ti 8 thit k b np c quy t ng n dng v n p bi Thit k ngun np c quy . B ngun phi m bo hai ch np: np n nh dng in v np n in p .

. Khi c quy y phi ngt ngun np : Um = 16 -28 V Im = 100 A Imin = 10 A .

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Li ni u T ng ha pht trin v mang li nhng ng dng v cng to ln cho s pht trin tt c cc ngnh k thut ca th gii.Tuy nhin, nc ta n mi c ng dng v pht trin mnh m trong nhng nm gn y.N gip nc ta pht trin tin ti tr thnh mt nc Cng nghip ha - Hin i ha. Bi vy t ng ha c nghin cu tt c cc ngnh k thut trong trng ni chung v ngnh t ng ha ni ring Ngy nay hu nh tt c cc my mc thit b trong cng nghip cng nh trong i sng hng u phi s dng in nng , phn ln cc thit b u s dng in li ,Tuy nhin thc t c nhng lc rt cn nng lng in m ta khng th ly nng lng in t li in c. Do ta phi ly cc ngun in d tr nh c quy,hn na c qui c s dng nhiu trong cng ngh t,xe my . Do vy m vic c mt cng ngh np c qui ti u l rt cn thit v quan trng .Trong n ny, em c giao thit k b np c qui.Trong qu trnh lm chng em lun c s gip ,ch bo ht sc tn tnh ca thy PHM QUC HI,nh c thy ch dn m em hon thnh n mt cch tt nht.Tuy nhin do c hn ch v mt kin thc nn em khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st Em xin cm n tt c cc thy c trong ngnh t ng ha cho chng em c lm n y b ch ny ,c bit em xin chn thnh cm n thy PHM QUC HI ,ngi lun tn tnh gip v hng dn chng em.Em xin chn thnh cm n H Ni ngy 20 thng 5 nm 2008 Sinh vin thc hin Phm vn Luyn

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Chng I Gii thiu chung v c qui I. Khi qut chung v cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca c qui c qui l ngun in ho hot ng trn c s hai in cc c in th khc nhau,dng tch tr in nng , cung cp dng mt chiu cho cc thit b in trong cng nghip cng nh trong dn dng. C nhiu loi c qui nhng ph bin l hai loi acqui: c qui axit (c qui ch) v c qui kim.Tuy nhin c qui axt c s dng rng ri v ph bin hn v so vi c qui kim th c qui axt c: + Sc in ng cao(2V),st p trong qu trnh phng nh + in tr trong nh + Gi thnh ca c qui axit r hn so vi acqui kim. Trong n ny em c qui axit nghin cu cng ngh v thit k ngun np acqui t ng. 1. Cu to ca c qui axit Bnh c qui axit gm v bnh, cc bn cc, cc tm ngn v dung dch in phn. 1.1. V bnh V bnh c qui axit c ch to bng nha bnit hoc anphantpc hay cao su nha cng. Bn trong bnh lt mt lp chu axit l polyclovinyl tng tui th ca bnh Pha trong v bnh chia thnh cc ngn ring bit. Mi ngn c gi l mt ngn c qui n, trong n ny, nghin cu c qui ch vi in p danh nh l 14V c by ngn c qui n.

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1.2. Bn cc Bn cc gm ct hnh li c c bng hp kim ch (Pb) antimon (Sb) vi t l (87 95)% Pb - (5 13)% Sb v cht tc dng. Ph gia antimon thm vo c tc dng tng cng, gim han g v ci thin tnh c cho ct. Ct gia cht tc dng phn khi dng in khp b mt bn cc ,c vu hn ni cc bn cc thnh phn thnh khi bn cc Bn cc m cht tc dng c ch to t bt ch, axit sunfuric c v khong 3% cc mui ca axit hu c ,cc bn cc dng cht tc dng c ch to t cc xt ch Pb3O4, PbO v dung dch axit sunfuric c. Ph gia mui ca axit hu c trong bn cc m c tc dng tng xp, ci thin c thm su ca dung dch in phn, gia tng phn ng ho hc trong bn cc Nhng bn cc cng tn c hn vi nhau to thnh cc khi bn cc v c hn ni ra ti tiu th. Nu mun tng dung lng ca c qui th phi tng s tm bn cc mc song song ,mun tng in p danh nh ca c qui th tng s tm bn cc mc ni tip. 1.3. tm ngn cc bn cc m v dng c lp xen k v cch in vi nhau bi cc tm ngn Cc tm ngn phi l cht cch in tt ,bn do,xp ,chi axt chng chp mch gia cc bn cc m v dng, ng thi cc tm bn cc khi b bong ri ra khi s dng acqui. 1.4. Dung dch in phn Dung dch in phn l dung dch axit sunfuric (H2SO4) c pha ch t axit nguyn cht vi nc ct tu thuc vo iu kin kh hu v vt liu lm tm ngn. Nng dung dch axit sunfuric

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 = (1,1 1,3) g/cm3 v c nh hng ln n sc in ng ca

c qui. Nhit mi trng c nh hng ln n nng dung dch in phn. Trong iu kin kh hu nc ta th ma h chn nng dung dch t(2,5-2,6) g/cm3, ma ng chn nng khong 1,27 g/cm3. V nng qu cao s lm chng hng tm ngn, bn cc d b sunfat ho. Nng qu thp lm in dung v in p nh mc ca acqui gim 1.5. Np v cu ni Np lm bng nha bnit hoc bng baklit,trn np c l v kim tra dung dch in phn Cu ni thng lm bng ch, dng ni cc ngn c quy n vi nhau 2. Qu trnh bin i ho hc trong c qui Trong c qui thng xy ra hai qu trnh ho hc thun nghch c trng cho qu trnh np v phng in. Khi c qui np no, cht tc dng cc bn cc dng l PbO2 cn bn cc m l ch xp Pb. Khi phng in, cc cht tc dng hai bn cc u tr thnh sunfat ch PbSO4 c dng tinh th nh. Khi np in xy ra phn ng: - cc dng: PbSO4 2e + 2H2O = PbO2 + H2SO4 + 2H+ - cc m: PbSO4 + 2e + 2H+ = Pb + H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O = Pb + PbO2 + 2 H2SO4 (2.2) (2.3) -Ton b qu trnh xy ra trong acqui khi np in l: Kt qu l to thnh mt in cc Pb v mt in cc PbO2. ( 2.1)

