOJlya/U~uu qu KpHBHHa (R,>R',) Ten. (1 ) a R, . H R,' rnaBHH nonynpeQHHI1H
KpMBHHa (R.>R,'} Tena (2) OHJla cy rnaSHe KpHS"He y ynpaOH"M paBHHMa
K, = llR,. Pasa" rnaBHe Kp"SHHe K, = llR,
rpUH ca paSHH rnSHe KpHOIIHe
yrao '1', Y OSONe cy cnyqajy

p.=

K. = IIR,

1,5F
,
!Sob

r Jle cy

8
3 (k,+k.)

k = -,-,--'-KoecpHllHjeHTH , ~ H Y oJlpe~yjy ce
nONohy opeJlHOCTH

e~. arc CO" -: yl/(KV--,--UK",')""+:-;;(K",-K",,,,),:2'+7'02'(UK'-,--':K','")'(""K'-,--'K'.")...,c--'o$:....2,.,

(os nWlRl\e d) .
c)

l(oe41J1~HjeHTII a,

II H

r aa

CJly...j 7

.
-

D,
D,

1,5

10

II

0,908

1,045

1, \58

1,350

1,505

1,767

2,175

II

0,765

0,632

0,482

0,400

0,308

0,221

2,025

1,950

1,875

1,770

1,613

,
Y

2,080

2,060

d) l<oe411U(HjeHTH n.

PH r

sa cnY'Iaj

To

eo

90

85

(l

1.00

1,06 1 I. I 28 1.202 1.284 1.378 1.486 I. GI I 1.754 1.926 2:136 2.397 2.7:.\1 3.778 6.612

1.00

0.94 4 0.893 0.846 0.802 ();759 0.71 7 0.678 0.611

2.00

1.996 1. 985 1 1,967- 1,944

80

75'

70

60

65

1.~12

55'

50

;J5b

40

45'

20

30'

I OU

0.601 0.50'/ 0.530 U.493 0.40S 0.319

I.,ml

'1.875 1.828 l .n2

J .li:j i

1.550

1 .~o3

1.220 0.8' 1

XI. TAB1U1UA
BA)I{HHJH MATEMATHql<H OSPACIl;H
A) CTEnEHH

I)

(ab)2 = a t 2ab + b2 ,

3)

2)

a2 -b 2 =(a+b ) (a-b),

4)

6)

(0+b)'=a'3a%b+3ablb
'
8
a' b = (a b) (112:r:ab + bt )

('1') - n, (n2 ) -_ n (n2-1 1),

n ) -- 1,

(O

nl = 1 23 n ; Ol = }.

n) = n(n - l)(n-;2) [n - (p-l)]

(p
123..p
= n;

7)

(an - 'btl )

8)

(a l "

9)

(a'" + I

n(
~=( n .)
pl(n-p)l .
n-p

( ~ ) + ( ;) + ( ; ) + . + ( :~) = 2"

(0 -b)= 0"-1 + 0"-lb+a"-I .bl + . . . : +obO':' I +b,,-l

+ b) = 0 1,,-1 _ 02,,-1 b + a1,,-1 b~ .

.
+ b~n+1) : (a + b) = oln - 0 1,,-1 b:+ otn-t b! -

b1n )

- "",-1

: (0

, .+ b'",

8) nOrAPHTMH

I)

10gb a = c,

2)

10gb (ae)

3)

= 10gb a + 10gb e;

(0) 0,

!Ogb ( ; )
n

10gb Va

> 1)

log. a - Jog. c
1

= -- log. a
n

4)

In x = log, x = In 10 log Xc: 2,302 585 093 log x;

5)

logx = log 10 x = loge.lnx = O,4342944819Inx.

log x -= loga x

""
0

lot
C) JEARA'IHIII!
Je/1.Ha~UHe

1)

Upsor ellleueHa

a. x+b.,, = c1
Os.t

JC=D, :D.

+ 6"y =C1
D, =

2)

a, JC+b, y +e, z=d,

D.=

~I

x = D, : D. y = D. : D. z = D. : D

g.JC+b.y+e.z=d,
a, JC +b, y +e.z =d,

D, =

d. bt '1
dJ b. cJ
a. bs '.

a. d.
,

D2 =

as ds Ct
a. d, c.

D. =

b. c,
At b.
At b.
Cl1

e.
e.

-b1I' bl - 40c
20

ax'+ bx +e =0.

3)

a, 6, d,
o. b. d.
a. b, d.

ef

x,., = -'lop V' /, p> - Q

x'+px+ q =0.

X'I xJ =- q;

2t'+.I'" -l=0;

KyffHa ie/1.HO~UHa

z"+dz'+bz+c=O=(z-z,) (z-z,) (z - z.1

4)

%1 z!! + z~

CMeHOM

z=x -'/,a

z. + l,ZJ:= b.

Ao6KBa ce peJI.)'KOBaBa Ky61la jeA8nllU

x'+px+q=o;

p=

3b - al
3

q=

Pewelbe Je
3u. + p ~ 0

u' + v ... - q
3
U

I"',q"')'l',+=;';(,7/,=p;'i) ;

= V'---;'~
I ,-q-+~~;;;(P.',

O)lHOCRO

27e+20'-90b

27

'j6 0.

110
J1uc~p"AUlHaHI1JII

D . -- (27q'+4p') = -:-4 - 27 [('/, q)' +('/,p)') : - 4 - 27 - to;

t1 =

('1, q)' + (' I, p)'-

o -~

csa

<

jeAaH KopeH

D> 0

//lpu Kopella peDAll e

KopeH" cy

irreducibilis)_

peeADH

peaAllu "

jeJJ.aH je

H ABa

llpDAU,

KOHjyroBoHo KOMaUKCHa,

PaJilH"HTH (HeCBOJVbHB cily"aj -

casus

11 OBOII CJlyqajy cc ynoTpe6Jb3Ba TpHrOHOlleTpHCKa "eTOJla

a': - 'I, q

jI

('1, 'I)' r ('/ , p)' ~ rel'I : a + i~ = , (cos 'P + I sin 'P)'

ie

KaKO

D> 0 TO je
"., (', .'1)"

A ,--('/, q)"

('I,p)<O. na je p

Hera//luBHo

t1 = - ('"p)", -

rcos'!' : - '/,q

cos, ~ _ L =

rl = _I/:rp',

te cy

2,
X,

%,=2" _ '/.p

=21" - '/,p' eos(,/,'!');

.x._= 2V - "I. P - cos

npaaep . -

,3q
2pY - '/, P

eos('P~21f);

.p + 4n
3

I) P~(z) ;;:' -h:t+Sz-2=O ; p=_I/:;

q=_:lt.,; d=~;

U:;:. V:::o:

II,:

a,_'1.: 1i;z'/.+t/,_2: P,: {z-2J= ~ - 2:+1::::t;P.(l}; Pz{z) =0; z,,=z.= +1.

2) P'.~~-3zS+4l-1_0 ;

1'.-1;

p=l; q=O;

x".=';

-.11.

31 P.-z'+12 .. +2.z-64=0; . =.-4;

r.16Y2;

D~-4<O: .r'+.x=O:xt=O;

..... =./.1""2;

"-21%-32eO;

A=-256;

.,='/,'; .,=4ffCOJ('/'~-1=2(Jf3tll; .. ';'-4;

-x.=~)f2 COl (l1/u_l= -2(ra -1);

.,=2V3-2;

z,=-8;

z,=-2n-2 .

4) Je.c""~UHa ~.IllBplIlor elileatHU

z, .;. az' + bI' +cz + d ~ 0,

elleBOII z=x-'I,a CBOJlH ee Ha x'.j.px'+qx + r=O;

,-b-'/,o'; q='I,a'-'/,ab+c;

r.=

-/u,Q'+'/ .. a'b-'I,ac+d_

-D>O;

III
npeTxOAHO Tpe6a peWHTH Ky6HY jeAHa4HHY

I' '- 2p I.'

+ (p" - 4 r) 1 - q' =0

(qleroea pe30Raellwa). !-beH" cy KopeHH I "

x t = 'f) vt; + VI,

x. = 'IA ft;

"p... p.

P.(I)=I' -8~'+ 141:+81-1S=O;

vt; ~ vI..- - "-t

, ..).

'/.. ( -

'~ - 20r-+6~t==O;

p=-IO; q=O;

'.=0;

1':,:.:16;

tV!.,).

r ~~;

1::1::=.4;

x, ::.; I;

-I; 3; -3;

-I.

5;

J;

x, =

X. ='I,(-VI, -VI,
- VI, - 'II,).
'II, . Vt, . VI" = - q.

P,{x)--.r'-lOr+9==O;

. , - 3;

{i;).

t,. I, n. cy

npH6nH)I(Il0 peW80albe jeAHa'lltlla

OJ

"-

Mrwona maHrrHille (Ne wton""phson). -- He Ka <PYl!xu"ja y=/(x)

y HHTepeany

[a, bJ HM" 'y'

* O.

y" "" O.

Y aeny HHTepBann (a ;b) y ~w"e j e yy" > 0 nooyhH TaHreH TY Ha KpHBy.

KopeK je npeceK TaKreHTe " OCC OX. Oeaj nocTynaK Tpe6a nOHO~HTH.
CnY4ajeBH.

y">O

a) y' > 0 TaHreHTY nORy!.H ,n Ta4Ke

BII l~)J.

n. je npH'

6nHlKHa BpeAliocT KopeHa

X=b_/(b).
' . f' (b)

b) y'

<0

flOUPOUIlO

TaHreHTY nOByhH H~ TJ4KC 1/

f (u)
I' (a)

I (y"Oj

[t(t!H. na je

1,)

0)
A

,,'<0

frill

11

y"

<0

a)
b)

(b)
1'(1))

I (,,''''oj
b)

liolipaBKa

Xl ;::0- - -.

OJ

h= _

)" :> O. TaKreHTY

y' < 0 TaHreHTY

y:CO

Jrtll

nOByhH H3 Ta4Ke A
nOByhH H3 raQKC B.

112
nocrynaK nOHOOH TH H3 raq Ke Bi [x,.
Hoey speAKocT
., ~ x

f (x,lI

HJlH A, [x ,., (lr,n .. A06.T.

_
,
(.,1
, I'

(x,)

33THM H HCTl1M H3QOOOM H

.1:. = %, - I- (x,l , . '"

f'

(x,)

y' = 6>
x/

1/

h( = _

y(

-1

10

2.1 0

O,OS

11 ,23

I Ix,)
f (XiI

I
,xf+ l - Xf+ h

0,1 0

2.\0

-0.005

2,095

<

>

I (b)

(b-a).

b) Mefiiol1 a ce .u~e (regula folsi). - AKO ie I (a)

0, I (b) 0 noayk"
CeQHIlY AB. OHAa ie y npeceKy C ea oeOM Ox npll 6J1HlKHa speAHoeT KopeHa
x, = a -

I (a)

t (b) -

(b-a)

HIlH

x = b,

/(a)

f(b)-f(a)

nocrynaK nOH 08HT ....

.llpyra anpOKcHMBUHja 6Hbe

f(x,)

np ... p. -

3, rop .. y Walll,'oay )...... "y ..... 600wo 1(2)=-1.1(2,5)=5,6250

na Je npll npK6I1H)KHl apUHocT kopena %1I11III2+(0,5/6,6'250)=2,0754. ra\lHHj. apuuoCT

.op... J. 2.095.
r) KO.M6uHOBGHO

MtWOA G

(Dude-lin) -

Jtp npH6nRlICHc 'p eJlKOCT K re*e J.: opeHY

Cd

Dalle te KopMc:rc oCie npenOJJ;HC MClOne.

pUIIHQ aTHX CTpaBa KpHHe.

d) Mefiiop.a ufiiepa~uje (Gregory). l:IeKa je Xo npa> npH6ltHlK Ha

speAKOC! Y.=t(x). Koi a i e. Kao H ['(xl. HenpeKHAHa <PYHKIlHia y OKOltHHH
epeAKoeTH KopeH . Clle)lehe ey npH6J1HlKHe apeAHoCTH

AKO

Je

Iy'(x)

1< 1

113

:.I"

CHe

XJ

.'(.1'"

llPC.l HOCT H
I

H3

HHTe pB3 .1n.

OKO

KOPPM:1 . OH.l:1

HH3 Bpen,HOCTH

X" KOHBe p rltPJ I(a Ko pe HY jfD.H8l(H Ht .

AKo jc

I y' (X) I> 1 0"'10 ee

npe ." ", Hl ""Oep3HY $y HKUHj y

,=q> (") .
jep. nOW TO If

ly' ( x) l~

1 ,> 1,

TO jc i x'(y)I< 1.

I x' (y)

npH J(t p. I lxJ=l.JI -2.r -3 :::.. 0 It "'. ,.;o pe" '! pII l ,d ., y p.5; '21 jl'!" i~' 1(l ,:lj -2.62~< O .
1 (2 ):: 1 > 0. Klko cy KJlOA M 1' lz }=3.r:- '2 TO cy t t1.5 J='.? JiS ,:,O H I' P I-Il1, Ilile
Q

npout c AHl epreKllIl. Te ItHle.Pl HjON Ao6MUW O 'P (.rJ=r2\"" +3 . CUll Je :r ll.51 ' 0 = 1.8 17 1;

TA ll it H)'

Je

.pell MOn

.( 1.8 17 I I=r 6,6,l~1.:1.8782

Ha PA'I YKABAIbE BPEllHOCTH AnrE&APCKII X no n llHO MA

Hajn aK wo ee SPW" no XopHeposoj exe"H

xn-1 ..1

/(X ) ;:. D"X" + D"' _IX"-I+ a... _::

. .. -! O ::X 1: T" D IX ~ D.':

a . x.

~.

x,

.,.

a.

o.

0,

+b:. x.

+ b:: xo

I b, x.

b..

b,

b, = !( x,)

H3 ftH J3 ' xo= 1

BpeAHoeT nonKHOM'

+ b"x.

+ bll -

b" _ J

b.

np_Me p,

a..

D,,_".!

0 .. -,

.10

lt _ ::

I (x) = x' - 3x' + 2 x' - 6 x: + 3 .< + ~

- 3

-6

- 2

-6

-3

-2

-6

-3

1 ~ I(r.)

(x' 3x' t 2 x' - 6x: +3x.4) :(x

>,,:2

1,2

1.2

I) ~ x' 2 x ~ 6 r - 3. j

3,1

- 1,2

ti:l

3.1

'1 - fi x" = '2),

I
x- I

114
I (x) ypet)elf no CTt-nUN". 0,1 x .,o*e ce JllkO ypUHTR .. no Clene""".
rIOMohy Xoplepoae c!elle l.naClTH y o6')I&Y

no.t... OM

01 (.r -

%0)

f(.rJ-A tt+A , (x -xo)+ A, (x - xp)z + . . + A", (x-xaJ",

rae cy ICae4JtlUlfJuTM A, o6,ulCI

XOPHCPOI nOCTynllC Tpe61 nO"OIKTH OIOAH"O nyu ICon Je peAl x Y' A".

HI npMwep, pili lit" nOIl""014

!(x)=-z'-8.l 1 +3.x'+8x+12 no CTeneHIlWI .1-2.

.1'.-2

8
2

-6
2

-4
2

-2
2

3
-12

-9
-8
-17
-4

-18

12
-20

-10

-8

A.

-44

A,

- 21

A.

A,

f (x!'= (t - 2)'- 21 (x -2)' - t4 (x-2) -8.

no"ohy XOpHepOse exeMe Mory ee peWI8.TK 'lIre60pCK~ jeAH.4KHe.
AKO je x, npsa npK611H)I(R' epeAHOCT nOllKHOMO p. (x) = O OHAa MOpa 6KTK

p. (x) = p._, (x,(Ol). (x -x,("l)+ p.(x,lOl) = 0,

p._,

rA~ je
nOllNKO.. 3a jeAHKKIlY KK)I(er peAa OA np806KTHor nOllKHo.. a
p.(x)=O a p.(x,(O
jep x, HHje. T34H. speAHoeT lber080r "opeHa.
360r Tora nonp.BKY y3 ......0 y 0611HKy

*0.

I:JI C" -

p. (x,(O

p._, (x, (0)

= _ b.
--,.
(,

rAe cy b. H " noclIcAIbK Koe<l>HIlKjcHTII XopHepOBe eXCMC np~or H .o;pyror

noeTynk . npH611H)I(Hl speAHoeT KopeK. jc
x,(I.)::;-x.(')

I-

I1h.

nOCTynaK Tpe6. .Buwe DyWa DOHOlJU/UU AOK ce He .o;06Kje )l(eJbeHa

TnHoeT KopeH.. llcJbelbe.. nOllKHO... KopeHHM 4KHHOlleM eHK)I(OSa' ce
peA nOllHHo.. a, no noerynaK Tpe6a OOHOBHTK ca 08aKO AooK8eHHM
001lH80 .. 0"1

115
P (x)=x' -- 9,c'+ 18 x-6=0

npaaop,

P(0)= - 6;

x,

P(I)=4 ; P(O,5)=7 /8 ,I'(O,4, =-22/125;

-9

18

-6

0,4

-3,44

5,824

- 8,6

14,56
-2,88

- 0,176

0,4

0,4
1

0,415
-8,585
0,415

18
-3,5628
14,4372
-3,3906

-8,170

11 ,0466

-9
0,4158
-8,5842
0,4158

18
-3,5893
14,4307
-3,3964

- 8,1684

11,0343

- 9

1
0,415

1
0,4 158
I
xl~O.4158,

:rJ ~2.2943 ,

1: XI=~,

1:

Xi .t il' ::::

6h

-0,116
11,68

0,015

11,68

-7,2
1

x,(0)= O,4

18;

-6
5,9910
-0,0090
0,0008

-6
6,0003
0,0003
- 0,()()()02

xa~6,2899
X I X2

xJ-=6',

BA)f(HHJE TPAH CU.EHlJ;EH THE JElJ;HA'IIIHE

1) tgox=x

KopeHH: xo=O;

Xl

= 4,4934;

x,= 14,0662;

x,=7,7253;

x,= 10,9041;

x,= 17,2208 ; x.",,(n-,'j, )"

3a

n > 5,

2) xtg x=a

a
X",I.

0,01

0,10 0,50

0,10 0,31

1.00

1,50

0,65 0,86 0,99

2,00 3,00

4,00

5,00

1,08

1,26

1,3 1 1.43

1,19

10,00

100
1,568

Ii 6

3) a z r ig a x ~ a cia a
It

(1 "

30'

....'.,

II 62

l) Ig % r Th
x o ~ (l:

3.00

4.38

180

2.36

2.07

2.00

.r, r 3. 27: .r. - 7.069 ; .r,c J.(l,210: x. r I3,352; %, = 16,493

5) Ig % r

6)

1500

x. - 16,493 ~ (n - 5)..

.r. - O;

1200

38

> 5.

Th %

r , ~ 2.365;

.r.- 5,498;

.r. ,.,5,498 + (n - 2}1<

cos.r Cb.: = 1

.ro ~ O ;

.:, = 4.7300:

r. :::: (n - '/. ) :<

.:,: 7.8532 ;

.:, = 10,9956;

n > 3.

32

7) cos x Ch .: c- 1
x, & 1.8751 ; x.= 4.6941 ;
%.:::: (n - ' / , )I<

1A

z,~ 7 , 8548:

.:. = 10.9955;

n > 4.
0) P)lOBH

I} ApMTM e T HQK H o. o + d, 0 + 2d,

.:.,

a"

a. = a + (n - I) d

S.= '/. (a + 0. ) n = ' /: n[2a+(n - I) dJ.

