Hanoi University of Mining and Geology

Department of Petroleum Falcuty of Refining and Petrochemistry

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FIELD SAFETY INFORMATION

CC THNG TIN AN TON LAO NG M

H Ni, thng10 nm 2008

Class: LHD 50 Professor: TS. Phm Xun Ni Translator: Nguyn Ngc Giang Linh V Tng Lm Phm Th K Trng Vn Mnh ng Th Quyn Cn nh Hng Advisor: Nguyn Quc Hng Editor: Nguyn Quc Hng

LHD K50

QUAN IM V AN TON V NHN BIT NGUY HIM

Quan im an ton ca UOP l bo v ngi cng nhn ca h v nhng ngi gn cht vi cng vic ca chng ta. Lnh an ton c k kt ch tch UOP c coi l ng n vi tnh cht ca n khi lnh c vit ra v k kt vo nm 1992. Honeywell tin tng tnh oan ton c t trn sn phm, li nhun, v nhiu th khc. H cho rng vn oan ton khng ch l vic lm ng m n l th m nhiu ngi mong i. Cc nh qun l chng minh v gim st vic an ton c thc thi xuyn sut qu trnh hot ng. cc iu kin hoc l hot ng khng an ton bi nhng ngi cng nhn ca UOP phi gin a ch mt cch chnh xc trc khi cng nhn UOP tip tc thc hin nhim v tip theo. Nh qun l bn dao cng nhn ca h ngi m gim st cc hot ng cn gii quyt v bao gm c ni iu khin u vo cho ti nhng ni c an ton tuyt i. Mt cch bn bo v chnh bn l phi bit v cng nhn nhng hot ng v iu kin khng an ton. Mc d trong s tay hng dn ti nhng iu kin v hot ng an ton cn phi c thc hin. nu cc hot ng v iu kin khc ni lm vic khng theo nh trong s tay hng dn, th ni s c thng bo v thi hnh ng vi tnh trng thit b trc khi tip tc cng vic ca bn. bn s nu ra nhn ch v iu kin khng an ton nu a ch khng c nhng iu kin sau: Truy cp thng tin (MSDDSS) v ha hc v vt liu nhng a ch m bn c th th hin n: Bin php s l chnh xc v mi trng ni m bn lm vic p ng c chnh xc tnh trng khn cp ca k hoch Xc nh r gii hn khu vc u vo n bo bin php v mi trng lm vic Nhn bit v mi nguy him v cc bi thc hnh v lm vic an ton s c tho lun sau trong s tay ny.

Khu vc an ton
Trong mc ny th hin vi nhng vn v tnh trng lin quan n an ton m bn c th gp mt ni lm vic. l nh my lc du, xng sn xut hoc l cng trnh. Ln no bn cng ri mi trng lm vic vn phong thc hin cc cng vic lin quan khc, bn phi gi c s an ton l trn ht trong sut qu trnh lm vic ca bn. mi mi trng c s nguy him uy nht v c bit l ngn nga an ton. l trch nhim ca bn thc hin chng, cng mt thi im thng bo s c m khng bit v mi nguy him ca chng. Thng thng nhng nguy him trong nh my lc du bao gm: Chy b phn gia nhit v ni hi (chng ct) in Nito p sut thp H thng chn khng Khng kh v oxi Hi nc Nc
1

LHD K50

Nu bn khng chc chn v bin php an ton th bn phi hi.

nh hng an ton bn thi cng (nh thu)

Mc d mt on an ton thi cng ca trong OSHA bin php quy inh an ton (29 CFR 1910.119(h)) c vit cho ngi thi cng lm vic trong sut qu trnh ca k hoch, ng sau nhng quan im an ton thi cng l nhng bi thc hnh an ton rt hay. Thnh ra trong cc cng vic nhng khu vc gin on nh l xng sn xut hoc l cng trng, nhn bit v hot ng v iu kin an ton tt nht cho tt c cng nhn lm vic cch xa vn phng c xc nhn bi nh qun l UOP. Trong ti liu ny bao gm phng in v vic an ton v sc khe l nhng iu m bn gp phi trong khi lm vic xa vn phng. Nhn vin UOP nhng ngi m c k hoch tham v lm vic nhng ni sn xut hoc l cng trng th phi c th hun luyn an ton trong phm vi hp l(trong khong 3 nm l tt), nh l mt yu cu ca OSHA va UOP. UOP, bn c cung cp bng hng n t c s hun luyn thch hp nht v cc c nhn c trang b bo v chun b cho cng vic nhng a im khc nhau

Power safe work practice (thc hnh lm vic an ton vi nng lng)
Qun im v bnh an sau thc hnh lm vic an ton vi nng lng chc chn rng nhng thit b m cng nhn UOP c th lm xung quanh nhng a im khc nhau khng th hot ng bt ng. hu ht iu kin ph bin c s ng bo v thit b l kha li (lockout/tagout). in c s dng rt ph bin v l ngun gc ca nng lng. i vi cc ng c v thit b hot ng bng in, n l rt quan trng m bo rng cng tc in gt(ng) v chic kha c b vo hp ca cng tc in. Cng vic ca mi ngi thit b s cn b xung nhng chic kha ca ring h, nhng chic kha bao gm c kha ca bn, nu cn thit. mt iu chc chn l mi ngi khng th tnh c m hp cng tc in v hot ng nng lng cho thit b trong khi bn ang lm vic vi thit b . Dng khc nhau ca nng lng bao gm khng kh( hi, kh nn), kh nit, hoc l hi nc nhng th c th iu khin thit b. nhng m hnh ca b ngun cng sut, UOP yu cu rng nhng ng truyn t b ngun ti cc thit b l kn v/hoc tch ri(disconnected)

Hazard communication(thng tin nguy him)

iu l OSHA Thng tin nguy him l mt phn ca p n gip m bo an ton cho mi ngi lm vic trong cc nh my ang hot ng, xng sn xut, hoc cng trng. OSHA ua ra tiu chun thng tin nguy him (29 CFR 1910.1200), duy tr cho nhng cng nhn an ton trong cng vic v m bo cho tt c chng ta phi bit v mi nguy him ca in th n tn ti trong ni lm vic.

LHD K50

Trch nhim ca b phn Cc b phn ang hot ng ni m chng ta thm USA phi lit k tt c ha cht t trong b ca chng. Xc nh c mi nguy him kt hp vi mi ha cht, s dng cc k hiu trn cc thit b v c bng thng tin an ton vt liu c gi tr(MSDSs). Trch nhim ca bn Trch nhim nhng nguy him ph bin ca bn nhng a ch khc nhau c m t di y: 1. Bn phi quen vi nhng ni dung thng dng ca MSDS v cch c n. Nhng thng tin bn phi tm kim bao gm: Tn nhn dng Tn sn phm Danh sch d phng cc b phn nguy him Thng tin v chy n Thng tin v sc khe v ri ro 2. bn phi bit pht hin khi m bn l ha cht no . Mi ha cht u c gii hn l sang cho php. Sau y nhng iu th hin n l an ton vi cng vic. nu bn ngh bn c th l mt ha cht ng hi no : Hi nh qun l a im cho MSDS vi cht ha hc Hi cc nhn hoc gim c khu vc nhng thng tin v cht ha hc So snh kt qu ca gim c vi MSDS PEL v xc minh iu bn s lm vic di gii hn an ton Thng bo vi nh qun l a im h s hiu chnh cc hot ng nu mc vt qu PEL 3. bn phi lm quen vi cc k hiu s dng trn cc cng te n cha cht c hi. OSHA yu cu nh du xc nh chnh xc dung tch ca cng te n, th hin tng thch cc cnh bo v vt liu nguy him v ghi r tn v a ch cc sn phm t vt liu Hai nhn hiu chnh tn ti thun li trong ngnh cng nghip hin nay l (national fire protection association) hip hi phng chng chy n quc gia(NFPA) v (Hazardous Material Identification System) h thng nhn bit vt liu nguy him. (HMIS). Bng di y th hin cch m thng tin c truyn: HAZARD Sc khe Tnh bt la Nguy him vt l Bo v c nhn NFPA xanh vng HMIS Xanh vng

C hai h thng s dng t 0 n 4 h thng cng sut . con s cao hn , mc nguy him ln hn. HMIS s dng cc thanh mu cn NFPA s dng cc ng mu gch cho. Mt v d ca mt thng tin nhn hiu NFPA c th hin di y:

LHD K50

Ch : C MSDDSs v nhn hiu bao gm mt con s ln v iu khon chnh xc. Thut ng HazCom th i km vi quyn sch nh l bng hng dn hiu cc iu khon v cc ch vit tt s dng Ha hon - im bt chy 1. Di 730F (230C) K hiu phng nga 2. Di1000F (37.80C) D bt chy 3. Trn 2000 F (930C) D gy n 4. S khng chy n mn
c

1. 2. 3. 4. 0. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Nguy him v sc khe Cht ngi Nguy him cc Nguy him Vt liu bnh thng Phn ng c th gy n va chm v nhit l nguyn nhn gy n thay i cht ha hc mnh lit khng bn nu b tc ng ca nhit bn

An ton h hp

Nguy him c trng OX- cht oxi ha ACID- axit ALK- kim COR n mn W khng s dng nc S c bc x

My h hp nhn to yu cu Kh quyn c Bi, sng m v khi nguy him Kim tra an ton trc khi s dng Ch s dng cc loi v m hnh khi bn c iu kin s dng m bo chnh xc ng hoc b lc vi mc nguy him c trng Bit v hiu v b lc v ng thay i k hoch Kim tra dy eo, m kh, v b phn gia cng vi cc s c Kim tra dy dn trc khi i vo lm vic a) ng ca np m bnh h hp(hoc cartridge) b) Ht vo t t n ni facepiece b yu, v duy tr hi th trong mi giy Kim tra bo ng trn SCBAs ( bao gm dng c th) Hot ng an ton Khng a bnh th vo khu vc yu cu khng dng bnh th Thot khi ngay lp tc khu vc c vn xy ra vi hi th Lau sch v kh trng sau khi s dng v khi cn thit Bo qun xa nh sng v nhit Bo qun trong hp bo v Bo qun v tr t nhin ngan cn bin dng Bi kim tra s c kim nh 12 thng mt ln v phi c sa cha trc nu c nhng thay i quan trng xy ra (thay i khon 10% hoc l ln hn, vt so quan trng,).

LHD K50

An ton ha hon/s c
OSHA yu cu ngi ch phi vit ra k hoch hot ng s c khn cp nu nh h c t 10 cng nhn. Bn phi to cho bn thi quen vi nhng k hoch khi bn thm cc a im khc nhau v di theo h trong cc trng hp ha hon v s c khn cp khc. Bn phi nhn thc c v ni bn trong cng ty v bit cch s tn nhanh nht. bn phi bit chi tit khc v k hoch hot ng s c khn cp bao gm h thng bo ng, phng php thng bo, v cc trng hp khn cp v in. Hiu qu lin lc trong cc tnh trng khn cp l cc k cn thit. ngay lp tc thng bo tnh trng khn cp ti nhn vin.

An ton bnh cha chy

Cc loi bnh cha chy di ng Loi A cht chy thng thng (giy, g, vi.) Loi B cht lng d chy Loi C dng c in Loi D loi metal d chy. Bnh cha chy di ng cho loi nguy him D l i hi cht metal d chy lm vic kh vc lm thuc n, cun cp, shavings, hoc tng t nh cc sn phm cng kch c c sn xut t nht 2 tun mt ln(kh hiu). Loi K chy nh bp Cc loi hn hp ABC v BC Nguyn l thng thng s dng bnh cha chy Ko cht an ton cho php bn hot ng bnh cha chy Mc ch gi vng ming bnh v im chn ming ca bnh cha chy Nn m b phn hot ng phun ha cht lm rp tt ngn la Qut sau v trc b chy S dng nhanh ni chy ngn ng cch xa ch chy Khong khng gian hp Hng nm, M v trn th gii c nhiu ngi cht nhng khong khng gian hp ni lm vic. Nhng nguyn nhn l ngt th, bng la, in v s dng nhng ha cht c hi. Khi hn mt ngi cht trong mt v tai nn khong khng gian hp, th hn mt na trong s h c cu. Do , vi nm gn y, t chc OSHA a ra quy nh v khong khng gian hp Khi nim v confined space l ni m nhiu ngi sinh sng theo nhng trng hp di y: + Mt cng nhn c th vo khng gian v lm cng vic ca h + Khong khng gian ny khng thit k cho ngi cng nhn k tip (tc l khong khng gian ny ch thit k cho ring mt cng nhn) + N phi thun tin cho mt ngi cng nhn c th vo v ra khi khong khng gian . Nu cc iu kin ch trn y tha mn i vi mt khong khng gian no th n c OSHA coi nh l mt confined space, ci c kim tra v cp giy php bi cc qun l. Khng c vo khong khng gian nu vic kim tra v cp giy php cha hon thnh. Hy chng nhn hoc xc minh khong khng gian hp bn chun b vo c kim tra mt cch chnh xc.
5

LHD K50

Vng kh quyn c hai: + Nng oxi chnh so vi nhp th bnh thng l 19,5 23,5%. + Mt hm lng ha cht c hi vt qu tiu chun ca OSHA. + Nng ca nhiu ha cht nm nm gia 10% ca nng gii hn bt chy trn v gii hn bt chy di. + Gim tm nhn (v d: t nhin liu chy trong khong khng gian .) S ri xung. Nu mt ngi ng t s phng thch hoc chn ct mt cht lng hoc b ngt ngt phng thch mt cht rn( v d tro, bi) Vic nh by Mt ngi c th dm phi nhng vt sc nhon trn sn nh. Bn c th cn nhc vic cho php mt cng nhn c y quyn trong khong khng gian . Bn hy thc thi nhng iu kin c cho php v ch lm vic khi mt ngi c y quyn vo v tr ngoi khong khng gian ca bn kim tra cc iu kin lm vic, l vic rt quan trng cho an ton

Nhng cht c hi ni chung.

y l tm tt ngn gn nhng ha cht c tim n c hi m bn c th gp. K c nhng vic s dng, nhng tnh cht c trng, v cch bo v hoc hu qu. Danh sch ny khng c ngha l y , nhng n c ch cho s cn thn v c thc tt trong qu trnh lm vic vi nhng th nhng th c th coi l c hi. Nu bn cha r lm v nhng cht c tim n c hi, hy xem tiu chun MSDH. My pht hin phng x ring H2S v O2 rt hu dng trong vic cung cp cc tn hiu khi gp nguy him. Hy lin h vi i din HS $ E kim tra nhng cht sau: s oxi ha, s n mn, ph hy, kh nng chy n, c hi, s nguy him, s bt chy, v s nguy him i vi mi trng. ( bng )

LHD K50

Ch : y, chng ta ch tra c vi nhng lng nh vi cn khng phi

lc no cng tra c nhng i lng cn tm. Chng c th c a ra trong ng ng v l sn phm t mng polime. T n khng thm vo v cng khng mt i nhng hp phn ny. Mi nguy him s mt trong cng ngh PSA l s mt mt nhiu phn( cc van). Vic bo dng nht thit khng c iu chnh van hoc khng c lm vic trn nhng chic van trong khi van ang hot ng. Kh nng b thng tay l rt cao, nu khng i km nhng iu di y.

An ton cho con ngi.

Phn ny cp n li ch ca vn an ton v nhng iu kin, hon cnh bn c th gp phi ni lm vic, nh nh my lc du, nhng ca hng sn xut hoc nhng cng trng xy dng. Tt c nhng iu iu rt hu ch trong khi chng ta i du lch v lun nhc nh chng ta khng qun khi ra khi nh. bit nhng thng tin v thit b bo v con ngi, xin vui lng lin h n i din HS $ E ca bn hoc tr l hnh chnh. Cha m bn thng ni vi bn rng nhng li b m dn u ht ri?, chng ta hy ghi nh v mang an ton bn mnh khi chng ta ri khi c quan Cu hi kim tra tnh an ton ca bn: bn c th dnh 5 pht ghi nh nhng iu an ton, hoc mt 5 thng lin phc hi sc khe( v d bn b nm vin). Vy bn chn vic no?