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Khi ni hai in cc Pb v PbO2 vi ti, lc ny ho nng c d tr trong acqui s chuyn thnh in nng. cc in cc s xy ra cc phn ng ngc ca (2.1) v (2.2), ngha l trong c qui s xy ra phn ng ngc ca (2.3). Acqui s cung cp dng in cho n khi c hai in cc li tr thnh PbSO4 nh ban u 3. cc thng s v c tnh ca c qui 3.1. Sc in ng ca c qui * Sc in ng ca c qui axit ph thuc vo c tnh l ho ca vt liu lm cc bn cc , dung dch in phn v c xc nh bng cng thc thc nghim E0 = 0,85 + Trong : E0: Sc in ng tnh ca acqui n, tnh bng vol.
: nng dung dch in phn tnh bng vol quy v +150C.

(V).

*Sc in ng ca c qui khi phng in Ep = Up + Ip. raq Trong : Ip : Dng in phng (A) Up: in p o trn cc cc ca c qui khi phng in (A) raq: in tr trong ca c qui, khi phng in hon ton th raq = 0,02 . * sc in ng np En ca c qui En = Un In.raq (V). Trong : In : dng in np (A). Un: in p o trn cc cc ca c qui khi np in (V). raq : in tr trong ca c qui khi np in. Khi np no th raq = (0,0015 -0,001) . 3.2.Dung lng ca c qui http://www.ebook.edu.vn Trang 6

Dung lng ca c qui l i lng nh gi kh nng cung cp hoc tch tr nng lng ca c qui v c tnh theo cng thc : Ci = Ii.ti Trong : Ci dung lng thu c trong qu trnh phng np (Ah). Ii Dng dn phng np n nh (A) tp(h). 3.3. c tnh phng in ca c qui - th biu din mi quan h ph thuc ca sc in ng, in p acqui v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian phng khi dng in phng khng thay i.
I (A) 2,0 10 1,5 2,11 Eaq 1,27 5 1,0 Eo Up E (g/cm3) Ip.raq 1,11 U,E (V) Khong ngh

(Ah).

1,95 1,75

Vng phng cho php 0,5 Cp=Ip.tp tgh tp (h)

T th ta c cc nhn xt sau: - Trong khong thi gian phng t tp =0 ti tp = tgh, sc in ng, in p v nng dung dch in phn gim dn, tuy nhin dc ca cc th l khng ln,y l giai on phng n nh hay thi gian phng in cho php ca c qui - T thi im tgh tr i,nu tip tc phng in th dc sc in ng, in p ca acqui gim rt nhanh, mt khc cc tinh th http://www.ebook.edu.vn Trang 7

sunfat ch (PbSO4) to thnh trong phn ng s c dng th, rn, kh ho tan (bin i ho hc) - Sau khi ngt mch phng mt khong thi gian, cc gi tr sc in ng, in p v nng dung dch in phn ca c qui li tng ln, y l thi gian hi phc hay khong ngh ca c qui thi gian phc hi ny ph thuc vo ch phng in ca c qui 3.4. c tnh np ca c qui Biu din quan h ph thuc ca sc in ng, in p

cqui v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian np khi tr s dng in np khng thay i.

I (A)

U,E (V)

Bt u si 2,4V

2,7V 2,11V

2,0 1,95 1,5 10 5 1,0 0,5 Cn=In.tn 0 ts tn (h) (g/cm3) Vng np hiu dng 1,27 Vng np no (23)h Khong ngh Eaq Eo Un In.raq E

1,11

T th c tnh np ta c nhn xt sau: - Trong khong thi gian np t tn = 0 n tn = ts, sc in ng, in p, nng dung dch in phn tng dn ln. - Ti thi im tn = ts trn b mt cc bn cc xut hin cc bt kh do dng in in phn nc thnh xy v hyr (cn gi l hin tng si ), lc ny in th gia cc cc ca acqui n tng ti gi tr 2,4 V, tip tc np gi tr ny nhanh chng tng ti 2,7 V http://www.ebook.edu.vn Trang 8

v gi nguyn,thi gian np ny gi l thi gian np no v thng ko di t 2-3 h, lm tng thm dung lng phng in ca acqui. Trong qu trnh sc in ng v nng dung dch in phn l khng thay i.. - Sau khi ngt mch np, in p, sc in ng v nng dung dch in phn gim xung v n nh. y l khong ngh ca c qui sau khi np. - Dng in np nh mc i vi c qui qui nh bng 0,5.C20 (0,1.C10). II. Cc phng php np in cho acqui 1. Phng php np vi dng np khng i - Phng php np in vi dng np khng i cho php chn dng in np thch hp , m bo cho acqui c np no Cc c qui c mc ni tip vi nhau v phi tho mn Un 2,7 Naq. Trong : Un: in p np (V). Naq: S ngn c qui n mc trong mch np . - Khi np sc in ng ca acqui tng dn, duy tr dng in np khng i ta phi b tr trong mch np bin tr R vi tr s
R= Un 2,0 Naq . In

- Nhc im: thi gian np ko di - khc phc : s dng phng php np cng bc theo 2 nc. Dng n np nc th nht chn bng (0,3 - 0,5).C10, v khi c qui bt u si th np nc th hai bng 0,1.C10. 2. Phng php np vi p khng i - Phng php np p, c qui c mc song song vi ngun np. Hiu in th cho mi ngn n c gi n nh v c gi tr t 2,3 - 2,5 V vi chnh xc n 3% http://www.ebook.edu.vn Trang 9

