2013 ckESpf (68)ESpfajrmuf

wyfrawmfaeYOD;wnfcsufrsm;
(u) EdkifiHawmf\trsKd;om;a&;rl0g'jzpfaom jynfaxmifpkrNydKuGJa&;? wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;
nDGwfrIrNydKuGJa&;? tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhckdifNrJa&;[laom 'dkYwm0efta&;oHk;yg;udk
umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;/
(c) zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifhtnD EdkifiHawmf\trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&; OD;aqmifrItcef;u@wGif
wkdif;&if;om; jynfolwdkYESifhtwlvufwGJ ppfrSefaomrsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfjzpfonhf jynfaxmifpk
pdwf"mwfjzifh yg0ifxrf;aqmifa&;/
(*) jynfwGif;? jynfytzsuform;rsm;\tE&m,frSeforQudk EdkifiHawmfpGrf;tm;? jynfolUpGrf;tm;?
wyfrawmfpGrf;tm;wdkYjzifh yl;aygif;umuG,fwkdufzsufa&;/
(C) Edik if aH wmf\vHjk cKH a&;ESihf tcsKyt
f jcmtmPmwnfwchH ikd Nf raJ &;udu
k muG,af pmifah &Smuf&ef tiftm;
awmifhwif;NyD; pGrf;&nfxufjrufaom acwfrDrsKd;cspfwyfrawmfjzpfay:vmapa&;/

pmrlrsm;ay;ydkYEkdifygonf
jr0wDr*Zif;? aiGwm&Dr*Zif;? rdk;aomufyef;*sme,fESifh awZkyfpHkwdkYtm;
pmrlrsm;ay;ydkYvdkMuygvQif
]wm0efcHpmwnf;? jr0wDpmaywdkuf? trSwf(15) wyfajr? rkd;aumif;vrf;? (15)&yfuGuf?
abmufaxmf? &efuif;NrdKUe,f? &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;? zkef; 559273} ESifh
atmufazmfjyyg tD;ar;vfvdyfpmodkYvnf; 0ifa&mufay;ydkYEdkifygonf/
Email: ye.mankha723@ gmail.com

odkYr[kwf
]&efukefHk;cGJ trSwf 181? 32 vrf;(txuf)? yef;bJwef;NrdKUe,f? &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;?
zkef; 371244} [l vdyfpmwyfNyD; ay;ydkYEdkifMuygonf/

pmwnf;tzGJU

'kdYwm0efta&;okH;yg;
jynfaxmifpk rNydKuJGa&;
wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;nDGwfrI rNydKuJGa&;
tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhckdifNrJa&;

'kdYta&;
'kdYta&;
'kdYta&;

okdh ---------------------------------------------------------

rS

---------------------------------------------------------

jynfolYoabmxm;
jynfytm;udk;ykqdefdk; tqdk;jrif0g'Drsm;tm; qefYusifMu/
EdkifiHawmfwnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;ESifh EdkifiHawmfwdk;wufa&;udk aESmifh,Suf
zsufqD;olrsm;tm; qefYusifMu/
Edik if aH wmf\jynfwiG ;f a&;ukd 0ifa&mufpu
G zf ufaESmif,
h u
S af om jynfyEdik if H
rsm;tm; qefYusifMu/
jynfwGif;jynfytzsuform;rsm;tm; bHk&efoltjzpfowfrSwfacsrIef;Mu/

jr0wDpmaywkduf
trSwf(15) wyfajr? rdk;aumif;bk&m;vrf;?
(15)&yfuGuf abmufaxmf? &efuif;NrdKUe,f?
&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;wGif pmwnf;rSL;csKyf
'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD;ausmfausmfOD; u
ykHESdyfol rSwfykHwiftrSwf(07425)jzifh
ykHESdyf xkwfa0olrSwfykHwiftrSwf(03758)
jzifh jzefYcsdxkwfa0onf/

EkdifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf(4)&yf

jr0wDpmaywkduf

EdkifiHawmfwnfNidrfa&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh w&m;Oya'pkd;rkd;a&;/

trsKd;om;pnf;vkH;nDGwfrI ckdifrma&;/
pnf;urf;jynfh0aom 'Drdkua&pDpepf &Sifoefckdifrmatmif wnfaqmufa&;/
zJGUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifhtnD acwfrDzHGUNzdK;wkd;wufaom EkdifiHawmfopf
wnfaqmufa&;/

pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf(4)&yf

pku
d yf sK;d a&;ukyd rkd zkd UGH NzKd ;wk;d wufatmifaqmif&u
G Nf y;D acwfrpD ufrEI ikd if H xlaxmifa&;
ESihf tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;udv
k nf; bufpzkH UHG NzdK;wd;k wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;/
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepf yDjyifpGmjzpfay:vma&;/
jynfwiG ;f jynfyrS twwfynmESit
hf &if;tES;D rsm;zdwaf c: pD;yGm;a&;zHUG NzKd ;
wkd;wufatmif wnfaqmufa&;/
EkdifiHawmf\pD;yGm;a&;wpf&yfvkH;udk zefwD;EkdifrIpGrf;tm;onf EkdifiHawmfESifh
wkdif;&if;om;jynfolwkdY\vuf0,fwGif&Sda&;/

vlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf(4)&yf

wpfrsKd;om;vHk;\pdwf"mwfESifh tusifhpm&dwjrifhrm;a&;/
trsKd;*kPf Zmwd*kPfjrifhrm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm;? trsKd;om;a&;
vuPmrsm; raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;/
ppfrSefaomrsKd;cspfpdwf"mwfjzpfonfh jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf &Sifoefxufjruf
a&;/
wpfrsKd;om;vHk; usef;rmMuHUcdkifa&;ESifh ynm&nfjrifhrm;a&;/

trSwf(15) wyfajr
rkd;aumif;bk&m;vrf;? (15)&yfuGuf
abmufaxmf? &efuif;NrdKUe,f
&efukefwkdif;a'oBuD;/
zkef; 01 - 559272? 544894

jr0wDpmaywkdufkH;cGJ
trSwf(181)? (32)vrf;
&efukefNrdKU/
zkef; 01 - 371244
pmwnf;rSL;csKyf

