mt s cng thc tnh nhanh trong ha hc

Cng thc tnh nhanh thc cht l ch rt ngn ton b qu trnh gii bi ton, do n gip chng ta
tm ra kt qu nhanh v chnh xc
y l pp quan trng gp phn tng tc bi lm..
Di y l cng thc ca mt s dng ton trong hng ng cng thc!!!!!!!!!
Mi dng ton l mt cng thc tnh khc nhau??
1.CT trong p tng hp N2 v H2

N2 v H2 c Mtb=a, tin hnh p to ra hh c Mtb=b. Tnh hiu sut ca p?

Gi s nH2=x, nN2=y
Bng pp ng cho ta c c: x/y=(28-a)/(a-2)
*x>3y: H=0,5(1-a/b)(1+x/y)
*x<3y: H=1,5(1-a/b)(1+x/y)
*x=3y : H=2-2*x/y
Vd: (N2 + H2 ) c d so vi H2 l 4,25, p hon ton to ra hn hp c d so vi H2 l 6,8. Tnh H ca p?
Ta c: x/y=(28-8,5)/(8,5-2)=3 H=2-2*8,5/13,6=0,75 H=75%

ngoi ra cn c ct tnh %NH3 trong hn hp sau: %NH3=(b/a )- 1

2. CT tnh H ca p hidro ha anken, andehit (1:1)

H=2-2*a/b

Vd: H2 v C2H4 c d so vi He= 3,75 hn hp c d so vi He=5. Tnh H ?

Bng pp ng cho ta tnh c nH2 : nC2H4= 1:1
H=2-2*15/20=0,5 H=50%

3. X Ct ankan da vo p tch:

V lt ankan A to ra V lt hh gm H2 v cc hidrocacbon, bit Mtb. Tm ankan?

CT: Ma*V=Mhh sau*V
Vd: tin hnh p tch V lt ankan A to ra 4V lt hi gm H2 v cc hidrocacbon, bit d so vi H2=12,5.
Tm A?
p dng CT: Ma*V=4V*12,5*2 Ma=100 C7H16

4. X ct ca anken da vo phn t khi ca hh trc v sau p:

H2+ CnH2n c Mtb=2a hh c Mtb=2b. Tm CT ca anken?

CT: n=a*(b-1)/7*(b-a)
Vd: 1 hh gm CnH2n v H2 c d so vi H2=5 hh c d so vi H2= 6,25. X ct anken?
n=5*(6,25-1)/7*(6,25-5)=3 C3H6
i vi ankin th nhn 2 vo CT

5. hh oxits kim loi kim v th + H2O dd X v a mol kh, dd X + dd cha b mol H+.

CT: b=2a
Vd: cho hh gm Na2O, K2O,CaO, BaO + H2O 2,24 lt H2 + dd X, Cho dd X vo V lt dd Y gm HCl 1M
v H2SO4 O,5 M. Tm V?
Ta c : V+ 0.5V=2*0,1V=0,13 lt

6. CT tnh % ca 1 trong 2 cht khi bit 1 gi tr trung bnh (kl mol, s C, lk pi,...)
Gi s hai cht A1, A2 c gi tr tb l Atb
%A1= tr tuyt i(Atb-A2)/tr tuyt di(A2-A1)
%A2= tr tuyt i(Atb-A1)/tr tuyt di(A2-A1)
[cng thc d dng chc minh t qui tc ng cho]
Cc cng thc ch tnh % v s mol ..hoc t l s mol

7. Crackinh ankan to ra hh c Mtb=a bit H%.

Ankan c kl pt l M
M=(H+1)*a
T cng thc ny ta c th tnh H hay l M
Vd: tin hnh p tch 1 lng butan c hh Y gm H2 v cc hidrocacbon . bit d ca hh so vi H2=23,2.
H=?
H=58/46,4-1=25%

8. Ct tnh mui Cl khi cho mui CO3 + HCL nCO2

kl mui Cl= m mui CO3 +11nCO2
[d dng chng minh t tng gim kl]

9. R + H2SO4 mui+ sp kh +H2O

Ta c : m mui = mR+ 96*(2nSO2+ 6nS+ 8nH2S)/2

nH2SO4= 2nSO2+ 4nS+ 5nH2S

10. MO + H2SO4 mui SO4 + H2O

m mui SO4= m oxit + 80nH2SO4

11. mui CO3 + H2SO4mui SO4 + CO2 +H2O

Mui SO4= m muiCO3 + 36nCO2

12. Mui S + HCl mui Cl + SO2+H2O

m mui Cl= m MS- 9nSO2

13. KL+H2O hoc axit, dd kim , NH3 H2

Ta c: a*nKL=2nH2 (a l tng e nhng)