Bo v mt:
Vic bo v mt c nhiu cch thc khc nhau v nhiu mc ch khc nhau. + Knh an ton bt buc trong qu trnh lm vic v mi a im hot ng, cng trnh xy dng, xng sn xut v knh ny nn mua theo tiu chun ANSI Z87.1. + Knh bo h c s dng trong nhng qu trnh lm v xc tc v s bt la hoc trong iu kin thi tit c bi, sng m. Tuy nhin chng khng c thay th cho knh an ton. + Knh p trng khng c s dng. Bt buc s dng knh an ton.

M cng.
M an ton c lm theo tiu chun ANSI Z89.1, chng c s dng khi vn hnh v nhng cng trng xy dng. Chng d b mn pha vnh trc v th m nhng cht lng ri vo s rt xung mt. M cng ca bn cu trc bn trong nn c mt lp c thit k hp th nhng cht khc ri vo. Tnh nguyn vn ca m ny khng b ph hy bi vic c nhng ci l thng gi hoc vi l do no . M bump khng c chp nhn v n khng bo v c u bn khi c vt nng ri vo. Ch : thm ch nu bn c mt ci u cng th n cng khng bo v bn khi gp cc ri ro t ngi khc hoc cc tc dng c hc khc_ hy i m cng Hy eo dy m qua cm nu m cng c dy, khi , nu bn b ng, m cng ny s vn lun trn u bn.

LHD K50

Bo v tai .
Chng trnh bo v thnh gic khe mnh UOP, c a ra bi OSHA da theo quy nh 29 CFR 1910.95. Nhng chng trnh ny phn ra thnh 2 phn kim tra thnh gic v thit b bo v con ngi. Nhng ngi tham gia trong t chc UOP- nhng ngi lm vic trong nhng hm m lun mong mun c tham gia vo mt chng trnh kim tra thnh gic. Vic kim tra ny c ch o bi b y t UOP. Qua vic kim tra nh k ny, ngi thnh gic c vn - nu nhiu th s pht hin v cha tr ngn chn bnh nng hn. Phng php tt nht duy tr kh nng nghe ca mt ngi no l s dng thit b bo v con ngi thch hp khi nhng mc ting n on trc c vt qu 85dBa, mc ny c xc nh bi OSHA cho an ton trong thi gian 8h. C nhiu cch bo v thnh gic khc khng tt. UOP khng bn n vic s dng ca tai nghe v n lm gim nhng mc gy hi trong khi vn cho php m thoi vi nhng ngi khc C nhiu dng thch hp khc c th c s dng trong vic bo v tai nghe, cng lu cng tt v ngn cn nhng thnh phn c hi ca ting n i vo tai . Mt cch kim tra tt xc nh nu bn c zc cm hoc nt l: + Nu ging ca bn to hn ging ni thc + Nu bn c th vn nghe v hiu nhng cuc hi thoi xung quanh bn

Du hiu bo thc sm ( ni ln iu g):

- Chung trong tai (s tai) - m thanh th lch lc - Kh c th hiu speach, khng th nghe c nhng ting n din ra xung quanh. - Bn vn volume ca i v tivi t ngt ( vn khng thy phn nn nhiu hn khi nhc tui teen rt m )

GIY AN TON
Giy an ton l th bo v tt nht bn chn khi nhng tn thng khi ang lm vic vn hnh nhng thit b v cng trnh xy dng.C rt nhiu dng tn ti ph thuc vo tnh hung bn c th b tai nn: An ton ngn chn vi cch thng thng c s dng v yu cu bi cc khch hng. Khng cn thit khi ang lm vic xung quanh ngun pht in. Bng cao su khi ang lm vic trong vng axit,vng n da,v trong cc dung mi. i giy ca bn hoc giy ng bt buc l st,bao gm gt giy v c giy chng du. Giy vt qua mt c chn c yu cu cho ni lm vic trong nh my lc ha du. Nhng ch li ca nhng vic ny l bo v ,chng s trt chn v c th lm dp v nhng vt v tri v gic trong 1 khong thi gian.Nhng i giy cng c dng t v.
8

LHD K50

QUN O LIN QUAN V (HOC) NHNG B QUN O LIN NHAU. Nhng b qun o lng v rng thng thnh s phi trnh xa nhng thit b quay hot ng (bao gm cavat). trang sc v ng h khng nn eo. Qun o lin c chng minh bo v con ngi khi ngn la d di khi chng ta ri vo tnh hung chy.Nu cng vic ca bn lin quan n vic vn hnh my mc,b trang phc l uop c bt buc bo v con ngi trong vic vn hnh my mc.Nhng b qun o lm chm s tc ng ca la khng ging nh Nomex. Ch c bit :kiu Nomex lm vic ,n cn bao ph ton b c th.ng tay o cun ln v x ra s khng th bo v an ton c. N s lm da bn b chy t phn khu tay tr xung (itwill give you a farmers tan).ti t nht,ngn la s l nguyn nhn ca nhng m chy d di(lo ngi hn nh sng mt tri).

S NNG NHC NGUYN LIU

Bt c ni no ,nhim v ca bn l phi bo v chnh bn.Nhng bi luyn tp thc hnh thng rt tt v c ngha bo v lng ca bn khi nng nhc vt liu.Sau y l mt s xut cc yu cu v cng vic nng nhc cho bn :

Lm ng theo qui tc k thut. Khng nhc hp qu nng hoc nhng hng mc khc- nhc cc chi tit k thut phc tp. Gi thm s gip khi dch chuyn khi ln, kh khn hoc h thng nng. Cc hng mc thng xuyn s dng trong cng vic ca bn phi c t gn vi tm vi ca bn. Tri ra trc khi nng tng ci trnh gin c. Cc tng khc nng mt vt v lm gim ri ro: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.

ng trnh xa cc vt th. Bc chn ca bn phi cn bng hn. H bt trng tm,dng s do dai ca hai u gi. Duy tr c bng ca bn mt cch t nhin theo ng cong hnh ch Sca lng. Dng ph ti kp tht vng chc cc vt nng. cc vt nng trnh xa ngi bn. ng dy mt cch chm chp ,gi cho lng ca bn thng. Khng c vn ngi trong khi mang vt nng.Ngot chn hoc bn chn. t vt nng xung mt cch t t ,gp u gi ca bn v gi cho lng thng

Cng vic trn cao /chng ri

C nhiu lc khi cng vic ca bn s phi yu cu tro ln b cha hoc lm vic trn cao.Nu bn phi lm vic trn cao 6 feet(1.8m) hoc trn b my c
9

LHD K50

nh,bn c yu cu dng thit b chng ri.Thit b chng ri c hnh dng yn nga v c dy buc ci m s buc vo cu trc c nh ,c trng trn cao ni m bn ang lm vic.Trong s c ,chn ca bn b trt hoc cc my nht thi sp xung,ai yn nga v dy ai s ngn nga bn ri xung vng xung quanh v trnh khi nhng tn thng nghim trng. ai yn nga v dy buc chng ng ,nu khng c trang b cc v tr ni bn ang lm vic,c th chp nhn t UOP.Lin h ngh nghip HSE ca bn cho nhiu thng tin hn v b tr thch hp cng ngh chng ng.

Cu cng tc
Cc mi him ha bao gm: Lin quan ti in C tia la chy Ri cc vt nng Khng chnh xc trong cu trc Ngn nga cc mi him ha ,theo di y: Nn mng vng chc Sc cha vt nng thch hp Cu trc hp l(khng b li,khng b b gy tng phn) Nu bn i b hoc lm vic trn cu cng tc,rt c th iu khng may mn n vi bn v tng lm hi n bn.

Chng ri
ngh rt tt l phi kim tra ai yn nga v dy buc trc v sau khi s dng.Xem k xem c b mc,b t,mn hay khng v nhng iu nguy hi khc hoc s h hng. Nu bn khng bit v xut x ca ai yn nga, kim tra k lng nhn hng hoc c ngi t cch kim tra thit b trc khi bn dng n. Nhn vo cc mi nguy him tim tng ci m l nguyn nhn ca s ri ng hoc gp phn to ra mi nguy him tim tng.Nhng th bao gm con ngi trong nh my nh m au,dc phm,thiu s tp trung,vi phun,quy phm xy dng khng an ton,nh cc ging ch tiu mi trng theo thi tit,b mt lm vic km hoc cc iu kin v tr lc cu trc. S ph hoi c bit dn n s ri ng.Khng ci g tr gi nh bn.V vy tip tc lm vic ,phi nh gi cao bn thn bn v phi kim tra thit b,bo v mi trng v con ngi bn.