'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD;ausmfausmfOD;

'k-pmwnf;rSL;csKyf

AdkvfrSL;odef;xGef;

wm0efcHpmwnf;

AkdvfBuD;apmvGif

vufaxmufpmwnf; pkd;qufxGef;
rsufESmzHk;okyfazmf

armifoHvGifxuf(t.x.u-2)
r*Fvm'Hk/

pmpDESifh'DZkdif;

jrwfqk? tJ? oefYZif

pmjyif

tdtdvGif

kyfpkH
2013 ckESpf? rwfv

twGJ(24)? trSwf(10)

]]ynm&Sdonf olawmfaumif;wdkYa[mMum;tyfaomw&m;arGUavsmf\}}
avmukw&mw&m;wnf;[laom tNrdKufa&at;udk aomuf&aomolonf
txl;ojzifh oefY&Sif;Munfvifaom pdwf&Sdonfjzpf csrf;ompGmae&\/ ynm&Sdonf
bk&m;paom t&d,m olawmfaumif;wdkY a[mMum;tyfaom aAm"dyud,w&m; tNrJ
arGUavsmf\/
("ry'- 79)

pmpDpmukH;

rm wd um

armfuGef;wif&rnfhaeYwpfaeY
arZifouf(yxrqk) 33

uAsm

waygif;atmifyGJaeY
ref;wifharmf 3
English Speaking For Tayza
pmppfcsdef
atmifa&Tausmf(qifjzLuRef;) 4
Khit Nandydy 37

0uFygrSmtajz&Smyg

pdk;pdk; 22

usef;rma&;u@

uav;rsm;twGufA[kokwu@

usef;rma&;ESifhudk,fvufMuHhcdkifa&;vIyf&Sm;rI

rGefjynfe,fESifh&cdkifjynfe,frsm;\
jynfe,foauFwESifh jynfe,faeYrsm;

tajzndp&m ya[Vdyg

aea&mif25

xufbkef; 38
umwGef;armif'if 40

kyfjyumwGef;

ykHjyif

yef;qk&nf(jrefrmpm)26 pdwfaumif;apwem
rif;orD;av;rPdpEmESifhtod
wpfuGufumwGef;uav;[morsm;
omOD;(umwGef;) 28 &efydkifpdk;
zm;ESifhyk&Gufqdwf
awZwkdYurm
zdk;uJpdef
pufavSum;(Escalator)taMumif;odaumif;p&m
R-209
a'gufwmoefYpif(lyaA') 29
ESmESwfoD;ESifhjynfh&Sifrif;

wifatmifeD
'dkufOD;pdk;vGif
apm[ef
NyHK;csKd
udki,f

EdkifiHom;tm;vHk;onf EdkifiHawmfumuG,fa&;twGuf wm0ef&Sdonf/

5
9
17
41
45

waygif;atmifyGJaeY

a&mf&Guf0gawG wzGJzGJ
ajroufa<urpJ/
dk;wHusJusJ yifudkif;rSm
OMowGefoHom/
xGufvmjyLvm yk&pfzl;
qef;pcgaEGOD;/
awmifavjrL;wJhonfcsdefcg
Iwdkif;vGrf;p&m/
jynfjrefrm&JU ordkif;aMumif;
xl;wJhvwaygif;/
aumif;aumif;wdkufxkwfEdkifcJhwm
zufqpf&efuuGm/
nDnmatmifyef; yefqifarGU
awmfvSefcJhwJhaeY/ /
ref;wifharmf

pmppfcsdef
*
*
*
*
*
*

qD;ESif;uswJh aqmif;&moD
ukefvkeD;ygNyD/
onfcsdefqDrSm pmppfaq;
atmif&ef BudK;pm;ay;/
ausmif;ab;em;u OMoysKd
olUaw;wGefoHcsKd/
yifysKdxufu opf&Gufuav;
av,mOfpD;vdkYajy;/
rai;ygESifh nDav;i,f
pmudkMunfhyguG,f/
arsmufuav;ES,faqmhupm;
IH;vdrfhr,frrSm;
BudK;pm; BudK;pm;/
atmifa&Tausmf(qifjzLuRef;)

kyfpHk

21

0uFygrSm tajz&myg
S
awZuav;wdkYa& ...
c&rf;csOfoD;&JUtprStqHk;udk oGm;&r,fhvrf;uav;udk uav;wdkY&SmMunfhMuygtHk;uG,f/

pmrsufESm(40)rS tajzrsm;
1/
2/
3/

OD;eif;yhJaxmif
qifuef;awmwdk;
tdk;urylpavmif;uyl

24

awZ

2013 ckESpf? awZkyfpkHpmapmif

pmpDpmukH;NydKifyGJtwGuf
vtvkduf vsmxm;csufacgif;pOfrsm;
pOf

vtrnf

aemufqkH;ay;ykdY&rnfh

acgif;pOf

&uf? tcsdef
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

Zefe0g&Dv
azazmf0g&Dv
rwfv
{NyDv
arv
ZGefv
Zlvkdifv
Mo*kwfv
pufwifbmv
atmufwkdbmv
Ekd0ifbmv
'DZifbmv

pnf;vHk;jcif;onftiftm;
dk;&mxreJyGJwdkYqifETJ
armfuGef;wif&rnfhaeYwpfaeY
jrefrmhdk;&moBuFefyGJawmf
vjrwfuqkef
aysmfp&mausmif;zGifhcsdef
pdrf;vef;pdkjynfwdkYurmajr
uRefawmftESpfoufqHk;bmom&yf
vlwdkif;pmwwfajrmufa&;BudK;yrf;ay;
0gvuif;vGwfoDwif;uRwf
taysmfqHk;aeYwpfaeY
vli,fESifhtm;upm;

