Final Exam Revision prepared by .

6B Uncountable and plural nouns (p. 142)

(noun)
president, cheetah, money, museum
(countable noun)
photo, fish, officer
(uncountable noun)
(
chocolate, bread, pork
sugar, hair, dust )

(different categories of
uncountable nouns)
()

(
)

Abstractions
detail
advice, courage, enjoyment, fun, help, honesty, patient
*information , intelligence,
knowledge, *patience
, etc.
job, soundtrack, sports game
Activities
chess, *homework,* housework, *music, reading,
singing, sleeping, *soccer, *tennis, work, etc.
Food
beef, *bread, butter, *macaroni, meat, popcorn,
pork, *toast, etc.

cookie, biscuit

Gases
air, exhaust, helium, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, pollution, smog, *smoke, *steam, etc.

cigarette, stream

Groups of Similar Items

baggage, clothing, *furniture, hardware,
luggage, equipment, *mail, *money, software,
vocabulary, etc.

sofa, email, letter, word, banknote

Liquids
blood, coffee, gasoline, milk, oil, soup, syrup,
tea, water, wine, etc.

soft drink, coffee bean

Natural Events
electricity, gravity, heat, humidity, moonlight,
rain, snow, sunshine, thunder, weather, etc.

tornado, hurricane, earthquake

noodles

Materials
aluminum, asphalt, chalk, cloth, concrete,
*cotton, *glue, lumber, wood, wool, etc.

cotton bud, glue stick, gold medal

Particles or Grains
corn, dirt, *dust, flour, hair, pepper, rice, salt,
*sugar, wheat, etc.

sugar lump, dustbin

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/noncountnoun.htm

uncountable nouns
1
accommodation, behaviour, damage, luck, permission,
traffic, advice, bread, furniture, luggage, progress, weather, baggage, *chaos,
information,*news, scenery, work, health, rubbish, *athletics, *politics, *physics,
etc.

chaos, news, athletics, politics, physics s

UCN + a singular verb

UCN doesnt have plurals.
UCN cant be used with a /an.
* UCN = uncountable noun

* CN = countable noun

The weather was terrible, but at least there wasnt much traffic.
UCN +sing. V
quantifier + UCN
The scenery is beautiful here, but its spoiled by all the rubbish people leave.
UCN +sing. V

a, an, many, few, a few

much, little, a little
some, a lot of / lots of, all

quantifier + UCN

2
furniture
luck

information advice
bread
toast

homework
research
luggage
equipment

news

a piece 1 ( 2 or more pieces) some

We bought some new furniture for the garden. Thats a lovely piece of

furniture.
Do you want a piece of toast?

Ill give you a piece of advice.

3


UCN =

Iron is used for building bridges.

CN =

I need to buy a new iron. My old ones broken.

UCN =

CN =

Time passes so quickly when you're enjoying yourself.

The last time we went to Paris, it rained every day.

glass
business

CN
UCN

( )

, ,

paper
light
time

space

(
)
,

(Plural or collective nouns)

Arms, belongings, clothes, manners, outskirts, scissors, trousers,
shorts s

are, were, have, do a/an

Your clothes are filthy!

Scissors, trousers, shorts 2 2 a pair some

Put a pair of /some clean trousers on.

crew, police, staff,
family, class, audience, team
*collective noun + plural
verb

Our staff are very efficient.

* collective noun singular verb plural

verb

Our team has won every game this year. ( 1 )

Our team are working hard to win the game. ()

6C Quantifiers: all / every, etc. (p. 142)

all, every, most

all

( )

/ all of the

( )

all

( )

/ all of the

( ) +

everything
most

()

/ everybody

( )

()

/ most of

+ plural noun + plural verb

UNC + singular verb

+ singular verb

( )

+ plural noun

all of / most of object pronoun ( us them)

every () + singular CN
every + day =
all + day =

no, none, any

no

()

not

+ noun

()

+ any + noun

any
none

()

any () anyone, anything, anybody, any weekend

none of / any of + object pronoun

both, neither, either

both A and B

A B

neither A nor B
A B
either A or B

A B

have + sth + V3

MINI GRAMMAR: Have sth done (p. 142)

I took a photo of Westminster Bridge.