Thang an ton.
Kim tra s vng chn ca thang ,chc chn ch chn ,s gm mn,cc vt lng,thanh ngang b gy,v tng th iu kin v sinh.
10

LHD K50

Dng 3 im khp ni h thng trong khi tro .iu co ngha l c ti thiu 3 b phn trong khp ni ca thang.Mt b phn bao gm khp gi chn hoc 1 ci cn vi cc tay.Cc mc khuu,dm mt co,v dm kch khng xc nh .

Trnh mang cc thit b ln hoc xung. Lun p mt vo thang. Ch mt ngi trn thang trong 1 thi gian.

Thc s rt tt yu cu mt s ngi gi thang cho bn .Tt nht mc nhng b qun o di v i giy nu bn ang lm cng vic leo tro.

An ton di chuyn
Phn ny s l trng im cc dng chung v an ton u tin v li khuyn khi trn ng i ti nhng ni bn d nh v trong thi gian rnh ri.Cha kha ca s i li an ton l lun phi cnh gic,dng s phn on ca bn l tt nht v tin hnh cn trng vi phng tin mi hoc ch lm vic khng thng xuyn . Trc khi khi hnh, kim tra thng s di chuyn UOP v s an ton mi.Bn cng c th gh thm nhm qun l trang www.crg-online.com Mt cch d dng nh mt vi cch di chuyn an ton u tin l s dng cm gic chung v nhn ra tt c cc mi nguy hi tim tng (c cc nhn t mi trng v s bo h ca con ngi).Lun lun t bo v v khng bao gi cho rng bn c th:iu khin my mc an ton bng tay Hng hng khng quc t -mang n cho bn th bo him thn th v cc dch v khn cp trong khi ang di chuyn.Ci th ny s c thng bo trong FST ca bn hoc bn c th giao dch bng HSE i din ca bn hoc i di chuyn v bo v an ton.

Vn chuyn kh an ton
Vn chuyn thng mi bng ng hng khng l mt trong nhng phng php vn chuyn an ton nht,khng ch gia cc nc m cn trong nc.Tuy nhin ,nguy him khng mong i c th n bi nhng iu dn n di y: Ngi du lch s b gii hn bi mt s ngi nhng ngi ny hiu bit v k hoch du lch ca h. Tng cng yu cu an ton kim tra bn trc 2 ting c ghi trong danh mc khi hnh.Phi thi gian kim tra an ton v kim tra v.Mc tiu tin n mc an ton c th v kim sot vng cng cng. Khng mang theo valy,my tnh bn hoc hnh l mi thi gian. Khng mang theo cc th tn dng ,th hi vin hoc cc th l hnh nh qun i ,lnh d b chnh ph hoc ngh hu.
11

LHD K50

Ngi xa ca s mc c th trnh cc vt l v ng cc thng rc ci m c th lin quan n t bom. C hai bc nh cung cp thng tin c in trn v ca bn v k c ci th thng hnh ca bn.Sao ci giy khai sinh ca bn hoc giy chng minh th cng c.Ph t 1 bn trong ci hnh l ca bn v mang 1 ci khc trong valy ca bn. Mt kin rt tt nu 1 ci nh vi gia nh v th k ca bn.

An ton trong khi li xe

Ci dy lng gh ca bn!khng i taxi hoc t nu kim tra khng c dy eo gh. Kim tra pha trc v hnh khch xung quanh pha sau trc khi vo t ca bn hoc xe taxi. Trnh mang theo nhiu th trn gh ngi- bo m th t chng trong valy. Li xe vi ci ca ng.Ch m ca khi cn lu thng khng kh. Bit mc ch i xe ca bn.Hc k l trnh trc khi li xe (nm c bn ) v xc nh c nhng tuyn ng an xen hau. Khi bn xe t ca bn ,lun lun ng ca xe v valy. Khi bn quay tr li phng tin ,kim tra li ch ngi ,cc cht kha v cc vng xung quanh v phn di ca t xem c du hiu kt khng. Trnh i li mt mt mnh qu mun ,qu ti.Bt c lc no c th ,sp xp i li theo nhm. Nn c nh hng r rng rng ci t ca bn ch dng li khi:

1. Bn b s kim tra ca cnh st giao thng. 2. Cnh st nh ga hoc qun i 3. nhng trung tm mua sm ng c

An ton trong khi khch sn

Khi ng k ,trnh dng nhng tn a v ci m ch ra chc v quan trng ca bn.Nu cn thit ,dng tc hiu vin chc chung. Trnh nhng phng m c th ti gn c t cc phng xung quanh hoc t cc ban cng gn k. Nu c th,c gng kim c phng tng 3 .C th c bo v bi cc thit b. Lm cng vic kim tra phng mi khi bn vo phng. Khng c m ca chnh cho ngi n thm trc khi bn hon ton nhn din c h.Nu bn nghi ng ,gi ngay ngi l tn. Kim tra thit b ra vo gn nht phng ca bn.m s ca ca gia phng ca bn v li ra .Nu bn cn s tn khn cp th s dng cu thang hoc dng lan can bn trong.
12

LHD K50

Khng mang c gi tr hoc ti liu quan trng khng c ngi i theo trong phng khch sn ca bn.Dng khch sn an ton hoc v tr UOP hoc chi nhnh lm vic nu c th kim c.Mang theo cc phong b dng cho cc mc ch. Khng lm cc cng vic gia nh lm sch phng ca bn trong khi bn ang trong .H lun ca m,i n hnh lang hoc nhng ni cng cng gn y trong khi phng ca h ang b ly sch. Bn phi lm quen vi tnh trng chy trong khch sn v thot ra khi chng.

Nhng li khuyn hu ch v sc kho khi i nc ngoi.

Nu bn c nh n mt vng xa no , m bo bn nn n cc c s y t kim tra s min dch ca mnh c thc quan tm hn n sc kho hin ti. Hy m bo bn c th i du lch m khng b nhim bnh.

n thc ung
Y t Mang theo nhng th thuc thit yu. Cc loi thuc phi m bo ang cn trong thi hn s dng. Trnh ung nc my, khng s dng Khng chi rng vis nc my Trnh thc n sng, ti n nng v n nhiu hoa qu Khng mua thc n ngoi ng Lun ra tay bng x phng troc khi n

Cn trng ging ng
Lm sao trnh chng khi khch sn c trn gi Kim tra bn di ging ng v bn trong cc vt dng Sp xp c ngn np Qun o sch s
13

LHD K50

Hy ni li nhng pht hin ca bn nu thy c cn trng ch ng vi ngi qun l khch sn ngay h c bin php x l. Chuyn n mt phng khc khng phi l tng hay nht. Bn nn yu cu s kim tra bt c phng mi hoc cc phng khc m bn t. Khi bn chun b ri i, trc tin hy kim tra hnh l ca bn tht cn thn, v kim tra tt c nhng vt dng bn mang theo. Git l bng hi nc nng sau phi kh nhit thp t nht 20 pht s gip tiu dit nhng cn trng ny. ng kn cc vt dng bn go trong cp nha s ngn cho bn cn trng ko c kh nng quay li.

Cn trng bit bay

Trnh khi b t: + i tt, giy, o chong, gng tay. + X dng DEET dit cn trng. + Trnh dng x phng thm v cht kh mi. + Gi ngun nc sch s.

nh hng ca Nhit
Nhng nh hng : 1. Nhit xung quanh cao lm gim kh nng thot nhit ca ngi. 2. m cao lm gim kh nng thot hi nc 3. Tp th dc v cc hot ng c th tiu th nhiu nc 4. nh hng theo tui 5. Nhng ngi b bnh trc . Nhng du hiu nhn bit: 1. Da b ti, lnh, t, , kh, hoc rt nng 2. B chut rt 3. Lm cho mt mi hoc kit sc 4. Hoa mt chng mt 5. Tim p nhanh
14

LHD K50

6. Gim s phn ng Nhng vic cn lm: 1. Di chuyn ra khi ni qa nng hoc qu lnh 2. Trm khn lnh hoc giy t ln c, hn g, nch. 3. Nhng ngi b cm lnh c th do nh hng ca m qu cao 4. Phc hi li sc.