31-10-2012 ? 16;00 em&D

30-11-2012 ? 16;00 em&D
31-12-2012 ? 16;00 em&D
31- 1-2013 ? 16;00 em&D
28- 2-2013 ? 16;00 em&D
31- 3-2013 ? 16;00 em&D
30- 4-2013 ? 16;00 em&D
31- 5-2013 ? 16;00 em&D
30- 6-2013 ? 16;00 em&D
31- 7-2013 ? 16;00 em&D
31- 8-2013 ? 16;00 em&D
30- 9-2013 ? 16;00 em&D

NydKifyGJ0ifpmpDpmukH;rsm;tm; atmufygvdyfpmtwkdif; ay;ykdY&ygrnf okdY

okdY
jr0wDpmaywkduf (kH;cGJ)
trSwf(181)? (32)vrf;
yef;bJwef;NrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/
zkef; 01 - 371244

wm0efcHpmwnf; (awZkyfpkH)
jr0wDpmaywkduf
trSwf(15) wyfajr
rkd;aumif;vrf;? (15)&yfuGuf
abmufaxmf? &efuif;NrdKUe,f
&efukefwkdif;a'oBuD;/
zkef; 01 - 559273? 559272

uav;rsm;twG
uav;rs
m;twGuf A[kokwu@
rGefjynfe,fESifh&cdkifjynfe,frsm;\
jynfe,foauFwrsm;ESifhjynfe,faeYrsm;
rGefjynfe,f
jynfe,fNrdKUawmf
jynfe,ftus,ft0ef;
vlrsKd;rsm;
bmomw&m;rsm;
jynfe,faeY&uf
jynfe,foauFw

&cdkifjynfe,f
jynfe,fNrdKUawmf

= ppfawGNrdKU

jynfe,ftus,ft0ef;= 14,200 pwk&ef;rdkif

vlrsKd;rsm;

= &cdkif? csif;? NrdK

bmomw&m;rsm;

= Ak'? c&pf,mef
tpvmrf? [dEL

jynfe,faeY&uf

= 'DZifbmv (15) &uf

jynfe,foauFw

= a0omvD'*Fg;/

aea&mif

=
=
=
=

armfvNrdKifNrdKU
4747.8 pwk&ef;rdkif
rGef? Arm? u&if
Ak'? c&pf,mef?
tpvmrf
= rwfv(9)&uf
= [oFmiSuf/

yef;qk&nf(jrefrmpm)

awZwdkY
urm

pufavSum;

(Escalator) taMumif;

odaumif;p&m
a'gufwmoefYpif(lyaA')
awZav;wk d Y t wG u f puf a vS u m;
taMumif;ukd azmfjyay;vkdufygw,f/ puf
avSum;qkdwm a&GUvsm;aewJhavSum;awG
jzpfNyD; Murf;jyifuae rdrdvkd&mtjrifhokdY
avSum;awGukd armfwmrSwpfqifh BudK;rsm;
jzifh a&GUvsm;apwJhud&d,mjzpfygw,f/
pufavSum;ukd emrnftrsK;d rsK;d ac:Mu
w,f/ Motor stair, Electric stairway,
Moving stair ponfjzifh ac:Muw,f/
pufavSum;awGukd ukefwkdufBuD;
awG? aps;Bu;D awG? [kw
d ,fawG? avqdyaf wG?
tm;upm;kBH u;D awG? ajratmufbw
l mkaH wG?
uk,
d yf idk t
f aqmufttkaH wGrmS wyfqifxm;
Muygw,f/
"mwfavSum;eJY uGmjcm;csufuawmh
pufavSum;awG[m vlawGtrsm;BuD;ukd
wpfNyKd ief uf tqifv
h u
dk f o,faqmifEidk Nf y;D
"mwfavSum;vkd tcsdefapmifhae&ef rvkdyg
bl;/ pufavSum;pD;ae&if; ywf0ef;usif
wpfcv
k ;Hk ukd Munfh EI idk yf gw,f/ pufavSum;
awG[m wpfpuefYukd ESpfayEIef;cefYESifh
a&GUvsm;aeMuNyD; ajrjyifrSae 30 'D*&D

cefYapmif;xm;NyD; wnfaqmufavh&Sdygw,f/ avSum;xpfawGukd tvlrDeD,rf? okdYr[kwf oHrPdjym;

awGeJY wnfaqmufxm;ygw,f/
pufavSum;awG[m taqmufttk&H UJ ae&may:vku
d Nf y;D tay:wufwphJ ufavSum;eJY atmufqif;
wJph ufavSum;ukd ab;csi;f uyf tNyKd iw
f yfqifxm;ygw,f/ wcsKUd ae&mrSmawmh tay:wuf&eftwGuf
omwyfxm;Ny;D wcsKUd taqmufttkaH wGrmS awmh rsm;jym;vSwhJ pufavSum;awGudk twuf? tqif;tNyKd if
rsm;pGmwyfqifxm;ygw,f/ wcsKUd
pufavSum;awG[m ig;rdepf
twGif;rSm vlOD;a& 170 cefYukd
tay:xyfokdY o,faqmifEkdifyg
w,f/
1896 ck E S p f r S m Lehigh
University rS bGUJ &ausmif;om;
jzpfwJh Jesse W.Reno qkdol[m
yxrqkH;pufavSum;ukd New York City rSm
wyfqifcJhygw,f/ (20) &mpkESpfOD;ykdif;rSm Peelle
Company, Westinghouse, Haughton Elevator
Company pwJhukrPDawG[m pufavSum;awG