- Dng np In =

Un Eaq lc u s rt ln sau khi Eaq tng Raq

dn ln th In gim i kh nhanh. - u im: thi gian np ngn, dng in np t ng gim dn theo thi gian. - Nhc: c qui khng c np no, v vy phng php np ny ch dng np b xung cho acqui trong qu trnh s dng. khc phc nhng nhc im v tn dng c ht nhng u in ca cc phng php np trn, ta kt hp hai phng php np li thnh phng php dng - p. 3. Phng php np dng - p - Ban u ta np vi dng np khng i In = 0,5.C10. Khi thy c qui "si" th hiu in th gia cc cc ca ca cqui n 2,4V, tip tc np th gi tr ny nhanh chng tng ti gi tr l 2,7 V. Sau chuyn sang ch np n p vi gi tr in p np khng i cho 1 ngn n l Un = 2,7Vv thng ko di t 2 n 3 gi hoc khi dng np tin ti khng (In = 0) th kt thc qu trnh np. Kt lun: Qua phn tch ta chn phng php np dng - p np cho c qui v b ngun np c qui t ng phi p ng nhng yu cu sau: - Ban u t ng np n dng vi dng np t trc In = 0,5 .C10/1 ngn c qui n. - Khi pht hin thy hiu in th trn cc cc ca c qui n tng ti 2,7 V th t ng chuyn t np n dng sang ch np n p vi in p np t trc Un = 2,7V/ 1 ngn c qui n. - Np n p cho ti khi dng in np tin v khng.

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chng II La chn phng n chnh lu I. Nhn xt chung: B chnh lu l thit b dng bin i ngun in xoay chiu thnh ngun in mt chiu nhm cung cp cho ph ti in mt chiu. * bi : thit k b ngun np c quy c th np cho c quy 16-28V v dng np 10- 100A. - V yu cu cn iu khin dng ,p nn ta chn phng n chnh lu tiristor. - V ti yu cu cng sut nh v cht lng in p iu chnh khng cn cao nn ta chn phng n chnh lu mt pha nhm n gin ho vic thit k,gim gi thnh v tng linh ng ca b chnh lu. IICc phng n thit k mch chnh lu 1. Chnh lu mt pha 2 na chu k c iu khin Trong s ny ,my bin p phi c hai cun dy th cp vi thng s ging ht nhau , mi na chu k khi c xung ti iu khin m tiristo c mt van dn cho dng in chy qua . in p p mch trong c hai na chu k vi tn s p mch bng hai ln tn s in p xoay chiu . Hnh dng cc ng cong in p v dng in ti (Ud,Id ) cho trn hnh v .

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Trong na chu k u , khi U2>E th in p UAK ca T1 dng, UAK ca T2 m.Vi vy T1 s dn nu c pht xung iu khin dng s chy qua T1-R-E, vi ngun l U2 Trong na chu k sau, khi U '2 > E th in p UAKca T2 dng, ca T1 m, T2 s dn nu c pht xung iu khin, dng s chy qua T2-R-E, vi ngun l U '2 Ch : Nu ta pht xung vo thi im U<E th van khng dn ,mch iu khin phi iu khin sao cho xung pht ra khng ri vo thi im ny T th ta c: - Tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti: Ud =
2U 2

2 .U 2. sin d +
E

( + ) =

[cos cos( )] +

( + )

- Tr trung bnh ca dng qua ti : Id =

Ud E 2.U 2 E = [cos cos( )] + [( + ) ] .R .R R

- Tr s dng hiu dng qua van :

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1 I2=I =Ihdv= 2
' 2

2U 2 sin E 2 ) d R

- Tr s dng hiu dng qua ti: Ihd =

1

I hd

2U 2 sin E 2 ) d R

Ta thy Ihdv=

- in p ngc t ln van: U ngcvan =2 2 U2 * Nhn xt : trong s ny , dng in chy qua van khng qu ln . Khi van dn ,in p ri trn van nh.Vic iu khin cc van bn dn y tng i n gin .Tuy vy ,vic ch to bin p c hai cun dy th cp ging nhau , m mi cun ch lm vic trong na chu k phc tp v hiu sut s dng bin p xu hn , mt khc in p ngc ca cc van bn dn rt ln.Thch hp vi mch chnh lu in p thp nhng dng ln khng cn cht lng in p cao. 2. Chnh lu cu mt pha c iu khin i xng:

T1

T3 R

U2 E T4 T2

Trong na chu k u , lc U2 > E in p anot ca tiristo T1 dng katot ca T2 m , nu c xung iu khin c hai van T1 ,T2

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ng thi ,th cc van ny s c m t in p li ln ti , T1 , T2 s dn n khi U2 < E. Trong na chu k sau , khi U2 <E th in p anot ca tiristo T3 dng katot ca T4 m , nu c xung iu khin c hai van T3 ,T4 ng thi ,th cc van ny s c m t in p li ln ti. (vi iu kin 1 < < 2 ) in p trung bnh t ln ti:
1
2

U d=

2U 2 sin( )d ( ) +

( + 1 )

Ihd=

2U 2 sin( ) E 2 ) d ( ) R

Dng trung bnh chy qua tiristo : Itb = Id/2 Dng hiu dng chy qua van :IhdV=
I hd

in p ngc ln nht t ln van : Un max = U 2 2 * Nhn xt : So vi s trn , s ny in p ngc ln nht t ln van ch bng mt na,bin p d ch to v c hiu sut cao hn . Tuy nhin , s ny nhiu khi gp kh khn trong vic m cc van iu khin, tng st p trn cc van l ln ,lm hiu sut b chnh lu gim khi p thp 3 Chnh lu cu mt pha c iu khin khng i xng(thng hng)
T1 D2 E U2

O T2

D1

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- na chu k dng ca u2 khi < hay cho xung iu khin m T1 th c T1v D1 u khng m c do trong mch c sc in ng E lm cho th UAK ca tiristor m. Khi < < , pht xung iu khin m T1 th D1 cng m cho dng chy qua ti theo ng: T1 - (R + E) - D1 - na chu k m ca u2, tng t nh trn khi + < < 2 , pht xung iu khin m T2 th D2 cng m ngay cho dng chy qua ti theo ng: D2 - (R+E) - T2 Gc dn dng ca it v ca tiristor trong s ny bng nhau v:
D = T = 2