S mt mi sau mt chuyn bay di

1. Hy ung nhiu nc, trnh ung ru, v caf 2. iu chnh ch n thch hp. 3. Tp th dc iu 4. Dng cc thit b th gin v ng hp l

Nhng cn au u
Nu bn thc s phi i bng my bay , c gng du`ng thuc thng mi hoc thuc xt mi trc khi h cnh. Hy c gng dung mc d bn c th b st, au mi, au tai.

Bnh tiu chy

Nn c iu tr, nhng khng trnh c n.Hy dung nc lc sch , trnh b mt nc. n n nht v n t. Mang theo giy v sinh v nn ngi gn nh v sinh.

Tc nghn ng mch (DVT)

DVT c hiu l s tc nghn ng mch c th gy nn hin tng ngt bt ng khi ang bay. Kt qu l do mu b tc nghn khi lu thng n cc c quan trong c th. hn ch nhng nguy him do DVT , hy ung nhiu nc lc, mc qun o va vn, i b v thng xuyn dui c th ra.

15

LHD K50

Tp khi ang bay

Gp u gi li ( mi lc mt ln) bng cch ng ngi v pha trc ngc v xoi ra cng lc. Gi u gi thng ( mi lc mt ln). Hy c tng tng nh ang i b khi ang ngi trn my bay ( nhc ngn chn ln, t xung, v lp lai.

16

LHD K50

Chng 15:
NH GI V X L AN TON CC CHT C KH NNG GY NGUY HIM NH MY LC DU
Gii thiu: Du m c ngun gc t nhin , qu trnh lc du v ch bin n thng xuyn gp phi nhng tnh hung cc k nguy him. Nguy him nht phi k n l nhng him ho do la.Nhng bc c a ra sau y chnh l phng trnh n, v nu nh c nguy him do la gy ra th phi bit cch ngn chn v s l n vi phng php hiu qu nht. Mc d nhng him ho do la gy ra lun l mi quan tm chnh trong qu trnh lc du, tuy nhin cc nguy him khc cng c a ra v cn c quan tm. Mt trong s l x l cc cht c ho hc nguy him hay oc s dng trong qu trnh lc du. Bn cnh cng a ra nhng sn phm c c th gy nguy him cho cuc sng . ng k nht y chnh l hydrogen sulfide, l cht thng xuyn c tt c cc nh my lc du hin i. chng ny chng ta gii quyt vn u tin l x cc cht c kh nng gy him thng gp. chng tip theo s tip tc gii thiu v bn lun v nhng phng php an ton vi la c bn hay oc p dng trong qu trnh thit k v iu hnh nh my lc du. 15.1 S l cc cht nguy him Axit Hydrofloric khan Axit hydrofloric (AHFs)c tinh c cao v l cht c kh nng n mn, sau y a ra nhng tnh cht ni bt nht v phng php x l an ton vi axit ny. AHFs l cht khng mu, l cht lng linh ng si 67o F p sut thng, do cn c bnh cha. N cng c tnh ht m v vy c th kt hp vi hi trong khng kh to khi. Do thng phi c thit b d nhng ch h nhng thit b cha v thit b vn chuyn. Mt iu na, cn phi cn thn trnh n nc trn vo b cha AHF. Pha long HF lun km theo s to nhit. mt s tnh cht vt l ca AHF :

Nhit si 1 atm, o F Nhit ng c , o F Trng lng ring 32o F Khi lng trn 1 gallon 32o F ,lb nht 32o F, cP

66.9 -117.4 1.00 8,35 0,31

Hi AHF c nng thp trong khng kh cng c mi v v nh hng n con ngi. c dng lng hay dng hi AHF khi ry vo tay hay mt u rt nguy him.
17

LHD K50

Axit hydrofluoric c tnh n mn cao, n n mn c thu tinh, btng, v mt s kim loi c bit nh gang v nhng hp kim c cha Si. Axit ny cng n mn c cc cht hu c nh da, cao su t nhin, g, tuy nhin n khng xc tin s chy. Mc d AHF khng chy, nhng th hin s n mn trn kim loi , kt qu l to ra hydro trong cc thit b cha v trong ng ng, c th to ra la v nguy c gy n cao.Nhng ngun d chy nn c a ra khi vng xung quanh cc thit b c cha acid hydrofluoric. D c tnh n mn, AHF c th c x l an ton khi nhng nguy c khi c t chc phng v kim tra cn thn. Di y m t nhng quy tc chnh cho vic x l an ton mt khi lng ln AHF. X l an ton Vic x l AHF an ton trc tin yu cu cc thit b c thit k tt cho vic iu hnh v duy tr kh nng hot ng, trch nhim ca ngi ngi thc thi. Bnh cha v cc thit b cha khc nn c bo v khi nhit, trnh cc tia sng chiu trc tip.Nhit ni cha nn n nh di 100 oF, nu trn mc 125 ph i c cc thit b lm lnh. ng vn chuyn gia ni ly sn phm v ni cha nn nghing m bo vic thot nc. Cc van an ton cn c b tr nhng v tr trn ng vn chuyn ni m acid b n ng bi 2 van ng, bi s gin n ca cht lng c th to ra p sut d v gy gin on dng. Khng cho la, nh sng, cng nh cc ngun khc xm nhp v quanh khu vc cc bnh cha hoc trn ng vn chuyn.S dng cc thit b v cng c khng c tia la in vng cha v x l AHF. Cc vi an ton cng nn c t li vo ti cc v tr ly sn phm, khu vc cha, v nhng v tr khc ni m c acid c x l.Nhng vi ny c th cp mt th tch dng khong 30 GPM qua mt van m nhanh. Mt vi nc v ng dn nc nn oc t ch ly sn phm ra lng acid trn ra. Trang b h thng thot nc tt, ngoi ra cn c bt sa kh, vi nn,hoc vi hydrat.Cc s c trn acid trn ng hoc thit b cn c ra ngay lp tc bng nhiu nc, nu cn thit phi dng cc cht trung ho. Dng c bo v ngi Cc dng c bo v ngi khng nhng tt m cn to iu kin lm vic an ton.Mc ch ca n l bo v trnh s ry ln ngi bi acid v cc mnh thu tinh.Tnh cht ca cc dng c ny ph thuc nhiu vo cc cng vic ch yu lm bng tay. Dng c bo v phi khng b rch hoc mang ra ngoi ni s dng. Chng nn c ra sch bng dung dch Natri bicarbonate sau mi ln s dng. Cc dng c hay c s dng : + Bao tay trm c c + Tm chn hoc knh bo v + M cng + Bao tay di bng nha (poly vinyl chloride)
18

LHD K50

+ ng cao su Khi ly mu hoc m cc thit b c cha HF hoc cc cht c kh nng gy nguy him tng t, ngi thc hnh cn c theo nhng vt sau: - Dng c chm bng nha tng hp - ng bng nha tng hp - Knh v gng tay bo v bng nha bn - o v m trm u. Vn chuyn v ly AHF AHF c vn chuyn trn cc thng hoc xe ch c dung tch xp x t 5400 n 25000 gallon.Thng phi dng kh nn vn chuyn mt lng ln AHF, i khi cn dng c cc thit b quay hay bm p sut. Ly AHF t cc xe hoc thng cha gm 5 bc sau: 1. Chn ni xe hoc thng cha ni ly sn fm. 2. Kt ni vi kh nn v cc thit b ly sn fm ti cc van . 3. Bt u a AHF ti b cha 4. Tho cc thit b bc 2 5. a xe hoc thng cha tr li xe ch. Thit b Thp nh l vt liu hu hiu hn c cho vic tng tr v x l AHF nhit trn 150 F . Thp khng g loi 300 c th dng 200 F . Hp kim ng vi nikel hoc thp nikel thch hp nhit cao. Nha Teflon c th bn vi mi nng ca HF vi nhit ln n 500 F Vic la chn vt liu cho thit b cha AHF ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh n mn, m, vn tc dng, tp cht. Mi trng hp khc nhau cn a ra xem xt nh gi trc khi la chn vt liu. Thng cha Dung tch ca h thng cha xp x khong 3/2 ln dung tch ln nht phng trnh trng hp tro cid cc phng tin vn chuyn.Thng thng hay la chn h thng cha ln nhiu hn h thng nh.iu ny hu ch khi c s gin n nhiu. Nhng bn cha hnh tr ngang c sn xut theo tiu chun ASME hin hnh i vi cc thit b chu p sut hoc nhng tiu chun tng t ph hp vi yu cu t ra.Yu cu cao hn na l b dy ca thnh bn khng sai s qu 1/8 inch theo tiu chun ASME .Bn cha nn uc hn kp, cc mi hn phi mn v c nh du tin cho vic kim tra , thng dng tia X kim tra cc mi hn. Bn cha nn t v tr thch hp bn trn mt t, trn nn thp hoc btng hnh yn nga l tt nht. Cc thit b an ton dng khi xy ra s c bt thng bn trong bn chu p sut nn c mua nhng c s sn xut c cht lng cao, tng t nh ASME. p sut lm vic ln nht h thng cha khng nn vt qu 2/3 p sut gy ca thit b an
19