14. cho m gam Fe + HNO3. Tnh lng HNO3 min hoc max hon tan ht Fe.
nHNO3min=(2m/56)*(1+a/ e nhn)
nHNO3max=(3m/56)*(1+a/ e nhn)
[a=1 nu l NO, NO2 ; a=2 nu l N2O, N2]
(NO: nHNO3min=m/21 ; nHNO3max=m/14
NO2: nHNO3min=m/24 ; nHNO3max=3m/28)

15. m gam hh Cu, CuS, Cu2S, S + HNO3 a mol e nhn . Tnh kl mui Cu(NO3)2?
mCu(NO3)2=(1,2m-6,4n e nhn)*188/64

16. hh oxit Cu + HNO3 hoc H2SO4

Cng thc qui i Cu: mCu=0,8*m hhoxit + 6,4*n e nhn

17. phn tch h s ca p c CxHy ta c kt qu:

nCxHy= (nH2O-nCO2)/(1-k)

18. cho Fe + O2 m gam hh oxit , cho HNO3 v hh oxit sp kh.

T chng minh bng cch ghp n s hoc qui i tc nhn oxi ha

mFe=0,7* + 5,6*n e nhn
y l ct m ra 3 cng thc con l:
m mui NO3=(m hh oxit +24nNO)*242/80
m mui NO3=(m hh oxit +8nNO2)*242/80
mFe= (m hh oxit + 24nNO hay 8nNO2 ) *56/80
vd: 1) 12 gam hh rn gm Fe,FeO,Fe2O3,Fe3O4 + CO m gam Fe. Cho lng Fe thu c +HNO3 1,12
lt NO. Tnh m?
Ta c: mFe= (12+ 24*0,05)56/80=9,24 gam

2) 6 gam hh Fe,FeO,Fe2O3,Fe3O4 + HNO3 3,36 lt NO2. tnh kl mui thu dc?

m mui=(6+0,15*8)242/80=21,78
2 v d trn ta cng c th p dng ct m :
1/ mFe= 0,7*12+ 5,6*0,05*3=9,24
2/ mFe= 0,7*6+ 5,6*0,15*1=5,04 m mui= 242*5,04/56=21,78 gam

19. hh oxit Fe + H2SO4 sp kh

Ta c cng thc m: mFe2O3= m hh oxit + 8*n e nhn

ct con: m mui = (m hh oxit + 16nSO2)*400/160
Vd: 30 gam hh oxit Fe + H2SO4 11,2 lt SO2. Tnh m mui?
M mui = (30+16*11,2/22,4)400/160=95 gam

20. CT tnh V NO hoc NO2 thu c khi cho hh sp sau p nhit nhm + HNO3
nNO=1/3(3nAl + [3x-2y]nFexOy)
nNO2=3nAl+ (3x-2y)nFexOy
vd: 8,1 gam Al + 7,2 FeO rn Y . Cho hh rn Y+ HNO3 V lt NO2
ta c: nNO2=22,4*[3*8,1/27 + 7,2/72]=22,4 lt

21. m gam FexOy cho tc dng H2SO4 n SO2

Ha tr Fe trong oxit=3- nSO2/nFe2(SO4)3

Cn nhiu Ct quan trng na nhng by nhiu cng khm kh ri!!!!!!

thi trc nghim th phi c gng nh CT d n c rc ri rm r, c th mi rt ngn c thi gian lm
bi.

Nhng nh mt iu CT ch h tr trong qu trnh lm bi do ko c lm dng CT mt

cch qu mc v n c th lm cho ta ngu dn i i vi cc dng ton , quan trng nht vn
l phng php, l thuyt, k nng, kinh nghim, tt c nhng iu l mt ngun ti
nguyn ln chng ta khai thc to nn nhng v kh li hi cho ring mnh.
Tip theo l mt s bi tp trc nghim :
1). Cho 11,36 gam Fe,FeO,Fe2O3,Fe3O4+ HNO3 1,344 lt NO v dd X. , c cn dd X c m gam mui
khan. Tnh m?
A. 44,09
B. 38,72
C. 35,5
D. 34,36
p dng CT: m= (m hh oxit + 24nNO)*242/80=38,72
2). m gam Fe ngoi kk 12 gam hh oxit Fe v Fe d . Cho hh oxit Fe + HNO3 2,24 lt NO. m l?
A. 7,57
B. 7,75
C. 10,08
D. 10,80
mFe= 0,7*m hh oxit+ 5,6*n e nhn=0,7*12+5,6*0,1*3=10,08
3). 6,72 gam Fe + O2 m gam hh oxit Fe v Fe d. hon tan ht oxit cn 255ml HNO3 2M V lt
NO2. m v V ln lt l:
A. 8,4; 3,36
B. 8,4; 5,712
C. 10,08; 3,36
D. 10,08; 5,712
Ta c : mFe=0,7*m+5,6*V/22,4