2)

aq. oq.. . .. o.

reo .. eTpHCKH D.

a,. -:-:: aqf1 -

S . = a (q" - Il = qo.-a
q- l .

q- I

(1 - X")
~--'
I- x

3)

1 + x + x' +

4)

I c 2+ 3 + 4 t , .. + (n - J) + n = n(n.2+ 1) =

X'

+ .. . + xlt - 1 =

(n+ 1,)
2

33

n> 2.

117

2',

3: . ~t ,

I)t'"' ~ n ln l 1)(2nfl)
, 3!

5)

I' ,

0)

1' / 2'

13' 4' , .. . , (n I)' n'<'

7)

I' + 2'

' (n

3' . 4' ,. . .. ., (n '1)' ,

~

8)

9)

.3c 5 T 7 .

[n (1I '
2

II' ,

'/.IO n (n

d) (2n, 1)(3n' +- 3n - I)

(211 3) H2n . I)

n'

.1)' :t/"n(2n - l)(2n + I)=en;l)

0 1' ;' 3" 1 5'+ .. +(2n

10)

1' ~ 3'

11)

(I X)n ~ I (;)X I- (;)""(;)X' + '"

12)

-::-'~

13)

~(I

05' T '"

(2" - l)'=n'(2n' - I) ~C;,)

-:: I T x..I-.x 2 ~;c!'l;.

Ixl<1

'"

!-x)m = 1 + m x -t

m(m - n) X"I

n . 2n

, Im(m - n)(m - 2n) ,

T

14)

I)r ~.(";lf

n . 2n . 3n

+ "',

1,
_ ___
= 1 _ !'!.. x + m ( m;. n) x'-

n . 2n

- mlm + n)(m+2n) .x 3 + .. .
n . 2n . 3n

15)

16)

X:l

.x J

' 11

21

3!

x"
41

e' = 1+ - + - + - + - + ...

X[

(X -

..

'

. ,

, ..

(X

(X -

1 -1)' + -1 --'-1)' +-1

1)1 + ... ]
lox=2 - .-1 +_.
x + 1 3 x+l
5 x+l
7 x+1
.xl

x.

x'

4!

61

cos X = 1 - 2!

18)

.
.x
sm x = -

19)

19x=x+-+--+

11'

.x I
8!

+ - - - +- - . .

17)

x'
x'
X1
+- - - + .
31 5! 71

- -

x'
3

2x'
3.5

Ixl<oo
X~O

33
I

xl <J)O

.,

17 x'
62x'
+ 1
+"' ,lx l <'/I"
3" . 5 . 7
3 5. 7.9

Jl8
Xl

. .['

\,"

20)

Chx=l+ - + 21 , 41

-' ,:, " ',

21)

,x'
Xl
.x 7
Sh JC = X + - + - ' + 31
51 7!

(i'

.. ,

EI'TPHI'OHOMETPHCKE H XHnEP50nH'IKE 4>YHKItHJE

I)arc ..' =
2) sin'" =

II
-IX,

arc I'

180

~ =0,017453;

180

I
cos a = r.'=:=1':i="
VI+Ig'a

tga ,
VI+lgla

3) sin {~~)=sin a cos ~ cos a sin~;

' 4) cos ("fI) " cos

It

1 rad=57I,7'44,8"

sin 2 a=2 sin a cos a

cos fI=Fsin a sin Il,

5) Ig (ap) = tg a Ig PI

1=Flg,a lgfl

cos 2a=cos 2 a- sin" a

c.lg (a fI) = ctg a ctg 1I'f l

ctg pclg a

cosa + cos~ = 2 cos a+ '- cos a;- p

2

a+1I a-II
COl a-cosfl= - 2sin-sin-,
'2

7) sinn a=(;) sin acos- 1

Ig atg~= sin '( ap) ,

cosacos fI

a-(; )sin'" cos" - 'a+(; )Si~'acOS"-' a- . ..

cosn a 7 COS" a -(; ) sin' acos- I a +( ~') sin~ a cos"-' a . ..

8)

Sin a;'

11 1- COl 2 a
V 2
'

cos a= 111 'f-cos2,a

, , V 2

9) a; sin a. ~ h : sin II = c : sin y;

II) COl (-a)= 'COl a,

Cb ( - x) = Ch x,
12) piZl ~ cos x Isin x.

Q'

b' + c' - 2 be cos a.

sin (-a)= -sin a,,

,

Sh ( - JC)'= - Sh 0:;

cos x ~ Ch Ki,

sin x = ~Sh xl,

I

119
13) e,.Z<o.i=e',

1)

3)
5)

7)
9)

11)

f
I,
f
f
f
f
f

Z=X

+/y = ,.'1'1 ,

T=

Vx'+ y'

x" dx = x", +C',(n*-I)

n+l

2)

e" dx=e'

4)

cos x dx=sin x

6)

dx = arc Sin
. x
V I-x'

8)

10)

Shxdx =Chx
dx - J_ 1n I ~ I
x"-o'
20
x+a

12)

fX

-; =111 ex

f
f

sin x dx = - cos x
-dx
- =tgx
cost X

f_l-dx = arc tg x
I +x'

f
f

Chxdx=Shx
x
arc sin a

dx

Va' - x .

13)
14)
15)

16)
17)
18)

19)
~ ~.

f
.
f
f.

x
2

1/ 0'- r dx= - Va'-x' .; - arc sin-

sm"xdx = COS"

x dx =

sin" -. x cos x n - 1
n
.;. -11-

COS" -.

sin'" x cos" x dx;::;

SIll ms

x sin x

OJ

sm"-Ix dx

cos"-' x dx

sinm+ 1 xcos,,-l x
n-l
+ -m +n
m+n

cos IIX dx = -

.1U.dIM II HTtrpUIiM iI

n- 1

+ -n-

f.

Op. 2

cos(m i n)x 2(m+n)

"':"':-'-'~'--'--

lpe6a

Y3en1

f'

san'".t cosn -

cos(m-n)x .
2(m-n)

X rb

(m ,on )

JOLU H 0POH3IJOAHY KOKeTI8fY

C.

120
20)

2I)

'
.
f
f

:)an m x sm nx d x -

24)

29)

30)
31)

+ _S:.:ic:ll..!(::;/I/~-~"L) ;x=--

- Inlg - .
X
2.

2 (m ' n)

rclg In sin
J-cosx
ax - Inlg (n
- + -X )
4
2

23)

dx
~
SIO

28)

sill( m , ") .V

x dx =

25)

J
n-.1
x .- J gn- -x
c g" x x - J
n- I
+- Jsin" = tg'x dx = ' tg": -. 'x -

dx

CI

(II-

ax:

- ,x

sin x

J cos x: = (n - I)cos' - ' x

J sin
Jx~ cos
;:m

.. dX

n- 2 J

COS X

I )si nn

n- l

n-- 2 J
n- J

x dx - - xm cos X + m
x dx - xm sin x - m

dx
COS"- " x '

X "" -I

J xm -

dx
sin n-Ix '

cos x dx

asinbx -bcosbx eO. ,

.
( cQS" S1fl.hx dx =.;
--at +b 2

33)

J
J

34)

35)

cos bx dx. =

u cos bx+ h sin bx

a' +b"

e4 X

x'ei dx=e"[x'-nx'-' + n(n-I ) x"- ' - .. _+(-I)"n.IJ .

dx
I
2 ax + b
(ax'+bx + c)' = (n .- J)(4ac -b') (ax' .. hx t c)" ,

2(2n-3)0
- (n-I)(4 ac - b')
36)

sin x d.{,

32)

e llS"

I j!" - 'xdx

Cign-I

(/I/ * n)

2( /I/ + n)

2( m -n)

Jl gXdX ~ - In cosx.

27)

, ill (/I/ +n) x ,

cos III", co:-; n.\ dx -

22)

26)

si'l l m-lI)x _
2 (", ,, ")

J.Y

p<m )

(x)

ax l ~ bx .

J .

of-

dx
(ax'+ bx + c)"-' '

elx = P("-' )(x) Ifax' + bx ... c + C

'

dx

ax + bx T

121

37)

. J

Va x' l- bx + cdx-

ax::!+ bx + c

V
dx,
ax:. ... bx+ C
I
x a = -

dx
(x t a)Va x'-bn c

38)

39)

JR( em' )lfx=

~ JR~l)dl;

R(Sin X,COSx)dX-2J

40)

J
tg" - = z. dx-

41 )

2 dz

1+ z,

~(tg X)dX'

R( l 21
, 1--;') dz
+ z' 1+ z 1
2

;
l'

1- : '
I -z~

2z

COS X = - -

51O X= - ,

1+ ,

JR(ctgX)dX,

R(~)

dz

1 + z'

; tg ., = z, ctg

x ~.; :

0) OIlPB"BBHH HHT1!rPAJlH

a)
~

I)

dx
a +bx'

06",,""

2'(cib
.

2)

J~ sin a x dx -

rtg " dx

3>

7)

r>o

- ' / 1ft

:1)

r~
0'

"

"HTerpan"

,.

J C-" dx

9)

10)

J c - tl X..-

dx

== -2"I

x" C- '" <Ix..

I'

f
f.-'x.e'-' . dx=-1.
x'
e-a:Jt sin b:( dx =

e"- 1

"

.'

J t .... COSbxdX~

~~

V:

"I"
0"+

(a > 0,
I

II)

x'
f
,,4
'2 Cb/x~ 16'
I

II

,(O<n<l)

SlDn1l

tI

:' )

. 11:

42

+ bl

X"-I

8)

a- 0
a <O

tI

~)

f -x +d1x -

= 1.2... )

a' + b-'

122

...

12)

'i I -x'

1 35 (2n - l )
2 4 6 .. 2n

dx c

".

-I
I

13)

x"
or.
d. _
. (n' < I) .
( I - x)
sin nn

'f.I!))

'/,~

sin ~ " "' J .r dx =

,,..

16)

1f1:,
17)

18)

cos:..+ 1xdx ==

':..,s

sin' xdx

~ cos" xdx =

cos'" x dx

= -

246 .. 2n
;
3 5 7 .. (2n +. I)

ml nl

2 (m +. n +. 1)1

(n

>0

ueo 6poj)'
(n

'2;

246 .. 2n

~.

1. 3 5 .. (2n-l ) "

Sin'" + 1 x

fa re sin ( {x ) d" -

14)

> O.

lIeo 6 poj)

In cos x dx =

In sin x dx = - " In 2.

b) Cuel(HjlJlHH HHTel'p lJIH

I) HHTerplJl CHHYC
x

S/(x) =

sin 1
I .t'
1
- , - d' = x - '3 . 31 '+

I x'

x'

'5 . 51 - 7' 71

+. . . ( Ixl < oo)

2) HHTerplJl KOCIIIIYC

Cl.{x)--

.
I' ...-+. -1. xl_ - . " ]
- d l - C+. ln x- [1
- "x'
-- COS/

.2 21

41

6 61

I
2

(in x)' .
+
21

3) H8TerpIJI JlorapHTu

Li(x)-

1
Inl

-dl.C +. lnllnxl+.lnx +. - ..

I (In x)'
+ ... ,
3
31

+-.

123

I) EnllnT\{~KH HHTerpanH

\ (I - 1')( 1- k' F) -

V 1 -k'l'
VI - I'

"

= F (6.k1

d '?

V I -h'si n:'r

f)

b) Ilpyre BpcTe

"

(/I

(,

dx

J,r.'I---'t"','''si-=-n'

'4' d,-I; (f),1.)

cj nomYHH HHTerpanH

5\ =F ('I,1{,k)-.!!.. [ 1+ (_I )'kl

-

+ (~)' ...
2' 4

~ = E(,/1"'k)=.2'..[I_(_I)'~' _ (~)k'
2

2 . .4 3

+ (I ,3, 5) k'+ .. , ], k'< :

(2 ' 4 . 6)

_ (J(2 ' 35)

4 . 6)

k'
.,

] ;

k j e MOllyn HHTerpana,

c) npH6nH)I(HB KBIlAPaTypa
1) Tpaoes!lo npllBHno

b-a =h,

/( x) dx "" II [

'I. y .;

b-a
~II,
n

f'=;(-'i.

" =(b)

:~>. + ~/oY.)

2) CHMDCOHOBO opaBRJ\O
b

J/(X)dX""'/,II[Y. + 2~>I.+4~t '_ 'I. y,,]

a

3) <l>0pKyna 'fe6HllleBa
I .

I (x) dx "" {U(O, 14\;4/) +1(0,51.) + t (0,853(;1) i

4) <l>0PMY na rayca
I

J
o

lx) dx"",I[0,0278/(0,1l271) + 0,4444 (0,5;, , 0,0278/(0 88i ' )\,

_ _ _--I

124
H) 05H'IHE IlH<I>EPEHUHJAnHE JEIlHA'IHHE

I)

a) npBor pella

I( X)dx - J 'P(Y ) ' dY ' C;

ydx -xdy : y - Cx .

2) X O.u orellD no

y' - {(

xi

~);

dx

dz

f(z)-:

-=

Y' ~ /(Z) = l I- XZ';

dx
dz
x - 2: - 1:

+- y=u;

- ,X

3) Jlulleaplla

y ; CMe Ha y coo Xl

y' ,Py = Q;
CMe Ha y= uv ;
U'"

i- uv ..... Pu v= Q- u'v + (v' + Pv)u;

dv{v - - Pdx

y 'C o~x+'y ~ in x= 1 ;

4) Bernaullijeaa

jI + Py - Q;
y' .,. Py =

P _ tgl: ;

Qr ;

Q= 1/cos,( :

P - P(x);

Z'--

5)

y' + PI + Qy' - R ;

Riccoli-jeBa
~=

Q=Q( x);

In x
z--- '
x '

P; Q; R=f,(x).
y =z+ q;

napTHKyJlapHH HHTerpaJl;

z' + (P + 2 Qq) z+ Qz'=O

y=sl nx+ C cos ,t.

jep je

q/ + P~+

y'-Z" + q'j

Qq':".R - O

Bernoulli-jeBa z'+(P+2Qq)z--Qz.
1
cos x
. . - sl n.r
. y'- 1 si nx cosx Y+ l-si nxcosx y= ... - l-sinxcou ;

-cos.'!
1+2 co~.x
z"
l - l - sinx C O~ Xl- I - slnx cos x ~,

6) Co iiiOWOJlHU .W llucpepeuqujoJlO .... -

f)-tOU

I
z

u- -; u'+Pu=Q;

c+cos x
y-TtC,jnx '.

0) Pdx+Qdy-O;

au

au

P - I(x ;y );. Q - 'f(x;y) ; dV- Pdx+ QdY - ox dx+ ~y dy=O;

av.
P.- Ox '

au
= "y'

op
oQ.
"y - ox '

V(x,' y)=C

125
u=

f Pdx+ J[Q- ~fl'dxldY=C,

(2 . -:l y) dx+(2y-;lx) dy~O:

(.'=

b)

- , I=')Q '~x:

,)P,,)y =

f ('l.t -JY) dx+ [[(2Y-:IX)- :y(X'-JXY)ldY~X' -:I."'+"+C,

HnIDerpal/uouu "IulluJlali.

lJ'dx H,Qdy - 0;

iJ ()"P)fiJy - iJ()"Q)ftJx

iJP
iJ)"
iJ)"
)" -;- -iJQ)
+ Pdy
- - Q- =0'
y
d"
iJx'

d)" _ (iJP/dy) - (iJQ/dx) d '

)"
Q
x,

),, =),, (x) ;

A=),,(y);

rnaplIHlanHa) '

en..

)"

(iJP/iJ'y)-(iJQ/iJx) d '
-P
y,
d.

dx

dy

.lt l

_ - - 2 - :.-. -2_:).,\_
).

7) y=f(x,y')=t(x,p};

.It

p=y';

).'-::1"
r

'

dy=pdx,

dy - pdx - (iJ"ox )dx + (o"op )dp ;

P~'I'(x,C);

y=;(x,C),

'",
y-(C'+2Cx-.'l/~,

y - 2px+'/,<'+p': p - (C-x)"l:

8) x-t(y, y')=.t(y, p);

p=y';

dy=pdx;

0/] (0/)'
'5ii ;

dp
dy = [ pI ' - dy, :

dx'=(iJ"iJy)dy+(iJl/dp)dp;
p=<p(y;C);
I_p2

x_ ~ y:

x=S(y;C)

"

2Cx=y'-C'"

y - P:c+Q;

9) Lagrange-eaa
d'

'

d'

p c f(P);

Y'_P_P'x~+P+Q'-1!...;
dx

dx

P'
_ rY
x'+ - - x ..... ~
' P-p

OflWTH ~HITerpiln

y- p',t+p:

P- p

x-e - f Ptp

x = IC - p+lnpl/(p- l)':

P' -

(nHHeapHn)

y-Px+Q
P'=2p;

Q'-I:

pay'

Q-'.(p);
dP ,

dp

dO

0' =-

'

dp

x.'+P.t-f.,l:

x'- dx ,
dp

' <
[C +/Q e fr."lp)
P ., 2(p-ll:

y=p'x+p,

Q~-IJ'-

pI:

126

10) Clalrou/oBa

P=p;

y=px+Q;

dp

Q={(p).

dp '(x+ Q') =0.

y'-p=(x'+ Q')- +p;

ax

dx

p -C
jy=cx+Q(C) (OOWTH HHTerpan).
.y=px+Q
y=px+Q )y - cx+Q(C) (C"HrynapHH HHTerpan) .
O-X+ Q' O- p+Q'(C)

b) x+Q'=O

f'

y-Cx+C-> y - .. .I:.

o_x_c-a

II) (p) _ p.p .;. p._,p.-'+ .... +P,P-I;p.-O;

p=y'; /,. - ((x.y).

PewHTH no p; CHcreM jeAHa.HHa.

1
p!, - - -

!(P )_ .p'+(y - ")p - 1.y_O;

(y-' I .t'-C) ('y - C) - D.

b) BHwer peA.

\) F[x.y,y' ... yCo lJ- O.

i - Pi

CMeHOM

y"-p'-dp{dx CRH>KaBa ce

pel'. sa I pnYHaro no p.

2) F [x. y('). y(H') . y" )J-O;

pel'.

3.

4> [x. z. l' ... z(-OlJ-O; CHH>KaBa

y(O)= z;

k jeAHHH.ua.

3) F[y.t.y" ... y,()J - 4>[y.P.q', .... qCO-I)J- O; p=y';

4) F [x, y, )1'.... ,f")J =' 0,
y_~f'.,;
I,

y, y'... , y, yCo);

XOHoreHi no

y' :"' zy;

y"=(z'+z')y; y'''a.(z'+z''
+.3zz') y; ...
,' .

4>[x,.>,l',.,. ,z:"-')J=O.

nOCTIje

y' -,.. -

,',.

.~

',

.,, '. '

,.

6x1'= y'(("+%')-. z'-6x) =D ;

',_,IU,= (.~x' + c

JC:.

5) F(Y(-'),.f")j= 4> (z,z') =0;

6) F(y(ft-Il,y(o)J = .,,(z,zoo) = O~
7) y" = (y);

q' - dp/dy.

2y'du2dy;

y(-I)=z.
)/(0-1)

= z.