LHD K50

ton.H thng an ton lng chc nng cng c quan tm, n bao gm mt van hai chiu v nhng a gin on ngay sau van phng khi van b hng. ng ng Cc ng nn t nghing pha bn cha hoc ni tiu th . iu ny hn ch c s tch t acid nhng ch thp. Nh trnh c cc nguy him khi cn sa cha. Cc van an ton c t cc v tr khc nhau trn ng dn trong trng hp acid b gii hn gia hai van ng. Tt c nhng phn g trn ng i trong ng phi c sn ph bng lp sn acid ch th nhn Mobil#220-Y-7 , khi chuyn t mu da cam sang mu vng chng t c s hin din ca AHF lng hoc hi. ng ng t ni ly sn phm n bn cha cn c lp thm mt cng van c th cho acid dng chy bt c lc no. on ny cng phi chc chn vi bn cha qu trnh hot ng c th rung nht l khi ly sn fm c s dng kh nn Lp rp Nhng khe ln ( 2ins tr ln) fi c hn an ton theo tiu chun ASME , cng c th dng bng thp hn hi.Vi nhng khe nh hn c th dng vi thp nng . Gasket: Lm bng nha Teflon Van Cc van trn kn ca hng Jamesburry c cho l rt hiu qu vi cc thit b c AHF. m van bng Teflon, thn v vnh lm bng thp khng g loi 316, hp kim thp khng g Durimer20, cng van nn c hnh ch O,S,hocY. Bm Cc loi bm quay , ly tm hoc bm p sut thng c s dng .Nguyn liu chnh cho cc bm ny l thp khng g 300, Durimet 20, hp kim Hastelloy&Monel, Nikel... Dng c o mc Nh sn xut ANF khuyn co nn s dng thit b o mc nam chm nh Fischer & Model 13 C 2265 W. Thit b lc Hai thit b lc c b tr song song cho php hon i khi thay i dng chy ca cid .Vt liu thng c s dng ch to loi thit b ny cng gn ging nhng vt liu miu t trn. Poly Propylen c th c s dng lm vt liu cho thit b lc AHF nu nhit di 200 F . Khi mt thit b lc b hng cn c thay th ngay, trc phi c ra sch bng nc hoc cn thit bng dung dch sa. An ton v ngi AHF lng c th ngay lp tc gy ra nhng vt thng bng nghim trng khi ry ln bt c ni no trn c th. Dung dch HF long ngay lp tc khng gy bng nhng ch ry ln da .Sau mt
20

LHD K50

vi gi dung dch c th thm hon ton vo da gy nn ty v bng da. Qun o b dnh lng nh HF cng c th gy ra cc nguy him nh trn. Hi AHF c th gy nn xng ty v vim da.Nhng vt bng s xut hin sau vi gi.Tip xc nhiu vi hi HF nng cao gy nguy hi cho phi.

CC AMIN S DNG TRONG QU TRNH X L KH.

Cc dung mi Amin trong ngnh cng nghip lc du v kh t nhin c s dng loi b H2S t nhng ngun khc nhau. Trong ngnh cng nghip lc du, hp cht monoethanolamine (MEA) trong dy ng ng ca n c s dng ph bin qu trnh x l hn c. Diethanolamine ( DAE) th c cch s dng ging vi nhng hp cht nh l Sulfinol v ADIP. Tuy nhin tt c nhng loi amin ny c mc nguy him, cch thc s dng v mc nh hng n sc khe con ngi ging nhau. Xt trn mc ch ca ti liu ny, ta s ch xem xt n MEA. Tuy nhin vi mc ich tham kho, bng 15.2 di y s cho ta bit c trng vt l ca cc amin trn trong cng nghip lc du (xem trong chng 10). MEA c tnh n mn v l cht lng d bt chy v yu cu cn c phng thc qun l s dng v bo v con ngi mt cch c bit.

An ton c nhn
Tt c nhng amin u c hi ti ngi s dng. Sau y l nhng tc hi c th c khi tip xc vi MEA : Cc b phn b nh hng chnh : thn, h thng thn kinh trung ng , gan. Nhng nh hng c th c i vi sc khe: Mt : MEA gy rtv bng mt Da : c th xm nhp qua da nu tip xc vt qua lng cho php. Lm rt da mc trung bnh. H tiu ha : gy ra s ph hy rut H h hp : vic htMEA vi nng ln c th gy ra nhng nh hng ti h thng thn kinh trung ng,c biu hin qua chng au u , hoa mt chng mt, bt tnh v hn m. N cng gy ra s kch thch ti h h hp Bnh kinh nin : c th nh hng n gan v thn

Kim sot an ton

MEA c vn chuyn bng ng b hoc xe la dng c c. N c chuyn i bng cch thng thng ti thng cha c bit c ph ln trn bi mt loi kh tr. MEA bin cht khi tip xc vi khng kh. N v cc enthanolamine khc c s dng trong qu trnh lc du dng ha tan. Dng ha tan ny v thng cha chuyn dng ca n thng ct gi trong mt hm c xy dng ti mt a im gn nh my. Trong mt vi trng hp thng cha chuyn dng thng l cc thng c np dng vm. Mc d vy, trong tt c cc trng hp, n phi c cch ly hon ton vi khng kh thng qua mt lpbng kh tr. Dng ha tan ca MEA dng cho

21

LHD K50

qu trnh ha du c nng vo khong gia t 15 n 20 % khi lng. Nc s dng ha tan ny thng l nc si qua x l, hon ton khng c tp cht. Nhng thng cha v ng dn dng trong qu trnh c s dng n amine nn c ch to t thp cacbon vi cht lng thch hp. Nhit trong sut qu trnh l khong 300F. Cng nhn trong iu kin tip xc vi amine phi mc qun o bo h, gm c knh bo v. Ging nh trong trng hp AHF, cc thit b bo v ti thiu nht cn cBo v nh cho cng nhn vn hnh v bo tr l: Qun o bo h ton b thn th , ko di ti tn c tay Knh bo v an ton vi ha cht M cng Gng tay (PVC) Giy cao c an ton chun

Thm vo danh mc qun o bo v , chun cn thit cho cng vic hot ng v bo dng yu cu s dng mt mt l phng c. Nh mt v d l thay i v lc amine(xem chng 10). Thm ch my lc c lm sch hi nc trc khi m van my lc bo v h h hp l cn thit n khi c mt amin v H2S l m bo khng cn. Vic xc nhn c thit lp bngvic kim tra kh v cc qu trnh c bit khng nh s vng mt ca sulfide( kim tra thng qua axetat ch) Thit b v ng ng Nh l v d vi tt c cc hp cht alkaline ca amine u gy ra s n mn nghim trng. Do , tt c cc thng cha v ng ng cn phi gim s nh hng xung. Cc thng v ng bng thp cacbon nh cc bm v cc ng trao i nhit CC HP CHT CA Na C TNH KIM Dung dch natricacbonat c s dng trong hu ht qu trnh ch bin du kh hp th H2S v mercaptan nh t cc sn phm du kh nh t LPG ti kerogen. Dung dch thng xuyn giao cho nh my lc du dng dung dch c hay l dng pha long ti nhng ni c yu cu v nng bng mt qu trnh c bit. natrihydroxyt trong dung dch c mu trng, khng mi, bn. N s khng nhng n c hot tnh mnh. N c th phn ng mnh vi nc v cc vt cht c mt ph bin dng tp hp, to ra nhit t chy nhng vt liu d bt chy t gn. Lin h vi nhiu hp cht ha hc hu c v v c c th gy ra la v to ra ting n. phn ng vi cc kim loi sinh ra kh H2 d bt la Natrihydroxyt l sn phm chnh trong ba dng : dung dch 50% - 70% v natrihydroxyt khan dng rn,bng tuyt, ht. nhng cht bn chnh gm natriclorua , natricacbonat,natrisunfat , natriclorat,kali, v cc kim loi nng h Fe v Ni. Ghi chp ny nhm xem xt thng tin lin quan n cc dung dch. Thng s ha hc th hin
22

LHD K50

qua: KLPT, nhit nng chy, nhit si, t trng ring, tnh tan trong nc, tnh tan trong cht lng khc, gi tr pH.