 6,72=0,7*m+5,6*V/22,4
m 6,72/0,7=9,6
Nn m=8,4V=3,36
4) hon tan 34,8 gam 1 oxit FexOy trong H2SO4 to ra 1,68 lt SO2 v dd Y. CT oxit v kl dd mui thu
c:
A. FeO, 180 gam
B. Fe3O4, 90
C. FeO, 90
D. Fe3O4, 180
Ta c: m mui=(m oxit + 16*nSO2)400/160=90 n Fe2(SO4)3=0,225ha tr Fe trong oxit= 3nSO2/nFe2(SO4)3=3- 0,075/0,225=8/3 Fe3O4.
Chn B
5). Hh X gm H2 v N2. Tin hnh tng hp NH3 t hh X thu c hh Y. Bit kltb ca X v Y l 7,2 ; 7,286.
H=?
A. 60,6
B. 17,39
C. 8,69
D. 20
p dng CT 1:
x/y=(28-7,2)/(7,2-2)=4 H=0,5(1-7,2/7,826)*(1+4)=20
chn D
5) 59,4 gam Al + FeO chia lm 2 phn
p1 + NaOH 21,6 gam rn khng tan
p2 : tin hnh nhit nhm trong mt thi gian rn Z . Hon tan Rn Z trong HNO3 d to ra V lt
NO. V l:
A. 7,84
B. 8,96
C. 10,08
D. 8,4
nAl=0,3, nFeO=0,3
p dng CT 20:
Ta c: 22,4*1/3*[3*0,3 + 0,3]= 8,96 chn B
6) hh X gm anken A v H2, c t khi hi so vi H2 l 6,4. Dn X qua bt Ni un nng cho n khi p
xy ra ht hh Y c t khi hi so vi H2 =8, bit hh Y ko lm mt mu Br. A c CT l:
A. C2H4
B. C3H6
C. C4H8
D. C5H10
p dng CT 4: n=6,4*(8-1)/[ 7*(8-6,4)]=4 chn C
7). 8,4 gam Fe + O2 m(g) hh rn X . Hon tan ht X=HNO3 1,792 lt hh NO, NO2 c t khi hi so
vi H2 l 21. Cho bit p ch xy ra 2 qu trnh kh N+5. Gi tr m l:
A. 12,3
B. 11,1
C. 9,8
D. 11,04
p dng cng thc 18:
8,4=(m+24*nNO2+8*nNO2)56/80 m=11,04
8). Hon tan ht 3,1 gam rn gm CuO, ZnO, Al2O3, Fe3O4 + 30ml HCl 2M. C cn dd sau p thu c

bao nhiu mui khan?

A. 5,23
B. 7,36
C. 6,71
D. 4,75
(p dng CT : m mui Cl= m hh oxit + 27,5* nHCl )
9). Tin hnh tng hp NH3 t hh X gm N2+H2 (1:3) hh Y. Bit d X/Y=0,78. Tnh H:
A. 54
B. 44
C. 75
D. 66,67
Ta c: H=2-2*0,78=44 chn B
10). Thc hin p tch ht 2 lt hoi ankan A to ra 10 lt hoi hh X. Bit t khi hi ca X so vi H2= 12,8.
Vy ankan A c CT l:
A. C4H10
B. C5H12
C. C9H20
D. C7H16
Ta c: Ma*2=10*12,8*2 Ma=128 C9H20
11). Dn 1 lung CO v H2 qua 17,4 gam Fe3O4 15,24 gam hh rn X. Hon tan ht rn X trong HNO3
d thu c V lt NO. Gi tr V l:
A. 2,8
B. 2,24
C. 2,576
D. 7,728
Ta c : nFe3O4=0,075 nFe=0,225
Suy ra : 0,225=(15,24 + 24*V/22,4)/80 V= 2,576
12). Dn hh X gm ankin A v H2 c t khi hi so vi H2 l 3,6 qua ng dng bt Ni nung nng . Sau khi
p sy ra ht thu c hh Y c t khi hi so vi H2 l 4,5. Ankin c CT l :
A. C2H2
B. C3H4
C. C4H6
D. C5H8
13). Ha tan 9,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch HCl thu c 7,84 lt kh X
(ktc) v 2,54 gam cht rn Y v dung dch Z. Lc b cht rn Y, c cn cn thn dung dch Z thu c
lng mui khan l
A. 31,45 gam. B. 33,99 gam. C. 19,025 gam. D. 56,3 gam.
14). Cho kh CO i qua ng s cha 16 gam Fe2O3 un nng, sau phn ng thu c hn hp rn X
gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3. Ha tan hon ton X bng H2SO4 c, nng thu c dung dch Y. C cn
dung dch Y, lng mui khan thu c l
A. 20 gam. B. 32 gam. C. 40 gam. D. 48 gam.
15): Dng mt lng dung dch H2SO4 nng 20%, un nng ha tan va a mol CuO. Sau phn
ng lm ngui dung dch n 1000C th khi lng tinh th CuSO4.5H2O tch ra khi dung dch l
30,7 gam. Bit rng tan ca dung dch CuSO4 1000C l 17,4 gam. Gi tr ca a l
A. 0,1. B. 0,15. C. 0,2. D. 0,25.