2y'dy' = 2(y)dy;'

1"-J2(y)dy+C, =,,(Y)+C.;

x+C, =f dy/ V,(y) + C,.

y'= h(y) + C, = dy/dx;

127
8) XoMorcHn CJ KOHcrahTHHM KoeIjJHUH]eHTHMa:

. +A.y"l + . . . ~A,y ' -.y=

Cc~ ;(

A.y;

LA.y"l=O,
o

t\ n p:tKTepBCTI-14 Ha je A H3 q H Ha

" >"'=O;
... + A, '-+A.; LA.

K('-);A.~n+A._,'-"-'+
It

Pewelh e

Y;LC,e

l,x

'-" . .. >.,. ... '-.

=C,'

)....X

+(.,e

)..l.

+ ... -tCn'

r=1

"

}.,.x _ ~

- kY"

. ,.:; \

?"+3y"-y'-3y=O; )..'+3)..'-).. - 3:0; ).., ; 1; - 1; -3 ;

Y - C eA,x.

0) npOCT KopeH

, -,

Yr::': C,. e

c) KOlhyrooaHo KOMnneKCHH

(o+ j:J)x .
I

y,+ y,~ IC,(co s.~x+ i sin ~x) + C, (cos ~x - 1sin pxll;

= .a.IA cos ~x + 8 sin prj
d) Kopel! moor pella

eO< [(A, + A, x + A,'x' + . _, + Am-x m-') cos ~ x + (8, + B, x + - - -+

+8Mxm-')sin~x)

)..,=1;

2; 2; 2;

y = C, e' + (C,+

(-2+4/)';

3i;

c, x + c. x') e"

(-2-4/)'

+ eO' (C, cos x + C,sin x) +e-"(C, + C,x+

+ C, x') cos 4x + (C,.+ CII x+ C,.-"')sin 4x)_

9)

HexoMoreHa ca KOHCTaHTHHM KoeljJHUHjeHTHMa

,\ ' (x) =

L"
o

A.y(kl;t(X); y=Ey,+Eq;

y. = OnWTIt HHTcrpan XO'lOreHe; q napTHKyJlapHH HHTerpaJl

HeXOMoreHe,
0) f(x);c;

q(x);A

b) f( x)=P~(x);

q(x );P,(x);

s; m+ v ;

Oil H(x);O;
~)

.-,

f(x);e m ,; m#)..;

d) f(x) ;e m,

m;)..';

sin mx;

e) I(x); { cosmx;

v 11300D, fI'JHH lKer pella

Il =AX'e"'''';

mi :F A;

q= I1 . . .lIrnx +Bcosmx;

I= y-=-r;

12

mx,

SIn

f)

I (x) = [ cos mx;

Il)

f (x) ;

~;

nu =' A' ,-

"""?(x );

y = e"" z;

x' (A' si n mx + B co~ mx)

y' ; (m z +z')e"" ; y" ; (z"+2m,'+

+ m' z) e''''; N (x) = '::8,z") = P (x ),

y" '+ 3y" -Y-3y = 3i:l+ lOsl n 3.r; ),'+3)..2- ),, - 3=. 0 : Ar= l ; - I ;
I'}I= P:~ a r: +bx + c ;

-3 :

rt:=A sin 3.t+ Bcos 3x

I) BEI(TOPCI{O PA'IYHAIbE

a) BeKTopCKa aJlre6pa
-+

-+

-~

I)

-to

'. -. -. '.

-+

a+ b = b+ a = s,;
...

"""'t-

........

-+

-)

....

- ~

'b=b, i+b,j+b.k;

-)

...,.

....

s = s.i +s. i +s, k = (a , +b,) i +(a, + b, )j +(a, + b,)k;

..

"

2)

b = Aa;

b. = )"a,;

..

b, = Aa;

a = a = (a3:r+a2y+aSr)lit ;

3)
4)

by = M,;

..

a.:=

1.

cosa = a, fa; co s p = a,/a; cosy - a,/a; ,

c o~' a ,+ cos' ~ + cos',r

-.

-.

" .. 0 0, =

-,

-,

-)

- (a,' + 0': -j- 0,')/ a> ~ 1;

~'

-)

-t

......

a,i + a, j +a,k - a (i cosa+ j cos ~ + k cos r),

-jo

-+

...,

a, - i COSa + j cos p + k cos y;

~-

-)-.

5)

(0 b) -ab cos (a, b) = ob cos &= o. b.+ Oy b,+a, b,;

6)

(a aJ = a';

- )

7.)

-~

-(a- ...,.b) -Cba);

..-.

,,'

. .. -+

....

(ii)=(jiJ - (kk)-I ;
- )-,

_H

....

'H

'

...

(i j) _ (j k) - (k i); 0 :

....

(a, b + c) = (a bJ+(ac);

....

. -+

(l.. a, b) = 1.. (0 b) ,

129
...

4-+

8)

-+

[ab]=e=

...

.i

a,.

....

...

-;*

0.1 G,

-+

b. by h,

...

a. ay ,
(, =

10)

-+-+

[i i]-lijj=[kkl=O.
<4 -+ -+ -+-+ -+-+

-+ -+ .

-+ ....

[a.b+c]a[ab]+[ae];

[>, a.b]=),.[abj.

a.
\1)

-+-+-+

b. b, .

-+-+ ... ... -) -+ -....... - .

[iij-k; [ikl - i ; [kij=L
'

-+-t

[abj=-[baj;
-+-+

: ~

n.la.

-+

b,
-+ -+

..

10 1= I.

n.lb;

a" .

9)

...

-r. i+e y j + e,k - (absin6) n;

-+-+ -+

0)1

a,

....... -.

(a[bcJ)-(b[ea])=(e[ab]) -

b. by b.

c.

( '1

C,

.........

(i[jk])=l.
12)

-+ -..
-+-+
(a b)'+ [a b]' =a' b';

13)

~a b ) =O 0pTOrOH3nHOCT; [a

..

...
.~

(a

b]=O

-+-+

[b ell = 0

"
KOMnJl3I1apllocT'.

- .... . .

- t~

-+- ) -+

14)

[a [b ell ={a e)b -- (a b)e

15)

([ab]. [ed])=(iIC) (bd)-(ad) (be)

16)

[[ab]. [edJ]=c(a[bdlJ-d(a[bcj).

-+ -+

4-+

.......

-+-+

KOJlHHeapHocT H oapaJleJlHOCT;

t...

... .

:~

,'......

-+-+

- +0 , )

-+-+

b) AHaJlHTH'IKa reoMeTpHJa

I. Ta."a -

-+ -+ ... _+
_).
-t
- ).
I) OM=r=xi+yj+zk - r(icosa+jcosj!+kcosy); AI(x;}' ;:)'

-.

...

2) M,(r,) ; M,(r,);
-)

---+

d';'

M,M, =

...

_l

-)

-+

r, - r , ;

d _ [(x,_x,)'+(YI-Y,)'+(z, - =,)']'h
.
-] .
3) TpaHcMl\>lja eMCTe"a
. )

- .

-4

-+

-+

. r ~ rA+ p ; ::i +yj + :k=(a+Oi I (b+~)j+(c+~)k

130
4) POTaItHja
.....

-.. .....
..........
.....
.....
y paaHH b-acos'P+(ka)sinl'; Ibl-Ial;

-+

, -+....

-+

--+

--+

....

j = -i sin 'p+j co~'p.

i'- i cos'P+i sln'P;

-+

-t

...

-t

-.....

-~

-to

II. PUGH - . I) OM-OP+PM-pn + p=r; (rnl-p; n-icosa+jcoSll+

-+

-+-+

(r 0) -p _r cosa+ .y COS ~ + z COS y - p = O.

+ keosy;
...

...,.

.....

-+

2) q=qo~A i+Bj+Ck: $~pq= -D=p(JI'+B'+C")'1'

-+-+

(rq) -lcJlx.f"By+Cz+D-O;
~
y z
-D
-D
a'+b"+c=l: ao; --:.1-: b- T

-D

: e- C '

-+

3) Pallu
---to

-_

(M M, [M, M

-.

"

M,

-.

M,ll -

-+

..... -+

.....

(r - r,fr,-r,. r. - r,]) =0.

-+

R; (n.). i c 1,2; a = cos a, ...

H3Me~y pasHH

4) Yrao

M, (r,): 1- I, 2, 3

Kp03 TpH TnKe

A, A.+B, Ba+C, C,
(A,'+B,'+C,')'I. [A.'+B,'.+ (.'.'l'~
... .....
J. (0, n.) =,(q, q.) - A, A, +.:;, 8.+ 'I C, - 0
=

......

II

-+ -+

-+ . ~

[o,n.)=(q,q.)=O; A.tA.=B,/D.=C,/C.
-,

-+

5) PI3A,11JbHHa nqKe M, (r,) Oil

-+ ... )

(r,o)=p+d; d s (, n
~

R(o).

.......

-, -+

.....

III. npa8a

paBuH

-p . ~

(r, q)-s.

q ..

A.x, + By, + ez, + D

(A'+B' ~C!I'I

-+-+-+-+-+

I) M,(r,); L(u~xi+~j+yk): lui-I

..

..

..

...p-).u-ai+bj+ck:
-' ..
'

x-x,

-~D

y-y.
- II =

.z-ZI

.~

..... .

(,-r"p)_1);
.
I

p'=o'+b'+c'.

131
~....

........

-t

....

-to

....

~~

2) ,M.(,.); M.(,.); p = ,.-,,;

. ~

-to

~)

', - ',] =0,

[, - F"
-.

f,- f,j ~ O

3) M, (,,); 1=1, 2, 3; \f. - f"

... -.

...
..
(p, P. )
4) L,(p,); L,(p,); eos &=
=
P, p,

+~
+ (2 )':' ,
( alt
il

(a' 2.l~'
I b' t ( 2)'I. '

... ...

.1

(P, p,)" a, a, + b, b. + c, c, = 0;

II"

(P,
, pal - 0';

. . ..

a,ia, = b,lb. = c,/c.,

-t

..

5) Pa3A8JbHHa TaqKe M. (f,) 0.8; npase L (p)

.... .,.

"1'

<fI = (r. sin 'II)' = (f. u]' = (f, p ]'/p',

..

-.

6) YKpwTeHe (... MoMnasHe) npaBe L, (P,). L, (p,)

l'

....

1 ' ' ' ''''

....

-. . . .

4o.....

-t

+ A, p, +1= f,+>-. p,;

(p, p,] = (p, p, sin 'II) u; 1= I u;

.... -+....
-+
-to
I=f,-f,+)."p,-)."p,;

(/[p,p,j) = (s(p,P.]); l = f . - r ,

f,

~)'

Hyn'Ta

npa~

...

-+

[r - f,

-t-+

-t- .....

-+

"7)."

P,,'

AI= , -+ -t
(p, p,]'

-+-+

(sp,)

.-+

... ...

(p,

P.lI = 9:

-. -.

-+ -+

(sp,) (p, p,)

... -to

l'

(s'p;)

}, '" ......
[p, Pa]'

p,

" -+

.. -.

pI

(s p,) (p, Po)

-t

8) npeceK P(P) opas.x L, (p', l; ; = 1; 2

-+

-+ -+

-+ -+

1=0; (s(p,P.]) =0:

-+

-+

s=r,-f.;

......

-+

....

.-+

-+

p=r,+A,p,=r,+A,p.,

IV, npasa H'paBaH, - I ) R, ; (fq,)-S,=O; ;=1; 2;

npaBa Kao npeceK paSHH

4 Jt,r -n,u

6 11 =

.6. Y - .1, . z
=- .. 11
= -;
-"..
1

"'. ",,=

A, C, ,
A., C.

A, 0,
A. 0 , 1 ;

613=

_I A, B, I'

to lJ -

B, C.
B, ,C,, '

A, B.

d t4 ;-

B. D.
B. 0,

132

2) Yrao H3"' ~y L (p) H R (1])

.....

tOs(qp)=sin 9 = Aa + Bb + Cc; 1.. Aa +Bb+Cc= O; II A/a=B/b=C/c.

..

3) npoJl.op P (p) IIPaBe L (p) KP03 paoa" R (q)

-+.....

-t' -+

(rq) =s;

...........-+

(r.q) +).( pq) ~s;

r = r, + ).p;

-+

.... ... ...... .... (rtq) -s .... ,

p = r,+).p =r,p.
.
-+.....

...

(I' q)

...

4) R Kp03 M. (r.)

......

.1

6) L Kp03 M,

II

L, (PI)

[r - r,. qj =0.

R (q)

Ka

........

.......
.. ... ..
[r- roo PI]= O.

-t

5) L Xp03 "',

-10

(r - r. [r, - r p]) = O.

L (p)

..

7) L ' KpOS M, 1. LI (Pa)

c)

..

BeKTopcKa aHanHaa

......

.........
1) "="(I) = xi + yj +zk;
.....

.:..........

x ~x (I);

. -+

2) dv/dl =v= x i+ y j +z k;

d ........

y=y(/);

:=;:(1).

"'=x'+ y'+ z' .

d .......

.......

-+... ....
3) di"(ob) = (r.b) +(ob) ; - (00)=2(0, 0) ; 10(1) I= consl;
.:.~

dl-

-+ -+

. d' ......

...

-t

a J.. ' .

.... ..;.

4) d,[ob)=[ob] +[ob] .
d ... -+

...

-+

.... -+ ...

-+....

.~

.... ..;

5) dl(o[bc]) =(o [bc]) +(a[bc]) + (a[bc] .

d ...........

.... ~-+

: ......

-+ .... ~

6) 'd/[a[b c]]=[a[bclJ +[o[bc)]+[a[bcJl .

'!d
7.) V' = 1 -

cJx

+"!lJ
) -+ "'cJ
k-;
lJy

cJz

-tcJU -tcJU
+j lJx
Qy

8) grad U = \J U = i -

~lJU

T k-;

cJz

[[ = - grad U (xyz) .

133
-+

9) div v = (j)v,/j)JJ,f-(j)v,/~y) ;- (j)v.lj):Z)~(vv):

div g rad U

-.
v ~ [v vJ =

-+

-+

-+

j)

j
d

j)

~x

j)y

~l

v,

v,

-+

rot

10)

=d U.

v,

rot grad U- [vvl U =O;

-+ -+

-+

div rot v= (v[vvJl c O

...

... -+

.....

rot rotv = [v[v vIJ Egrad dlv

...

v-Avo

d) nHcjlepe~HjaJlHa reoJteTpHja
...

.....

I) ,

-to

...

...

x i + y j + l k ~ , (I) ;

-+ . . . . . . . .

-t

Id, I= ds;

d , ~ i dx + j dy + k dz;
ds = [dx l

+ dy' + d:>],/.

. . .h
+ r + zar dl_

[Xl

2) npHpO.llHH TpHje.llap

r-

-+

d,

..

-+

d,- T ds;

_0

ds'

..

. ..

.d'( ;
K-KN= dT
- __

-+

..

'ds

ds'

-+

B- [T NJ _1.
[d' d"J
K ds ds ;
,'

3) KpHBHHe

-.

...

efT
-+
K=-=KN;

-+

...

dN

......

Q- - --KT - \3:B;
ds

4) <l>pcHeo8H 06paCu,H

...

dT

d .'

...
cc K-KN;
~

...

~......

\3:- - - \3:N - (d'Id', d"J);

ds
K'd"

ds

...

-+

dB

Q' _ K' + ~'_

..

dN
-t
...
- - -KT- ~B;
ds

..

5) JCJ1HaQHHe Y TOqKH M, (r,)

dB
..
V1.
d.

1114
~

1'-'. TI= 0;

TlHrellTe

....

~)

of

1'_ '". :--11;1,-'"

.... ......
.........

Hop.lane

I'-c"

6AnopNane

...

...

-t

<I"lmO;

'1l1=1,-r.ldr d',lI=O;

....

( - f c'

..

-t

...

T)=(r-" .d,) =O;

...........

-t

......

(r - f,IT Nj)-(,- " Idr d'rIJaO; .

..... .......
(r-"ITB]) = O.

..

peKTHcjI"K.lIIHOHC paSHH

6) noapwHHa
f(xyz) - O;
df -

z='I'{x,y)

~f d%+~f iJy+~1

iJy~z

tJx

p c - (tJ fltJx)/(iJ

dz - O;

dz=pdx+qdy;

I/o z;

Mongeose 03HaKe
p = iJ'/iJx; q=iJlliJy;

, = iJ'zlox' ; s=tl'zltlxtly;

"'01 tJl "~f

...
7) grid I ~ i ~ + I' - . + k - - I grad II n'
tJx
tJz OZ
.'
...
... ....
n-ai.,j-ili +yk

..

..(,- ..'t.
..

~1a.d4) - 0 ;

...

1I0PKa... aoapwHH e

[r-r.. gradlleO.

t=tl'z/tJy'.

XII. OCHOBM HYMEPH4KOr PAlJYH tb

CA npl1BJlvDKHMM BPE.llHOCTM, \
'if OmopHocTH MSTepHjaJIa Y

oA pe~'He

06pacue YHO(""O 3U,aHe

6polHe BpeAHOCTH H HanalHoeo 6poJKe speAKOCTH TpO",eHW> BenM~"H .
MHor. Koeq,HuH ]eIlTH, Kao Na npHMep
2 1 . 10' N/ cm'. O. A06Huj y ce
onllTO.. Hnw Mepe,.,e" 3 jaB.lba ce ' _ecro " 6poj .,,:'" 3.141 6927 . . . RT./l.
na nOWTO nOA_UH HHCY _nconYTHo nqHH He .. o>l< e ce If K OqeKlta.TH AI
he pe3ynTaT 6HTH _ncon YTHo TaQatl.
P.MHKa H3"e~y Tn"He (N) R opH6nHlKHe BpUNoeT" (n) HUNBa co
allcanymHa rpeUlKa m. upuonu H" speRM oemu

e-

~ c

OHa HMa AHMeH3H1Y HCTY Kao

Ii

N - n.

6pOjeSH N H

n_

MOlKt 6HT" nOJHTMO/U

H lIH HeraT H OHa .

AK O Ifa n pllMep u3MepuMo npeQHHK UHnlt H.IlP.l 7 4 111m en rd lfllo why AO

1 mm 0llA3 ce npe"HHK Kpehe Y rp.HRU..... 73,5 < d < 14.5, T). ancon YTlla
rpc;w Ka je y rpaHltn..ra - O,5 < G 0,5. 11 julia apeAftOCT anconyTH~
."
rpewKe 6_ =A j e '0,5 mm H 308e ce aDcoAyillHa 8P~4"oc11i rp~UJ.e

'..

<.

M".

r optoO rpaHu~a aUeoAy mHe r pClUlit. noWl'O ce rpcUJIU II "etTO " e 110
oueHHTH TO ce y8el< paqYKa ca rpU HUO.. ,nc:onyne rpeWKe ICojil cc
.paTKo HaSHsa .. aCOAymHo rpeU"'6 ("'). T Ha _peA"OCT 6poj. (N) nA.'.
ce OHAll Y p831<aKY

n - A<N < n +
Cn 6po]e.. n - ... nOA6nUHIIH C"O 6poj N 8 ca 6 poJe.. n + ... npe6aUM ...
c ..o 6po] N. Spaj N rpeCl. anpoKC:H .. HPJTH OHM" 0A 6po)c
11 - . . . . n+A
kQjH i!JIje ... o..y anCOJlYTHY .peAHocT rpewke ... . TakO "3 npH.. ep 6poj 'I
.. olKe"o anpoKCHMHPaTH Clpolc8K ... 0.3333 H 0.3334. 'if npeo .. C:"7".jy Ie
r pe w + 'I . 10- ' I Y Ap y ro" - ' /. ' 10- ' . flpe.. 4 TO"e Tp~a 6po) 'I.
yseTK npH6nH lKHo "" . eTMpH ACUH ...lle y 06n.J<Y 0,3333. j ep je I nCOJl yna

,.a

r pew no .nconYT"oj opell llOCTH .

