Mng ad-hoc

05:00 Tien Bui Duc No comments

1/ Khi nim mng Ad Hoc. Ad hoc nh nhng b nh tuyn khng dy. Mng Ad hoc c th hot ng c lp hoc kt ni vi mng Mng v tuyn Ad hoc l mng tp hp cc nt di ng hoc bn di ng v khng c c s h tng. Manet ( Mobile Ad-hoc Network) - Mng khng dy di ng. Theo nh ngha ca T chc Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)- Mng Manet l mt vng t tr ( Autmmous System) ca cc router ( chnh l cc node) c kt ni vi nhau bng lin kt khng dy, cc node c th di chuyn mt cch t do nn kin trc ca mng thay i lin tc m khng th d on trc

Mi nt mng c mt giao din v tuyn v giao tip vi nt mng khc thng qua sng v tuyn hoc tia hng ngoi. Topo mng thay i lin tc khi cc nt mng tham gia hoc ri khi mng hay khi kt ni v tuyn tr nn khng cn thch hp.Mng Ad hoc c hnh thnh bi cc nt di ng c kh nng pht hin ra s c mt ca cc nt khc v t nh dng to nn mng. V d nh mt nt yu cu truyn ti mt mng xa n th trong mng c th thit lp lin lc qua nhng nt trung gian, cc gi c chuyn tip ti nt ngun, ch nh nhng nt trung gian. Do cc nt mng Internet. Trong mng Ad hoc khng tn ti khi nim qun l tp trung , n m bo mng s khng b sp v trng hp nt mng di chuyn ra ngoi khong truyn dn ca nt mng khc v n trao i thng tin bng phng php truyn gi tin qua nhiu bc (multi-hop), ng thi mng s t cu hnh li. V d: Nu nt mng ri khi mng s gy ra s c mt lin kt , nt mng b nh hng c th yu cu ng nh tuyn mi v vn s c gii quyt. iu ny ch gy tr trn mng m khng nh hng n ngi s dng v mng Ad hoc vn hot ng bnh thng. Hin nay tn ti hai kiu topa mng Ad hoc: 1. Mng c cc thit b di ng khng ng nht (Hnh di bn phi)

2. Mng my ch di dng (Hnh di bn tri)

2/ c im ca mng Ad Hoc Mt s c im chnh ca mng Ad hoc: - Mi my ch khng ch ng vai tr l mt h thng cui cng m cn hot ng nh mt h thng trung gian - Mi nt mng u c kh nng di ng - Tp mng thay i theo thi gian - Cc nt di ng s dng ngun nng lng pin c hn - Bng thng trong thng tin v tuyn hp - Cht lng knh lun thay i - Khng c thc th tp trung , ni cch khc l mng phn b C nhiu thit b khc nhau s dng trong mng Ad hoc, chng u c c im chung l s dng ngun nng lng do pin cung cp . Nng lng m pin c th cp cho cc thit b ny l c hn, hn na mi hot ng nh thu pht v tuyn , truyn li v dn ng u tiu th nng lng. V vy m cn phi c nhng giao thc v nng lng c hiu qu cao v cc k thut iu khin cng sut tt hn. iu ny cng kh lm c bi v cng ngh pin khng c c s pht trin mnh m nhanh chng nh cng ngh sn xut chip do im ny c coi l mt nhc im ca mng Ad hoc. 3/ nh tuyn trong mng Ad Hoc Trong mng thng tin v tuyn ni chung v mng Ad hoc ni ring do mi nt mng u c kh nng di chuyn nn topo mng cng thay i theo thi gian. c im ny gy ra kh khn trong vic truyn ti gi tin. Mng Ad hoc ring gi tin mun n c ch th phi truyn qua nhiu trm v nt mng do gi tin n c ch th nt mng phi s dng phng php nh tuyn . Giao thc nh tuyn c hai chc nng :tm, chn ng tt nht v chuyn gi tin n ng ch. D thy rng chc nng th hai rt n gin c th s dng nhiu giao thc v cu trc d liu c sn v d nh bng nh tuyn. Do ta s cp su hn v vic tm, chn ng ca cc nt.