V nguyn tc, c th thay i c trong khong (0; ) nhng do s c mt ca sc in ng E ca ti nn gc m c khng ch trong khong ( ; ). - Tr trung bnh ca in p trn ti: U d=
1

2 .U 2. sin d +

( + ) =

2U 2

[cos cos( )] +

( + )

- Tr trung bnh ca dng qua ti : Id =

Ud E 2.U 2 E = [cos cos( )] + [( + ) ] .R .R R

- Tr trung bnh ca dng qua tiristor v it:

1 IT = ID = 2

I .d
d

Id [ ( + )] 2

- Tr hiu dng dng qua van v dit: Ihdv=

I hd 2

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Nhn xt: Mch iu khin s cu mt pha khng i xng d iu khin,vic ch to bin p n gin.Tuy nhin tng st p trn van l ln khng ph hp cho ti c p thp v n lm gim hiu sut s dng b np Kt lun: T nhng phn tch trn ta chn s ''Chnh lu hnh tia hai pha c im gia ''.v n c nhng u im sau + S lng van t nn mch iu khin s n gin + Tng st p trn cc van nh,hiu sut s dng thit b cao hn.Mt khc thit b gn nh .linh ng v gi thnh h

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Chng III thit k v tnh ton mch lc I.S mch lc

R T2

C
N3

BAL
N1

U1

Aq

Rd

N2

C T1

II.Cc phn t trn s mch lc : 1.Van lc: - chn van ta phi da vo ch lm vic nng n nht m van phi chu. *Ch tiu in p : - Van phi chu in p max khi cc acqui c np no,mi ngn acqui c in p l 2V. c acqui 28V cn 14 ngn. np no th in p np cho mi ngn phi l 2,7V. Khi :
U d =2,7.28/2 =37,8 (V)

Mt khc c :Ud=0,9U2 U2= 42,6 V in p ngc ln nht trn van :

U ng max =2 2 .U2=119 V
in p ngc nh mc van l

Unmv=1,1.kdt.119= 235 V Vi 1,1 l do thc t in p li khng n nh v c php dao ng nn p li c th tng ln 10% Kdt l h s d tr cho van. chn : Kdt =1,8 *Ch tiu dng in :

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- Dng in trung bnh qua van Itbv=Id/2=100/2= 50 A Do cng sut ti thp chn ch lm mt cho van t nhin dng cnh tn nhit chun. Itbv=(0,2-0.3)Imv Idmv=167 A Vy iu kin chon van l Uv > 235 V v Iv >167A ***Chn loai van ST180S04P1V c cc thng s sau: in p ngc Un cc i :400V Dng lm vic nh mc ,dng in nh: Im= 200A,Ipik=5000A Dng v p iu khin l Ig=150 mA,Ug=3V Dng r Ir=30mA,st p U=1,8V, 2.Cc thit b bo v a) Bo v ngn mch, qu ti S dng Aptmat (AT) ng ct mch lc, bo v khi qu ti ,ngn mch tiristor, ngn mch u ra ca b bin i, ngn mch th cp my bin p.t Iatm=1,2Imv b) Bo v qu p,tc tng in p cho van Khi c s chuyn mch, cc in tch tch t trong cc lp bn dn phng ra ngoi to dng in ngc trong khong thi gian ngn. S bin thin nhanh chng ca dng in ngc gy ra sc in ng cm ng rt ln trong cc in cm lm cho qu in p gia ant v katt ca thyristor.V vy ta mc mch R C mc song song vi thyristor nhm to ra vng phng in trong qu trnh chuyn mch nn bo v c thyristor khng b qu in p. Mt khc mc RC cn lm gim tc tng p ca Thyristor v khi bin thin in p vt qu du/dt cho php ca van
dU =500V/s,tcm=100 s dt

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th van s dn m khng cn dng iu khin . Theo kinh nghim chn C=0,1 F , R=45 . c) Hn ch tc tng dng - Ti l c quy khng c tnh cm nn tc tng dng c th rt ln c th gy hin tng t nng cc b trong van . V vy phi hn ch n bng cch mc ni vi ti mt cun cm Nhng do s dng ngun bin p cho chnh lu nn in cm trong cun dy my bin p cng m bo iu kin trn. 3.Cun lc mt chiu S p mch ca in p chnh lu lm cho dng in ti cng lm p mch theo .lm xu i cht lng in p mt chiu Khi cng iu chnh su th cht lng p v dng cng xu,v vy ta a cun lc nng cao cht lng in p Gc iu khin max (iu khin su nht) 0,9.U2cos max=Imin.Rtd max=84,3 H s p mch vo
2 (mdm .tg max ) 2 + 1 Kmv= vi mm=2 km=13,8 mdm 2 1

Chn kmr=1,38 th ksb=10

L=

ksb 2 1 =0,016H mdm .

5.Tnh ton my bin p

a) Tnh cc thng s c bn *in p chnh lu khng ti : Udo = Ud + UV + Uba + Udn Trong : Ud= 37,8 V - in p chnh lu UV = 1,8 V - St p trn cc van Uba =8% Ud = 3V -St p bn trong my bin p khi c ti . http://www.ebook.edu.vn Trang 19

 Udn 0 -St p trn dy dn (coi rt nh).