H He IIl"OCM 'I. 0:>' nps l~Kc .. a
peKe UMq,pe Clpoja 0.33333; rj. y 080" cnyqajy pHMJM.O 3ll Clpoj 'I pU
"OCT Koja nOACI. uyje ( D ao~pyr"ofJa,.~ opoj.lJa). Y CJl yq3jy Clpoja '1. yxhcllo
SpeAROCT 0,6667 y"ecTo spellllocTIt C,6666, jep Ie .nc01lyT.' speA"OCT
r peWKe ... 0"'0. Y 0801< c.. o cny . jy yJ'JI~ ~ 61'0) ' / , 'pCA~OCT Koja up'"
6auyjc (lfOp .. mypo).

136
113 OBHX npHMepa H3BO.zr.HMO ooaj 3aKJbY4aK : AKa, ie upaa 3alleMa
p" "a quq,po Ma,.a oa 5 IDpeoo Y3eIDu apeJlHocaJ '.oia Uoa6aqYle (3aoKpyr.
n,aealbe) a aKa i e Upaa SOHeMopella qurjJpa aeha all 5 IDpe6a Y3eIDu
f. pe.<lIoeal "aio upe6 aqyie (KopeKTypa).
AnconYTH a rpeWKa He .zr.aje npeTCTaoY a eTeneHY Ta 4HOCTH caMor Me
pelba. Ha npHllep, aKa H.MepHMO .zr.ylKHHy rpe.zr.e 2.75 m OH.zr.a je .nCOIIYTHa
rpeWKa 0,01 m = I cm na H3HOCH 0,36'1, . AKa npe4H IlK lKHlle H3HoeH
4 mm ca Ta4Howky 0,1 mm OH.zr.a je anconYTHa rpeillKa 0.1 mm, ij.
0,01 cm, WTO H3HOCH 2,5'1. Oll npe4HHKa. 360r Tora ce npH pa4YHalbY
yaOJlH p ... alliualla ,rpeUJI(O Koja npeTCT88Jba KOnH4"~K aneollYTHe rpewKe
H TaqRe Bpe.zr.HocTH N, O.zr.1l0CHO npH6nHlKHe BpeAHocTH n, nOWTO npaa
HHje n0311aT8
8

&
= _

=N-

N-n
:.:.....c:.
n

OBa ce rpeWKa pe.zr.OBHO H3palKaBB Y .npoueHT"Ma HIIK npOMHIIKMI

_ &'
t:S -

100 ./
"

t =-

o . 1000 ' /
n

00 '

TnRa BpellHocT 6poja MOllie ce "anHCaTH Y OOOM 0611HKY

N=n + o=n (1 +e).

Jla 6H ce Y04H"e rpaHHue rpewKH npH611HlKHH 6pojeBH nHwy ce TaKa
Jl.a ce 33.zr.plKaBajy Ta4He uHcjlpe H npoa cYMIbHBa aKO anCOIIYTHa rpemKa
HMje Beha 0.0. j e.zr.Hltll ue peAa CYMIbHBe UH<!>p e. T aKo Ha npHMep 2,2:;4 m'
8UaqU Aa cy npse TpH UHcjlpe T04He a 4eTspm je cYMIbHBa. KaKo je
-;,p,99l..m' 0,004 TO 3HaqH .zr.S cy OCTalle UHcjlpe 0.zr.,6aQeHe. no .lp~jy
QHtjiapa Mory ce YTBPllHTH 'H rpaHHue penaTHoHe rpeWKe. TaKo' KQ:II. mpo
qurjJpeHor Qenor 6poja ca npBOM UK<!>POM 1, Ha npHMep 145, ancontrita ' je
rpewKa Malba 0.0. 1, na je penaTHoua rpewKa Malba Oll 1'1., Ko.a, COHX
OCTL'lHX QellUX TpOUHtPpeuHx '6poJeea penaTHBHa je rpewKa Idalba OA '/,'/
KOA QeIIHX .eIliBopoqu!/JpeHux 6pojeBa ca npoo" UHq,pOM 1, Ha nplIlICp
1267, pe.iUlTIIBlla rpewKa je
1'/.. a KOA CBHX OCTlnHX QeTBOpoI1H
'/,'1.. ,
q,peBHx lteJIHX 6pojeoa je
npH paqy"alhY ca npH6nHlK8HM 6pojeB,"Ma H3Mehy ce Aoe OpCTt
npoM.... :
1) H3 rpeUlal(o Uo.aalDaKa oapellulUu rpe/uKy pe3YJllilalila, II 06pKyTO
0.4 JfJ%ikSOHe .'lUa.Hoc/llu pe3YJllUalU0 OIlP'J/ulDu KoioM lUa'HaelUu IUpef)a
yaeIDa 101lalUlte, H
11) C"paheHu.tC pO.YIII/M OIlPtP.ulilu iJPU6AUJ/CIIY spe/llloeUl peJYJlIDolUa.
npH OOOMe KOPHCTHMO ABa oeHOBHa npaBHna paqy"alb. , ca npH
611HlIC811M 6pojeBHMa Koja rnace:
I' Ta.,.oeID apuillMelUu./tux paa"'u u IDa.Hoelil .aOlDU'HUX o6po,3aqo
.Mop'ajy ,oqmU y carnoclloemu CO lUe'Ho/Uhy Uo.aqlDal(a u l1la,"o/Uhy 1(010 Ct

<

,s

<

3axl1l~lJtl

<

OA pe3YJlliiali{o,

2" NaAu UpupaUJUlaiu lIeK. senU,UHe JlopoiY ce U3pe'Yllasaalu He

OocpeJ/HO ua6.rosoiyhu U3ptNYllasa'be ollrosapoi yhux spellHacalu caMe ae
..Iu'IUllt.

137
I. OJl.PI!1UIBAlbl! rPEWAKA PEaynTATA

Ca6Rpalbe. -

HeK. cy Ta4He BpeAKOeT"

OHAa je

(N,+N.+N.+ " .)-(n,+n,+n.+ .. ) ~ a,+6.+a.+

...

1\ ~ 1: N,-1: n, -1: Ii,

Tj.: A DcoAym". rpewKo .pUmMemU."Or :l6up. jeA".". ie aJlr.6.paoM 36up'l

aDcoJlytnHfix rpew."a ca6upolla.

KaKo je
je

TO

Tj.: fop",a rpaHuqa aOCOAymHe rpew"e apUmM.mU."Or 36up. Hule a.ha 0.11.
36upa roplOur rpoHuqa oUcoJf)'li1nur rpeWQKCJ ca6upoliD.

2) OAyaHMalbe. -

HeKa je N, = n, +8,

N, -N, ~(n,

-n.)+(5 . - ~,) ,

"

na je
.,,' . 0

''';' '

..

Tj. : AUeOAym". 'rpew"a pa3AuKt IUHaKa it p.SAU~U .OeoAyQlHux rp.w ..a

YMOfbeJWKQ U y.MQltuoqa.

AKO ey 5, H 5, uemor 3Kaka OMAa je 6\ IOlbe OA IUljeehe .ncOJIyne

rpewKe. HajKenoBolbHHjH j~ eAy.. j aKO cy 8. " 8. p.3AD'IlImOr 3M" nl
Y3H ... ' An je

TJ.: fop"'. rpaHuqa .ueol/ym"e rp.w". pG3Aun IUHalt"

I. !16aPI ropMu

rpaHuqa aOCOJlymHUX rpewa". YMa"'.Hu". u YMaMuoq .

3) MHo)l(elbe. - npOlO80A 6pojeea 6J1HCKRX jeAHKHI.\H .rpl _II}'
yAory y nope~elby co npH6J1H lKHO" aptAHOCT.....
HeK. ey <X 0 ~ n09HTOOH" HJlH lIeraTMBMR Ael.\" ... JlHH PUJlO .. UK Bp.!O
"aJlK }' nope~eH'Y ' ea I, 011.11.8 je
(I <X) (I

.~~).

1a

IH: a p.. I " p.

P ....JI. BtAU,UH. Apyror PIA. y OAHOCY HO 1 IICO cy

MaAe aellU'UHf UpBor pe"a }' O!lllocy Ha 1.

jep Je "poHsaoA a

a "

H. np Mw ep.1.032i l OO1 ::::7 1,034: 1,')190,99&:::::-1,017; O.99t .41997. '~ _Q.M.

138
Be~H'MHa

3 Ha3MRa ee .... aAOM .tAU_UHOM apBor pt/Ja y o/JHoey Ha Be-

AU'UHY n aKO ROCT 01" OA"Oe

nONKa (Ha np.MCp q, =0 ,001

A
3

< ql

q,

&
<
< q,.
n

q,

rAe cy

M q, ABa npana pa3;

.. q, =O,Oool). BenM"HH a A 33 KOjy DalKH OANoe

Ha3 HBU ce -"OA O.W a e.111 'fUHOM Buwer

pella

OJtHOCY HD n .

Y DebH ....

cny,ajeD' OA e ce ",ane "Cn H""He (A) He y 3H!,ajy y 063MP (pa'YHa,.. /JO

IDa.HoclDu .VOAUX SeJlUIfUHO p.pyror pena).
npeMl Towe 6Mhe npOM3DOA ADa 6poja

N. N, ~ (n, + &,) (n, + 3,) = n, (1 +e.) n. (1 + 0) '" n, n, (I +a, +c.),

Da je peAlTMBMa rpew~a npOHlooJlll

s-

N,Na-n. ""
nt nt

=e.+e;, .

1).: PUOIIJU.HO rpeWKa fipOU3.0AD ItAHDKa je oAre(fDpeKoM 3(fUPY puoIIwIHUX rpewDKa " UHuoqa (ea TaqHOwhy AO "aIlHX BellHqHKa Apyror peAl
oAlloey HI jeAHHHuyl
.

HajHenOBOJbHMjM CIIyqaj je KaAl ey rpewKe

e, H 0

uemor 3HDKa, oHAa je

.' -

Tj. l /luollllUlHa rpewI{a. DpouS.OAD ao aDeoiylIJHoi .peAHoclIJu HuJe ' /JehD 0'(

~opo ollauylIlHux .penHoeIDu pUDmUBHUX rpewDKa WHUOq!'.

Olli eTIB BalKH H 3a npQlIlBOJbaK 6poj qKKHOlla

. ./lPM apOMSBOAY j\!AHor T~qaOr .(N) .M. jeANor npH6J1HlKKQr 6.poja (nJ)

..

'N N,oC.N " .":: .

NN,DNn\(I+~),

Nn,

Sa

"

'.

pe.uTIIIIU rpewKa npoH3BoAa JUHI". je pellaTMDHoj rpewKM opH61111111HOr

6poja.
.
. ' "
.
.
., ..
.
,~
.' .
4) AeJbeHoe. - AKO je a wa.u lellMqHHo npBor peA8 y oANoey HI
. jeAHBftllY OBAI ie
- .
'.'

..

1:(I+a)=I-a+4.::,; .'+.. . ,., I':'a. ",

K.... cy a H P Kane Be~HqHNe DpBOr peAa y OJJ;HOCY HI )eAHKHIlY TaAI Je

ICOJIH~KIIIC 6pojell 6nHcKHX .jtAHUHIlH
'
Ia

--,., 1 :l;a'fp,
J p
H .,.lOep: 1.ooaII,002 ... 1,001: 1,024/0,998 ... 1,026: O.9!I81I,004 ... 1-0,006 ... 0,994,

139
KOJlH4"HK

N,

ABa 6poja

-N,
N,

n' Je

If

N,

6Hhe

n,(I+o,)

n, (I+ e,)

~~( I+ e, -e,)
n,

penaTHBlia rpeWKa KOJlHI.{HH}(a

& = &J .

TJ.:

P eJra DlUBIW'

rpeWKa

HOJlU14HUKO

"

jellHoKa

je a.nre6apcKoj

P03JlUl./U pe.lla

I11UBHUX rpewaKO AelbfHllKO. U AeJlUOliD.

HajHcnOBOJbHlljH je enyqaj KaAa ey penaTHBlle rpeWKe pa3Hor 3HaKa,

TaA' je\>

Tj.: PenoillUBlta rpeWKa KOJlU"lHUlta no aDCOJlylIiHoj BpeJ1.H.ocUiu Huje Belta 04

36upo aUCOllyWHur BPMHOCWU pelloWUBHUX rptwoKO neJbeltU/<a U nuuoqo.

5) CTcncHoaalbe K l(OpCKoBalbc. npBor peAa y oAHoey Ha 1, OHAa je

(1 +a)' "" 1 +2 a,

AKO je a .. ana BenHqHHa

(1 + a)' "" 1 +3a, ..

(1 +a "" 1+ka

na ie

KalJ,' H3JlO)f(HJlau k HHje MHoro BeJlHKH 6poj.

npe/ola TOMe ie

N" ;-n>(1 +6)" ... n> (1 +ke)

Ti

e,c

Nt_n"
.n"

:::::ske.

PUaWUIJHa rpewf(a eWellelta /tJ!,l/alt;a it DPOUSIIOAY uS.lOXIWlja U p6'

... awuA~e tptWNi 'OCItOBe.
!

.. ; .

AKO

je. & ~nCOJlYTHa rpeWKa ocHo8.e:~~A~ je

N>=n>+(~)n"-I&+(~.)nt-.o.+ ...
Te ie anconYTHa rpeWKa CTenCHa

0, == Nit -:- nil ::::= k nk KaKO je

l>.

nl Jf:

T) .:

PtAolIi"BHa rp#WKa

KOAU 141f

l ,oew

KopeHa

k or U3AO,xuoqa Dpu6AUJlCH4 Jt JtIlHa" a

ptAOOi U81tl! rpl.wltt DOtDICOpe.Ht. KOJtUqUH~ U

H,

"p".cr.

1 .:;::.

1.002;

~ 1.0;)4; 0.9W ""

..... 1,002 .

1.00

1. 006 ' ~

U3JfOXUOIiO.

I- O,OJI",,0.995; 1,001'",, 1.012: 0, _0.985;

KaKo je

6) JlorapHTMK. -

1,1 ",, 0,04,

10g( 1 +0,01) c log 1,01 "" 0,004,
10g( I + O,I) ~ lo g

TO je

log(I -- 0,1) = log O,9"" - 0,04,

log (I - 0,0 \) = log 0,99 "" - 0,004,

log ( I tt) '" 0,4 a.

H PI .C p. I,,!/ 1,003

0,0012: loe 1,0l

0,0 12.

npeMa TOMe ie
log N ~ log[n (I +e)].,. logn+ O,4 e

TJ.

0= log N - logn "" 0,4 e,

ADcOAylllHO rpew l(a .wrapuDlMa Dpu6AuxHor 6poja jeAHaKa je 40'1, pella

IlIUBHt rpeWKt ucillor 6poja (0,46).

.t ~ ;. ~

.' ~

PCna1'l18'ta rpeWKa TpOt\HljlpotlHX f,Joieaa je y rpaHHt\aof3 < 'Ill,

.11.0 < 1'/0, na cy anconyTHt rpewKe.IbHXOBHX norapHTu,a .11.00,002 KIJ,004,
3a 'bYX ie AOBolbHa n6nHua ca IlIpu AeUHloIaJla.
PenaTH8Ha rpewKa QeT80pollwljlpeHHx 6pojesa xpehe cc y rpaBHIl3Io1.
0.11. < '/,'/.... < \'1.. , na je anCOIlYT". rpewKa IbNXOBHX. 1I0r.apKTIIol
. , .11.0
0,0002 H 0,0004 Te ie A080lb83 n611Hua co .~Illupu ACIlHIoI1IIIi. YoawTe
1oI0lKelol0 peh .. ;
,. .
,
'
.
Spoj quapa .. a"IDuce He Mopa ,JuDlU
. 8ehu OA 6pojo quapo apudJluz. ,
Hor 6poja.

JlorapHTMap YCTBapH lIpeTCTaBlba n611HIlY lIorapKnlol. ca TpH

AenH"HQKO H ca qeTHpH AeI.\H .. Olla.
7) cl>YHKI.\Hje, -

Tj.

30 ljlYKKUHjy

= I (x, y) 6 .. hc du ~ I (:r" y,)- f (xo'l)

6u= 0/ M+iJ! 6y -f- R a du+RQ: du,

dx
Or

r peWKa

,pY" 'q llje jeA llaKa jr IilO:ila AHO.1I .tUr/JepeHquja"y ucme tPYHltqU/I,

'fI0pMy..ta

rpewu

.=

... Hl()I;x!'I~1

10g( 1 +a)cO,434a - O,217 a'

"" 33 a'

{Ua)'''' 12u

1+(1
log - - '" 0,869 a
I-a

'" 33,,'

{I ;(,,;' "" I ~, 3a

"" 300

log N = 0,4343 In N

< 0,0015

(I =(1). '" I :!on a.

,.,

In N ~ 2,303 log N

< Om

I
- - " , I fn
I a

,.. 1000.1

(I a) (I

~)

"" I a 1 11

If a
--""I aT
I ~

P~"a T" 8 H a

PeJl a TK BHI
rpeWIi

~OPloCY.l'

100.0.1

"I

1O~ ;

) a.'

.
~-a I

,.. 100

In (1 + a) "'" a. sina~ 0._

sin

'I, a."

/.0.'

... 33a'
~ 0..

a "" a "" 0,01745 a.'

< 140, p <

33

a'

40.'

VI a ... 1'/,a

... 130.'

cosa~

l -i/t al

"
yl a- ... I -a

'" 100,,1/2.

cos a

a.' < 8',.p < 1

Pe".,,""1

.OPMY . .

P eJ.TIIIHI

~o P "YJIII

rpeM11

"

,
(I ,,)-J/.... I'F .!.
n

.., 100 0.~/2.

I
-=~1-'/1 +"
2

til'''''

rptwa:a

"

a+'I,,,'

.., 130.'

til' a "" a .., 0,01745 a'

0'<10', p< 1

I
c!Ii a~-

__ 20'

"".38 a."
a

e~ l+CI+ /lal~

l+ct

I
3

- -a

.., 17,,'
sin (xa) .. sin x acosx

e-'a '" " (I a)

cos (x+ a) '" cos X'F a sin x

a" "" I +<1ln a

D'<> '" a' (I a In 0)

10" '" I +a In 10 '" 1+

(a.IM)

10'".., 10' (1 aln 10).

I
-

....,

143
II. CKPAnEHO

PA~YHAtbE

Ha OCHOOY H3U'IlellH X 06pa3aua 3. Hl pa4YHaBa,.,e rpewaKa KOIl

apHTMCTHllKH X pa.Q.lb H en npH6J1 H >KtlHM 6poj t'6HMa M O)f(C MO apWHTH cKpahena
p"YHa,.,. o.o.6auyjyhH cyaHwll e UH<j>pe.

1) PO'ly"otoe co 6po/enuMo

"

6A UC /i U.M

jeauHUllu

(I + a)(1
,

+ ~),>

I + a+~.

I+a
- - ". 1-+

(I a) (I

~).,.