ukd qufNyD; ykdaumif;atmifwDxGifvmcJhMuw,f/

,aeYtcgrSmawmh Mitsubishi,
ThyssenKrupp, Schindler ponfh
ukrPDawG[m pufavSum;rsm;ukd
ykrd adk umif;rGeaf tmif wnfaqmufNy;D
tNyKd if xkwv
f yk v
f mMuygw,f/ puf
avSum;awGudk ok;H wJph rG ;f tifawGu
vnf; jrif;aumifa& 5 aumifrS
10 aumifxd&SdwJh armfwmawGukd
tokH;jyKMuygw,f/
uav;wkaYd & - pufavSum;pD;&if
vkHjcHKpdwfcsNyD; xdckdufrIr&Sdatmif
atmufygtcsufawGukd *kpkduf&yg
r,f/
(1)
zdeyfa&pkdaevQif? t0wftpm;a&pkdaevQif "mwfvkdufEkdifvkdY owdxm;&ygr,f/
(2)
t0wftpm;rsm;uk0d wfqif&mwGif ajcaxmufatmufrmS yku
H saeatmif 0wfqifxm;ygu
pufavSum;Mum; nyfygoGm;Edkifygw,f/

(3)
(4)
(5)

pufavSum;pD;&if; avSum;xpfawGay:ukd ckefNyD; wufjcif;? upm;jcif; a&Smif&ygr,f/

pufavSum;pD;&mrSm tcsif;csif;wGef;wkdufNyD; tvsiftjref rpD;oifhygbl;/
rdrdoGm;vkd&m aemufqkH;txyfukda&mufvQif vsifjrefpGm taqmufttkHMurf;jyifokdY
ul;&ygr,f/
pufavSum;awGukdvnf; av0ifavxGufaumif;wJhae&mawGrSm wyfoifhygw,f/ pufavSum;
armif;wJh armfwmawG? *D,mawG[m tcsdefMumjrifhvmvQif tylcsdefwufvmEkdifwmrkdY av0ifavxGuf
aumif;aumif;&SdaerS tylcsdefukd umuG,fEkdifygw,f/
uav;wkdYwpfawGtm;vkH; odyHynm&yfrSm xl;cRefwJholawG jzpfMuygapuG,f/

pmpDpmuHk;NydKifyGJ

yxrqk
rarZifouf
e0rwef;(C)
t.x.u(5)
r&rf;uke;f NrKd Ue,f

armfuGef;wif&rnfhaeYwpfaeY
trsKd ; om;aeY [ l o nf wd k i f ; jynf w pf j ynf
odkYr[kwf vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;wdkY\xl;xl;jcm;jcm;atmifyGJaeY
wpf a eY y if j zpf y gonf / trsKd ; om;aeY o nf Ed k i f i H
wpfEdkifiH\ wpfrsKd;om;vHk;ESifhoufqdkifNyD; xl;jcm;
av;eufaom tESpfom&udkaqmifonfh aeYxl;aeY
jrwfyifjzpfygonf/ urmay:wGif EdkifiHtoD;oD;&Sd
Mu&m xdEk ikd if rH sm;wGif wpfrsK;d om;vH;k ESihf oufqikd af om
trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYwpfaeY&Sdygonf/ jrefrmvlrsKd;
wdkY\ trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYrSm wefaqmifrkef;vjynfh
ausmf 10 &ufaeYwiG u
f sa&mufygonf/ jrefrmjyu'ed f
twdkif;owfrSwfonfuyif trsKd;om;vuPm
aqmifygonf/ xl;jcm;ygonf/ trsKd;om;aeYonf
1920 jynfhaumvdyfoydwfrS pwifaygufzGm;vm
onf/ e,fcsJUudk awmfvSef&efpwifwyfvSefYEdI;aqmf
ay;aom jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ordkif;\t"durSwfwdkif
BuD;yifjzpfonf/
jrefrmtrsKd;om;wdkY\ trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeY
jzpfay:vmyHkrSm jrefrmwpfrsKd;om;vHk;&JU ZmwdaoG;
ZmwdrmefESifh olYuRefrcHvdkonfh pdwf"mwfaMumifhjzpf
ay:vm&jcif;jzpfonf/ jrefrmEdik if o
H nf ud,
k x
hf ;D ud,
k hf
eef;jzifv
h w
G v
f yfpmG aexdik cf o
hJ nfEh ikd if jH zpfonf/ jrefrm
wdik ;f &if;om;wdo
Yk nf e,fcsUJ vmaom NAw
d o
d Qwu
Ykd kd ppfyJG
oHk;Budrf,SOfNydKifwdkufcdkufcJh&onf/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
toufaoG;wdYk jzif&h if;ES;D ,SONf yKd icf ahJ omfvnf; 1885

ckESpf aemufydkif;wGif wpfEdkifiHvHk;NAdwdoQvufatmuf

odkYusa&mufcJh&onf/
jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;wdkYonf NAdwdoQe,fcsJU
vufatmufwiG f Edik if aH &;t&vH;k 0vGwv
f yfciG rhf &Sad y/
e,fcsUJ wd\
Yk ukyaf oG;pky
f tjrwfxw
k jf cif;udk rIrvS
cHcJh&onf/ pD;yGm;a&;t&NAdwdoQwdkY\acgif;yHkjzwforQ
cHcMhJ u&onf/ xdjYk yife,fcsUJ tpd;k &onf udv
k ekd t
D yk cf sKyf
a&;,E&m;udk taxmuftuljyKaprnfh uReyf nma&;
pepfudk jy|mef;cJhonf/ rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf? EdkifiHcspfpdwf
"mwfrsm;avsmyh g;yaysmufapNy;D NAw
d o
d Qtyk cf sKyaf &;udk
txifBu;D uRepf w
d af ygufaponfh uReyf nma&;pepf
omjzpfonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUwdkY\ csKyfcs,frIrsm;udk &ifqdkif
Edik &f ef trsK;d cspo
f ?l Edik if cH spo
f rl sm;u OD;aqmiftrsK;d ?
bmom? omoemtwGuf pnf;Hk;vIHUaqmfcJhMuonf/
1906 ckESpfwGif aumvdyfausmif;om;vli,fwpfpk
OD;aqmif 0dkiftrfbDat(ac:)Ak'bmomuvsmP
,k0toif;BuD;udkwnfaxmifcJhonf/ xdkodkYay:ayguf
vmjcif;onf rD;cJjymzHk;jzpfaeaom rsKd;cspfpdwfrsm;
jyefvnf&J&Jawmufvmap&ef tpysKd;vdkufjcif;yifjzpf
onf/
1920 jynfEh pS w
f iG f trsK;d om;a&;pdw"f mwfyrkd kd
jyif;xefvmcJo
h nf/ 0dik t
f rfbaD ttoif;Bu;D rSwpfqifh
*spD b
D aD t(ac:)jrefrmtoif;csKyBf u;D udk zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nf/