Vy : Udo = 37,8+1,8+3=42,6V. * Cng sut ti ti a: Pdmax = Udo. Id = 42,6.100= 4,26 kW * Cng sut my bin p : Sba = kP. Pdmax = 1,48.4,26 = 6,3k W Vi s tia hai pha : kP =1,48 b) Tnh s b mch t Tit din s b tr : QFe = kQ.
Sba m. f

trong kQ l h s ph thuc phng thc lm mt Vi my bin p du ta ly kQ = 5 m:s pha ca my bin p : m =2 f: l tn s dng in xoay chiu ( y tn s l f =50Hz).
Qfe=5.
6300 =40cm2 2.50

c) Tnh ton dy qun - in p cun dy s cp : U1 =220 V - in p cun dy th cp : U2 =42,6 V - H s my bin p : kba =

U1 =220/42,6 = 5,16 U2

* S vng dy mi pha my bin p : Ta c cng thc : W=

U vng. 4,44. f .QFe .B

trong W -S vng dy ca cun dy cn tnh. U - in p ca cun dy cn tnh (V). B - T cm (thng chn t 1- 1,8 Tesla). QFe- Tit din li thp(m2). Chn thp lm my bin p l loi c m hiu l 330 dy 0,5mm c B=1,1T. http://www.ebook.edu.vn Trang 20

S vng dy cun s cp my bin p. W1 =225 vng. S vng dy cun th cp my bin p. W2 = 44 vng. *Dng in cc cun dy : Dng th cp : I2 = k2 . Id = 0,58.100 = 58A Dng s cp : I1 = I2 / kba = 11.24A *Tit din dy dn : Dy dn bng ng, chn J1 = J2 = 3(A/mm2) Tit din dy qun s cp my bin p : S1 =
I1 = 11,24/3 = 3,75mm 2. J1 4S1

ng knh dy dn s cp d 1=

=2,2 mm

Tit din dy qun th cp ca my bin p S2 =

I2 =58/3 = 19,33mm2. J2
4.S

ng knh dy dn th cp d2 =

= 4,96mm.

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Trang 21

Chng IV Mch iu khin I. Yu cu chung v cu trc mch iu khin : 1. Mc ch v yu cu chung mch iu khin: * Mch iu khin l khu rt quan trng trong b bin i tiristor, n c vai tr quyt nh n cht lng, tin cy ca b bin i. H iu khin s pht xung m hai tiristor T1,T2,Cc tiristor s m khi tho mn ng thi hai iu kin: UAK >o, I >0 lm thay i in p ra ti ch cn thay i thi im pht xung iu khin, tc l thay i gc m ca cc van. * Mch iu khin phi thc hin cc nhim v chnh sau: + m bo phm vi iu chnh gc iu khin min- max tng ng vi phm vi thay i in p ra ca mch lc. + C i xng iu khin tt , khng vt qu 10-30 in ,tc l gc iu khin vi mi van khng c qua lch gi tr trn . + m bo mch hot ng n nh v tin cy khi li in xoay chiu dao ng c v gi tr in p v tn s. + C kh nng chng nhiu cng nghip tt, tc ng nhanh +m bo xung iu khin pht ti cc van ph hp m chc chn cc van .Xung phi tha mn cng sut (v in p v dng iu khin ). Thng tc tng p iu khin phi t 10V/us ,tc tng dng iu khin t 0,1A/us . rng xung iu khin cho dng qua van vt tr s dng in duy tr Idt ca n , khi ngt xung van vn gi c trng thi dn . http://www.ebook.edu.vn Trang 22

2. Cu trc mch iu khin: 2.1Cc h iu khin chnh lu: C hai h iu khin l h ng b v h khng ng b . + H ng b : trong h ny gc iu khin m van lun c xc nh xut pht t mt thi im c nh ca in p lc .V vy trong mch iu khin phi c khu ng pha m bo mch iu khin hot ng theo nhp ca in p lc . + H khng ng b : trong h ny gc iu khin m van khng c xc nh theo in p lc m c tnh da vo trng thi ca ti chnh lu v vo gc iu khin ca ln pht xung m van ngay trc y .Do , mch iu khin ny khng cn khu ng pha nhng phi thc hin iu khin theo mch vng kn , khng th thc hin vi mch h. 2.2Nguyn tc iu khin: Thng dng hai nguyn tc iu khin: thng ng tuyn tnh (dch pha)v thng ng arccos(dc). a) Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng tuyn tnh(dch pha)
us

Usm Ucm

- in p ng b (urc), ng b vi in p dt trn cc A - K ca tiristor, thng t vo u o ca khu so snh.

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Trang 23

- in p iu khin (udk) - in p mt chiu iu chnh c bin , thng t vo u khng o ca khu so snh . hiu in th u vo ca khu so snh l: Ud= udk urc Mi khi udk=urc th khu so snh lt trng thi, to ra mt xung iu khin. Nh vy, lm bin i udk c th iu chnh c thi im xut hin xung ra, tc l iu chnh c gc m ca tiristor. Gia v ucm c quan h:
=
U dk Um

Vi Udkmax=Um b) Nguyn tc iu khin thng ng arcos(dc) Theo nguyn tc ny dng b to in p rng ca v b so snh .Tn hiu ng b Udk s ng b ha qu trnh lm vic ca b phat xung rng ca - Ti thi im Udk=Urc b so snh s lt trng thi .Nu urc= Um.cos t ,chn thi im t =0 l thi im chuyn mch t nhin th khi t = ta c Umcos =Uk =arccos Khi uk = Um th = 0. Khi udk = 0 th =

2 U dk Um

Khi udk = - Um th = . Nh vy, khi iu chnh udk t +Um n tr udk = -U m, ta iu chnh c gc m t 0 n .

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Trang 24

Ucm 2 0 us uAK

II. S khi v chc nng: Da vo nguyn tc iu khin v yu cu ca cng ngh ta thit lp c s khi ca b iu khin:
Ung
F Uta

SS
Uk

DX

KK

Uph
BK

Ud

Trong : Ung: in p ngun Uk: in p iu khin 1. Khu ng pha ( F ):

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Trang 25

To in p trng pha vi in p th cp bin p mch lc. V cch ly gia mch lc in p cao vi mch iu khin in p thp. 2. Khu to in p ta (Uta): To in p c dng rng ca c chu k lm vic theo nhp ca in p ng pha. 3. Khu so snh( SS ): So snh gia in p ta Uta v in p iu khin Uk, tm thi im hai in p ny bng nhau ( Uk = Uta) pht xung iu khin tc l xc nh gc m . 4. Khu dng xung ( DX): Nhm to ra cc xung c dng ph hp m chc chn van chnh lu, thng c s dng xung chm. 5. Khu khch i xung (KX): Tin hnh khch i xung t mch dng xung a m bo m chc chn tiristor. Khu ny cng thng lm nhim v cch ly gia mch iu khin v mch lc. 6. B iu khin ( BK ): Khu ny c nhim v nhn cc tn hiu t cng ngh a ti v cc tn hiu phn hi ly t ti v x l theo nhng qui lut iu khin nht nh a ra Uk tc ng n gc iu khin khng ch ngun nng lng ra ti cho ph hp nht. n nh dng in ta phi phn hi m dng in; n nh in p ta phi phn hi m in p. Trong qu trnh np acqui t ng ,s n dng v n p phi lun c m bo III.Xy dng mch iu khin : 1. Khu ng pha : a) S v nguyn l