3.1/ nh tuyn Bellman-Ford Nhiu lc nh tuyn trc y c xy dng cho mng khng dy Ad hoc da trn thut ton Bellman-Ford. Cc lc ny cng c nghin cu gii quyt cc vn ca lc Distance Vector (DV). Trong thut ton Bellman-Ford, mi nt i duy tr mt bng nh tuyn hay ma trn cha thng tin khong cch v thng tin v nt k tip vi i trn ng i ngn nht ti ch j bt k, trong khong cch chnh l chiu di ngn nht t i ti j. cp nht thng tin v ng i ngn nht mi nt s thng xuyn trao i bng nh tuyn vi cc nt bn cnh n. Da trn bng nh tuyn t cc nt ln cn , nt i bit c khong cch ngn nht t cc ln cn ca n ti nt bt ch bt k. Do , vi mi nt ch j, i s chn mt nt k cho chng k tip sao cho khong cch t i qua k ti j l nh nht . Cc thng tin tnh ton mi ny s c lu tr vo bng nh tuyn ca i v c trao i vng cp nht nh tuyn tip theo. nh tuyn ny c u im l n gin v tnh ton hiu qu do c im phn b. Tuy nhin nhc im ca n l hi t chm khi topo mng thay i v c xu hng to cc vng lp nh tuyn c bit l khi cc iu kin lin kt khng n nh. 3.2/ nh tuyn Link State nh tuyn Link State cn gi l nh tuyn trng thi lin kt. nh tuyn ny cng l mt trong nhng thut ton c s dng rng ri trong nhiu giao thc, chng hn nh OSPF. Mc d nh tuyn Link State him khi c s dng cho mng khng dy, song n li cha nhiu tim nng cung cp cc gii php nh tuyn theo yu cu cho cc tiu chun nh tuyn khc nhau. Trong nh tuyn Link State, khi c mt nt pht hin ra c thay i trong vng kt ni vi n, nt lm trn trng thi kt ni mi bi gi cha thng tin kt ni cc b c cp nhp. Cc nt khc thng bo v s thay i ny khi gi trng thi lin kt ti, do thng tin v topo mng thay i theo. nh tuyn Link State p li s thay i mng nhanh hn DBF v tng t vi nh tuyn ondemand. N tnh ton ng i theo kiu tp trung d dng chng li cc vng lp nh tuyn. Tuy nhin do nh tuyn Link State cng da vo c ch flooding qung b thng tin v s thay i kt ni ca nt, ph tri iu khin lm cho nh tuyn Link State c cht lng km hn DBF v on-demand trong mi trng khng dy bt chp chnh xc m n cung cp. Vn khc trong nh tuyn Link State l mt nt c th khng tm ra nhng bin i v topo mng chnh xc nu ton b mng c chia thnh hai phn v sau c khi phc li. 3.3/ nh tuyn tm ng Cc giao thc mi nh DSDV (Destination Sequenced Distance Vector) v WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol) da trn DBF cung cp nh tuyn lp t do. Cho d l vn c gii quyt th vn cn tn ti vn v thiu chnh xc trong nh tuyn DBF, vn ny c th gy ra suy gim hiu sut mng. Nguyn nhn dn n s thiu chnh xc l do nt mng khng c c cac thng tin trng thi ton mng dn n cc quyt nh a ra ch ti u trong phm vi cc b, n khng m bo mt gii php ti u trong mi trng di ng. Thm vo khi DBF ch duy tr mt ng i duy nht ti ch, n thiu kh nng thch nghi vi cc li lin kt v yu cu nghin cu m rng cho cc h tr multicasting. 3.4/ nh tuyn On-demand nh tuyn On-demand c bit n nh DC (Diffusion Computation) cng c s dng trong mng khng dy. Trong lc nh tuyn On-demand, mt nt xy dng ng i bng cch cht