16): Mt bnh kn dung tch 1 lt cha 1,5 mol H2 v 1,0 mol N2 (c xc tc v nhit thch hp).
trng thi cn bng c 0,2 mol NH3 to thnh. Mun hiu sut t 25 % cn phi thm vo bnh bao
nhiu mol N2?
A. 1,5 B. 2,25 C. 0,83 D. 1,71
(bn t gii)
17): Khng th dng nc nhn bit cc cht rn sau ng trong cc l mt nhn
A. K; Mg; Al; Al2O3 B. K2O; CaO; Al2O3; MgO
C. BaO; MgO; ZnO; Mg D. NaCl; BaCl2; Al2(SO4)3
18): Khi dng c nu nng b dnh du m ng thc vt, trc khi ra li bng nc sch, ngi ta
ra dng c bng cht lng no sau y
A. du ha B. du n C. nc x phng D. etxng
Cu 33: Phn ng ha hc no sau y thuc loi phn ng trao i ion:
A. FeCl2 + AgNO3 B. Fe2(SO4)3 + Na2S
C. AgNO3 + FeCl3 D. AgNO3 + HI
19). Cho 7,84 lit (ktc) hn hp kh oxi v clo tc dng va vi hn hp cha 0,1 mol Mg v 0,3 mol
Al thu c m (gam) hn hp mui clorua v oxit . Gi tr ca m bng
A. 35,35 B. 21,7 < m < 35,35 C. 21,7 D. 27,55
20). Ho tan 10,71 gam hn hp nhm, km, st trong 4 lt HNO3 x mol/lit va thu c dung dch A
v 1,792 lt hn hp kh gm N2 v N2O c t l mol 1:1(khng c cc sn phm kh khc). C cn dung
dch A thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca x v m tng ng l:
A. 0,11 M v 27,67 gam B. 0,22 M v 55,35 gam
C. 0,11 M v 25,7 gam D. 0,22 M v 5,35gam
21) Cho hn hp cha x mol Mg, y mol Fe vo dung dch cha z mol CuSO4. Sau khi kt thc cc phn
ng thu c cht rn gm 2 kim loi. Mun tho mn iu kin th
A. z x B. z = x + y C. x z < x +y D. x < z y
22). Ch c giy mu m, la, v giy tm dd mui X ngi ta c th phn bit 4 l cha kh ring bit
O2, N2, H2S v Cl2 do c hin tng: kh (1) lm tn la chy bng ln; kh (2) lm mt mu ca giy;
kh (3) lm giy c tm dd mui X ho en. Kt lun sai l
A. kh (1) l O2; X l mui CuSO4 B. kh (1) l O2; kh cn li l N2
C. X l mui Pb(NO3)2; kh (2) l Cl2 D. X l mui CuSO4; kh (3) l Cl2
23). Ha tan hon ton y gam mt oxit st bng H2SO4 c, nng thy thot ra kh SO2 duy nht. Trong
th nghim khc, sau khi kh hon ton cng y gam oxit bng CO nhit cao ri ha tan lng st
to thnh bng H2SO4 c ,nng th thu c lng kh SO2 nhiu gp 9 ln lng kh SO2 th nghim
trn. Cng thc ca oxit st l
A. FeCO3 B. Fe2O3 C. Fe3O4 D. FeO
ta c nSO2 (1)=a
suy ra nSO2(2)=9a
bo ton e nFe=9a*2/3nFe2(SO4)3=3a
p dng CT 20 : ha tr Fe trong oxit=3- (a/3a)=8/3 Fe3O4.
24). Khi tin hnh craking 22,4 lt kh C4H10 (ktc) thu c hn hp A gm CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H6,
C4H8, H2 v C4H10 d. t chy hon ton A thu c x gam CO2 v y gam H2O. Gi tr ca x v y
tng ng l:
A. 176 v 180 B. 44 v 18 C. 44 v 72 D. 176 v 90