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D1 U2
N2 N1 N3

Udf

R1

++
R0

OA1 Udb -E

U1

U'2

D2

Uo

VR1

R3

- in p ng pha c so snh vi in p trn bin tr VR1. Ti thi im Udf=U0 th i du ca in p ra khuch i thut ton. - in p ti ca m: U o=
E.VR1 VR1 + R3

in p ca dng bng udf . in p vo bng: Ura=K0.(u+-u-)=K0.(udf-u0) Khi udf> u0 th in p ra Ura=Ubh=E-1.5 V Khi uA< u- th in p ra Ura=-Ubh=-( E-1.5)V Kt qu ta c chui xung ch nht khng i xng.
T

20.00

VF1

-20.00 0.00 10.00m 20.00m 30.00m Time (s) 40.00m 50.00m

b)Tnh ton - in p ng pha qua it 1,2 c dng in p mt chiu na hnh sin . chn in p xoay chiu ng pha UA=12(V) in tr R1 c dng hn ch dng vo KTT.

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Chn R2=R1=10(K ) Chn gc duy tr v kho nng lng l 5o th in p t vo ca dng ca b so snh l: Ud= 2 Usin5o= 2 *12*sin5o=1.48(V)

E.VR1 =1,48 R3=7VR1 VR1 + R3

Chn R1=35(K ) , VR1 loi 100 K ,t gi tr 5 K Chn Khuch i thut ton l loi TL084 c: Ngun cung cp E= 12V Nhit lm vic : t=-25 850C Cng sut tiu th: P=680 mW Tng tr u vo : Rin=106 M Dng in ra : Ira=30pA 2. Khu to in p rng ca a) S v nguyn l
T 10.00

Udz

U2

D3 Udf

R5

-E

OA2

Urc

++
+E E VR2
0.00 10.00m 20.00m Time (s) 30.00m 40.00m

1.00

R4

- in p ng b c a vo ca o ca khu to in p rng ca. - Khi Udp<0 (Udp=-Ubh) khi 3 dn, t C np in ,in p trn t C bng in p u ra OA2.

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Trang 28

- in p trn t C c np tng tuyn tnh n tr s ngng ca it n p DZ v gi in p ra tr s ny. - na chu k sau, khi Udb>0 th 3 kho nn dng qua 3 bng 0,t phng in,in p trn t C (in p ra) gim tuyn tnh. Khi in p gim n khng ri m th t DZ dn nh it bnh thng gi cho in p gi tr 0. b) Tnh ton * Khi Udp<0 (Udp=-Ubh) th 3 dn t C c np in .in p trn t C bng in p u ra ca OPAM. Thng thng thit k vi R5<<R4 do iR5>>iR4, n gin b qua iR4 nn iR5=iC Ura= UC =UC(0)+
1 C

i dt = C i dt
c c

(v UC(0)=0)

- it n p khng cho in p np trn t C qu Udz . - Chn loi it n p l KC210B c in p n p l : Udz=10 (V), dng ti a I =22(mA) Vi tn s cng nghip f=50Hz th mi na chu k T=10(ms), chn R5 v C sao cho t c np n in p Udz trong thi gian t=tn= 0.5(ms) UC =
IC 10 t Ic= .C = 2.104.C 0,5.103 C

Chn C=0.2( F) IC=0,2.10-6.2.104 = 4.10-3(A) R 5=

E 1,5 =2.6k Chn R5=3(K ) Ic

* Khi Udp>0 (Udp=+Ubh) th 3 kho , t C phng in - Dng phng in : Ip= http://www.ebook.edu.vn

E VR 2 + R 4

Trang 29

- in p trn t C gim dn theo thi gian: uc(t)=UC(0)+

1 C

i dt =Udzc

1 C

i dt =10- VR2 + R4 .t.

c

1 C

- thi gian phng in t=tp =9,5ms,ti thi im tp in p trn t bng bng 0 10E 1 .tp =0 VR2+R4=57K VR 2 + R 4 C

Chn R4=10(K ) , VR2 loi 100 (K ),t gi tr 50 K 3. Khu so snh: a) S v nguyn l So snh in p ta v in p iu khin, im cn bng ca hai in p ny l thi im m tiristor.
T

20.00

-E Urc
VF1

OA3

R6 Uss

Udk

++
E

-20.00 0.00 25.00m 50.00m Time (s) 75.00m 100.00m

th in p Uss Khi Udk>Urc th in p ra ca khu so snh l Ura=+Ubh=E-1,5 V Khi Udk<Urc th in p ra ca khu so snh l Ura=-Ubh=-(E-1,5) V,kt qu cho in p ra l xung ch nht ( th) b) Tnh ton R6 chn 10 K , E= 12(V 4. Khu to xung chm Chn KTT l loi TL084,ngun nui

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a) S v nguyn l
R9

-E C1

OA3

+ +
E

Udx

R8

R7

- Khu to xung chm l mch dao ng hot ng ch t dao ng.in p trn t C1 c so snh vi in p Vp Vp =
U ra .R7 E 1,5 = .R7 R7 + R8 R7 + R8

- T c np t gi tr Vp-n Vp+ v phng t gi tr Vp+ n Vp- vi hng s phng np =R9 .C1 - Thi gian phng tp v thi gian np tn bng nhau,chu k phng np T=tp +tn ,nu chn R7 =R8 th chu k phng np T=2,2.R9.C1 b,tnh ton