CC TC HI C KT HP VI KIM SOT NATRIHYDROXYT DA : natrihydroxyt n mn rt mnh v c kh nng gy ra s chy mnh lit bng gy l lot su v li so. n c th xm nhp su hn cc lp da v n mn s tip tc n tn khi c lm sch. Mc chn thng nghim trng ph thuc vo nng ca dung dch v thi gian gy hi. chy c th gy au n ngay lp tc ; cn au c th din ra nhiu pht n hng gi. Nhiu ngi nghin cu v quan tm nhng bn bo co miu t cc nh hng n mn ca natrihydroxyt. Dung dch A 4% ca natrihydroxyt , tc dng ti mt cnh tay ca ngi tnh nguyn trong khong 15180 pht, nguyn nhn ph hy bt ngun t s ph hy cc t bo ca lp pha ngoi kh cng ca ln da trong vng 15 pht ti s ph hy ton b cc lp da trong vng 60 pht. Dung dch yu 0.12% ph hy ln da khe mnh trong vng 60 pht. Natrihydroxyt phn hy tc v gy ra tnh trng hi u nhng c th mc li c v chy c da u cn tc khi nng dung dch c pH l 13.5 chy nh git vo da u ca cng nhn v tc dng din ra trong khong vai gi MT : natrihydroxyt l n mn cc mnh. Mc gy hi tng cng nng ca dung dch, khong thi gian tn ti v tc xm nhp vo trong mt. s ph hy c th phn loi t s kch thch mnh lit v bng nh ti s phng rp, phn hy da, l lot, bng nng v c thy tinh hay m. Nhng iu kin nh hng c th thy nh l glocom v c thy tinh th l c th din ra sau . Trong vi trng hp khn cp. c th dn ti l lot v c thy tinh th m mt iu ny c th dn ti m vnh vin H HP Mt cng nhn lm vic khong 2 h mt ngy v trong khong 20 nm t hi ti sng m ca mt dung dch natrihydroxyt trong 2 thng cha trong mt phng nh thiu s thng thong v trong qu lu b cm ng s kch thch v s nng ti h thng h hp c bit dn ti bnh tt. iu ch rng lm vic lu nm khng c ni trc y, c th t s kch thch tc thi v mnh m s lm nn ch cc cng nhn t thi gian sm hn gn y. Thc t t dung dch natrihydroxyt khng c tnh ton v khng c loi tr mt cch r rng sau s tn cng ca bnh hen nh l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh ca cng nhn. Mt bn bo co ca cc cng nhn trnh by v dung dch natrihydroxyt trong t nht 16 thng, th hin s bc dc bng s c mt nng cao ca dung mi Stoddard v kh nng bay hi ca cc dung mi khc ,nhiu cc cht ha hc khc Khng c xu hng ca vic tng t vong lin quan ti thi gian lm vic ( trn 30 nm) hoc nng c mt ( 0.5-1.5 mg/m3) gia 291 cng nhn tip xc vi bi natrihydroxyt trong sut qu trnh sn xut cc dng bng tuyt hoc ht ca natrihydroxyt t vic in phn natriclorua. Cch iu ch ny gii hn bi mt b phn dn c nh

23

LHD K50

S TIU HA : khng c mt bo co cc trng hp ca cc nh hng ca dung dch natrihydroxyt ti sinh hot n ung ca cc cng nhn. Sinh hot n ung khng c iu g xy ra sn xut cc cht c s kch thch kh nng chy, n mn cao ti m thc qun, trong mt vi trng hp iu nydn ti thng tin khng tt. Sinh hot n ung c th xy ra vi vi biu hin au d di,rt c,hng v thc qun,gy nn, tiu chy,t qu,v kt qu l c th l gy t vong. NH HNG TRONG THI GIN DI : natrihydroxyt bao gm c nguyn nhn ca ung th thc qun trong tng ngi tiu ha phi n. Ung th c th pht trin trong 12 42 nm sau tai nn tiu ha. Ging nh cc bnh ung th c thy nhiu ni ca s pht nhit mnh. Nhng bnh ung th ny c th nhm ph hy cc m t bo v to thnh vt thng hn l bn thn ca tc hi natrihydroxyt. Mt trng hp nghin cu v s khng ch cc tc hi bo co mt mi quan h gia ung th thn v lch s ca cng nhn trong ni bo v sn phm chlorine. S tn ti chnh vi cng vic ny l c cho l c amiang v natrihydroxyt. Mt quan h c to ra gia ung th thn v s c mt ca natrihydroxyt. Nghin cu ny b gii hn bi cc nhn t nh l s lng nh ca cng nhn c mt,s c mt ca cc mi quan h phc tp khc, s tin cy trong lch s cng vic v dng nh l khng s tin cy thch ng. DA :do tnh n mn t nhin ca n , vic tip xc vi da trong thi gian di v lp li nhiu ln s c th l iu khng hon ton mong i , iu ny lm cho kh v lm chy da v thm ch dn ti chng vim da .

S AN TON CHO C NHN V CHO NGI GIP L YU T M BO U TIN.

TIP XC BNG DA: nhm trnh vic tip xc trc tip vi cht ha hc, cn mc qun o bo h v chng li hp cht ha hc nu cn thit. Nhanh chng loi b qun o, ng, gng tay dnh c. ra vng c cht c bng nc nng v lm mt cch nh nhnh trong vng t nht 60 pht. Khng c lm dn on vic ra ny. Nu cn thit c th gi tnh trng ch phng tin cu cha. a nn nhn ti mt ni chm sc d phng ngay lp tc v cn vt b gng tay, giy, qun o nhim bn. TIP XC BNG MT: trnh tip xc trc tip. eo gng tay chng c nu cn thit. Nhanh chng v nh nhng thm v chi sch cht ha hc cn li. Ngay lp tc ra mt nhim c bng nc nng v nh nhng trong vng t nht 60 pht, trong khi gi cho mt m. Dung dch mui trung ha c th c s dng cng sm cng tt. khng nn gin on cng vic ny. Nu cn thit gi tnh trng ch phng tin cu cha. Khng cn quan tm n nc nhim c vo mt khng b nh hng v trn mt. Nhanh chng a nn nhn ti ni chm sc sc khe d phng ngay lp tc.

NHIM C T VIC H HP:

24

LHD K50

SINH HOT N UNG: khng c nn ra ! Ung lng ln nc v sa nu c th. Khng bao gi c thi ra bt c th g qua ming ti ngi khng mang bnh. Cn ung thuc ngay lp tc

QUN O BO V
MT N C NHN : nu thi gian khng eo mt l b vt qu v kh nng chu ng ca k s l khng cn,mt l phng c c bit mt che na khun mt (NIOSH kiu N95 hoc c kh nng lc tt hn ) c th b hng trong hn 10 ln s dng hoc nng s dng ln nht c ch dn bi c quan qun l thch ng hoc nh cung cp, bt c kh nng no cng nh nht. Mt mt l c bit che c khun mt(NOISH kiu lc N100) c th b hng trong 50 ln s dng hoc nng s dng ln nht c ch dn bi c quan qun l thch ng hoc nh cung cp , bt c kh nng no cng nh nht.Nu cc ht du ( vd cht du bi trn, git lng, ru ) tn ti th s dng mt loi NIOSH kiu lc R hoc P. Cho tnh hung khn cp hoc tc thi ni s c mt ca cht c l khng bit nn s dng mt l che c mt p sut tuyt i,mt l c cung cp kh. Cnh bo : cc mt l s dng kh sch khng bo v cng nhn trong iu kin khng kh thiu oxy. BO V DA: mc qun o bo v khng thm gm ng, gng tay, o chong, tp d, o ng phc,nh cch thch hp nhm bo v s tip xc vi da. BO V MT: s dng knh rm bo v mt v tm bo v c mt trong nhng ni c cc vt bn ra xung quanh.