I a~,

I a .::::::- I a7""t"
- a

I +~

a-p,

J.i:~

Y(I a)

"'" I +

a
k

2) Ca6upaH>e. HMil BHwe nero

Ko.o. ea6HpaKa Tpe6a o.o.6aUHTH eBe UH!jJpe KOjHX

WTO HX HMil KOD. npH6JJH>KHO r 6poja Hajeehe an con YTlle

rpewKc.
Ha npHMep, KO.o. 36"pa

581,35.;. 28,4 + 0,00427.

anconp"e rpewKe e.6"paKa ey 0,01; 0,1; 0,00001 na Tpe 6. la.o.plKaTH no
je.o." y UHt\Jpy, jep j e KO.o. 6poja 28,4 UH!jJpa 4 cYM ,.,,, aa. npeMa TOMe je:

581,4 +28 ,4 +0,0* 609,8.

3) MHOXtI.e. - ai no.o. 3Haya;IIUM qu</Jpo .... a npH6nHlKHor 6poja
no.o.pa3yMeaajy ce CBe .berOBe UH!jJpe, II lpe. Hyna, Koje cnylKe Ila ce
oApellH nono lKaj npae uH!jJpe palnH4"Te Oil Hyne.
Ha np""ep, 6pojeoH 743, 74,3 K 0,743 H",ajy no TpH 3Ha"ajKe UH!jJpe.
360r Tora ce npH6n~ lK .H 6pojeaH nHwy y ~HIlY .o.eUHManHor 6poja "a,.,er
0./1 10 nOMHOlKeHH .. '.o.eKailHoM jellHHHuoM. Ha np""ep. 21a5; 2,135 . 10';

0,0235; 2,35 1 0-' .

b) no.o. 6pojeM J.a ..OBa no.o.pa3YMeBa ce 6 poj UH!jJ,pa Kcnpell .o.eceTHe

3.neTe; KOA npaaor pa3nOMKa OH je HeraTHBaH H je.o.HaK 6pojy Hyna Heno
cpellHo AeCHO Oil lleceTHe 3aneTe. Ha npHMep, 1,35 HMa j e.o.aH 3HaK, 23,43
HM. Iloa 311aKa, 0,56 HM' Hyna 3HaKOBa, a 0,034 HMa - (""Hye) jeAaH auaK.
e) K~lla 4"H"OU" HMajy pa3JTH4"T 6poj 3H,"ajHHx II.H!jJapa OHAa Tpe6a
npe~~6poJHe 01l6aUHTH TaKO Ila jellaH "HHHnaU HMa 3. jeAHy UH!jJpy BHwe
Hero nH IlpyrH.

d) AKo ey N, ~ n, HS"

H3BOAa

N, ; n, + 8, OH.o.a je anconYTHa rpefllK. npoo~nl

8:,! T n, 8 1,

e) Ku. "HHHOUH H"aj y p H q 3HaKOBa HcnpeA ~e ceTHe 3aneTe OHJt.

r
, ~ P+ q - I

npOH 380,A HMa

3HaKoB3, H TO

aKO je npOH3eOil npeHX UH!jJapa cneea 06a qHHHOua jeAHoUH!jJpeH 6poj (BOIlHTN pa"YHa 0 yTHUajy Apyre II.M!jJp<:),

144
r=p+q

aKO je npOH300A npOH X 'IH4>apa oua "HHHOua liDO

Ultcj>peH 6poj

H. npHwep : 2.82 x 3.4h .. ..

p = I, q - I, ,-I, Jep Je 2 x;I=6,

8,43 x 6,23q . . . , p-I, q - 1. ,.2, JoP Jo 8 x 6 - l B,

12,3lx2,85- .. . , p - 2, q= I, ,-2, Jep Je
9,83 x 1,24-= . ...

I x 2 - 2,

p-l, 9-1. ,-2, JoP Jo 9,8 .. 10.

f) MHOlKelbe ce RlBOJlH cKpahcHO ca KOpCKTypaMa, Ji3

npHM~p,

p~2,
q = l, 4 :<. 1-'4, r c 2
I 8,3 h . 4,5826= ....
6 285 4
IIpeoKpcHyTH .. HOlKHnau

"HOlKHTH c3 4 Kao H 06H.HO

"flHeSTH noeneAlbe UHpe 06" 'HHHO',O
(" H 4). nonpaaKa je 5 x 4 = 20, Tj. k ~ 2,
je S <31-k = .lS+2=J7

733 6

k =2
146 k = 2
4 k=2
I k~ I
8 4,0 4
9 I 7

nOTIIHCaTH

non.

113

Ji .a.aJbe MH O)f{HTIt

6pHeaTH 5 H 3, nonpaaKa je 8 x 3 = 24, Tj 2,

6pHcnTII 8 H 8, nonpaBKa je 2 x 8 ~ 16,.,20, k ~ 2
6pltca.,.It 2 H I, nonpa.". je 6 v I = G '" 10, k = I

PennHaHe rpewKe c)'

e,

< 1/...

~:

< 0,03',,

na j E"" 1,03% " AneonyTHa rpewKa je 84 x (1,03jlOOO)"O,09, na Y3H '

lIalio UIIO ,\lBa JleUH .. anHa MeeTa.
nOeao y6p3asa .. 0 WTO KOpCKTypC apwHMo OJlM.X H. npHMep,

3,28 x 2,93

3 2 8
39 2

6 5 6
295(k ~ 7 )

1 0 (k ' I)

p=1

q~l.

;)x2 =6,

r=1

('/, +'/,)"10 = 'I, 'I.

2

300

9,6=0,06

9,6 1
na je

Apyra

JlCUHlf.ana CYMIbHUa.

4) J(e ... elbe. -

a) KaAa AeJbCHHK H lICnHnal! HMajy pa3nHQHT 6poj

3HnajHHx uHcj>apa Ta,lla y jeJlHOMe 0.11 IbIlX Tpe6a 33AplKaTH je,llHY UHcj>py
"we Hero nH y ApyroM.

ti) A 'KO

'" Y

/'1'1 ~' fll'" 8"

N#~lIa+~ ott:u" .te:" 'i'1 !:O.l1,.T-Ia. t p

.

-- .c) A.KO
::I ~ ll K Q B ~

j P tlJlOj

JI! Gp-OJ

-~

~'----.-

n~BO O.ll .l!,t'-Cenlie

l llllill OOO Jle 1i>i!'!Hill!C"

.ll.e-mW Ull. OlLila

Nt ) 'I! ? 'J

Mec:rn KCIIII;IINH Ka,"

~I.'I;:U je Dro! IlH~PIIn;,e..'ile""l(iI. JMI'Ib:fl L

.ti ~iII Ulu.."
I '

' ''' ''

~Il~ .

Ii..

!tiki) j'l' "p'l l. lI. ~~pa

U..H~P M .!I.CJ1!'lfJ1!l:ll ,

q-l I.

:lI-1:S,o!2, ; t~. t~= ",

~7'.4$ ; ~ ,.I ~ ...

~ , H.t"!(~

.I\:e~"-1tJ1a

ae":a

":In j li'rtUiJ 01

,. . q :::2" :I > I , ,..,,:l

1'- 2, f=? 15,:> 2, ,r ,: ,I.

, . ..

l})

ite.:t.eH>e ... ",.,r;. ..

(I,

OOM y3:1~M'1Il1H1~kO~iit~ P'i~Pl.~

~:9Uii ~ .,~. -'_jyh.i; IiOE!ek-rVIlI@.l!;.t4:

'. ,
5., /I .4, !! : ~. I~ ,... ?..6,lS

1 2. fI :8

I' 1 OO~ 212' ~Sx 4"' ~ It.~"

I

(it

iii

-- - a t~ n

l1 )Cl ,;;= ~ ,

(fl

,r ' ...
~X2~ ltl .. 2 "1~ "

----

. ~~. -

:2 I
(8;-;: 1",,1l .. ;\'- 1,

I 1: 2

=-

Hoi,

P! ~ fP:

I , &........
I> '2 n
- ....:':----...d IJ ~6 ~

r ,'li

: 1 24 = J! ..tm

u
s

nllliH liI.

,5) Cmtaefj0\9l1lOt Il xfJpeflll'IJalD't .~ G)

6poja {j H~ItO'CH !]i'Kfiili1llKSO:
.
.

-.

... r _ I

a....;. A:n4'''!:&.
~'~
'~'tQ ,T:j~- '" o,.lI'lLoeN. lIlIi''oR..''' ~'U <
.

Ii M.lrynsa. i:pe~Wli1l

t -or ,

146

(1.-.)

b) AnconyTHa rpewK. kor KopeHs 6poj. n HSHoeH 6, = -

k-,-

6.

c) CTeneHoBalbe Ha Apyr. H TpehH CTeneH , OAHOCH O Kop eHoBalbe

.CT... H3nOlKWOUHNa, BPWH ce y npaKcH nONohy TpoUHcjJpeHe Ta6nHue
~DeHa KBBAp"Ta KyOOSB
nONohy JlOrapHT.. apa.

.JI.

I
2

a
a
4

I
2

4
5

8
8

82,8

1,44
4.84
10,2
17,6
27,0
38,4
51,8
6',2
84,6

1,69
5,29
10,g
18,5
28,1
39,7
53,3
611.9
86,5

1.00
8,00
27,0
64,0
125
216
343
512
729

1,33
9,26
29.8
68,9
133
227
358
531
754

1,73
10,6
32,8
74,1
141
238
373
551
779

2,20
12,2
35,9
79,S
149
250
389
M2
804

2,74
13,8
39,3
85,2
157
262
405
593
831

3,38
15,6
42,9
91,1
166
275
422
' 614
857

1,00 1,21
4,00 4,41

g,OO
16,0
25,0
36,0
49,0
84,0
81,0

9,61
16,8
26,0
37,2
SO,4

8M

1,96 2,25 2,56 2,89 3,24

5,76 6.25 6,76 7,29 7,84
11,6 12,2 13,0 13,7 14.4
23,0
19,~ 20,2 21,2 22,1
29,2 30,2 31,4 32,5 33,6
41,0 42,2 43,6 44,9 46,2
54,8 56,2 57,8 SV,~ 60,8
70,6 72,2 74,0 75,7 77,4
88,4 90,2 92,2 94.1 96,0

4,91
17,6 19,7
~6,7 SO,7
g7,3 I().I
176 185
287 301
43~
457
636 659
885 913
~,IO

IB
5,83
22,0
54,9
III
195
314
475
681
941

8,61
8,41
IS,2
24,0
31,8
47.6
62,4
79,1
98,0

9
6,86
24,4
SV,3
118
205

3211
493
70s
970

AKO ie nOTpe6Ha Tpeha UHcjJpa OHA3 ce np ... elb Yie JlHUeapHa HRTep-

DO.IIaUllja,
HI ap."ep,

3,Pa 10',2; 4,3'=79,5;

JoP Ie

6,~'-38,8,

6,20'-38,4

6,3QI-39,7;

......... Jo 39,7 -38,4= I),'

nonplt.. p= 1,3XO:03/O,10=O,4, na Jo 6,23'=38,4+0,4 =
-38.8 '1 11111 ce ,..ep..... o Heaocpe.... o WH01.U:H.CM .
6,23'=1
.. a06 ..... o 238+5=243.

6,20'=238,

115,7=8,7;
V57,1-1 .

6,30'=250,

p= 12x0,3=4,65

'593_8,1 (Il u6,".<)

V56,2=7,5; YST,H=7,6,

0,1
p= 1,0+ -

1,6

=0,06

'

n. J.

f57,2 =7,5+0,06=7,56.

147
d) KopeHoaalbe ce MOlKe H3apwHTH H n o OBO'" 06pacllY

x = Vn =
r.l\e je

(k - l)x,"+(k+1)n
x"
(k + 1) x: + (k'; 1) n

x, npaa npH6nHlKHa Bpe.l\HOCT KopeHa ..

Ha npK wep. Y3HW.JytUt .:co. 2 6Hhe

Y5 _

2'+35 2 q 2,2352.
32'+ 5

Ysw ewo nH llJ "pey npH6nH )f(HY I!!IPe.AHOCT .xo ~ 2,2 AoOHhewo V~ ~ 2,2360. TuaKJ' Iptl
Je 2,2361.

HOCT

6. "JloropuUJ.lloBoHle U aHliluJlorapuUJ MOBOlOe,

.. KaKO 6poj IlHcjJapa y

.. aHTHCH He ",opa 6HTH 8ehH 0.1\ 6poja IlHcjJapa "~H6J1HlKHOr 6poja qKj"
ce norapHTaM TpalKH, TO ce y TexHHqKOj "paKCH qeCTO KOPHCTe 1I0rapHTU"
cKe 'Ta6nHue ca TpH H qeTHplf )l.ellHMane, Ka o WTO cy uase)l.eHe
TpOIlBoj>peH& n6nBl\8 norapDT....

I
2
3
4
5
6
7

8
9

0
I
2

3
4

5
6

7
8
V

000
301
477
602
69Y
778
845
903
954

041
322
491
61 3
708
785
851
908
959

079
312
505
623
716
792
857
914
964

11 4
362
519
633
724
799
863
919
968

146
380
531
643
732
806
8:;9
924
973

176
398

204

5H
653
740
813
875
929
978

SS6
663
748
820
881
934
982

1,00
1,26
),58
2,00
2,51
3,16
3,98
5,01
7,31
7,94

1,02
1,29
l,ti2
2,04
2,57
3,24
4,07
5.13

1,07
1,35
1,70
2,14
2,69
3,39
-4,27
5,37
6,76
8,51

1,10
1,38
1,74.
2,19

1.05
1.32
1,66
2,09
2,63
3.31
4,17
5.25
~,46 6,61
8,n 8.32

1.12
1,41
1,78
2,24
2,15 2,82
3,47 3,55
4,37 4,47
5,50 5.62
6,92 7,08
~,71
8,91

41.~

1,15
1,45
1,82
2,29
2,88
3.63
4,57
5,75
7.24
9,12

I I I
7

23U
431
568
672
756
826
886
9101
Y87

1,17
1,48
1,86
2,34
2,95
3,72
4,68
5.89
7 ,41
9,33 ,

255 1279
417 462
580 591
68 1 690
763 771
833 839
892 898
9014 949
991 996

1,20 1,23
loSl I,SS
1,91 1,95
2.40 2,45
3.D2 3,09
3,80 3,89
4,79 4,90
6,03 6,17
7,59 7,76
9,SS 9,77

nOpe.l\ OBaKBHX Ta6J1Hua "'Horo ee KopHeTH H JlOrapuUJMap, KOjH yeT8ap"

"peTeTaBJba TOKSY Ta6J1HUY Ca 3, a )l.eJlHMHqKO H ea 4 .. eeTa, Te My je
H TaKsa TaqKOCT.
Ha npHwrp. OpoJy 3,6 04r0B3pa waHTHca 556 ! 6po)y 2.3 ""H"fHCa 362. fbHIOIIOlll
npoHlIIony o.1fo"apa M4HTHea 556+36'2=918. K4kO Je u611HlfHa pnl"'Hkll MaHTHel 919-914=~
31 OpoJelle 83:)--8'20 TO HHTepno.1:1UHJOW Jl OOH ~~"O nOnp!BKy p=8. na Je npOHlBO.ll 8.28.
3. npOIl3S011 7,8 3,2 Je MaHTHC! 892+S0~- 1 397. O,!l.HOCIlO 397 k'A ee OA04UIC I.
thoJ OAfOBlP.' C,po] 2494, na Je npOHl80!l "" 24,9".

14R
np ... c.p ... -

I) 0 pt

14TH

ptlltt1'1f81l1 rpc.w ..y no (c npe~I1JUC

opeulIO:

d-~2 ,5 mf1l

W~ P" '

a ) n(. 1t uons W)64"PO ~ TI'IlIOC TM 0,5 mm,

b) IIt,611C'J'lO'"

nf"'ulU"~ W Ul)' ~1t:PO '4 T ~"OClM

dJ

' 1M

rO""l !"'"

P~WCft.t. -

1)

c. l'O""YCnw nl,l"O(. ," .D.1 mm;

c}

1,0 '!

~,~

.,

'U lt IlU" M

<

2:

< 0,2 Yo;

I .. .

. 3)

'"
' 0

7,63
86 .
3052
.58
6I
35,7 I

(~,l~11

I I

1
4 ,~

0,983 X 1,002
10 1
983
2

\)

< 0,02% :

< O,001:x. .

X , ,68 - 35,708.",35,71

321,67340 X H,135f>
6 53118

257338720

0.~85

6)
',9 I 7 : ~,3 I = 2,1 25
189 . 23 1
(1 . 4",, 0)
58 : 13
_-,-11:.. : 2

0,01 mnl ;
0.00 1 mm.

(2 ' I '" 01
(5, 3", 31

128 66 936
6H347 (k -II
96502 (k : II
16084 (1" :4)
193 0 (k= II
n 0 96,35 19
7)
126,27 5 : 8,134 =15,5 24
'4~35

4265
198

(5 . 4 ,.. 21

(2,3",2)
(.,1",0)

81

1.01 X 1,01"" 1+0,02+0.01'" 1.03 T".Hje (1.0302)

0,983 X 1,002", 1+0,002-0,017 '" 0,985; 0,992xO,999:::: 1-0,009 '" 0,991;
9,81 X 10,1 2= 10,981 X 1,012110'- 0,993 . 10:.::,,99,3; 102,5 X 101,2=(1,025 X 1,(12), 10' :::: 10370
992 X 0,00988 - (O,991 x O,988) 10 '" 9,80; 9,99 X 1,012." ,,0,999, 1,012), 10", 10,11 ;
988 X 1006 ~ (0,998 X 1.006) , HI'= 1,004 . H)'.
9)
1 ; 1,02~ I-O.2~O,98;
I: 0,98<:0 1+0,02::::1,02;
0,972 : 1,152:::.0,820
1 : 0,995 ~ J,005;
1,05 : 1,03 '" 1,02
10)
1,024'::::1 + 2 . 0,024 ",>1,018;
0,97' ",>1-2 ,0,03,., 0,94
1,03' "" 1,09;
0,98' '" 0,94;
0,99' "'> 0,96;
9,97'=0,997" IO'~I ,
II)
rT.02"" 1+ 'It . 0,02 '" 1,01 ;
YO,9~ "" 1- '/., 0.D2 ... 0,99;
rl,03"" 1,01 ;

rU,97 '" 0,99;

YlOI,4 "" 10 Vf:UI4"" 10,07.