20.00

10.00 Voltage (V) 0.00 -10.00 0.00 5.00m 10.00m Time (s) 15.00m 20.00m

chn R7=R8 =1k ,

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- chn tn s lm vic ca mch dao ng l 10 kHz,C1 =20nF th ta c T=10-4=2,2. 20.10-9.R9 R9 =2.5 k , chn R9 =3 k kt qu ta c dy xung hnh ch nht 5,khu tch xung ,bin p xung v khuch i xung a. s v nguyn l * sau khu dng xung, ta c hai xung iu khin trong mt chu k in p xoay chiu,iu ny l khng mong mun.v vy ta s dng khu tch xung xc nh chu k dng (m) pht xung iu khin cho Tirirtor khi in p trn n l dng( UAK >0) - Ta ly in p t khu ng pha ,sau khu so snh v in p sau khu to xung vo chn cng logic AND,cc in p dng s c gi tr 1 logic.Cng AND s cho xung iu khin khi in p trn tiristor l dng,in p ny c a vo khu khuch i xung
R12 + E D5

Udf

C2

N1

N2

D6

C3

R13

R10 Uss & T1

Udx

D4

T2

R11

*Khu khuch i xung - Khi khuch i xung gm hai tranzitor T1,T2 mc theo kiu Darlington - D4 bo v Tranzitor khi c dng in ngc

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- D6 ngn chn xung p m c th c khi van kha -D5 hn ch qu p trn cc cc colector v emito ca tranzitor T1,T2 - R11 to mt st p 0,4 v,iu khin T2 lc dng ra ln v chuyn t m sang kha nhanh hn - R12 hn ch dng ngn mch ca T2 - R13 va C3 dng lc -C2 np in khi cha c xung iu khin ,khi c xung iu Khin ,C2 phng in cung cp in cho bin p xung
T 20.00

U3 -20.00 20.00 U4 -10.00 7.00 U5 -1.00 4.00 U6 0.00 0.00 10.00m 20.00m Time (s) 30.00m 40.00m

th p nhn c sau AND b.tnh ton Ug=3v,Ig=150mA dng v p th cp bin p xung l : I2=150mA U2=3+0,6=3,6v (0,6 l st p trn D6 khi n dn) Chn my bin p c t s bin i k=2,suy ra in p v dng s cp bin p xung I1=75mA, U1=3,6.2=7,2 v

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R12=(E-7,2)/0,075=64 Chn R12= 70 Chn tranzitor T1 loi ST 603 c Uce=30 v,Ice=800 mA , = 30-100 Chn tranzitor T2 loi C828 c Uce= 30v,Ice=300mA, = 30-100 R11=
U ce3 U ce3 = =0.4.30/75=160 ,chn R11 bng 165 I ce3 I ce 2

Diode D4,D5,D6 chn loi :D-1001 c Imax =1A,Ung =200v, U=0,6 v 6.Ngun cung cp cho mch iu khin : a) ngun nui n p dng IC n p 7812 ,IC7912: Ngun n p l ngun lun n nh in p ra khi thay i in p vo hoc thay i ti . s khi ca b ngun mt chiu n p

U1

H p cch ly

U2

Chnh lu

Ud

Mch lc

UV

Mch n nh in p

Ur

Cc phn t thc hin khi chc nng: - khi h p v cch ly dng my bin p - Khi chnh lu dng chnh lu cu - Mch lc dng t in c in dung ln. - Mch n nh in p dng IC n p 78xx vi cc cp in p ra chun v c th hin bng hai s xx. Dng ti cho php IC ny l 1A( khi c tn nhit tt). S n p dng IC n p http://www.ebook.edu.vn Trang 34

Tnh chn cc phn t trn s - IC 7812 c in p u vo : 7 35V Dng in u ra :0 1A in p ra E=12V IC 7912 c in p u vo : 7 35V Dng in u ra : 0 1A in p ra E=-12V - Chn t lc phng C1=C2=1000F, C3=C4=100 F Chn t lc nhiu C5=C6=0,1F . - Chn cc cu chnh lu c I=1A; U=40V(khng c tn nhit) * chn my bin p * Chn my bin p mt pha c mt cun s cp v nhiu cun th cp - in p s cp 220v -Cun dy ng pha :ly in p ng pha l U=14v -Cun th cp bin p cung cp in p cho chnh lu ca b to ngun nui,in p th cp l :U=40 v -Cng sut my bin p bng tng cng sut tiu th khu ng pha,khu my bin p xung,khu to ngun nuI, 8 IC TL084 v 2 cng AND http://www.ebook.edu.vn Trang 35

S=Sdf +SIC +SSND +Sbax =1,48.0,9.14.1+8.0,68+2.2,5.10-9 +2.3.0,15=25 w -Chn hiu sut ca mach to ngun nui cho mch iu khin l 75% v vy chn cng sut my p l Sba = 25/0,75=34 VA,suy ra Iscp=0,15A

7.Khu phn hi

7.1) S v nguyn tc hot ng

R17 R16 Khau on dong Iph E KHAU PHAN HOI Khau chuyen mach R28 -E VR4 R29 -E OA5 + + E R20 R18 R19

R21

SUN Uphi

-E OA6 + + E

CM1 Udk 1

NOT -E R30 OA8 + + E 1 1 CM2

Up R22 khau on ap Uphu

VR5 R25 R24 R26 R27 E VR6 OA7 + +

R23

- Cc tn hiu phn hi dng UphI v p UphU c ly t mch lc ri a v cc khu phn hi to ra Uk iu khin gc m nhm n nh cc gi tr dng hoc p t trc Do p ,dng ra ti ( dng, p np)l lin tc nn ta c Ud = 0,9U2 cos Id =
U d E 0,9.U 2 .cos E = Rt Rt

- Do vy thc hin n dng v p theo nguyn tc sau:

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Id Id

UphI UraOA5 UphI UraOA5 Ud Ud UphU UphU Uk Uk

Uk Uk

Ud

Ud Ud

I I .

Ud .

