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Z-transforms

Computation of the Z-transform for discrete-time signals: Enables analysis of the signal in the frequency domain. Z - Transform takes the form of a polynomial. Enables interpretation of the signal in terms of the roots of the polynomial. z 1 corresponds to a delay of one unit in the signal. The Z - Transform of a discrete time signal x[n] is dened as
+

X(z) =
n=

x[n].z n

(1)

where z = r.ej & %

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The discrete-time Fourier Transform (DTFT) is obtained by evaluating Z-Transform at z = ej . or The DTFT is obtained by evaluating the Z-transform on the unit circle in the z-plane. The Z-transform converges if the sum in equation 1 converges

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Region of Convergence(RoC)

Region of Convergence for a discrete time signal x[n] is dened as a continuous region in z plane where the Z-Transform converges. In order to determine RoC, it is convenient to represent the Z-Transform as:a P (z) X(z) = Q(z) The roots of the equation P (z) = 0 correspond to the zeros of X(z) The roots of the equation Q(z) = 0 correspond to the poles of X(z) The RoC of the Z-transform depends on the convergence of the &
a Here

we assume that the Z-transform is rational

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polynomials P (z) and Q(z), Right-handed Z-Transform Let x[n] be causal signal given by x[n] = an u[n] The Z - Transform of x[n] is given by

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' X(z) =

$ x[n]z n

n= +

=
n= +

an u[n]z n an z n
n=0 +

= = = =

(az 1 )n
n=0

1 1 az 1 z za %

The ROC is dened by |az 1 | < 1 or |z| > |a|. &

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The RoC for x[n] is the entire region outside the circle z = aej as shown in Figure 1.
RoC |z| > |a|

zplane

Figure 1: RoC(green region) for a causal signal Left-handed Z-Transform & %

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Let x[n] be an anti-causal signal given by

y[n] = bn u[n 1] The Z - Transform of y[n] is given by

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$ Y (z) =
n= +

y[n]z n bn u[n 1]z n

n= 1

=
n= +

bn z n (b1 z)n + 1
n=0

= 1 1 z

= = &

z b

+1

zb

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Y (z) converges when |b1 z < 1 or |z| < |b|. The RoC for y[n] is the entire region inside the circle z = bej as shown in Figure 2
RoC |z| < |a|

zplane

Figure 2: RoC(green region) for an anti-causal signal & %

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Two-sided Z-Transform Let y[n] be a two sided signal given by

y[n] = an u[n] bn u[n 1] where, b > a The Z - Transform of y[n] is given by

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+

$ Y (z) =
n= +

y[n]z n (an u[n] bn u[n 1])z n

n= + 1

=
n=0 +

an z n
n= +

bn z n (b1 z)n
n=1

(az1)n
n=0

= = &

. 1 az 1 1 . za zb z z

z b

+1

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Y (z) converges for |b1 z| < 1 and |az 1 | < 1 or |z| < |b| and |z| > |a| . Hence, for the signal

The ROC for y[n] is the intersection of the circle z = bej and the circle z = aej as shown in Figure 3
RoC |a| < |z| < |b|

zplane

Figure 3: RoC(pink region) for a two sided Z Transform &

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Transfer function H(z) Consider the system shown in Figure 4.

x[n] h[n] X(z) H(z) Y(z) = X(z)H(z) y[n] = x[n]*y[n]

Figure 4: signal - system representation x[n] is the input and y[n] is the output h[n] is the impulse response of the system. Mathematically, this signal-system interaction can be represented as follows

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y[n] = x[n] h[n]

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In frequency domain this relation can be written as

Y (z) = X(z).H(z) or

H(z) =

Y (z) X(z)

H(z) is called Transfer function of the given system. In the time domain if x[n] = [n] then y[n] = h[n], h[n] is called the impulse response of the system. Hence, we can say that & h[n] H(z) %

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Some Examples: Z-transforms

Delta function Z([n]) = 1 Z([n n0 ]) = z n0 Unit Step function x[n] x[n] = 1, n 0

= 0, otherwise 1 , |z| > 1 X(z) = 1 1z The Z-transform has a real pole at the z = 1. & %

' Finite length sequence x[n] x[n] = 1, 0 n N = 0, otherwise

1 z N X(z) = 1 z 1 N N 1 z 1 , |z| > 1 = z z1 The roots of the numerator polynomial are given by: z = 0, N zeros at the origin and the nth roots of unity: z=e &
j2k N

, k = 0, 1, 2, , N 1

(2) %

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Causal sequences 1 n 1 n x[n] = ( ) u[n] ( ) u[n 1] 3 2 1 1 1 z 1 , |z| > X(z) = 3 1 1 z 1 1 1 z 1 3 2 The Discrete time Fourier transform can be obtained by setting z = ej Figure 5 shows the Discrete Fourier transform for the rectangular function.

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1 1

N 2

+N 2

4 +1

2 2 +1 +1

4 +1

Figure 5: Discrete Fourier transform for the rectangular function

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Some Problems
Find the Z-transform (assume causal sequences):
a 1. 1, 1! , a , a , 2! 3!
2 3

2. 3.

a3 a5 a7 0, a, 0, 3! , 0, 5! , 0, 7! , a2 a4 a6 0, a, 0, 2! , 0, 4! , 0, 6! ,

Hint: Observe that the series is similar to that of the exponential series.

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