xdt
k oif;Bu;D u OD;aqmif wpfEikd if v
H ;kH udk trsK;d om;
a&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;us,fjyefYpGmvkyfaqmifcJhMuonf/
NAdwdoQtpdk;&onf 1920 jynfhESpfMo*kwfv 28 &uf
wGif &efukefwuodkvftufOya'udk jy|mef;Edkif&ef
pwifBudK;yrf;cJhonf/ jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;rsm; tjyif;
txefuefYuGufaeonfhMum;rSyif jynfolYtvdkudk
qefYusif 1920jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv 1 &ufwGif
&efukefwuodkvftufOya'udk twnfjyKjy|mef;cJh
onf/
xdo
k jYkd y|mef;jcif;udk rcHr&yfEikd jf zpfaom&efuek f
aumvdyfausmif;om;BuD;(11)OD;wdkYu 1920 jynfhESpf?
'DZifbmv(3)&ufwGifa&Twd*HkapwDawmfukef;ay:
oydwfarSmuf&ef vQKdU0SufwdkifyifMuonf/ 'DZifbm
v (4)&ufwGif &efukefaumvdyfESifh *sufqif
aumvdy&f Sd ausmif;om;rsm;pka0;Muonf/ wuodkvf
udk oydwfarSmufa&;udp aqmif&GufoGm;Mu&ef 26
OD; yg0ifaom aumfrwDwpf&yfudk zGJUpnf;wm0efay;
tyfcJhonf/ aumfrwDOD;aqmifNyD; 1282 ckESpf
wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhausmf 10 &uf(1920 jynfh
ESpf 'DZifbm v5&uf)wevFmaeYwGif aumvdyf
odyHausmif;ESpfausmif;u acgif;aqmif jrefrm
wpfEik d if v
H ;k H &Sd t*Fvyd af usmif;? t*Fvyd -f jrefrmESpb
f mom
ausmif;om;rsm;wdYk oydwaf rSmuf xGuMf uavonf/
e,fcsUJ wd\
Yk zdEydS rf aI tmufrS &J&0J 0hH q
hH ifEcJT MhJ u
jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkausmif;om;rsm; oydwfwdkufyGJonf
wpfEdkifiHvHk;odkYysHUESHUoGm;onf/ &[ef;&Sifvljynfolrsm;
uvnf; tm;ay;axmufccH MhJ uonf/ wpfEikd if v
H ;kH wGif
trsK;d om;aumvdyEf iS hf trsK;d om;ausmif;rsm;zGichf Jo
h nf/
jrefrmjynfolwdkYonf EdkifiHjcm;jzpf toHk;
taqmifrsm;udk qefYusifcJhMuonf/ jynfwGif;jzpf
t0wftxnfESifhtoHk;taqmifrsm;ukdom oHk;vmcJh
Muonf/ jrefrmtrsKd;om;ykdifaps;qdkifrsm;udk tm;ay;
cJhMuonf/ odkYESifh*sDpDbDattrIaqmiftzGJUu &efukef
NrKd U*sLAvDa[mcef;r tpnf;ta0;usi;f yNy;D ausmif;
om;rsm;oydwfarSmufMuonfh wefaqmifrkef;vjynfh

ausmf 10&ufaeYukd trsKd;om;aeYtjzpfowfrSwf

&efqHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ qHk;jzwfcsuft& 1284ckESpf
wefaqmifrek ;f vjynhaf usmf 10&ufaeYwiG f yxrtBurd f
trsKd;om;atmifyGJaeYudk pwifqifETJcJhonf/
xdk odkY t rsKd; om; atmif yGJ aeY t jzpf
jzpfay:vmjcif;onf vG,fvG,fululjzpfay:vmjcif;
r[kwf/ rsKd;cspfausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYtusKd;
udkriJhbJ wdkif;jynftwGuf pGefYpm;cJhMujcif;jzpfonf/
oydwaf rSmufpOfumvuausmif;om;Bu;D rsm;rSm tae
qif;&J? tpm;qif;&J? ttdyq
f if;&JjzpfcMhJ u&onf/ xdk
qif;&J rI'Pfukd ausmif;om;Bu;D rsm;omru ausmif;om;
i,frsm;vnf;cHcMhJ u&onf/ xdo
k Ykd oydwaf rSmufrsK;d cspf
ausmif;om;rsm; tepfemcH tompHMu&jcif;jzpfyg
onf/
trsKd ; om;a&;pd w f " mwf r sm;aMumif h 1 936
ckESpf 'kwd,ausmif;om;oydwf? 1938ckESpf wwd,
ausmif;om;oydwrf sm;ay:cJo
h nf/ xko
d ydwrf sm;onf
e,fcsUJ udk tefwq
k efu
Y sicf o
hJ nfh vIy&f mS ;rIyifjzpfonf/
xdkoydwfrsm;wGif trsKd;om;ausmif;xGufrsm; OD;pD;
cJo
h nf/xdaYk emuf1300jynft
h a&;awmfyBkH u;D jzifh e,f csUJ
wdkYudk wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;apEdkifcJhonf/ trsKd;om;
aeYrSpwifcJhonfh trsKd;om;ynma&;vIyf&Sm;rI\
atmifjrifrIonf ocifvli,frsm;ay:xGufvmjcif;
jzpfonfhtjyif pnf;vHk;nDGwfrIvnf;&&Sdvmjcif;
jzpfonf/ xdkvli,frsm;onf EdkifiHtwGuf touf
pGefYBudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhMuonf/ zufqpfawmfveS f
a&;wGiv
f nf; yg0ifcMhJ uonf/ jynfolvlxkudk OD;aqmif
vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJqifETJcJhMuonf/ xdkYaMumifhyif
1948ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHonf vGwfvyfa&;
atmifyef;qifjref;EdkifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
xdkuJhodkY rsKd;cspfausmif;om;BuD;rsm; tepf
emcH aqmif&u
G cf jhJ cif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom trsK;d om;
aeYonf jrefrmwpfrsKd;om;vHk;twGuf ta&;BuD;
vSonf/ ausmif;om;oydwfaMumifh jrefrmvlrsKd;
rsm; uRefeif;jym;pdwfrS ocifrif;om;pdwfodkY jyefvnf

vmcJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh trsKd;om;aeYonf jrefrmwdkY

twGufta&;ygonf/
trsKd;om;aeYudkowfrSwfNyD;csdefrSp ,aeY
tcsed t
f xd ESppf Ofusi;f yjyKvyk cf MhJ uonf/ trsK;d om;aeY
udk tNrdKUNrdKUte,fe,fwdkif;wGif yHkpHtrsKd;rsKd;jzifh usif;y
jyKvyk Mf uonf/ trsK;d om;aeYa[majymyGrJ sm; usi;f yjcif;?
pmpDpmuH;k NyKd iyf rJG sm;? 0wK? uAsmNyKd iyf rJG sm;usi;f y jcif;wdYk
jyKvkyfMuonf/ trsKd;om;aeYudk *kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh
yGJvrf;obifrsm;jzifh {nfhcHazsmfajzMuygonf/ xdkuJhodkY
trsKd;om;aeYtcrf;tem;wGif jrefrmwpfrsKd;om;vHk;u
aysmf&TifpGmyg0ifqifETJMuonf/
0HomEk&udw[kqdkonfh trsKd;om;a&;pdwf
"mwfjzifh jynfolwpf&yfvHk; pnf;vHk;nDGwfjcif;onf
twdwfwGifta&;ygcJhonf/ ypKyefwGifvnf; r&Sdrjzpf
ta&;Bu;D vSonft
h csujf zpfonf/ tem*wfumvwGif
vnf; xm0pOfqufvuf ta&;ygaernfjzpfonf/
xYakd Mumifh trsK;d om;pnf;vH;k nDw
G rf u
I kd jzpfay:aprnfh
trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf ydkrdk&Sifoefa&; OD;wnfcsufrsm;
jzifh trsKd;om;aeYudk wufwuf<u<uusif;y&rnfjzpf
onf/
trsK;d om;aeYonf jrefrmwpfEikd if v
H ;kH odrYk [kwf
jrefrmwpfrsKd;om;vHk;\ atmifyGJaeYjzpfonfhtwGuf
aeYxl;aeYjrwfvnf;jzpfonf/ jrefrmwpfrsKd;om;vHk;
\ xl;jcm;ta&;ygonfah eYvnf;jzpf trsK;d om;aeYukd
usi;f y&mwGif trsK;d om;aeY\ tESpo
f m&rsm;raysmufysuf
atmif aqmif&Gufoifhygonf/ xdkYtjyif trsKd;om;

aeYonf ynma&;udktrSL;jyK jzpfay:cJah omfvnf;

jrefrmwpfrsKd;om;vH;k \ Zmwdrmefukd azmfxw
k Ef ikd cf o
hJ nf/
xdktESpfom&udk raysmufysufatmifxdef;odrf;&if;
trsKd;om;aeYudk ESpfpOfusif;yoifhygonf/
odkYqdkvQif trsKd;om;aeYonf jrefrmwpf
rsK;d om;vH;k \ e,fcsUJ tay: atmifycJG cH ahJ om aeYx;l
aeYjrwfjzpfonf/ jrefrmwdkY\ &Sd&if;pGJ Zmwdrmefudk
azmfxkwfjyocJhMuonf/ uRefeif;jym;pdwfrS ocif
rif;om;pdwo
f Ykd jyefvnfvmNy;D ud,
k t
hf m;ud,
k u
f ;kd pdwf
rsm;Edk;Mum;vmcJhonf/ xdkpdwfrsm;aMumifh wdkif;jynf
vGwfvyfa&;udk t&,lEdkifcJhMuonf/ xdkodkYaom
tcsufrsm;aMumifh trsKd;om;aeYonf jrefrmwpfrsKd;
om;vkH;\ ta&;ygaom armfueG ;f 0ifaeYx;l aeYjrwf
yifjzpfygonf/
,aeYusa&mufaom 92ESpaf jrmuftrsK;d om;
aeY\ OD;wnfcsufrsm;jzpfonfh trsKd;*kPf? Zmwd*kPf
jrifrh m;a&;ESihf jynfaxmifppk w
d "f mwf&iS o
f efxufjruf
a&;? trsKd;om;ynm&nfjrifhrm;a&;? EdkifiHawmf\
vGwv
f yfa&;ESit
hf csKyt
f jcmtmPm wnfwchH ikd Nf raJ &;?
acwfrzD UHG NzKd ;wd;k wufaom Edik if aH wmfopfwnfaqmuf
a&;wdkYudk trsKd;om;a&;tm;rmeftjynfhjzifh BudK;yrf;
aqmif&GufMu&rnfjzpfonf/ odkYrSom 'Drdkua&pD
tpdk;&opfvufxufwGif urmYEdkifiHrsm;u tod
trSwfjyKonfh jynfaxmifpkorwjrefrmEdkifiHawmf
Bu;D tjzpf Edik if w
H umwGif *kP,
f 0l if<h um;pGm &yfwnf
vmEdkifawmhrnfjzpfygonf/