V2
I had a photo of Westminster Bridge taken.

V2 ( have) V3
I cut my hair every month.

V1
I have my hair cut every month.

V1
* have tense
Im going to have my hair cut tomorrow.
be + going to + V inf
V3
I had my car repaired after the accident.
V2
V3
7A wish (p. 144)
wish + subject + V2

wish + subject + would /wouldnt + Vinfinitive

wish + subject + V3

* If only I wish
7C Clauses of contrast and purpose (p. 144)
Clauses of contrast .... ....

although, though, even though + a clause ( S + V +

)

even though / although

comma (,)
even though / although

comma (,)

though

comma (,)

In spite of / Despite + noun

+ gerund (Ving)
+ the fact that + a clause

Clauses of purpose / ....

to / in order to / so as to + V infinitive
for + noun Ving
so that + subject + modal (can, could,
would, etc.)
so as not to + V infinitive = /
....

7B Relative clauses (p. 144)

Defining relative clauses

1. who, which, that + V +
Shes the woman who / that lives next door.
who / that the woman
(
)
Thats the book which / that won a prize.
which / that the book

( )
* that
2. whose + thing / person + clause (S + V + )
Thats my neighbour whose dog never stops barking.

3. who which who which

relative clause
(who / which) + clause
James is the man (who) I met at the party.


()
Thats the shop (which) I told you about.


()
4. to whom / in which + clause

(
)
My sister is the only person (who) I can talk to.
to (preposition) talk
My sister is the only person to whom I can talk.
to who whom
*
2

(
)
Thats the drawer (which) I keep my keys in.
Thats the drawer in which I keep my keys.
*
2

5. what + clause

She told me what she had seen.

What I like best about London is the parks.

Non-defining relative clauses

comma (,)
relative clause
My aunt, who doesnt like cats, was given a kitten for Christmas.
( )



Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is a favorite vacation
spot.

( 8 )



defining relative clauses non- defining relative
clauses

defining relative clauses

The professor who teaches Fundamental English 1 is an
excellent lecturer.
comma professor

non- defining relative clauses

Professor Wilson, who teaches Fundamental English 1, is an
excellent lecturer.
comma Professor Wilson
which clause
Adriana hasnt come to class for two weeks, which is a bit
worrying.
weeks

which is a bit worrying Adriana hasnt come to class for two

Vocabulary
1. Towns and cities (p.155)
1.1 Buildings, landmarks, and getting around

cable car

)
chapel

(



,

,
concert hall

cycle lane
football stadium
harbour
hill
law court
mosque
pedestrian street
skyscraper
square
statue
synagogue
taxi rank
temple
tower
1.2 Where people live
city / town centre
neighbourhood
the suburbs
the outskirts
financial district

the old town
1.3 City problems
beggar
homeless people
overcrowding
pollution
poverty
slum
traffic jam
vandalism

,
()
,

, ,

, ,

,
,
/ work

(
)

1.4 Adjectives to describe a town / city

cosmopolitan

run down

industrial

historic
/
provincial

vibrant



polluted

2. Science and scientists (p.95)

2.1 Scientists and the subjects

person
()

subject (
)

adjective
*

scientist

science

scientific

chemist

chemistry

chemical

biology

biological

physicist

physics

physical

geneticist

genetics

genetic

geologist

geology

geological

biologist

*Note

adjective + noun
Scientists do their research using scientific instruments.
adj.
n.
Abnormalities in genes or chromosomes cause a genetic

disorder.
adj.

n.

2.2 Verbs
develop

discover

prove

invent

volunteer

do experiments do research

do tests /
trials
make a discovery
make progress

3. Business and advertising (p.156)

3.1 Verbs and expressions
become a market leader /

expand
( )
export
import
launch
/

manufacture

market

set up
merge
take over

hire ...
fire / sack ...
3.2 do or make
do a business with

do a job

do a market research

make money

make a profit
/
make somebody redundant

make / do a deal

3.3 Organizations
branch

business / firm / company

,

chain

)
head office

multinational

3.4 people
client






customer

the staff

colleague

director

,
employer
employee
head of department

manager

owner

3.4 Advertising
advertisement/ advert / ad

commercial

logo
,

slogan
,
junk mail

cold-calling