Hi Ngh Khoa Hc & Cng Ngh ln 9

Phn ban Cng ngh Thc phm Sinh hc

KHO ST NH HNG CA MT S YU T N QU TRNH LN MEN BIA NNG CAO. STUDY OF INFLUENCE OF SOME TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS ON HIGH GRAVITY BREWING.
Li Quc t, L Vn Vit Mn, V Th Luyn B mn Cng ngh Thc phm, Khoa Cng ngh Ha hc, H Bch Khoa Tp HCM, Vit Nam

TM TT Nghin cu ny kho st s nh hng ca mt s yu t cng ngh n qu trnh ln men bia nng cao. Vi dch nha 20oBal c nu t 80% malt v 20% go, pH 5.4 5.6, khi b sung amonium sulphate (90mg nit/l) hay st khng kh v trng trong 12 gi ln men u tin, tc v hm lng c cht s dng ca nm men s gia tng, thi gian ln men s rt ngn, nng etanol trong bia non c th t trn 10%(v/v). ABSTRACT This research focused on the influence of some technological factors on the high gravity brewing. With the 20oBal wort prepared from 80%malt and 20% rice, pH 5.4 5.6, amonium sulphate addition (90mg nitrogen/l) or medium aeration for the first 12 fermenting hours increased the substrate assimilation rate and decreased the fermentation time. The ethanol concentration in the green beer can reach above 10%(v/v).

1.

GII THIU Do nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng ngy cng tng cao, vic sn xut bia i hi phi t c yu cu v cht lng v nng sut. Trn th gii hin nay vn tn ti song song hai phng php sn xut bia: phng php c in v phng php hin i. im khc bit chnh ca hai phng php ny l cch thc hin qu trnh ln men bia. Trong phng php c in, hai qu trnh ln men chnh v ph c thc hin hai thit b ring bit, cn phng php hin i th hai qu trnh ln men c thc hin trong cng mt thit b.

u im ca phng php hin i l t tn thit b ln men, t tn chi ph nng lng v thi gian ln men ngn, do nng cao nng sut sn xut. Mt trong nhng gii php nhm nng cao nng sut ca qu trnh sn xut bia l nng cao nng etanol v cc sn phm trao i cht khc ca nm men trong dch ln men. thc hin iu ny, cc nh sn xut s ln men dch nha c nng cht kh ban u cao hn thng thng (ln hn 13%). Sau , dch ln men s c pha long vi nc bo ha CO2 theo mt t l nht nh thu c sn phm bia c nng

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cc cht ha tan nh bia c sn xut theo nhng phng php truyn thng. Mt s nh my bia ti Vit Nam cng p dng cng ngh sn xut bia nng cao (Si Gn, Foster), tuy nhin, hm lng cht kh ban u trong dch nha ban u khng th vt qu 16oBal. Nghin cu ny bc u kho st s nh hng ca mt s yu t n qu trnh ln men chnh, s dng dch nha 20oBal nhm nng cao nng etanol trong bia non. 2. NGUYN LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU 2.1. Nguyn liu - Malt: Malt vng c nhp t Australia, m 10%. - Houblon: dng vin, c nhp t Autralia, hm lng alpha acid ng 12%. - Th liu: go, m 12%. - Glucose, (NH4)2SO4, ho cht phn tch: do Trung Quc sn xut. - Nm men: Saccharomyces cerevisiae do Cng ty TNHH Foster Tin Giang cung cp. 2.2. Phng php nghin cu Chng ti tin hnh chun b dch ln men theo phng php un si mt ln, thnh phn nguyn liu ban u theo bng 1. Sau khi nu dch nha xong, b sung glucose dch nha c nng cht kh l 20oBal, tit trng dch nha 121oC, 20 pht ri st khng kh v trng bo ha oxy, iu chnh pH dch ln men v gi tr 5.4-5.6. Tin hnh cy nm men vi s lng 20 triu t bo nm men/ml. Qu trnh ln men c thc hin 17oC trn thit b ln men BIOSTAT ca hng BRAUN (c).

Bng 1: Thnh phn nguyn liu chun b dch nha. Nguyn liu Malt Go Nc Hoa houblon S lng 1.5kg 0.375kg 7 lt 0.4g

Hai yu t kho st: - Tin hnh st kh lin tc trong 12 gi u tin ca qu trnh ln men vi lu lng 0.2NI/pht. - B sung amonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 vo dch ln men ban u vi hm lng 90mg nit/l. Chng ti cng thc hin qu trnh ln men khng c hai yu t trn lm mu kim chng. 2.3. Cc phng php phn tch - Xc nh s lng t bo nm men: bng phng php m trn bung m Thoma. - Xc nh t bo nm men cht: bng cch nhum t bo bng dung dch xanh metylen. - Xc nh hm lng cht kh: bng Balling k. - Xc nh hm lng ng kh: bng phng php so mu, s dng thuc th dinitrosalisilic acid, o hp th trn my quang ph. - Xc nh hm lng etylic: chng ct mu thu hi ru etylic, xc nh t trng ca dch ct bng t trng k, t t trng c c xc nh hm lng ru etylic. - Xc nh hm lng diacetyl: Chng ct mu bng hi nc li cun thu hi diacetyl. Sau , cho phn ct phn ng