qka&G;cs,fa&;tzGJ Y\ jyefMum;csuf
um;csuf
]armfuGef;wif&rnfhaeYwpfaeY} acgif;pOfjzifh NydKifyGJ0ifpmpDpmuHk; yk'fa&(14)yk'fcefY a&muf&Sdvmygonf/
qka&G;cs,fa&;tzGJUrS tqifhqifhpdppfa&G;cs,fcJh&m t.x.u(5)r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,frS rarZifouf(e0rwef;-C)
tm; yxrqktjzpfvnf;aumif;? t.x.u(5) r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,frS rat;Nidrf;cdkif(owrwef;-u)tm;
'kwd,qk tjzpfvnf;aumif;? t.x.u(5) r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,frS rxG#fjrwfr'Dcif (owrwef;-u)tm;
wwd,qktjzpfvnf;aumif; a&G;cs,fxm;ygonf/

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif yxrOD;qHk; a&mifpHkaeYpOfowif;pm xGuf&SdaeygNyD

owif;? aqmif;yg;? uAsm? umwGef; ay;ydkYvdkolrsm;ESifh aMumfjim? owif;pm
jzefYcsdoludk,fpm;vS,frsm; atmufygvdyfpmtwdkif; qufoG,fEdkifygonf/
aejynfawmf
jr0wDowif;pmwdkuf(aejynfawmf)
bk&ifhaemif&yfuGuf? ykAoD&dNrdKUe,f?
pmwnf;rSL;csKyf 031-74005
pmwnf;rSL; 031-73998
jzefYcsd^aMumfjim 031-73999
zufpf 032-30262

ysOf;rem;(Hk;cGJ)
(NrdKUe,fpmayESifhpme,fZif;tzGJU)
ysOf;rem;NrdKU? Adkvfawmufxdefvrf;ESifh
trSwf(8)vrf;? trSwf(1) NrdKUraps;tay:xyf?
zkef;^zufpf 067-29989

rEav;(Hk;cGJ)
84 vrf;? 29 _ 30 Mum;
zkef; 02-66651
&efukef (Hk;cGJ 1)
trSwf(15)? wyfajr? rdk;aumif;vrf;?
abmufaxmf? &efuif;NrdKUe,f? &efukef/
zufpf 031-74020? zkef; 01-400697/

&efukef (Hk;cGJ 2)
jr0wDpmaywdkufHk;cGJ trSwf(181)?
32 vrf;? txufbavmuf? ajrnDxyf?
yef;bJwef;NrdKUe,f/ zkef; 01-371244

awZuav;wdkYa&...
'Dwpfvawmh awZuav;wdkYavhusifhEdkifzdkY tajccHusNyDvG,fulwJh0gusav;awGudkyJ azmfjyay;vdkufyg
w,fuG,f/
(1) When did you go to school?

rif;b,ftcsdefausmif;udkoGm;cJhovJ/
(2) Why did you do such a thing?

bmaMumifhrif;'DvdkrsKd;vkyf&wmvJ/
(3) What kind of music do you like?

rif;b,fvdk*DwtrsKd;tpm;ukd ESpfoufygovJ/
(4) How old are you?

rif;toufb,favmuf&SdNyDvJ/
(5) How tall are you?

rif;t&yfb,favmuf&SdvJ/
(6) How many cats do you have?

rif;rSm aMumifb,fESaumif&SdovJ/
(7) How often do you go to this shop?

'Dqdkifudk rif;b,favmufvmjzpfovJ/
(8) It is very good to study English everyday.

t*Fvdyfpmudk aeYpOfavhvmwm[m odyfudkaumif;ygw,f/

(9) It is kind of him to help an old lady.

toufBuD;wJhtrsKd;orD;BuD;wpfa,mufukd ulnDwm[m olY&JUMuifemwwfrIygyJ/

usef;rma&;ESifhukd,fvufMuHhcdkifa&;
xufbkef;

,aeYacwfrDwdk;wufaeaom IT enf;ynm
acwfBuD;wGif vltrsm;taejzifh oufaomifhouf
om aexdkifoGm;vm&aomacwfwGif usef;rmawmifh
wif;pGm &Sdap&eftwGuf udk,fvufMuHhcdkifa&;
vkyfief;rsm;udk *kjyKvdkufpm;&ef vGefpGmvdktyfonf/
a&S;acwftcgu 0rf;a&;udk rdrdudk,fwdkif yifyef;pGm
&SmazGpm;aomuf&aomaMumifh udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rI?
aoG;om;nDGwfrI?
tm[m&"mwfjynfh0rIwdkYrSm
wrifoufouf*kjyK jyKvkyf&efrvdkbJ olYtvdk
tavsmuf jynfh0NyD;jzpfavonf/ NidrfoufpGmxdkif
tvkyfvkyf? uGefysLwmavhvm? pmavhvmolrsm;
tzdkY txl;yifudk,fvufusef;rma&; avhusifhcef;
rsm;udk *kwpdkufvkyfudkif&efvdktyfonf/
udk,fvufvIyf&Sm; upm;rIudk *kpdkufjyKvkyfjcif;
r&Sdolonf usef;rma&; csKdUwJhrnfrSm rvGJay/ wdkif;
jynfwpfjynf usef;rma&;csKdUwJhol aygrsm;ygu
wdkif;jynfrBuD;yGm;EdkifbJ pD;yGm;a&;ESifhtjcm;u@
rsm; vpf[if;wwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ausmif;oifcef;
pmyif ud,
k v
f ufMuchH ikd af &;udk oD;oefq
Y &m? q&mr
rsm;xm;&SdoifMum;jyoay;avonf/
usef; rm a&; avh usifh cef; oif wef; rsm; rSm
udk,fcEmawmifhwif; usef;rma&;udk t"duxm;