vn tt c cc nt trong mng. Gi cht vt tm c ID ca cc nt trung gian v lu gi trng Path. Khi d tm cc cht vn, nt ch hay cc nt bit ng i ti ch tr li cht vn bng cch phc p source routed cho ni gi. Do nhiu phc p nn c nhiu ng i c tnh ton v duy tr. Sau kh tnh ton ng i nt lin kt bt k bt u cc cht vn , phc p khc nn lun cp nht nh tuyn. Mc d cc tip cn da trn c s DC c chnh xc cao hn v phn ng nhanh hn vi s thay i mng nhng ph tr iu khin qu mc do thng xuyn yu cu flooding c bit khi tnh di ng cao hn v lu lng dy c phn b u nhau. Kt qu l cc giao thc nh tuyn On-demand ch ph hp vi mng khng dy bng thng rng tr truyn gi nh v lu lng rt mng. 3.5/ nh tuyn vng nh tuyn vng l mt giao thc nh tuyn khc thit k trong mi trng Ad hoc. y l giao thc lai gia nh tuyn On-demand vi mt giao thc bt k tn ti. Trong nh tuyn vng mi nt xc nh vng ring khi nt khong cch nht nh. Hai lc nh tuyn khc nhau c yu cu cho nh tuyn vng. nh tuyn trong vng c th s dng bt k lc giao thc no DBF hoc LS. Mc ch trong vng l duy tr thng tin y v kh nng nt t ti ch ca nt trong vng ang xt. nh tuyn vng trung gian s dng nh tuyn On-demand tm ng i.nh tuyn vng kt hp hai lc nh tuyn nu trn v hot ng nh sau: khi c lu lng cn c nh tuyn, n kim tra xem ch c trong vng hay khng. Nu nt ch trong vng trung gian duy tr thng tin cn thit. Khi nt gi mt lu lng ti ch phm vi ngoi vng ca nt, nh tuyn vng s gi cc gi yu cu theo k thut multicasting ti cc nt ng bin tm ng i, giao thc nh tuyn trong vng cung cp ng i ngn nht. Nu mt s nt ng bin c thng tin v ch th cc gi phc p s c gi tr li cho ngun. Ngc li, cc nt ng bin s vn c yu cu cc nt ng bin khc cho ng i ti ch. u im ca nh tuyn vng l kh nng m rng cp khi nhu cn lu tr cho bng nh tuyn gim xung. Tuy nhin do gn ging vi nh tuyn On-demand nn nh tuyn vng cng gp phi vn v tr kt ni v im kt thc ca cc gi yu cu. 4/ Giao thc nh tuyn trong mng Ad Hoc Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn: - Da trn bng nh tuyn: DSDV, WRP, - Theo yu cu: AODV, DSR, LMR > TORA, ABR > SSR 4.1 DSDV 4.1.1 M t DSDV l giao thc nh tuyn vecto khong cch theo kiu tng bc: trong mi nt mng duy tr bng nh tuyn lu tr ch c th n bc tip theo ca nh tuyn v s bc n ch. DSDV yu cu nt mng phi gi u n thng tin nh tuyn qung b trn mng u im ca DSDV l m bo khng c ng nh tuyn kn bng cch s dng s th t nh du mi ng. S th t cho bit mc mi ca ng nh tuyn, s cng ln th mc m bo cng cao (ng R c coi l tt hn R nu s th t ca R ln hn, trong trng hp c cng s th t th R phi c s bc nh hn). S th t s tng khi nt A pht hin ra ng n ch D ph v, sau nt A qung b ng nh tuyn ca n ti nt D vi s bc khng gii hn v s th t s tng ln. V c bn DSDV dng thut ton vecto khong cch c iu chnh cho ph hp vi mng Ad hoc:

c xt n thay i cu trc mng gia cc ln qung b thng tin. gim lng thng tin trong cc gi tin cp nht thng tin DSDV s dng hai loi bn tin: bn tin y v bn tin c thng tin mi (so vi thng tin cp nht trc ). 4.1.2 c im DSDV ph thuc vo thng tin qung b nh k nn n s tiu tn thi gian tng hp thng tin trc khi ng nh tuyn c a vo s dng. Thi gian ny l khng ng k i vi mng c cu trc c nh ni chung (bao gm c mng c dy), nhng vi mng Ad hoc thi gian ny l ng k, c th gy ra mt gi tin trc khi tm ra c nh tuyn hp l. Ngoi ra, bn tin qung co nh k cng l nguyn nhn gy ra lng ph ti nguyn mng 4.2 AODV 4.2.1 M t 4.2.2 M t chung Giao thc nh tuyn AODV cho php nh tuyn nhiu bc gia cc nt mng thit lp v duy tr mng Ad hoc. AODV da trn thut ton vecto khong cch nhng thuc loi nh tuyn yu cu, AODV ch yu cu nh tuyn khi cn thit v khng yu cu nt mng phi duy tr ng nh tuyn n cc nt mng khng tham gia trao i thngtin AODV cho php: nh tuyn m khi lin kt b ph v thng bo c gi i ngay lp tc n nhm nt mng lin quan v ch nhng nt mng ny thi. Hn na AODV cng h tr nh tuyn multicast v gii quyt c vn m v hn trong thut ton Bellman-Ford. Vic s dng s th t nt mng ch gip cho ng nh tuyn lun c cp nht v khng hnh thnh ng nh tuyn khp kn. Thut ton s dng nhiu dng bn tin khc nhau pht hin v duy tr lin kt trong mng. Khi nt mng mun s dng hoc tm ng nh tuyn n nt mng khc, n qung b bn tin yu cu ng nh tuyn RREQ n tt c nt mng gn n. Bn tin RREQ ny truyn trn mng n khi n n c nt mng ch hoc mt nt mng c ng nh tuyn n ch. Sau bn tin RREP s c gi li, thng bo vi nt ngun. Ngoi ra AODV cn s dng bn tin HELLO (l dng bn tin RREP thu gn) qung b ti nt mng bn cnh. Bn tin ny cho bit s hin din ca nt mng ngun trong mng v nt mng gn s dng ng nh tuyn thng qua nt mng ngun pht tn hiu qung b, ng nh tuyn l hp l. Nu nt mng khng nhn c bn tin HELLO t nt mng A v lin kt n nt A coi nh b ph v v n cng thng bo cho nt mng lin quan thng quan bn tin thng bo lin kt b hng (RREP) 4.2.2.1 Qun l bng nh tuyn AODV lu gi thng tin cho mi ng nh tuyn trong bng nh tuyn - a ch IP ca nt mng ch - S th t ca nt mng ch - S cc nt mng ti ch - Nt mng trong bc tip theo - Thi gian tn ti ca ng nh tuyn - Danh sch cc nt mng gn k cn hot ng - B m yu cu: bo m mi yu cu c x l mt ln khng b b st

4.2.2.2 Tm kim ng nh tuyn Trong trng hp nt mng qung b bn tin RREQ khi n cn mt ng n nt mng ch v khng c ng no c sn (thng thng ng n nt mng ch khng bit hoc ng b qu thi gian) Sau khi qung b PREQ, nt mng ch bn tin RREP, trong mt thi gian nht nh m n khng nhn c tr li th bn tin RREQ li c gi i hoc mc nh l khng c ng nh tuyn n nt mng Khi nhn c RREQ m khng c ng nh tuyn n ch theo yu cu th n s chuyn bn tin RREQ i, qung b li RREQ. Nt mng cng to ra mt ng nh tuyn ngc n a ch IP ngun trong bng nh tuyn ca n vi nt mng trung gian c a ch IP trng vi a ch cha trong trng IP ca nt mng bn cnh gi qung b bn tin RREQ, iu ny thc hin c nh vic ghi li ng ngc n nt mng a ra yu cu v c th c s dng cho bn tin cui cng RREP tm ng n nt mng . Khi bn tin RREQ n c nt mng ch hoc nt mng c nh tuyn n ch, th bn tin RREP c to ra v gi unicast n nt mng a ra yu cu. Trong khi RREP c chuyn tip th mt ng nh tuyn c to ra n ch v khi RREP n c, nt mng a ra yu cu th ng nh tuyn t nt mng ngun n nt mng ch tn ti. 4.2.2.3 Cp nht ng nh tuyn Khi mt nt mng pht hin ng nh tuyn n nt mng bn cnh khng hot ng, n s xa trong bng nh tuyn v gi mt bn tin lin kt hng. AODV s dng danh sch nt mng bn cnh cn hot ng ghi nh nt mng ang s dng ng nh tuyn trong bng nh tuyn. Nt mng nhn c bn tin ny cng s lp li qu trnh gi bn tin. Cui cng bn tin cng gi n tt c nt mng c lin quan, t chng c th dng vic gi thng tin hoc yu cu ng nh tuyn mi thng qua bn tin RREQ. 4.2.2 c im AODV gim c lng ln thng tin nh tuyn trn mng nh s dng phng thc nh tuyn theo yu cu. AODV coi trng nh tuyn hn so vi giao thc DRS iu ny cho php mng Ad hoc c th kt ni n mng c dy d dng hn (nh mng internet) AODV s dng s th t SeqNum nn c th lm mi ng nh tuyn v SeqNum s tng khi c vn khu vc xung quanh, ng thi chng c nh tuyn kn. Tuy nhin, SeqNum dng cho thut ton nh tuyn cng ny sinh nhng vn mi: iu g s xy ra khi SeqNum khng ng b trn ton mng (nu nh mng b chia nh theo cc khu vc khc nhau hoc s th t b trng lp). AODV h tr mt ng nh tuyn cho mt nt mng ch, nhng cng d dng thay i xc nh nhiu ng nh tuyn cho mi ch. Thay v yu cu mt ng nh tuyn mi khi nh tuyn c khng hp l th AODV c th chn ng nh tuyn c lu tr n cng nt mng ch vi xc sut hp l cao hn. AODV s dng bn tin HELLO mc IP, h tr lp lin kt, nn cht lng hot ng ca giao thc l iu cn quan tm v cn ci tin. Bn tin HELLO s thm phn tiu vo gi tin nh tuyn. AODV khng h tr lin kt mt chiu. Khi nt mng nhn yu cu RREQ, n s khi to ng nh tuyn ngc n nt ngun bng cch s dng nhng nt mng chuyn tip bn tin RREQ. ng nh tuyn tr li ny thng l unicast v ging vi ng s dng. Do vy khi h tr lin kt mt chiu AODV c th khi to tt c lin kt ch khng ch l lin kt hai chiu nh hin nay. Tuy nhin khi m t lp MAC trong IEEE 802.11 khng hot ng vi lin kt ny.