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vi dung dch o-phenylendiamin to dn xut quinoxalin, axit ha v o hp thu trn my quang ph xc nh hm lng diacetyl. - Xc nh pH: bng pH k Mettler Toledo. 3. KT QU THC NGHIM V BN LUN 3.1. nh hng ca cc yu t kho st n qu trnh s dng c cht ca nm men Qua kt qu th nghim, chng ti thy rng, vic st kh trong 12 gi ln men u tin hoc b sung amonium sulphate nh hng ln n ng hc qu trnh s dng c cht ca nm men (hnh 1). Hm lng ng kh gim nhanh hn so vi mu i chng. iu ny c th c gii thch l do trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln men, vic b sung kh O2 hay amonium sulphate vo dch nha s lm cho nm men hot ng tt hn, do , tc s dng c cht l nhanh hn. Theo l thuyt, lng c cht ny c nm men s dng thc hin qu trnh trao i cht, phc v cho s pht trin sinh khi cng nh to ra cc sn phm ln men nh etanol, CO2
250

Khi t n giai on n nh, tc s dng c cht l nh nhau trong c 3 trng hp m chng ti kho st. Kt qu kho st cng cho thy rng, giai on cui ca qu trnh ln men, hm lng ng st trong trng hp c st kh hay b sung amonium sulphate u thp hn so vi mu i chng. Qua , chng ta c th kt lun rng khi c b sung hm lng oxy trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln men hoc b sung amonium sulphate s lm tng kh nng s dng c cht ca nm men, rt ngn thi gian ln men. Kt qu ny cho php lm tng nng sut ca nh my. Chng ti cng tin hnh kho st s bin i hm lng cht kh ca dch nha trong qu trnh ln men, kt qu c c cng hon ton ph hp vi kt qu kho st i vi ng kh. Mu bia non c b sung amonium sulphate vo thi im u ca qu trnh ln men c nng ng st l thp nht. Nh vy, vic b sung thm mui amonium sulphate vo dch nha c xem nh l gii php thch hp nht rt ngn thi gian ln men chnh trong k thut ln men bia nng cao. 3.2. nh hng ca cc yu t kho st n qu trnh sinh trng ca t bo nm men.
120

kim chng st kh trong 12 gi u tin b sung amonium sulphate

Hm lng ng kh (g/l)

200

150

100
100
S lng t bo (triu/ml)

kim chng st kh trong 12 gi u tin b sung amonium sulphate

80

60

50

40

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

20

thi gian (ngy)

Hnh 1: Bin i ca hm lng ng kh trong qu trnh ln men

Thi gian (ngy)

10

Hnh 3: Bin i s lng t bo nm men trong qu trnh ln men

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Hi Ngh Khoa Hc & Cng Ngh ln 9

Phn ban Cng ngh Thc phm Sinh hc

Bng 2: Hiu sut sinh tng hp sinh khi tnh theo ng kh (triu t bo/g) Mu Hiu sut Kim chng 180.5 St kh 345.4 B sung (NH4)2SO4 285.1

chng. iu ny ph hp vi kt qu kho st phn 3.1. Cn lu rng, hiu sut tng hp sinh khi khi st O2 vo dch nha trong 12 gi ln men u tin l cao hn khi b sung amonium sulphate. 3.3. nh hng ca cc yu t kho st n nng sn phm chnh
cn (%v/v) Cht kh (%w/w) 12

nh gi qu trnh tng sinh khi ca nm men, chng ti tin hnh kho st s lng t bo nm men trong qu trnh ln men. Qua kt qu kho st, chng ti thy rng khi c st kh hay b sung amonisulfate th sinh khi ca nm men tng rt nhanh trong 3 ngy ln men u tin (hnh 3). iu c gii thch l do khi b sung kh O2 hoc b sung amonium sulphate s thc y qu trnh pht trin sinh khi, c bit l trong trng hp b sung O2. Nh ta bit, khi b sung O2, s lm tng cng qu trnh h hp hiu kh, do , lm tng kh nng tng hp sinh khi ca vi sinh vt. Nm men s dng c nit dng NH4+. Vic b sung amonium sulphate s sung cp cht dinh dng cho qu trnh sinh tng hp sinh khi nm men, do , lm tng tc sinh trng ca t bo trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln men. T hnh 3, ta nhn thy: tc sinh trng ca nm men trong mu dch nha c st kh trong 12 gi ln men u tin l cao nht Khi b sung amonium sulphate, ta thy pha cn bng s tr hn so vi hai trng hp cn li, ng thi, thi gian duy tr trng thi cn bng cng di hn. iu ny l do khi b sung thm nit, cc thnh phn dinh dng trong mi trng s cn i hn, m bo cho nm men duy tr trng thi cn bng trong thi gian di hn. Trong giai on cui ca qu trnh ln men, tc thoi ha ging ca c ba trng hp l nh nhau (th hin qua mc gim s lng t bo nm men). Kt qu kho st cng cho thy rng, hiu sut sinh tng hp sinh khi khi c b sung O2 hay amonium sulphate l cao hn so vi mu kim