"" 0,99 ;
vil.Y6

III JlorapHl'Map
norapUTMap je HajnpocTHjH a iellHOBpeMeHo H HajBHwe KopHlDheHH.
HHCTpYMeHT Ja' paqYHalbe. OH je YCTBapH cKyn . orapuUJa.KCKux CKaAO
HIHeTHX Ha caMoM HHCTPYMeHTY 011 KojHX cy HeKe lIeiioKpelilHe a HeKe
DaKpelilHe. 360r OBHX CKana OH npeTcraa: "a AOrapulUaJlcl(e lila6,lUqe ca
IUpu a lltnHMIf"HO H ca 'tlilupu 3Ha,aine qu(ppe, Ca IbHMe ce .3BOlle cae

149
P""YHCKC ollcpa'lHic Koie cy y Be3H ca 06u,"u" (BrigSOB.".) H OpUpOJIHU."
lNC'pcr'OBHM) JlornpUm .(IIIMO.

1l0rap11TaMCKO CKaAa ie CKaAa <jlYHKuHie y ~ log x. rJl~ je log x_

,JO!! " .< 06H"aH nor,' pHTaM 6poil x la OCHOBY 10. 6poi log % npeT
CT.IUJb3 MO Ha CK.lnH .l1YH<HH OM, na ie y = II log X, r.a..e }e U .IIO. IYR CKaJle.
J1.Y>KHHa (I) norapHTaMCKe CKane 06H"HO ce Y'HM' 125 mOl. 250 mm. HTJl.
npUll cc norapHTMap HalHBa .ManH " (uenHH). JlpyrH ie 06H"H" M H3'RBa
ce .nornp"TM"p OJl 25 CM." CTBnpHa JlY >KH Ha norapHTM.pa ic HeWTO Beh.,
KOJl 06HQ 110r Ol1a H]HOeH 27 CM (nulleaplla cKana). nOeehalbeM JlYlKMHe
JlOrapHTa McKc CKane MO)f(e ce .aOHefCJle nonpasHTH l1la"'''Iocm norapHTMapa.
AKO cc apry"e HT Me",. y pa3MaKY 1
x
10 OHJla ie y~25Ologx, na
.1',,,,0. 1=2510g 10=25, Tj. I=u. MOAyn jc jeJlHaK AylKHHH CKa"e H
It:>'<HOa ec AD raplIWaMcKa Iuulluq..
AKO je !.<;;;; x ';;; 100 OHAa je
),=25 10gx. na je p, - O, I=ulog 100 -2 u, na H'HOCH JlllC AOrapHTaMCKe,
je.:\HCIi1Uc. 3a I
x
1000 6Hhe 1= u log 1000 _ 3u TC H3HOCH' alpu nora'
pHT'>I<;Ke jeJlHHHue.
OKO 1850 rOJl. </lPaJIUYCKH apTMJbepHCKh OIjlHUHP Amlidtlt Mannhtim
KOHeTPYHca o je tlPBH norlijlHTM.p KOjM ce M Ha3HBa MaHxajM08 norapMT'
M'p. OH je 6HO npHMHTHB'U. jep cy ce IhHMe, MornC BPWHTH OCHOBHe
p.QYHcKe onepaul(je nOBCl8He ea . 0rapHTMHMa (MHOlKelbe. JleAelbe, CTe
neHOBalbe l,enHI< eKcnOHeHTHMa). Ha MOJlCPHHM nor,pHTMapHMo 1I0ry ce
BPWIlTH H cnolKeHMje paQYHCKC onep'UHje aJlH je CYWTHHa MaRxajMoBor
norapHTMapa ocrana HCTa. 1l0rapHTMap ce cacTojH Hl TpW Aena: HeDoltpe
WHor JlelbUpa (YSJlQKe) , llOl(peffiHOr .lell,upa (UJu.'rah:e) H CiiiOICJUHor KAU

< <

re-

<<

3a~a

upn HnH ICOlfiIOHU'I0.

CBaKH Aor'pHT"~p 'HMO "mUp" DellORlle CKa.!e A, 8, C H D. eKa"e .A H 8
ca

j eJlHOM

linH BHWC BH3HpllHX ( HHAeKCHHX)

<

cy nOTnYHo jeJlH3Ke. H HMajy no ABC AorapHTa .. CKe jliAHHHlle (I';;; x

100);
TaKo~e ' cy Me~yco6Ho jeJlHaKC . H CKane
H D caMO H... jy no jeJllly no
rapHTaMeKY jCJlKHHUY. CKane A H D ey Ha yanaUH B H
Ha H3anlUK
(CA. la). Ha npel\lboj 60"Hoj cTpaHM lIa ..,3H ce I\HHeapH8 CK.na (L) pa3MepHIl" 'JlYlKHHe 27 COl. JlorapHTM8p ce Ha.'33H Y . HopManHo" nOJlo
lKajy" KaJll ce 6poieBH 1 CBHX CKana A. 8. C H D nOKnanajy Ha ne8011
Kpajy.

0) MHO)l(elhe H Aellelhe. - npOH3BOA ilea 6poj. je p - ab, na je

log p~logl!+logb. KaKo jc p - u logp c uloga+ulogp 6Khep-a+b.
naKAe, MHOlKelbe ce CBeno H. ca6Hpaibe nOrapHTlMa ~HlIH"!II. npeMa
TOMe Tpe6a "HHHnau a (Tj. 0) YleTH Ha CHa"H D YBnaKe HcnOA HH)lexC8
1 CKane H'BnaKe H KOHq.HKllY (06HqHO cpeAlby) nOCTIallTH HI qMHKMIl
b (Tj. b) II. CKanH C MlMaKe na HCnOJl Ibe Ha CKanH D yanaKe npOqRTITH

pe3YATaT -

npOH3aOJl -

p (Tj. pl.

Ii. cn. 10 nOKala H ie npOH3BOJl p=2.5 3=7,5.

MHO >Kelbe ce MOlKe HllipWHTH H H8 CKana .. a A H B. Ha CJlHIlH 1 b
ie npHK3:'OH npoH3BoA p=6 2.45=14.7. Tp~6a 1 CKMe B CraBBTH .COOA
QUHHOua

CKane

ysnaKe

H KOHQaHHuy H3 QHHHnau

2.45 cone B nt

H'Hail Ibe H' CKanH A YBn.Ke npOqHTaTH npOH380Jl P ~ 14,7.

Meli YTHM npO" 3BOJl 7.54.8 He MOlKeMO H3BPWHTH no"ohy CKa"a
H D a MOlK~MO "ouohy CKana A H B, na HlHOCM p s 36. MH je y

150
npailCH y06RqaieHo Aa ce npOH3aOA apWH Ha AO"'"" CKaJlaMa C H D na
ce 1I0llCe OCTaapHTH Ha oaai Ka'lHK (eJl. ) c): Tpe6a U"ljJpy )0 CKaJle C
CTaBHTM HSHaA 'I"HHou.a

. ~.

U1

I .1 ,

= 7,5

"

I' .

~ rn'
, . 1

I'

. ',I. .

.~

1~'"
"

~
I '

c)
II I

If I

.. .\

"'I'

. " '''f .

"""""~""
' I , ,
D

"

,. ., .,

,"

" ."
1 . ,'

..

~ ijlli/l","" '~'~~
.
:

"4 '

!T " '1l1 l1r ihjiil,.l. lIjiilW'il liilw"p , ;jlfU .

.

.. .,. ''

"

,,,fr.- ,. , ' , ' . "

c...

I ,I .

11

00

CIO

,
"

'"

1,1

CKa.lle C Da HCDOA Ibe Ya CKaIlH D npo'lHTaTH npoH3BOA 3,6 a OH ie

.yCTB.IpH JleceW ayWa Bellu, p=IO3,6=36. : OBAe CliO YCTBapH y"ecTo
DpoHSBo,Aa.p=ab yaellH npOK3BOA p/IO=a.b/iO, na ie iog(p/IO)= loga-~og 10-logb)' Te CliO" pea,yIlTOT IIYOlKHJlH ea 10. 360r oBora ee YBOAH
DOJIII 6poja ,i.,cfiJa KIIH 6poja SHa"osa (m). nOll 6pojeM MeclUa (3noKoaa)
I/UUJC 6poje8a ' U HeDpo8ux lleliUMlUnux P03AOMOKO DOllilo3YMeBo ce 6poj
Ijurpapa .Wora 6poJa Ha MecWy qeAux (IUJ. 6paj qucpapa JleBa all lleceIDno
S.aD,We); "all .apa8ux ,llequMaJlHUX paaJlOAIOKa oaaj je 6poj neralUuaon u
/el{Halt 6po/y HyAa lleeHO qll oecewlle sod.fiJe' ao Upae qucppe p03Au.uIDe
01{ HyJle.

H. up.wep: 345 (m=ai: :H.5 (m=2): 3.45 (m= I): 0,345 (m=O) : 0,0345 (m= -I) :
0,00345 (m= -2): 0,0003 (m= -3): 0,00003 (nr = - 4).

-m.

Y roPIbHII" npHllepKMa 6Hhe p ~ 2,53",7,5: Te ey 6pojeBH MeeTa

.H1I80qa ni,
~ 1 8 IlpOHaBOA3 m= I, na je m = m, + m. - l. 'y Ap-yroM CJly"
'llI}y le p = 7,5 " 4,8 = 36, m, = m ...; 1 " m - 2. .aaKlle, KaAa ee MHOlKH .e
,/less' (ri. ca 1 C) OHA8 ee 6poj "eCTa yMalbyje 3a ) a KaAa ee MHOlKH
.c 4eCHQ' (ri. ea 10 C) OHAa ee He y"albyje, na je
.CAelJa"

m"(m,)+(m.)- 1\

.c Ilecno"

" OP

"I T'
"~"I 1.
t ~ '1~~rMitII~*.\I'1Ir:I.
"1'1 " r ('lfM~'
; 'U'
,
Go

j .

.\

'.0

,~,

b / . h .. f ., .. . 1.

,..,

lb)

"

"

"y~!I~l'
)
,\'I

tiilP:tl

...

"

I ,Vi

, I . ' , ' ''''\' ' ''

...

,.

'r~I~J'~~:"1r.,1 h~"(
'~-~
'0

I " . .,

.. , ", 'U
1 '"

b ,.;-4,8

KOHl13HHUY Ha "'H"Hnau.

)f

.I

"

CKane

m'g(m,)+(m,).

6poj lIetra Tpe6a Y3eTH ca CBOj"" npeA3HaKllH.,

151
11,016,97=17,0 (m =2+ 1- 1= 2);
0.98931 =30,1 (m =0+2=2);
0,563.0,316=0.178 (m=O+O = O);

1240,021 _ 2,601 (m =3- 1 - 1= 1),

KOJlH4HHK ABa 6poja je q;' all', na je log q = Jog a ,-log b. KaKo je q =

= u.l0g q = u log a - 'dog b 6Hlle
h, Te ce AeJlelbe CBOAH HO OJ/Y3UMUlbe
JlOrapHTaMa. nOCTynaK je 06pHYT roplbeM; Tpe6a AeJbeHHK 0 (Ti oj YleTH
HS eKaJlH 0 a H3HaA Ibera eraBHTH AeJlHJlall b (rj. ,'o) CKane C na pe3yn
TaT np04HTaTH HS , CKanH 0 HenOA HHAeKeHe IlHljlpe I C HnK 10 C.
5poj 3Ha4ajHHx Mcera 6Hhr
.c 'lIesa (I C)' m-(m,)-(II',J+ I;
, c J/eCHa (10 C,' m-(m , ) - (m.).

q- a-

IHI

5poj PleCra T~6a Y3HMa!'" ca CBOjHM 3HaKOM.

Ha cnHI.UI la n~H.xUlft Ie KonH''(RMK 6poJcaaq=7,S:3=2.S.
c." lc ICOIlHQHHK 9=36:04,8=1,5. (m=2-1=1).

(m;:

1-1-+1=1),

360r Mane TaqHOCT.H Aenelbe ce pe~e BPWH Ha CKanaMa A H B,

KOA cnolKeHHier cnyqaja, Ha npHwep x = a bIt, Tpe6a ce PYKOBOAHTH
HO"l(!JlOM p'G ie pe3YllIDaID mawtUju YKOIIUKO ce MQlbe OyIDo nOMepu U38/1QKQ.
He npHwep
.=3,24,6,31 14 ,58= (3,11/4,58).6,31 - 44,6, (m = I - I + I = I),
Yon WTe.

3a

x - aI a, ' a ... 0./ b, . b, . b, ' .. b,

6poj Meera 6Hhe

m=}; (m,)-:E (m,)+:E k,

rAe je k nonpa,BKa 360r nOMHllalba H3BlloKe. OHa H3HOCH k- + 1 SKO je
npH HaMeWTaIbY H3BnaKe 3a Aenelbe KopHwheH HRAeKC 1 CKane C, OA'
HOCHO k= -1 aKa je KopHwheH 33 MHOlKelbe HHAeKc 1 CKane C.

Ha npHwc'p
x=98,3 . 17,23,81/7,95. 15 ,3~ I ((98,3/7,95) . 27,2\115,3) . 3,82~ 84,04,
~=+I-I+I-I - O(lop I .. b .... I.O.I<4IC),
nl I. m ~ 12+2+1)-(1+2)+0 - 2 ,
H. np.w.p
1(1)
(!)
(3)
'(5) (2)
(4) (5)
x_O,437. BP,6 0,00255 5,08 !1 ,728 460 0,09125 - 0,00153.
m-(0+2-2+1)-(1 +3-1) +(1-1 + I': 1)= 1-3+0 _ -2.

I1

....

'"

L'
A

j
"I 1
I

"
, ,I
+l.i"~i,,:I"r l-H , ! ,! ti~ '"I'! " ' it~I~-III ,I' ~ "~'f~H+::: - .'
1"1
,
I
'I ', , , Ir ..' , : J
,

I
.j

I'

"'~ '

'I "

'T

' I

i "

,,1.

"

, "'I'

.. I

"j

, 1

'1

:!

' . '

I,"

r,,2
AKa ie s = a' OHlla je log s - 2 Jog a, na
re eB3KO" Gpojy " CKane 0 ollroBJpa 6poj a' CKane A .

h) AHaafbe H& KBajl,pBT, je

s = 2u a,

152

_1

5poj MeCTa H3HOC~:

2m I
3a npay

nr'

m, - \'2 m
Ha_

33

jellHHHUY CKane A
(oll ' l llO 10)

llpyry nOr. iellliHflUY CKane A

(Oll I llO 100).

2 npHJCa3allH cy npHwt:p"

( .1,

1,91'=3.65.

(m=21-1=1) :

(m=2-0=2).
6,04'=36,5
Ko)! npSBI1X AeUI1ManHHX pa3J10MaKa Tpe6a
ce KOPHCTI1TI1 AeKaAHOM j eAHHHUOM.

Ha npHwep:
0,191'=(1,91 .10" )' ~ 1,91'1100'= 3,65/100 - 0,0365;
0,604'= (6,04/10)' - 36,5/ 100 - 0,365,

c) HOBna'lelbe KBBllpaTHOI' KopeHa. AKO je k=\'a=<>'JO, OH)!a je log k='/. logo.

n. ie Ii = 'I, u ll, Te csaKOM 6pojy a CKaJle A
oAfosapa 6poj Va cKane D. nocTynaK je HHBep3aH npeTxOAHoM. KOA npssHx AeUHMammx
pa3J10MaKa Tpe6a KOPHCTHTH AeKallHY jellHHHUV.
1:1 . npKwep

JI 4,~8 = 2,224 : V ,~,8= 7,05; V U,49~ - V49.8/100.0,705:

. VU,0498 =

V4,9HIIOO _2 .224j1O =0,2224.

d) AHaalbe lIa KY(\ H

Ba~elbe KY(\1I0r

KopeHB.- AKO je s-a' OHlla je log s= 3Ioga.

na ie s - 3 u Il. 5pojy a CKaJle D ollrooapa
6poj s - a' Ky6He CKaJle K, Ha norapHTMapy

",Darmsladt asa ce CK3na n3Jl33H H3113A A CKaJl e

(CII . 3), Olla HMa TpH JlOrapHTaMcKe jellHHHu e :
ol

na je 6poj MeCTa Tpeher CTeneHa :

3m-2 3a npay . or. jrA. CKaJle K

tn, =
3 m I A p y r y .
K
{ 3m
Tpehy
.
K.
Ha npHwep
1,05'= 1,16 (m ,=3 - 2= I) ;
2,27' = 11,7 (3 - 1= 21;:
6,15' - 233 (m ,=3 ).
KOll npaBHX Ilell.HMaJlHHX pa 311 0MaJ<a Tpe6a
ce KOPHCTHTH AeKaIlHOM jeIlHHHUOM.
Ha npRwep
0,105'-(1 ,05/10)' = 1,1611000 . 0,00116,

(m

= 1-3 - ~ 2).

06paTHO, csaKOM 6pojy a CKaJle

CKaJle D,
Bapa 6poj

ra

K CAro

Ha npHwep

ell.

r6 ' = 1,8 17;

r26-2,963;

r77 - 4,16;

153
ej PeUH'!O'tHe ..!'pe,BHOCTH. - AKO je r ~ I/o OH.1\a ~ log y~
= -log a, na je r = - U (1 ~ - u. 3a ose Spl'.1\HOCTH nocTojH CKana R Koja je
H3Me~y CKana B H C "3SnaKe. HoeHe cy uHcI>pe qpsene H HYMepHcaHe C
... eCHa Ha .IIeso. CsaKOM 6pojy U CKane D O.1\rOBapa Ha CKanH RIO-TO CTpYKa BpeAHocT, 10 (l / o), na je 6poj MeCTa

m,_ - (m)+ 1.

HI npH y. ep

1/2 z 0,S (-1+1 _ 0); 11'2075 - 0,364 (-1+1 - 0); 1/11,'20- 0,0893 (-2+1 _ _

1~

AKO HeMl CKane R MO)!{C ce KOPHCTHTH npeoKpeHyTa C CKana Koja

Tpe6a Aa Ao~e .1\0 A CKane.
o
/) norapHTMoBalbe. - Ko.1\ ,()armstadt' no.rapHTMapa Hi npeJllbOj
60<1HOj CTpaHH Hana3H ce Lg CKana ca KOH4aHHUOM Ij:oja je np0.1\YlKeJbe
cpe.1\lbe Kon4aHHue. CsaKoM 6pojy a CKane D OJlrooap. Ha CK3JIH 41 6poj
log a, H 06paTHo CsaKOM 6pojy CKa;te Lg oJlrooapa aHTHnorapHTaM Ka
CKanH D. npH oSOMe TPe6a SO.1\HTH paqYHa 0 KapaKTepHCTHUH. OKa je
jeAHaKa 6pojy l(enHX YMalbeHoM 3a I.
H. apB"ep
log 3 . 0,471; log 6,2 - 0,792; log 125 - 2,097;

log 0 - 0,35;

0 - 2,24.

g) TPHI'OHoMeTpH'CKe jIYHKl\Hje. -

Ha OBOMe ce JlOraplfTMapy
HcnOA CKane D Hana3H T3S. "nuworopelCKO CKOJlO" (1') cn nO.1\enaMa oJllO,995
.IIeBO .1\0 0 AeCHO. 03HaKe cy 03Ha4eHe qpaeno. CsaKOM 6pojy x CKane D
OArosapa 6poj p=
(x/lO)' .

Ha aplNtp

x - 2/1O, p . O,979; x - MO. P- O,866'

Ha aa.1\lboj 60qHOj cTpaHH HaJIlIJe ce .1\se CKane: roplbll SIO CKalla

ca nOAuoM Oil. 5,8' .1\0 ~O' H .1\Olba tg CKana cli nO.1\enoM 0.1\ 5,8' .1\0 45' .
CBaKH nO.1\COK HCHOCH 0,1' 6'. CsaKoj spe)J.HoCTH yrna a Ha OBOj CKIIJIH
(sin HnH tg) oArosapa speAHocT sin a O.1\HOCHO tg a Ha D CKallH, Y3eTa
"cnOA cpe.1\lbe KOHQaHHUC.

H. npKwep
oln 2G'_O,lI42; sin 35'-O,5H; tg

2()O=O,36~;

tg 0,35' .0,7,

KaKO je COS a = VI - sin... H ctg a 1/tg a TO ce SpeAKOCTH COS a

clg aMory npOQHTaTH OAMax Ha P H R CKanH.

Ha np .... ep
cos 200 . 0,940;

e.OS'

35 0 _ 0,810; clg

200 - 2,14e~

ctg 35_ 1,428.