oifMum;ay;avonf/ usef;rma&; avhusifhcef;

oifcef;pmrsm;onf xl;cRefaom tm;upm;orm;
wpfOD;rjzpfvmEdkifaomfvnf; anmif;nmolwdkYESifh
tiftm;csnfheJYolwdkYudk usef;rmjcif;ESifh nDGwf
atmif zefwD;ay;Edkifonf/ usef;rma&;avhusifhcef;
rsm;udk wefaq;vGefab;oabmjzifh rjyif;vGef;?
renf;vGef; rQw rSefrSefvdkufemjyKvkyfygu usef;
rmawmifhwif;Edkifayrnfjzpfygonf/ rsm;pGmaom
avhusifhcef;rsm;udk upm;&efoD;oefYaqmufvkyf
xm;aom tm;upm;Hkr&SdbJESifh ae&mra&G;vkyfEdkif
onf/ odkY&mwGif udk,fum,avhusifhcef;rsm;udk
rnfonfhae&myif jyKvkyfonfjzpfap? avaumif;
avoefY&&Sd&eftxl;ta&;BuD;ayonf/ avaumif;
avoefYudk 00BuD;SLIdufjcif;onfyifvQif usef;rm
a&;avhusichf ef;rsm;\ wpfpw
d w
f pfa'ojzpfayonf/
avhusifhcef;rsm;udk jyKvkyfonfhtcg txl;
owdjyK&eftcsufrSm avhusifhcef;rsm;udk aeYpOf
tcsdefrSefrSefjyKvkyf&efvdktyfygonf/ odkYrSomvQif
tusKd;aus;Zl;rsm;udk jynfh0pGmcHpm;Edkifrnfjzpfay
onf/
txl;*kjyK&efwpfcsufrSm tpmrpm;rDem&D0uf

aumif;? &ifudkaumhvnf;aumif;? ycHk;udkavQmh

vnf;aumif;? OD;acgif;udak xmifvnf;aumif;
&Sdap&efowdjyK&rnf/
vrf;avQmuf&mvnf;
txufygudk,f[eftaetxm;twdkif;&SdapNyD;vQif
ajcz0g;rsm;udk wnfhwnfhxm;avQmuf&ayrnf/
zdeyfpD;avQmufvQifvnf; tvGeftrif;usyfaom
zdeyfudkpD;ravQmuf&ef owdjyK&ayrnf/ ZufESifh
ausmtxufydkif;udkrwfrwfxm; cg;ae&mrScsKd;NyD;
vQiftenf;i,fukdif;xdkifEdkifonf/ odkYaomf yHkwpf
rsKd;wnf;jzifhwm&SSnfpGmxkdifaejcif;rSm tanmif;rd
apEkdifonf/
t ouf udk av; av; ESifh rSef rSef SL & aom
avhusifhcef;onf &iftHk? &ifbwf? tqkwfwdkYudk
usef;rmoefpGrf;apygonf/ xdkYtjyif0rf;AdkufwGif&Sd

ESifhtpmpm;NyD; (2)em&DtwGif;avhusifhcef;ukd vHk;0

rvkyf&efjzpfonf/ eHeuftdyf&mxcgp (15)rdepfcefY
ESifhntdyf&m0ifcgeD; acwrQavhusifhcef;,lEdkifygu
usef;rma&;tajctae ododomomBuD; wdk;wuf
vmonfudkawGU&ayvdrfhrnf/ avhusifhcef;rsm;udk
pdwfyg0ifpm;pGm pepfususvkyfukdifjcif;rjyKcJhvQif
tcsnf;ESD;jzpfwwfaMumif;udk owdjyK&rnfjzpfay
onf/ avhusifhcef;vkyfpOfwGif udkf,fa&mpdwfyg
tmHkpdkuf tcsdefrSefrSefvkyfudkifygu tHhMoavmuf
atmif usef;rma&;wdk;wufvmayvdrfhrnf/
usef;rma&;avhusifhcef;rsm;jyKvkyfaepOfom
r[kwf? tjcm;trIudprsm;aqmif&Guf&mvnf;
udk,f[eftaetxm;udk pepfwus&Sdap&efvdktyf
ygonf/ Oyrm]rwfwwf&yfaomtcg 'l;<uufom;
rsm;ukdawmifhxm;jcif;rjyKbJ taeawmfavQmhxm;& aomrvdkvm;tyfonfh tqDrsm;ukdvnf;avsmhyg;
ayrnf/ 0rf;Adkuf<uufom;udkqefYxm;vnf; aponf/ odkYukd,fvuft*FgvIyf&Sm;upm;jcif;
ukd aeYpOfrSefrSefjyKvkyfoGm;ygu av? 0rf;? qD;wdkY
rSeuef
f apusef;rmtouf&SnfEdkifygonf/
udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;upm;jcif;onf touf&Snf
a&;twGufvdktyfaomtcsufrsm;wGif wpfyg;tyg
t0ifjzpfonfhtwdkif; uav;wdkYtaejzifhudk,fvuf
vIyf&Sm;upm;jcif;avhusifhcef;rsm;udk yHkrSefaqmif
&Gufoifhayonf/
xufbkef;

(jrefrmhpum;yHkrsm;)

umwGef;armif'if

uav;wdaYk &...yHu
k Mkd unfNh y;D ajz&rnfh jrefrmpum;yH(k 3)rsK;d \tajzrsm;udk pmrsuEf mS wpfae&mwGif
azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ uav;wdkY&SmMunfhMuyguG,f/