25). t chy ht hn hp gm 2 ru no n chc k tip nhau trong dy ng ng thu c 11,2 lt

CO2 (ktc) v 12,6 g H2O. Thnh phn % theo kl ca mi ru trong hn hp l p n no sau y?
A. 43,4 v 56,6
B. 25 v 75
C. 50 v 50
D. 44,77 v 55,23
Ta c: t nCO2 v nH2O
Suy ra c 2 cht: C2H5OH, C3H7OH
mhh ru c no= mH2O-4nCO2=12,6-4*0,5=10,6 (d dng chng minh cng thc ny)
t kl hh v nCO2 , suy ra%: 43,4 v 56,6
26). X, Y l cc hp cht hu c ng chc cha cc nguyn t C,H,O. Khi tc dng vi AgNO3 trong
NH3 th 1 mol X hoc Y to ra 4 mol Ag. Cn khi t chy X, Y th t l s mol O2 tham gia t chy, CO2
v H2O to thnh nh sau:
i vi X, ta c n(O2): nH2O: nCO2=1:1:1
i vi Y, ta c nO2: nH2O: nCO2= 1,5: 1: 2
Cng thc X v Y l :
A. CH3CHO, HCHO
B. HCOOH, HCHO
C. HCHO, C2H5CHO
D. HCHO, HOC-CHO.
Cu ny rt d ch cn ch n p AgNO3/NH3
2 cht cng ly 1 mol p cho ra 4 mol Ag.
Da vo cc p n chn D. (cu ny p n nhiu thuc loi km, ch cn thuc t l gia andehit v Ag
m suy ra cht).
cu 27: cu ny hi di
hon tan ht 10,95 gam hh X gm Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaCl trong ch c mt mui ngm nc thu dd
A. Chia dd A lm 2 phn bng nhau:
phn 1: tc dng vi 70ml dung dch HCl 1M. Sau p thm mt lng du AgNO3 thu 11,48 gam kt
ta.
Phn 2: Cho thm 50ml dd NaOH 1M v lng BaCl2, lc b kt ta. trung ha nc lc cn 25ml dd
HCl 1M.
Tnh kl ca cc mui khan v H2O kt tinh trong hh ban u, x nh xem mui no ngm nc (bit
rng mui phn t mui ch c th ngm mt s nguyn t H2O).
A. 4,77 ; 4,2 ; 1,17 ; 0,81 ; Na2CO3
B. 2,65 ; 2,1 ; 0,585 ; 5,516 ; NaHCO3
C. 4,77 ; 1,17 ; 4,2 ; 0,81 ; NaCl
D. 2,65 ; 2,1 ; 5,516 ; 0,585 ; Na2CO3
Vic tm ra khi lng cc cht rt d , cc bn t lm
Cc phn t mui ch ngm mt s phn t nc nn t l gia H2O v mui lun nguyn .
Tnh ra c n cc mui v nH2O
Chia t l nH2O vi ln lt cc mui
Ch c t l gia nH2O v Na2CO3 bng s nguyn
Chn A.
[ko tin c vit pt lm th i]
*cu ny a cho my a thi hsg lp 9 lm ci mt
28). Hon tan hon ton mt t FexOy = dung dch H2SO4 c nng ta thu c 2,24 lt SO2(ktc), phn
dung dch thu c em i c cn c 120 gam mui . Cng thc ca oxit Fe l
A/ FeO
B/ Fe2O3
C/ Fe3O4
D/ A, C ng

 nhn xt: y l phn ng oxh kh nn loi B, D ( khng th 2 cht cng cho ra sn phm mt gi tr
khi lng hay s mol) , chn hn xui B, hoc C [ hn ng, xui th trt, ] . Mt khc,
nSO2= 0.1
mFe2(SO4)3=120 gam. nMuoi=0.3 mol
s dng ct 20
p dng: ha tr Fe= 3-0.1/0.3= 8/3 . y l ha tr ca Fe trong Fe3O4 chn C.