Ha HCTOj 60QHOj CTpaHH sin CKana CIIylKH H 38 OApe~HB8lbe spe.1\

HOCT" cos ex a tg CKana 38 OApe~Hsalbe. Spe.1\HOCTlI efg a. Oae Cj CKallC
03Ha"eHe .1\eClIO ca COS H clg qpB.no H HM8jy qpBt lle UOIl ..... BpeAHOCTH
ce OAMax 4HTOjy Ha D CKBnH a jeAKospeMeKO ce A06HBa H ape.l\HOCT
sin a Ha P CKanll H tg a H3 R CKanH.

154
HI nplwtp

cos 40' ln 50"-0,766;

sin 400 ... COl 500 _ 0,643;
elg 70. - tg 200 - 0,364;

sin 7611 _cos 149 .... 0,970;

.g 70" _ 2,75.

h) EKCDOHeH~HJanHe CKane, -

UOAe~u~u u38Aake' ODor "oray = e'. I'bHX 03Ha~aBaMO OBaKO :

Ha

pHT .. apa nocToje TpM CKane "'YHKuHje

roplbY ca LLI (ca nOAenOM 0.11. 1,01 .11.0 1,2), CpeAtbY ca U2 (ca nOAeIlO"
1,1 AI! .3,2) H AOIbY ca LL3 (ca nOAe.10M 0.11. 2,5 .11.0 10'). npeMa TOMe ce
.peAHocT "'YHKuHje y ~' e' Aot5HH3

0,011-+-0, I
cKalla LL I e'" - 1,01 ;
sa 0,11 -+-1
CKana I.LZ c.. =I,116;
38 1,Q1 -+-11,2 CKana LL3 e l ,OI =2,746;
sa

e",I~',105;
.-~,718;
ell,1

=7313'7

7,3. 10'.

Jla ce OApeAH opeAllocr "'YHKUHje c' TpetSa .6poj x nOCT8~HTH Ha

HHAeKC I D (HnM 10 D), 3aTHM AOrapUm.MOp IipeOKpeHymu, n8 HcnoA KOH ~aHMQe JleBOr (AecHor) Hce~Ka YBllaKe npo'!HTaTH H TO BpeAHOCTK

e' 0' Ha LL I CKanH,

e'" Ha LL 2 CKanK H
c' Ha LL'3 CHanH .
HI npliMep

KaKo je

el=[c .. ~ 'XlJ~=alt

e'=[t'OU]loo=a lOO

.(

TO CaaKO .. t5pojy a CKalle LL I oMoaapa tSpoj 0'0 CKaIlC LL 2 H t5poj

alOO CKane L L
06paTHo. npeJla3 ca jeAHe Na Apyry cKallY YBeK
je npaheH eKcnOHeHTOM 10.

3,"

/) DpeTBapa",e I(S Y kW ' H' 06pUHO. - KJlKaa'! HM.3 TpH KOH

9&IIMllt, 'peA,.y A,Y-*,Y H ABe "fUJi,.c Kpalle. Jl.eaa -HOCH OaltaKY 'kW, cpeAIba q a AteHa KS (f'S) H d. KalCo je '
.

I KS&I PS=O,736kW " I kW=I,359PS~I,36 PS

TO .OBC CKaJlt A8jy MoryhHocr npeTBapalb8 jeAHHx BellH'!HH. Y Apyre, It
06paTHo. 6pojy x (kW), H" CKaJlII 0 HcnOA neBe KOH'IlIHHue OArOBapa
6poj YIPS) H8 Hcroj CKaJlH HcnOA Aeclle KOHqaHHlle, H 06patHO.
Ha npHMtp

5kW~6,8U Ksi

7,~ KS=S,45kW,

i) Hapa'lYHaBalbe UOBpWHHe Kpyra. - KaKo je q ='d'n/4 TO csa-

KOY t5pojy d CKane
yaeroM Hcno'A AeCHe KOH'IaHMQt oAroBlpa HI CKaIlH
A (\poj II yaeT HcnOA cpe.a,lb< KOH~aHHue.

H. np .... ep
d-5 em.

q=19.6~

cm2; d ..8.'l em. '1 - 5'2.80cn,&.

KaKO je aanpeMHH" aaJbHa V = qL, TO ce npK n03HaTOM q MOlKe no yohy CKalla A H 8 AOOHTH H 33npeMHHa.

155
k) nY'lHa Mepa yrJ1a. -

Y Kpyry nocTojH O)l.IfOC

s : 2 f1t = at : 3600 ,
na je
ny4Ha Mepa yr na.
BpeiiHoeT

= ~ =001745= 1.74; ~a rc I'

180'

100

jecTe ~y'lHa "epa jeAHor CTeneHa. Ha CKanaMa C, D H R OBa CC speA'

HOCT HilJla3H H3Meljy Spe)l.HOCTH 1,7 If 1,8. npeMa TOHe ce np06neM
O)l.pel)HSalba ny4He Mepe HeKor yrna CRO)l.H Ifa MHOlKelbe ape)l.HOCTK p
ca 6POjHOM apeAllocTH yr na (1' Y CTeneHHMa. Oao ce MHOlKelbe H3BO')l.K
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1,6.256
1,57961
1.5204J
1.<4.6-411
1,41061

1,45501
1,40,195
1,35142

I,J5968
I.JIIIO
1,20471

1.220JI
1,17177
1. IJ694

40'

30'
Tangena

2J90~21

"

2,J5!.35

70
69
68
67

2 .2 -4 ~O ..

2. 14'.!> I
2,O!.CJO

2.74748
2,6C:~oq

2,41 ...00

05

1.96-,61

1.604 28

5~

1,6107-4

1,55966
1,501JJ

1.54972

1.60:' J3
1.53,87

58
57

t .482'56
1.42815

56
55

i.J76J8
1,J270<

53

1.49190
1.43103
1,.334e.
l .l3511
1,28764
1, 2.221
1,19882

1.15715
1, 11113
1,0186 4
1.041 S8

1.08 496
1,0 4166
1,01170

7>

1.675JO

1.2059J
1.1 6J98
1,12369

1.091 J I

3 , 73:"':'-~

1,68M3
1.62125

1,29541
1,2 4Q69

1,17085
1,IJ029

1,7-4315

1,39JJ6
I.J.J13

I.JOJ23

\.0 I07lj

6J
1,88N'3 62
1 .80'::~ 6 1
1.7J205 50

1,44 598

1,25717
1,21310

- --

J.82083

2.J9"49

1,85462
1,77955
1,7090 I

5.''''$5 7~
4.704 5;) I 7e:
4.JJI(B 7;

4,38969
4.0610 7
3,11595

2.5J865

1,86168
1.79174
1,72047
I.65JJ7
1,59002
1.53010
1,47JJO
1,4193'
1136800
1,31904
1,27130
1.22758
1,18414
I.14J6J

9 .~I "J6

6.3 I:!7:l

2,4 1421

1,948::'8

&7

8. IH 3:>
7 ,1 i~J7

:>.07126

2,4J422

1,96261
I ,880~ ' 3

69
28,6J625 M

5.769J7
5.22566
4,712rJO

2. 45 451

2,05030

57,28996

6:43.8-4

2,47509

2,14451

50'

ba.7~009

4. 1 12~b

2,82391

6!1,Q)91Q

2,79302
2,65109
2.51715'

1,~2615

41
42
4J
'4

20'

2.67462

,.J76J8

39

2.850 2J
2,0985J
2.560'6

40

10'

2,67700
2.7228t
2.582~ I

36
37

J8

(BaCTOBOK)

COlan&enS

Je

20'

I,OOS8 J

10'

1.219Q4
I.23 4QO
1,1 9115

1,1 5031
1.I IObI
I,01:J7

1,0J55J
1.00000
0'

54
5~

51
50

I~
48

.,

. 5

ISO
TPI4fOHOMETPYlJCKE YI XYlilEPBOJIWIHE <l>YHKL\YlJE

,.

I
Sin

cos .x

.r

Ig x

"

,-,

Shx

Chx

Thx

x'

0,00000 1,00000 0,00000 1,00000 1,00000 0,00000 1,00000 0,00000

0 1000
01000
01005 0,99005
99995
01000
00005
01000
02000
99980
02000
02020
98020
02000
00020
02000
03000
99955
03001
03045
97045
03000
00045
02999
03999
99920
04002
0408 1 96079
04001
00080 03998
04998
99875
05004
05 127
95123
05002
00 125
04996
05996
99820
06004
06007
06184
94 176
00180 05993
06994
99755
07011
0725 1 93239
07006
00245
06989
0799 1 99680
08017
08329
92312
08009
00320 07983
08988
91393
09012
99595
09024
094 17
00405
08976

0
0' 34' 23"
1'08' 45"
I' 43' 08"
2' 17' 31 "
2' 51 ' 53"
3' 26' 16"
4' 00' 39"
4' 35' 01 "
5'09'24"
5' 43' 46"

18
19

0,09983 0,99500 0,10033 1, 10517 0,90484 0,10017 1,00500 0,09967

10978
99396
11045
89583
11022
11628
00606
10956
11971
9928 1
12058
12750
88692
12029
00721
11943
12963
99 156
13074
13037
00846
12927
13883
8781 0
13954
99022
15027
86936
14046
00982
14092
13909
0 11 27
14944
8607 1
15056
14889
98877
15114
16 183
15932
85214
16068
01283
15865
98723
16138
17351
16918
17082 01448
98558
17166
18530
84366
16838
17903
83527
18097
98384
18197
19722
01624
17808
18886
98200
20925
82696
19 115
01810
18775
19232

6' 52.' 32 "

7' 26' 54"
8'0 1'17"
8' 35' 40"
9' 10' 02"
9' 44' 25"
10 18' 48 u
10"53' 10"

0,20
21
,2
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

0,19867 0,98e07 0,20171 1,22 140 0,8 1873 0,20134 1,02007 0, 19738
20846
211 55
23368
81058
0221 3 20697
97803
213 14
2 1823
21 652
97590
24608
80252
22178
02430
22362
22798
97367
23203
02657
23414
25860
79453
22603
23770
24231
02894
23550
97134
27125
78663
24472
24740
77880
25261
031 41 24492
9689 1
28403
25534
25708
0)399
25430
77105
26294
96639
26602
29693
26673
27329
03667
26362
76338
96377
27676
30996
27636
2836.7
03946
27291
32313
75578
96106
28755
28213
28595
,33643
74826
29408
04235
95824
29841

11 ' 27' 33"

12'0 1' 56"
Ir36 ' 18"
13' 10'4 1"
13' 45'04"
14'19'26"
14' 53' 49"
15' 28 ' 12"
16'02' 34"
16' 36' 57"

0')0
31
31
JJ
34
35
36
17
38
39

0,29552 0,95534 0,30934 1,34986 0,74082 0,30452 1,04534 0,29131

30044
31499
04844
30506
7334 5
95233
36343
32033
05164
30951
32549
31457
37713
72615
94924
33139
31852
33602
05495
71 892
32404
94604
34252
39097
32748
34659
05836
71177
4e495
3Jl49
94275
35374
06188
33638
35719
34290
4 1907
70469
93937
36503
34521
36783
06550
43333
69768
35227
93590
37640
06923
35399
37850
44773
69073
36162
93233
3878ti
36271
07307
38921
37092
68386
928p6
39941
46228
37136
39996 01702
67706
380 19
47698
924 9 1 41105

17' 11 ' 19"

17 45 ' 42"
18' 20' 05"
18'54'27"
19'28 ' 50"
200 03' 13"
20' 37' 35 "
21'11 '58"
21'46' 21 "
22' 20 ' 43"

0,40
41
42
43
44
45
46
'7
48
49

0,38942 0,92106 0,42279 1,49182 0,67032 041075 1,08107 0,37995

38847
08523
42158
39861
66 365
50682
9 1712
4346 3
39693
08950
43246
65705
40776
52196
9 1309
44657
40532
09388
44337
65051
4 1687
53726
90897
45862
41 364
09837
45434
42594
5527 1 64404
90475
47078
10297
42
190
46534
4)497
637
63
90045
48306
56831
43008
10768
476 40
63128
44395
49j45
58407
89605
43820
112 50
48750
62500
4528 9
89157
50797
59999
4462.
11
743
49865
6 1878
46 178
88699
5206 1 6 1607
45422
12247
50984
6
1263
63232
47063
8823)
53339

22' 55'06"
23' 29' 29"
24'03 ' 51 "
24' 38' 14"
25' 12' 37"
25'46 ' 59"
26'2 1' 22"
26' 55' 44"
27' 30' 07"
28' 04' 30"

0,00
01
02
0)
04
05
06
07
08

09
0,10

II
12
13
I~

15
16
17

6 18' 09"

111

0,50
51
51
53
54
55
56
57

sin x

0,47943
4i81 8
49688
50553
5 1414
52269
53 119
53963
54802
55636

cos x

O,817) ~

'8'

I .. I

t-'

Shx

Chx

Thx

x"

0,)4630 1,64.172 0,60653 0,52110 I 12763 0,46212

)5936 66529 60050 53240 13289 46995
57256 68203 59452 54375 13827 47770
58592 69893 58860 55516 14377 48538
59943 11601 58275 566(\3 14938 49299
61311 73325 57695 578 15 15510 50052
62695 75067 57121 58973 16094 .50798
64097 76827 56553 60137 16690 51536
65517 78604 55990 61307 17297 52267
66956 80399 5543) 62483 17916 52990

28' 38' 52"

29" Il' IS"
29'47' 38"
30" 22' 00"
30" 56' 23"
31 "30'46"
32"05'08"
32"39' 31 "
)3" 1)' 54"
))'48' 16"

0,60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69

0,56464 0,82534 0.68414 1,82212 0,54881 0,63665 1,18547 0,53705

57287 81965 69892 84043 54335 64.154 19189 S44Il
58104 81388 71391 85893 53794 66049 19844 55113
58914 S0803 72911 87761 53259 67251 20510 55S05
59720 80210 74454 89648 52129 68459 21189 56490
605 19 79608 76020 91554 52205 69675 21879 57167
61312 78999 77610 93479 51685 70897 22582 57836
62099 78382 79225 95424 51171 12126 23297 58498
62879 17757 80866 97388 50662 73363 24025 59152
63654 77125 82534 99372 ~0158 74607 24765 59798

)4' 22' 39"

34- S7' 02"
)5"31'24"
36"05'47"
36-..0'09"
37"14' 32"
37'48' 55"
38" 23' 17"
38" 57' 40"
39"32' 03"

0,70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
1/ 41[ . . 0,1854
79

0,64422 0,764.14 0,84229 2,0 1375 0,49659 0,758511' 1.25517 0,60437

65183 75836 85953 03399 49164 77117 26282 61068
65938 . 75181
87707 05443 48675 78384 \ 27059 61691
66687 74517 89492 07508 48 191
62307
67429 73847 91309 09594 41711
62915
68164 13169 93160 11700 41231 82232 29468 63516
68892 12484 95045 13828 46167 83S30 30297 64108
69614 71791 96967 15977 46301 84838 31139 64693
70328 71091 98926 18147 45841 86153 31994 65271
0,70711 0,70711 I
2,19328 0,45594 0,86867 1,32461 0,65579
71035 70m 1,00925 20340 45384 87478 32862 65841

40-06'25"
40"40' 48"
1 I"
41 ' 49' 33"
42'23'56"
42' 58' 19"
4),,3), 41"

0,80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89

0,71736 0,69671 1,02964 2,22554 0,44933 0,88811 1)3743 0,66404

12429 68950 05046 24791 44486 9015~ 34638 66959
73115 68222 07171 27050 44043 91503 35547 61507
73793 67488 09343 29332 43605 92863 , 36468 68048
74464 66746 11563 31637 43111 94233 , 37404 68581
75128 65998 13833 33965 42741 95612 3835) 69101
75784 65244 16156 36316 42316 97000 39316 69626
76433 64483 18532 38691 4 1895 98398 40293 70137
77074 63715 2096~ 41090 41478 99806 41284 70642
77707 62941 23460 43513 41066 101224 42289 71139

0,90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99

0,78333 0,62161 1,26016 2,45960 0,40657 1,02652 1,43309 0,71630

78950 61375 28637 48432 40252 04090 44342 72113
79560 60582 31126 50929 39852 05539 45)90 72590
80 162 59783 34087 5)45 1 39455 06998 46453 73059
80756 58979 36923 55998 39063 08468 47530 73522
81142 58168 39838 58571 38674 09948 48623 73978
819 19 57352 42836 61170 38289 11440 49729 74428
82489 56530 45920 63794 37908 12943 50851 74870
66446 3753 1 14457 51988 75l0?
83050 55702
83603 54869 )~m: 69 12) 37158 15983 5)141 75736

5~

59

,;