4.3. DSR 4.3.1 M t 4.3.1.2 M t chung Giao thc nh tuyn DSR nm trong lp giao thc theo yu cu v cho php nt mng c th tm kim ng nh tuyn thng qua nhiu nt mng n bt k nt mng ch no. nh tuyn theo yu cu (hoc t nt ngun) ngha l trong tiu ca mi gi tin cha danh sch theo th t nt mng m gi tin qua n nt mng ch. DSR khng s dng bn tin nh k (khng c bn tin qung b ng nh tuyn) nn gim c bng thng mng, bo tn c nng lng pin v gim c thng tin nh tuyn. thc hin nhng vic trn DSR da trn s h tr ca lp MAC (lp MAC s thng tin cho giao thc nh tuyn v trng thi cc lin kt). DSR cng s dng hai c ch c bn l tm kim ng v cp nht ng nh tuyn. 4.3.1.3 Th tc tm kim ng Nt mng X mun thng tin vi nt mng Y th n cn c mt ng nh tuyn ngun ti Y, nt X s gi qung b gi tin RREQ. Tt c cc nt mng nhn ng yu cu ny s tm kim trong b m ng nh tuyn n Y. DSR lu ton b cc ng nh tuyn thng dng trong b m ca n. Nu nh khng c ng nh tuyn no c tm thy th nt mng s chuyn tip RREQ i v thm c a ch ca n. Yu cu ny s truyn trn mng n khi n c nt mng Y hoc n c nt mng c nh tuyn n nt mng Y. Khi bn tin tr li RREP c gi theo kiu unicast ngc li nt mng ngun. RREP cha nt mng trong mng c th n nt mng Y. Trong th tc tm ng, u tin nt mng gi bn tin RREQ vi gii hn ti a ng truyn c t ra l 0 cho cc nt mng bn cnh n qung b li bn tin ny. Theo gi ca gi tin qung b, k thut ny cho php nt mng truy vn n b m nh tuyn ca nt mng bn cnh n. Cc nt mng cng c th hot ng giao din mng theo ch ln ln, khng lc a ch giao din v lm cho giao thc mng nhn c tt c gi tin m giao din nhn c. Cc gi tin ny c qut bi ng nh tuyn ngun hoc do cc bn tin bo li nh tuyn v sau s c loi b. ng nh tuyn ngc li nt mng X c th nhn c theo nhiu cch khc nhau: cch n gin nht l nghch o li bn ghi trong gi tin, tuy nhin n i hi lin kt phi cn xng. Theo , DSR cng kim tra b m nh tuyn ca nt mng tr li, nu ng nh tuyn c tm thy n s c s dng thay th. Cch th hai l s dng ngay bn tin tr li nt X. Tc l DSR c th tnh ton sa c cc ng lin kt mt chiu (khng cn xng), khi ng nh tuyn c tm thy n s c lu trong b m vi nhn thi gian v giai on duy tr ng nh tuyn bt u. 4.3.1.4 Cp nht ng nh tuyn Th tc ny c thc hin bng cch gi tin S c gi i kim tra cu trc mng, nu thay i n khng s dng ng nh tuyn n nt mng ch D (c th do nt mng nm trong danh sch di chuyn ra ngoi mng hoc ngt ng nh tuyn). Khi th tc ny pht hin vn vi thi gian nh tuyn ang s dng, gi tin bo li nh tuyn c gi tr li nt mng ngun, nt mng ny s xo b nt mng bo li trong b m. Do ng nh tuyn c cha nt mng s b ngt ti im nt mng . 4.3.2 c im