10

0 1 2 3

Hnh 4: Hm lng etanol v cht kh trong bia non khi kt thc qu ln men chnh. (1: kim chng, 2: st kh trong 12 gi u tin, 3: b sung amonium sulphate)

Bng 3: Hiu sut sinh tng hp etanol tnh theo ng kh (%) Mu Hiu sut Kim chng 46.5 St kh 49.5 B sung (NH4)2SO4 49.2

Theo kt qu kho st, vic b sung amonium sulphate hay st kh trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln men u lm tng nng etanol trong bia non (hnh 4). C l l do s gia tng hot tnh ca nm men nn kh nng tng hp sn phm s cao hn. T bng 3, ta nhn thy: c hai yu t kho st u lm tng

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nh hiu sut sinh tng hp etanol so vi mu i chng. Kt qu ny hon ton ph hp vi hin tng tng nng etanol trong cc mu bia non m chng ti cp n trn. 3.4. nh hng ca cc yu t kho st n qu trnh hnh thnh cc sn phm ph 3.4.1. Hm lng diacetyl Trong cc sn phm ph ca qu trnh ln men etanol, diacetyl l mt trong nhng sn phm nh hng nhiu nht n cht lng bia. Theo Kunz W (1999), giai on u ca qu trnh ln men, khi nm men sinh trng mnh, diacetyl trong dch ln men tng nhanh. Sau , mt phn diacetyl b kh bi h enzym oxi ho kh (diacetyl vn tip tc c to thnh t qu trnh trao i cht ca nm men nhng tc kh th nhanh hn tc to thnh) [3].
3

sinh khi nm men nhiu hn, v vy, hm lng diacetyl trong giai on cui ca qu trnh ln men trong c 3 trng hp gn nh tng ng nhau. 3.4.2. pH Trong qu trnh ln men, s bin i ca pH phn nh qu trnh to thnh cc acid hu c, sn phm ph ca qu trnh ln men etanol.
5.6

pH kim chng st kh trong 12 gi u tin b sung amonium sulphate

5.4 5.2

5 4.8

4.6

4.4 4.2

kim chng st kh trong 12 gi u tin b sung amonium sulphate

4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Thi gian (ngy)

10

2.5

Hnh 6: Bin i ca pH trong qu trnh ln men

2
Hm lng diacetyl (mg/l)

1.5

0.5

0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Thi gian (ngy)

10

Hnh 5: Bin i ca hm lng diacetyl trong qu trnh ln men

Kt qu nghin cu trn hnh 5 hon ton ph hp vi quy lut trn. Khi b sung O2 trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln men, nm men pht trin sinh khi rt mnh nn hm lng diacetyl to thnh cao hn so vi hai trng hp cn li. Tuy nhin, trong giai on sau ca qu ln men, tc gim diacetyl cng nhanh hn do lng

Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, b sung O2 trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln men lm gi tr pH gim nhanh hn. Theo Moll M (1992), vic sinh tng hp acid bi nm men lin quan mt thit n chu trnh Crebs [6]. Nh vy, khi b sung O2, qu trnh sinh tng hp sinh khi trong giai on u ca qu trnh ln men din ra nhanh hn, acid hu c to thnh nhiu hn nn lm gim gi tr pH nhanh hn. Vo giai on cui ca qu trnh ln men, pH c xu hng tng nh trong c 3 trng hp. C l do nhng acid to thnh phn ng vi cc cu t khc trong dch ln men nh cc loi ru to thnh cc ester. Tht ra, giai on u ca qu trnh ln men, phn ng ester ha cng c th xy ra nhng do lng acid to thnh nhanh v hm lng ru cn t nn pH gim.

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4. KT LUN T cc kt qu trn, chng ti nhn thy rng, bng vic thay i mt s yu t trong qu trnh ln men chnh c th rt ngn ln men v tng nng etanol trong bia non. Khi b sung (NH4)2SO4 vi hm lng 90mg nit/l hay st khng kh v trng lin tc trong 12 gi ln men u tin cho dch nha 20oBal (80% malt, 20% go), nng etanol trong bia non c th t trn 10%(v/v). TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Phm Anh Tun, Nghin cu nh hng ca hm lng oxy ha tan n qu trnh ln men bia nng cao, Tp ch ung Vit Nam, S 16, 2002. 2. Nguyn Vn Vit Trng Th Thy Nguyn Th Thu Vinh, ng dng cng ngh ln men trong sn xut bia nng cao, Tp ch ung Vit Nam, s 16, 2002. 3. Kunze. W, Technology Brewing and malting, VLB Berlin, 1999. 4. Casey. G.P Magnus. C.A and Ingledew. W.M, High gravity Brewing: Effects of nutrition on yeast composition, fermentation ability and alcohol production, Journal of The Institute of Brewing, Vol.84 (3), 1984, pp. 639 646. 5. Cunningham. S and Stewart. G, Effec of high gravity and acid washing on brewers yeast, Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists F, 1998, pp.12 18. 6. Moll M. Bire et coolers, Tec & Doc Lavoisier, Paris, 1992.

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