87274
86782
86281
85771
85252
84726
84190
83646
83094

~~~~ ', ~~:~~

.'-I.S'

" - 0704"
44"41' 27"
45'
~'15' 49"

45"50' 12"
J.4"
46" 58' 5T'
47' 33' 20"
48-07'42"
48"42'05"
49' 16' 28"
49- SO' 50"
50" 25 ' I)"
50" 59' 36"

~24;

51 - 3YS8"
Sr08" 21 "

52"42' 44~
53-27'065)'51 '29"

54-lS 52'''
i

55"00' 14"

".34' 3T'
56"09'00"
56'43'22"

1ft!

sinx

calX

'Ix

..

.-z

Sh

Chx

Thx

1,00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09

0,84147 0,54030
53186
84683
52337
81211
85730
51482
86240 50622
86742
49757
48887
87236
87720 48012
88196 47133
46249
81663

l,l5741 2,71828 0,36788 1,1 7520 1,54308 O,76 1l9

76576
55491
19069
36422
74l6O
59221
76987
20630
56689
36059
77319
62813
77391
57904
22203
35701
80107
66524
59134
77789
23788
3534l
82922
70361
78181
60379
25386
34994
8576l
74332
78566
34646 26996 61641
88637
78442
62919
78946
28619
34301
91538
82703
30254
64214
79320
33960
94468
87122
31903
61525
79688
97427
33622
91709

.,10

0,89121 0,45360
89570
44466
90010
43568
90441
42666
90163
41759
91276
40849
j9934
91680

1,96476 3,00417 0,33287 1,33565 1,6685l 0,80050

68196
80406
32916
35240
03436
2,01434
36929
69557
80757
06485
32628
06596
09566 32303 38631 70934 81102
11975
40347
72329 81441
31982
17588
12677
23450 15819 31664 42078 73741 81775
31349
43822
75171
82104
29580
18993
31037
45581
76618
82427
35998
22199
47355
78083
25437
30728
82745
42727
49790 28708 30422 49143
79565
83058

11
12

13
14
15
16
17
18
19

92075

39015

92461
92837

38092
37166

x'

l7'17 ' 4l"

57' 52' 07"
58' 26' 30"
59 00' 53"

59- 35' )5"

60' 09' 38"
60" 44' 01 "
6 1'18'23"
61'52'46"

62"27'09"
63 01 ' 31"
63 35' 54"
64 10' 17"

6444' 39"
65 19'02"
65'53'25"
66 27' 47 "
67 ' 02' 10"
67' 36' 32"
68'10' 55"

1,lO
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

0,93204 0,36236
93562
35302
93910
34365
94249
33424
94578
32480
94898
JIS32
95209
30582
95510
29628
95802
28672
96084
27712

1,30

0,96356 0,26750 3,60210 3,66930 0,27253 1,69838 1,97091 0,86172

96618
25785
74708
70617
26982
71818
98800
86428
96872
24818
90335 74342 26714 73814 2,00528 86678
971.Jl
23848 4,07231
78104
26448
75828
02276
86925
97348
22875 ' 25562
81904
26185
77860 04044 87167
97572
21901
41122
85743
25924
79909 05833 87405
97786
20924
67344
89619
25666
81977
07643
87639
97991
19945
,91306
93535
25411
84062 09473
87869
18964' 5,17744 97490
91185
25158
86166
11324
88095
98370
17981 5,47069 4,O148l
24908
88289
13196
88317

74' 29'04"

0,98545 0,16997
98710
16010
98865
15023
99010 14033
99146
13042
99271
12050
99387
11057
99492
10063
99588
09067
9,9674
08071

80' 12'51"
80' 47' 13 ~ '
81 " 21 ' 36"
81 '55' 59"
82'30'21 "
8Jc- 04' 44"
83' 39' 07"
84' 13' 29"
84'47' l2"
85' 22' IS "

31
32
33
34
35,
36
37
38
39
1,40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

2,57ilS 3,32012 0,30119 1,50946 1,81066 0,833 65

65032 35348 29820 52764 82584 83668
73275
81982
91193

38718
42123
45561

3,00957

49034

11327
22363
34135
46721

52542
56085
.59664
63279

29523
29229
28938
28650
28365
28083
27804
27527

54598
56447
58311
60192
62088
64001
65930
67876

84121
85676
87250
88842
90454
92084
93734

95403

8396l
84258
84546
84828
85106
85380
85648
85913

5,79788 4,05520 0,24660 1,90430 2,15090 0,88535

6,16536 09596
24414
92591
17005
88749
6,58112
13712
24171
94770
18942
88960
7,05546
17870
23931
96970
20900
89.167
7,60183
22070
23693
99188
22881
89370
8,23809
26311
23457 2,01427
24884
89569
8,98861
30596
23224
03686
26910
89765
9,88737
34924
22993
05965
28958
89958
10,98338
39295
22764
08265
31029
90147
12,34986
43710
22537
10586
33123
90332

68'45' 18"
69 19' 40"
69' 54' 03"
70' 28 ' 26"
71 '02'48"
71'37' 11 "

72' 11 '34"
7245' 56"
7320' 19"
73 54' 42"

75"03' 27"
75' 37' 50"
76' 12' 12"
76'46' 35"
77'2rY 57"
77' 55' 20"
78' 29' 43 "
79' 04' 05"
79' 38' 28"

183

1,50
'l,n-l.l708
60

70
80
90
2,00
10
20
30
,
'I. n - 2,3562
40
50
60
70
80
90

3,00
10
n - 3, 141 6
20
30
40
SO
60
70
80
90
3,9270

'I." -

4,00
to
20
30
40
50
60
70
4,7124
80
90

'I,,, -

5,00
10
20
30
40
'I." - 5,4978
50
60
70
80
90
6,00
10
20
2" - 6,2832

Slnx

I cosx I

18 X

I
I

='"

0,99749
1,00000

0,07074
0,00000

14 10142

0,99957
99 166
97385
94630

-0,02920
- 12884
- 22720
- i2329

0,90930 -0,4 1615

86321 - 50485
80850 - 58850
74571 - 66628
0,70711 -0,70711
67546 - 73739
59847 - 80 114
51550 - 85689
42738 - 90407
33499 - 92224
23925 - 97096

I .-' \

Sh x

Ch x

Th x

- 34,23253
- 7,69660
-4,28626
-2,927 10

4,481990,22313
4,8 10480,20788
4,95303 0,20190
5,47395 18268
6,04965
16530
6,68589
14957

2,12928
2,30ll0
2,3;'l7
64563
94217
3,26816

2,152410,90515 85 56' )7
2,509180,91715 90'
2,57746 0,921 67 91 ' 40'24
2,8283 2 9354 1 97'24 ' 10'
310747 94681 103'07' 5Y
3:41773 95624108 ' 51 ' 4)"

-2,18504
- 1,70985
-1.37382
- :,11921
-I
-0,91601
- 0,74702
-0,601 60
-0,47273
-03555'
-0,24641

7,38906 0,13534
8,166 17 12246
9,02501
11080
9,97418 10026
10,55072 0,09478
11,0231 8 09072
12,18249 08208
ll,46374 07427
14,87973 06721
16,44465' 06081
18, 17415 05502

3,62686
4,021 86
4,4Hl1
4,93696
5,22797
5,46623
6,05020
6,69473
7,40626
8, 19192
9,05956

3,76220096403 114' 35' 30

4,14431 97045 120' 19'16"
4,56791 97574 126' 03' 0)"
5,03722 98010131 ' 46'49"
5,322750,982 19 135'
5,55695 98367 1)7' 30' 36"
6,13229 98661 143' 14:22"
6,7690 1 98903148' 58' 09"
7,47347 99101 154' 41 ' 55"
8,25273 99263 160' 25' 41"
9, 11458 99396 166' 09' 28"

0,14112 -0,98999 -O, 1 4i~5 20,08554 0,04979 10,01787 1O,067660,m05 17 1' 53' 14"
99914 -0,04162 22,19795 04505 11 ,07645 11.12 150 99595171 3 01"
0,00000-000000
0
23,140690,04321 11,54874 1I,59 1950,9962718D"
-0,05837 -0,99829
05847 24.53253 04076 12 ,24588 12,28665 99668183' 20' 47"
- 15715 - 98748
15975 27,11264 03688 13,53788 13,57476 99728 189 ' !>4' 34"
~6432 29,964 10
03337 14,96536 14,99874 99777 194' 48'20"
- 25554 - 96680
- 35078 - 93646
37459 33,11545 03020 16,5426) 16,5 7282 998 18200' 32' 07"
49347 36,59823 02732 18,28546 18.31278 99851206' 15'54"
- 44 252 - 89676
62473 40,447 30 02412 20,21129 20,23601 99878211'59' 40'
- 52984 - 84810
- 61186 - 79097
77356 44,70118 02237 22,33941 22,36 178 99900 21 7' 43'26"
- 68777
72593
94742 49,40245 02024 24,69110 2471135 999 18223 '27' 13"
-O,707J1-0,70711
I
50,754020,01970 25,36716 25:386860,99922225 '

+ 04158 -

-0,75680
- 81828
- 87158
- 91617
- 95160
- 97753
- 99369
- 99992
-1,00000
- 99616
- 98245

-0,65364
1,15782 54,598 15 0,01832 27,28992 27,30823 0,99933 229' 10' 59"
- 57482
42353 60,34029 01657 30,16186 30,17843 99945234 ' 54' 46"
- 49026
77778 66,68633 01500 33,33567 33,35066 99955240' 38' 31"
- 40080 2,28585 73,69979 013~7 36,84311 36,85668 99969246' 2l' 19"
- 30733
3,09632 81,45087 01228 40,71 930 40,73157 99970252'06' 05'
- 21080 4,63733 90,01713 01111 45,00301 45,0 1412 99975257"49'52"
- 11215 8,86017 99,48432 01005 49,73713 49,74718 99980263' 33' 38"
- 0123 9 80,71276109,9472.
00910 54,96904 54,9780 99983269 ' 17'25"
0,00000
'" 111 ,3278 0,00898 55,65440 55,663380,99984 270'
08750 - 11,38487 121,5104
00823 60,75109 60,75932 99986275'01 ' II "
00745 67,14 117 67, 14861 99989280'44' 58"
1865 1 -5,26749 134,2898

-0,95892 0,28366 -3,38052 148.4132 0,00674 74,20321 74,209950,99991286"28'"''

- 92581
37798 - 2,44939164,02 19
00610 82,00791 82,01400 99993292" 12' 31"
- 88345
46852 - 1 88564 181,2122
00552 90,63lJ6 90,6 3888 99994297" 56' 17"
- 83227
55437 -1.50127200,3368
0049 9 100, 1659 100,1709
99995303" 40' 03"
00452110,7009 110,7055
99996 309" 23" 0"
- 71276
63469 -1,21754221,4064
- 0,70711 0,70711 -I
244,1511 0,00410 122,0736 122,0716 0,99997315"
00409 122,3439 122,3480
99997 3 15' 07' 36
- 7055 4
70867 - 0,99558244 ,69 19
0037013 5,2 1141 3',2152
99997320' 51 ' 2)"
- 63121
7755 7 -0,8 1394 270,4264
00335 149,4 320 14~,435 4
99998 )26" 35' 09 '
- 55069
83471 -0,65973298,8674
00303165, 1483 165,1513
99998332" 18' l6
- 46460
88552 -0,52467330,2996
- 37388
92748 -O,4031136 5,~375
002741 82,5 174 182,52Q.]
9999811 02' 41
-0, 27942 0,960 17 - 0,29101403,4288 0 .0024820 1,7132 20 l,7 1l6 0999993<3' 46 :
- 18216
98327 - 18526445,8578
00224222,9278 222,9300
99999349" 10' IS'
- 08309
98654 - 08llS 492,7490
00203246,3735 146,375l
9999i lSS' 14'0:
0,00000 1,00000
o
535 ,49 1) 0,00187267,7449 267,7468 0,99999360'

BA)f(HHjE 4>YHI<~H j E EPOjA Pft/q

sinx

cos x

tg x

4"" =0.7854

45

0,7071

0,7071

"2" = 1.5708

90

1.0000

0.0000

4" =2.3562

135

0,7071

=3,1416

180

4" =3,9270

e- '

e'

Shx

Chx

Thx

~,1933

0,4559

0,8687

1. 3246

0,6558

oo

4,8105

0.2079

2.301 3

2.5092

J.9172

-0,7071

-1

10,5507

0.0948

5,2280

5.3228

0.98n

0.0000

- 1.0000

23,14 07

0.0432

11,5487

11.5920

0,9963

225

-0,7071

- 0,7071

50,7540

0,0197

25,367 2

25,3869

0,9992

"2 =4,7124

270

-1.0000

0,0000

oo

111 ,3 178

0,0090

55,6639

55,6631

u,99!J8

7" = 5,4978
4

315

- 0,7071

0,7071

- I

244,151 1 0,0)41

122,0735

122,0776

(1,')(1997

2 ft = 6.2832

360

267,7449

2u7,7468

0,99099

31t

-1t

5"

3ft

0,0000

1,0000

535,491 7

0,0019

185

xv. MAHTl1CE BRIGGSOBl1X. lIor APl1TAMA

N

10 0000 OOJJ 0086 0126 0170

22 Ji ll
56f7
J802
J970
4150
27 4514
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2J
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26

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56J6
56lfl
6907

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4Q.1J

JlB5
Jl74
5556
1051
4186 4f6j 4200
J550 4546 4562
'-487 4502 ~18

50U 5065 5079 5092

"65 5196 5211 '2M
55" 5J28 5540 53"
5441 515J '465 U76
"65 5575 "U "99
5682 5694 5i05 57!7
"98 5609 :1821 "52

42 5?Jl 62/5 ,25J

" 6J55 6~5 64"
" 6455 6444 eJJ/
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J6 6626 66J7 6646
47 6721 67JO 57J9
J6 66/, 6621 64JO

..;;~=...:6;;9",f,""
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626J
8'66
6164
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66:18
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5502 5512 5541 5560

J892 !TIl )729 J7J7
6874 J89l $00 In?
'~6 4065 4lkl2 <Q99
IlIB 4"2 4149 4265
4576 JJOJ JIQO 4426
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2 , 5 1 9 /I " 16 17

jg44
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4594

2 4 6 7 9 II 12
2 6 5 7 910 12
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4JJ4 2 5 , ' 6 ~ 9 11
4601 Z J , 6 8 9/1
I!IU
4f6S

5J86 5';8 5!gf

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5426

5J02 5514 5527 5539 5551

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5765 5115 571J(J
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5257 5260 5265 5278 ~280 SJDZ
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6515
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6702
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mt

640'
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I
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8 4 5
J <I 5
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xv. Man.co

Brl".OBax lIoN.,8n

""n
"

1
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1

1184 7372 1160 7661 756

'44' lo1Jl 14" 1466 1414
"10 ;"8 1666 7"5 7$.'f

"9'

~ 1141 ms
1114
74f~ 7427 7.!5l
1401
1441 1410 7497 7.105 76"
16111 7666 7574 7542 lj49
16M 134Z 16411 1fJ7 756'

711d

1117 7(J(}4 ?fft 75111 7U7

1B72 7r1!l 7686 7694 7101

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11173

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6645 6851
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6665 66611 8675 6661

87/6 4722 8711 81JJ 81J 9
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6111 ~1 BU2 IU4 6154
6867 IJ4Q5 4,g9 89~ '910
894' 61149 69~4 11160 896'
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Il 111M 9144 1141

lilt '/96 9201
lUI lUI 925)
91114 1m "o1
lUI 9"'0 9)55

IIIU 9"9 11165

9206 9112 9217
92~ 926' 92611
9509 9JI5 9420
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80.55
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1
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It

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XVI. TABJII1UA
oJ

aHA'fAJHE SPOJHE BPEJJ.HOCTH

<Spo)

log n

Spo)

log n

Spo)

log n

1;20182

1:2 e

0.05097

2,70730

0,99430

Yg

3,13209

0,49583

19,73921

1,29533

0,64635

1,59636

..

9,83976

0,99298

2,46740

0,39224

13,91536

1,14350

31,00628

1,49145

f2i
. 'fi
. y 2g
" Yli

4,42945

39.47842

1,00303

0,00 132

"

3.14159265

0,49715

2.

6,28319

0.79818

4,18879

0;62209

1,57080

0,19612

1,04720

0,02003

0,78540

\;89509

0, 19635 ... 0,2

\;29303

Vi<

1,77245

0,24857

0,09818 ... 0,1

t';r

0,43429

1,46459

2,7 18282

2;99202

0,16572

t'

0,04909 ... 0,05

7,38905

2;69099

0,85859

I:Vi!

0,564 19

1;75143

I :.

2;24188

1;5657 1

9,81

0,99167

I :el

0,13534

1,75812

1;13141

g'

96,2361

1,98334

y.

0,367879

1,64872

0,2171 5

1;50265

I:g

1;00633

t.

1,39561

O,IH76

4,,3
Jf: 2
If: 3

Jf: 4

.: 16
.,32
.,64
.: 180

0,01745

180,.

57,29578

I,.

0,31831

..

1: 2.

0,15916
9,86960

...

2..

11"1:"

0,10194

oJ 8 H A 'fA J HI! sPoJ"!! BPI!Il.HOCTH

nit

3,1416

6,2832

9,4246

12,5664

15,7080

18,6496

21,9912

25,1327-

28,2 74 3

3 4,1159

nllt

0,3183

0 ,6366

0,9 549

1,2732

1,59 16

1,9099

2,28 12

2,5465

2,8 648

3 ,1 831

2"

16

32

64

128

256

5 12

1/2"

0,5000

0 ,25 00

0,1250

0,0625

0,0313

0,0 156

0,0078

C,0039

0,0020

0 ,0020

3"

27

61

243

729

2 187

6561

19683

590,) 9

1/ 3"

0,3333

0,111 1

0,0370

0,0124

0,0041

0,001 '4

0,0005

0 ,0002

0,0001

O,COO02

40320

362800

36 28800

10

10 24

n!

24

120

720

5040

Ii!

1,0000

1.4142

1,7321

2,0000

2,2361

2,44~S

2,6458

?,8284

3,0000

3 ,1 6 23

v.;-

1,000

1,2i>99

1,4422

1,5874

1,7100

1,8171

1,9129

2,0000

2,0801

2, 1'544

log n

0,00000 0,30103 0.47712

0,60206

0,69897

0,77815

0,84510

0,90309

0,95424

1,00000

In n

0,00000 0,6932

1,0986

1.3863

1,6094

1,7916

1,9459

2,0794

2,1972

2 , 30~ 6

0,0524

0 ,0698

0 ,0873

0,1047

0,1222

0, 1396

0,1571

0,1745

arc n' 0,0175

0,0349

18-9

HEKE KOHCTAHTHE BPE,lUiOCTI1

_.

-, 3,14159 26535 89793 23846

14944 59230 78164 06286
c
32823066470938446095
10193 85211 05559 64462

26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510 58209

20899 86280 34825 34211 10619 8i14~ 08651
505822317253594 08128 48 111 7450284102
29489 54930_

- 2,11828 18284 59045 23536 02814 71352- 66249 11512 4709J 69995 95749
66967 62772 40766 ~O'
y

- 0,57121 56649 015\2 86060 65120 90082 40243

I :n

- O,J 1830 98861 83790 67153 11615 26745 02812 40689 19291 48091 29

II;

- 1,112.45 3850905516021298167483341 14518 27975 49456 122387

I :

V; -

0,56418 95835 41156 28694 80794 .51560, 71258

108e

- 0,4342944819032.5182765 11289 1891660508

10 10

- 2,302.58 50929 94045 68401 79914 54684 36420

lop

- - 0,497149872694133 85435 1268288290 89887 3651678324 38044 24461

In n

..

- 23,14069 26327 79269 00512 90863 67948 54738 0Z661

,-,

- 0,04321 39182 63712 24977 44177 37171 72801

,-,'

_ 2,19328 00507 38015 45655 91691 59278 7382.2 34616 37642 0

,- - ,.

- 0,45593 81277 65996 23616 59212 94728 02941 94166 04365 238

YZ

J,41421 35623 73095 04880 16887 24209 69801 85696 71875 37694 80732

yr

1,73205 08075 68877 29352 74463 41505 87236 69428 052.53 81038 06281

f'S

- 2,23606 79774 99789 69640 91736 68731 27623

V6
YIO

" 2,44948 97427 83178 09819 72840 74705 89139

l:e

I"

I : I:;

sin 1

Sh I

_
_
_

eh I

_ 1,5430806348 IS24J 77847 79056 20757 06168 2601 5 29112 J658~ 37

co.

1,14472 98858 49400 17414 34273 51353 05871 It'n 94812 915
1~757

28109 8lO6J

3,162.27 76601 68379 33199 88935 44432 71853

0,36787944117144232159552377016146086744581113103176711345
01836 80169 74614 96
1,64872 12707 00128 14684 86507 87814 16357 16537 76100 71014 BOIlS
75079 31164 06610 21
0,60653 06597 12613 42360 37995 34991 18045 34419 18135 48718 69556
82892 15873 50565 19
0,8414709848 07896 50665 25023 2163029899962.25 63060 79737 II
0,54030230586813771740093660744297660 37323 10420617922.2
1175
, 20 1193643801 45688 23818 50595 60081 51557 17481 33409 59

------------------------Il--~

,l(EKA;nHI1 JIOrAPJITMI1 BPOJEBA KO MB l1HOBAtJl!!X CA BPOJEM

n- 3,141l9 26l
2,,- 6,28318 l31
4 n - 12,l6637 061
n12- l,l7079 63)

log N

log N

0,497 14 99

;11_

9,86960 440

0,99429 97

0,798 17 99
1,09920 99

0,10132 118
1,7724l )8l

9,ool70 )0-10
0,248l7 49

I I~ - 0,l641 8 918

(lIn) 'f'_ 0,97720 l02

9,7l 142 5 1-10

9,98998 l7 - 10

(4In) '1'_ 1,12837 917

0,Ol24l II

1/71

...

Vn -

0,19611 99
0,02002 86
0,62208 86

nf3 - 1,04719 7ll

4 n13 - 4,18879 020
n14 - 0,78l39 816

9,89l98 99-10

xl6 - 0,52359 878

9,71899 86-10

I I~n_ 0,68278 406

l In - 0,)1830 989

9,50285 01-10

~n' - 2,14502 940

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