DSR tn dng u im ti a ca nh tuyn t nt ngun. Nt mng trung gian khng cn duy tr, cp nh thng tin nh tuyn nh tuyn gi tin m chng chuyn tip, cng khng cn bn tin qung b thng tin nh tuyn nh k. Giao thc DSR c th cp nht ng nh tuyn bng cch qut thng tin trong gi tin nhn c. ng nh tuyn t nt A n nt C thng qua nt B: nt A c th ly thng tin t nt C v cng c th ly thng tin t nt B. nh tuyn ngun cng c ngha l B ly thng tin t nt A v C, C cng ly thng tin t A vB. Tuy nhin gi tin mang thng tin ca phn nh tuyn v phn thng tin ny s ln dn khi gi tin i qua nhiu nt mng trc khi ti nt mng ch. Khi hot ng ch ln ln, bo mt l mt vn quan trng, th tc lc a ch giao din b tt v gi tin c qut ly thng tin. Do c th nhng ngi khng hp php ly c thng tin ny. ng dng v th cn c c ch bo mt ca mnh trc khi gi gi tin i. Giao thc nh tuyn l i tng d tn cng bo mt do n cn c c ch bo mt, c th dng giao thc IPSec. DSR h tr lin kt mt chiu do s dng ch piggyback, v yu cu giao thc MAC h tr lin kt ny. 4.4 ZRP 4.4.1 M t 4.4.1.1 M t chung Giao thc ZRP la giao th s dng hn hp hai kiu tng tc v d on trc. N chia thnh nhiu vng nh tuyn v ch r hai giao thc ring bit hot ng trong v gia cc vng nh tuyn. Giao thc IARP hot ng trong cc vng nh tuyn v ly c khong cch ngn nht v ng nh tuyn n tt c nt mng trong vng. N khng ch r giao thc nh tuyn theo kiu d on trc no, nh vecto hay trng thi lin kt. Cc vng nh tuyn khc nhau c th hot ng vi giao thc intrazone khc nhau ngay c khi n b gii hn vi nhng vng ny. Khi c s thay i cu trc mng th thng tin cp nht ch c truyn trong cc vng nh tuyn lin quan ch khng phi ton mng. Giao thc th hai, IERP l giao thc tng tc c s dng tm ng nh tuyn gia cc vng nh tuyn, khi nt mng ch khng nm trong vng nh tuyn. Giao thc s qung b RREQ n tt c nt mng nm ng bin trong vng nh tuyn. Th tc ny c lp li cho n khi nt mng yu cu c tm thy v bn tin c tr li c gi n nt ngun. IERP s dng giao thuc BRP v ZRP. 4.4.1.2 Vng nh tuyn c nh ngha l tp hp nt mng, nm trong khong cch ti thiu no trong s bc bc t nt yu cu. Khong cch c hiu l bn knh ca vng. yu cu khng quay li vng nh tuyn trc, ZRP s dng danh sch yu cu c x l PRL, khi nt mng nhn c yu cu n so snh PRL, nu yu cu oc x l th lp tc b loi b.