7.2) Tnh chn cc phn t trn s : a, khu n dng - Dng in phn hi c ly t mch lc ,chuyn dng phn hi thnh p phn hi ly trn in tr Rsun ri t vo khu khng o OA5 chn Rsun loi 100 A/60 mV - in p trn Rsun khi dng cc i l: UphI =60mV - Mi bnh c 7 ngn,mi ngn n c sc in ng ban u l 2 V ,in tr l 0,015 nn in p ban u np cho c qui khi dng in np l 100 A l : Ud =Un=In .Raq +E=100.0,0015.2.7 +28=30,1 V
0,9U2 cos = 30,1 =37,22 Udk = Urcmax . /180 =2,067 V (*)

- OA5 khu khuch i khng o chn h s khuch i l Kk =80 1+R17/R16 =80,chn R16 =1k ,R17=80k - OA6 l mch cng o,chn R18=R19=R21 =10k
Uk =-UraOA5 - Ut VR4

M UraOA5 =0,6.80=4,8V UtVR4 =-6,9 V Suy ra E.VR4/(VR4+R20)=6,9

VR4=1,35R20. Chn R20 =10k ,VR4 loi 100k ,t gi

tr 14k *Vy t in p ban u ti VR4 l -6,9V b,khu n p - in p phn hi c ly t mch lc,sau gim p c Uphu , Uphu c a vo khu khuch i cng o OA7

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- c qui c np no th in p t cho mi ngn n l 2,7v.V vy in p np khi l Ud = Un =2,7.28/2= 37.8 V 0,9 .U2 cos =37,8 =9,63
Uk =Urc . /180 =0,54 V

- OA6 l mch cng o ,chon R24=R25=R26=5k Suy ra Uk = -Uphu -UtVR6 Chn Uphu =6 V Up.
R 23 =6 vi (Up=Ud=Un) R 22 + R 23

R22=5,3 R23 chn R23= 5k ,R22=27k UtVR6= -6,54 V

Suy ra

E.

VR6 =6,54 VR6=1,2 R27 VR6 + R 27

Chn R27= 1k ,VR6 loi 20k t gi tr 12k *Vy t gi tr in p ban u ti VR6 l UtVR6 =-6,54 V c, Khu chuyn mch - Ban u c qui c mc vo mch np th dng np tng v in p c qui tng dn ln, tc l dng phn hi v p phn hi tng dn ln. Lc ny do p phn hi nh hn UVR5(p t VR5 ) nn p u ra OA8 UraOA8 =-E ( mc thp), do chuyn mch CM2 ngt cc ng phn hi p ra khi mch. ng thi do c cng NO nn chuyn mch CM1 ng ng phn hi dng vi mch thc hin qu trnh n nh dng. - Khi p phn hi UphU bng UVR5 th UraOA8 =E do CM2 ng cn CM1 ngt nn mch thc hin qu trnh n p. t UtOA5 =6 V Suy ra E.
VR5 =6V VR5=R28 VR5 + R 28

Chn VR5 loi 5k ,t gi tr 4k ,chn R28 =4k Chn R29=R30 =k

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Vy din p t VR5 l 6 V 8.Khu bo v qu in p

E D8 RH

Uphu

R33

E + + OA9 -E R32 T3 D7

E R31 VR7

Nguyn l lm vic ca mch - Khu bo v qu p s ngng qu trnh np cho c qui khi in p np cho c qui ln hn in p np nh mc 10% - in p phn hi Uphu ly t in tr R23,c so snh vi in p UtVR7 t VR7 - Khi in p np tng qu gi tr nh mc 10% th in p Uphu cng tng tng ng 10% Nn ta t UtVR7 =1,1.6= 6,6 V - Khi Uphu UtVR7 (tc l Un 110%Unm ) u ra ca OA9 l dng (+) t ln bazo ca T3 ,lm T3thng .Dng in t ngun E qua rle RH qua T3 v t , lm rle tc ng ,tip im thng ng c m lm cho mch iu khin tc ng ,lm c qui c ct khi mch lc Khi Uphu <UtVR7,tng t rle khng tc ng,c qui c np bnh thng Chn loi c t tr v sau mt thi gian nht nh(rle nhit ) UtVR7=6,6V E.
VR7=1,22R31

VR 7 =6,6 VR 7 + R31

Chon VR7 loi 50k ,t gi tr 30k ,chn R31 =25k Chn R32=R33=10k

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S hot ng ca mch iu khin

Axis label U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7

50.00 -50.00 20.00 -20.00 10.00 1.00 20.00 -20.00 20.00 -10.00 7.00 -1.00 4.00

0.00 900.00m -300.00m 0.00 10.00m 20.00m Time (s) 30.00m 40.00m

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R15 Z2

DZ

E C D2 Udf R1
N2 N1 N3

R12 D5

+E + + OA1 D3 OA2 + + Urc Uss D8 E R3 E VR2 R4 -E OA4 + + +E R8 D5 R7 R10 R15 Z2 & Uand T1 U4 Udx E VR1 C1 R9 D4 R11 R6 & Udk + -E OA3 + +E R5 -E Uand R10 T1 -E U0 Udb

T2 C2
N1 N2

Ug

BA R0 +

D6

C3

R13

BAL

N3

N2

R T2

N1

N1

U1

D1

N2

N3

T1

D7

E R12

SUN

C2
N1 N2

D6

C3

R13

RH

D8 T2 D4 R11

Uphu

R33

+ + OA9 VR6 E + + OA7 CM2 R29 + + OA8 1 NOT R30 -E E R25 R24 R26 Uphu R22 R27 -E R23

Ug

Aq

Rd

T3

D7

-E

R32

R31

VR7

R28

VR4

R20 -E E + + OA6 CM1 E R21 -E R19 R18 Uphi + + OA5 R16 R17

VR5

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Cc ti liu tham kho

Ti liu in t cng sut in t cng sut

Tc gi V Minh Chnh, Phm Quc Hi Trn Trng Minh Nguyn Bnh Phm Quc Hi Phm Quc Hi, Phm Minh H

Hng dn thit k mch in t cng sut Phn tch v gii mch in t cng sut Dng vn Nghi K thut mch in t Cc ti liu v c quy .

Tnh ton thit k thit b in t cng sut Trn Vn Thnh

H Ni , ngy 20 thng 5 nm 2008 Sinh vin thc hin Phm vn Luyn

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