Mng s dng giao thc ZRP 4.4.2 c im y l giao thc oc quan tm nhiu vi mng Ad hoc, n c th iu chnh trong iu kin vn hnh ca mng (chng hn s thay i ng knh vng nh tuyn). Tuy nhin n khng thc hin hon ton do ng knh vng nh tuyn c khuyn ngh do ngi qun tr mng khi to hoc

vi gi tr mc nh ca nh sn xut. Hot ng ca giao thc ph thuc nhiu vo quyt nh ny. Do p dng c hai loi nh tuyn: nh tuyn theo bng v theo yu cu nn giao thc nh tuyn tn dng c u im ca c hai. ng nh tuyn c tm rt nhanh trong vng nh tuyn, cn ng nh tuyn ngoi c th c truy vn t nt mng c chn la. Tuy nhin, giao thc intrazone khng xc nh nt mng s phi h tr nhiu giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau, n khng thc s kh thi vi thit b nh nh PDA. Do s dng cng giao thc nh tuyn intrazone s em li hiu qu hn. ZRP gii hn thng tin v thay i cu trc mng, n ch gi n nt mng bn cnh c thay i (tri ngc vi kiu d on trc, thng tin s gi trn ton mng), tt nhin s thay i cu trc s gy nhiu nh hng n vng nh tuyn 4.5 TORA 4.5.1 M t TORA l giao thc nh tuyn phn tn, thut ton c bn l thut ton hon v lin kt, n c thit k nhm ti thiu ho phn ng vi s thay i v cu trc mng. Khi nim quan trng trong giao thc ny l cc bn tin iu khin c khoanh vng trong tp hp nh cc nt mng. TORA m bo tt c cc ng nh l l vng m v cung cp nhiu ng nh tuyn cho mi cp nt mng ngun v ch. N ch thc hin thun tu chc nng nh tuyn, chc nng khc ph thuc vo giao thc IMEP. Ba chc nng c bn l : To nh tuyn, cp nht ng nh tuyn, xo b ng nh tuyn. Chc nng to ng nh tuyn n gin l gn hng cho lin kt mng v hng hoc mt phn mng v hng, xy dng ln th xon c hng bt t nt mng ch.

th xon c gc nt ch D

TORA gn cho mi nt trong mng mt gi tr chiu cao, tt c bn tin trong mng c di chuyn theo chiu xui xung: t nt mng c chiu co hn n nt mng c chiu cao thp hn. ng nh tuyn c tm thng qua bn tin truy vn QRY v bn tin cp nht UPD. Khi nt mng khng c lin kt xung cn c nh tuyn n nt mng ch, n s qung b gi tin QRY, gi tin ny truyn trn mng n khi n gp c nt mng ch hoc c ng nh tuyn n nt mng ch. Sau n qung b UPD vi chiu cao ca n. Tt c nt mng nhn c gi tin cp nht ny s gi chiu cao ca n n nt c chiu cao ln hn gi tr trong gi UPD. Nt mng cng qung b gi tin UPD ca ring n, kt qu thu c mt s lin kt nh hng t nt gi bn tin truy vn n nt mng ch. Duy tr ng nh tuyn khi cu trc mng thay i theo kiu ng nh tuyn n ch c thnh lp li trong khong thi gian c hn. Th tc xo ng nh tuyn c thc hin thng quan bn tin CLR. 4.5.2 c im Thut ton hon v s thay i cng vi s thay i lin kt thng qua thut ton phn tn trong vng nh n l, iu ny khng cho php bn tin CLR c truyn qu xa trong mng. Theo d n CMU Monarch cho thy phn tiu trong TORA kh ln do s dng giao thc IMEP. th bt ngun ch (nt mng c chiu cao thp nht) nhng nt phi gi bn tin truy vn khng cn c chiu cao ln nht. Tuy nhin, ny sinh tnh hung: c nhiu ng nh tuyn gia cp nt mng ngun-ch nhng ch c mt ng c tm thy. C th gii thch l chiu cao ban u da trn khong cch gia cc nt mng trung gian trc khi n nt mng ch. 4.6 IMEP 4.6.1 M t IMEP l giao thc thit k h tr hot ng ca nhiu giao thc nh tuyn trong mng Ad hoc. tng giao thc tng qut cho tt c giao thc nh tuyn s dng, n kt hp cc k thut m cc giao thc lp trn cn: - Phn on trng thi lin kt - Kt hp cc bn tin iu khin - Qung b mt cch tin cy - Gii a ch lp mng - Cc th tc chng thc bo mt lin quan router. IMEP cng a ra cu trc nhn dng router MANET, nhn dng giao din v nh a ch, vi mc ch nng cao cht lng hot ng ca giao thc v gim thiu s lng bn tin iu khin, ghp cc chc nng chung. Chnh v th m TORA v OLSR s dng IMEP cho cc chng nng khc nh tuyn

Giao thc nh tuyn IMEP 4.6.2 c im tng thit k giao thc ny rt hay nhng ng t quan im cht lng hot ng ca giao thc th giao thc li cha t. N thm thnh phn chia lp vo b giao thc v khi thc hin trong d n CMU Monarch IMEP sinh ra qu nhiu thng tin tiu . 4.7 CBRP 4.7.1 M t 4.7.1.1 M t chung CBRP chia nt mng trong mng Ad hoc thnh cc cluster chng nhau hoc ri rc. Mi mt cluster c mt nt mng i din c cha cc thng tin quan h nt mng cho cluster . ng nh tuyn trong mt cluster c tm kim t ng thng qua thng tin quan h gia cc nt mng. CBRP da tn thut ton nh tuyn ngun tng t nh DSR, c ngha l nh tuyn gia cc cluster c thc hin thng qua bn tin RREQ gi trn ton mng, ch khc l s lng nt nh hn. Trong khi giao thc nh tuyn theo mt phng s chu khi lng tiu qu ti khi m rng, CBRP cng ging nh cc giao thuc phn tn khc, iu ny c li khi m cu trc mng thay i lin tc, hn na s ch n s tn ti ca lin kt mt chiu. 4.7.1.2 Phn on lin kt. Mi nt mng trong CBRP bit tn lin kt hai chiu n nt mng bn cnh cng nh lin kt mt chiu t nt mng bn cnh n n thng qua bng danh sch nt mng nm trong phm vi truyn dn. Mi nt mng s gi qung b nh k cc bn tin HELLO n nt bn cnh, c cha thng tin: ID ca nt mng, c vai tr ca nt mng v bng nt mng nm trong phm vi truyn dn. Thng tin trong bn tin HELLO c s dng cp nht thng tin trong bng ca mi nt mng. Nu mt nt khng nhn c bn tin HELLO th thng tin trong bng s b loi b. 4.7.1.3 Cluster Thut ton thng tin cluster rt n gin, nt mng vi ID nh nht c chn l cluster ng u, n quan tm n nt mng m n lin kt hai chiu n nt mng thnh vin ca n. Mt nt mng coi nh l nt mng thnh vin ca mt cluster nu n lin kt hai chiu n cluster ng u, nh

vy mt nt mng c th thuc nhiu cluster.Cc cluster c nhn dng bi nhiu tiu i din ca chng, khi hai cluster ng u di chuyn gn nhau th mt trong hai s mt vai tr ng u cluster.

Lin kt hai chiu n cc Cluster 4.7.1.4 nh tuyn nh tuyn trong CBRP da trn nh tuyn ngun v tm kim ng thng qua vic gi RREQ trn ton mng tt nhin vi mt s lng nh cc nt mng trong cluster. Khi nt mng X mun c ng n nt mng Y th n gi bn tin RREQ vi bn ghi nh tuyn ch c n. Bt k nt mng no khi nhn c gi tin s thm ID ca n vo trong RREQ. Mi nt mng ch chuyn tip gi tin mt ln nh kim tra trong bn ghi nh tuyn. Trong CBRP, bn tin RREQ theo ng nh tuyn dng: Nt mng ngun > Cluster ng u > Gateway > Cluster ng u > Gateway> Nt mng ch. Nt mng Gateway cho mt cluster l nt mng c ng lin kt hai chiu hoc mt chiu n mt nt mng nm trong cluster khc. RREQ s c chuyn i nh trn cho n khi n c mt nt c kh nng cung cp ng nh tuyn. Khi RREQ n c ch, nt mng ch c th chon ng in ngc li n ngun trong gi tin tr li RR. 4.7.2 c im Giao thc nh tuyn ny c nhiu c im chung vi cc giao thc nh tuyn trnh by trn: n c c ch tm ng v loi b ng tng t vi DSR v AODV. Gii php clustering l mt gii php hay vi mng Ad hoc quy m ln, n c kh nng m rng hn vi cc giao thc khc, gii hn c cc bn tin iu khin c gi i trong mng. CBRP c cc li th khi tn dng cc lin kt mt chiu. Tuy nhin, cu hi ti u vi CBRP l kch thc ca cluster l bao nhiu.