CC VT LIU XY DNG
Thp cac bon c th c s dng ton b nhit trung bnh. cc nhit vt qu 3500F th Nikel hoc hp kim ca Nikel c s dng. tt c bnh cha, mi hn, g, ng dn thp cacbon phi c lm gim tnh cng. dung dch kim natricacbonat cng tn cng thy tinh v v cht ha tan n mt gii hn no . V natricacbonat c s dng trong qu trnh lm sch cc nh my trong c v tr vn hnh th,knh v cc my o mc c loi b v thay th bng mt la thch anh cho giai on lm sch ca s chun b vn hnh

FURFURAL

25

LHD K50

Furfural c s dng trong ch bin du kh cho qu trnh sn xut cc loi du bi trn. N l mt dung mi trong qu trnh chit cc cu t khng mong mun nh l cc hp cht napten v cc hp cht thm t cc ngun du nhn ci thin mu ca sn phm du nhn ( xem chng 12). Furfural hoc furfuraldehyde l mt loi cht do, dung dch c mu,c mi nh aromatic, khi ngoi khng kh v n c th bin thnh mu nu t hoc en. N si 160oC. N c s dng mt cch ph bin nh mt dung mi,n cng tan trong etanol v cc cht khc v mt phn tan trong nc. furfural l aldehit ca axit pyromucic khan, n c tnh cht tng t nh ca cc cht benzaldehit. Mt dn xut ca furan, to nn gi tr kinh t bng cch dehydro ha ng pentoza thu c t thn cy ng cc v li ng, v ht yn mch v cy u phng v cc sn phm thi khc. N cng c dng trong cc nh my sn xut thuc tr su,nha nhn to phenolfurfural,tetrahydrofuran. Tetrahydrofuran c s dng nh mt dung mi c tnh thng mi v c ci thnh nguyn liu u vo cho chun b tng hp nylon. Nhng tnh cht ha hc c th hin qua bng sau: NHNG MI RI RO GN VI VIC KIM SOT FURFURAL S H HP : gy ra s kch thch ti cc mng nhy v vng h hp pha trn. Cc triu chng c th gm au hng, kh th, au u. vi nng cao tc ng n h thn kinh trung ng v c th gy ra tc nghn phi. s h hp c th gy ra t vong. S TIU HA : c cao c th gy ra s ri lon d dy. C th gy ra s suy gim thn kinh v au u mnh lit. c th l t vong. Cc nh hng khc c th l khng c bit n. S TIP XC VI DA: kch thch da, c th gy ra chng vim da v chm bi nhim , s nhy cm d ng v nhy cm nh sng. C th c hp th qua da c th vi cc nh hng ton thn S TIP XC VI MT: hi kch thch ti mt, gy ra chy nc mt,nga,v mt. cc git ha cht c th gy ra kch thch rt mnh hoc lm hng mt S LM VIC LU NM : c th gy ra tnh trng t cng li , mt kh nng nm,au u . cc nh hng khc khng c bit n.
26

LHD K50

MC CNG NGHIM TRNG CA NHNG IU KIN TN TI: nhiu ngi vi s suy gim chc nng ca da v cc vn ca mt hoc suy yu gan , thn hoc chc nng h hp c th nh hng nhiu ti cc nh hng ca vt cht . S CU BAN U V AN TON C NHN. HT TH : di chuyn ti vng khng kh trong lnh. Nu khng th c th phi h hp nhn to. nu kh th th phi dng bnh oxy. Trong trng hp khn cp c th cn ti s chm sc ca thuc. N UNG : nu n phi vo trong d dy qua con ng n ung c th dng mt lng ln nc v ngay lp tc phi cn ti s chm sc ca thuc, khng c a bt c g bng ng ming ca ngi b ngt TIP XC VI DA: nhanh chng x l vi da bng cch ra vi x phng v nc trong khong t nht 15 pht trong khi phi ci b dy dp, ng nhim bn. v dng thuc ngay lp tc. git sch qun o trc khi s dng li. lm sch ng trc khi s dng li TIP XC VI MT: nhanh chng x l vi mt bng lng ln nc trong t nht 15 pht, thnh thong chp mt . ngay lp tc phi dng n thuc

QUN O BO V V TRANG THIT B GII HN C MT TRONG KHNG KH : t 2 n 5 ppm H THNG X : mt h thng ti ch hoc kh thi tng hp c yu cu gi s c mt ca cht c di gii hn cho php. Thng hi kh thi ti ch nhn chung c u tin hn v n c th kim sot lng kh thi c hi ti ngun ca n, hn ch s phn tn ca n trong vng lm vic ni chung . vui lng cp ti ti liu ACGIH, thng kh cng nghip , s tay ghi chp thc nghim, hu ht xut bn gn y mt cch chi tit S H HP C NHN : nu gii hn cho php b vt qu, mt mt l h hp vi ng bay hi c h thng c th c dng trong gii hn 50 h hoc nng s dng ln nht c ghi r bi c quan qun l c trch nhim hoc nh cung cp , bt c th g l thp nht . cho tnh hung khn cp v tc thi ni mc c mt l khng th o c ta s dng mt l c mt p sut thc, mt l dng kh. CNH BO cc mt l lm sch khng kh khng bo v cng nhn trong iu kin khng kh thiu oxy. BO V DA: mc qun o bo v chng thm gm ng cao c, bao tay,o lm th nghim, tp d hay bo v ton thn mt cch hp l chng li s tip xc trc tip BO V MT: s dng knh an ton ha cht hoc tm chn c mt vi ni c mc bn cao. Duy tr cc trang thit b to ma nhanh v vi phun ra mt ni lm vic
27

LHD K50

CHNG LA V CHY LA: im chp chy l 140 F , nhit t ng chy l 601F , gii hn bn la trong khng kh theo % th tch l :lel 2.1 ; uel 19.3. Hi v dung dch bn la l KH NNG N : im chp chy trn , hn hp khng kh v hi gy n trong gii hn bt la c ch pha trn. Phn ng din ra mt cch mnh lit vi s c mt ca cht oxy ha. Cc phn ng din ra mnh vi cc axit v bazo to ln la v nguy c chy n. cc thng cha c th n khi c nhit sinh ra , rt nhy cm ti in cc tnh PHNG PHP DP LA : c th dng vi phun nc, ha cht kh, bt ru hoc CO2. Vi phun nc c th c s dng lm mt thng cha trong tnh trng nng. Nc c th s dng x trn ti ni khc nu y nc v lm gim bt tnh trng trn ti cc hn hp khng bt la. THNG TIN C BIT: trong trng hp chy xy ra cn mc qun o bo v y v cc dng c h hp ghi s cho php ca NIOSH vi s hot ng ca mt l trong nhu cu v p sut hoc bng cc kiu p lc chnh xc khc. CC VT LIU XY DNG V CHA NG Khng c cc vt liu xy dng c ghi r, mt mc thch hp ca thp cacbon l . Kho cha v kim sot furfural phi loi tr khng kh. Polyme furfural d dng to thnh trong khng kh. trong cc hot ng lc ha du, khi ng ca nh my chit furfural thng yu cu trang thit b kim sot chng c lm y bng s cung cp du nhn hoc sn phm chng ct trung gian thch hp loi tr khng kh.

H2S
H2S trong nh my lc ha du thng c hnh thnh trong sut cc qu trnh desulfurizing lm ngt cc dng sn phm chng ct. H2S c mu v l kh c v c mi kh chu ging nh mi trng thi . N c th ha tan trong nc v trong disulfit cacbon. B ha tan trong nc n to thnh mt loi axit yu. H2S d bt la v trong khng kh d c th chy ti SO2 v nc, trong iu kin thiu oxy n c th to thnh S c bn v nc. n c th to ra t phn ng kh H2 v S nng chy hoc vi s bay hi ca S hoc bng treating sulfite kim loi (FeS..)vi mt axit.H2S phn ng vi hu ht cc ion kim loi to thnh dng sulfides . sulfides ca mt vi kim loi khng tan trong nc v c mu c trng c th gip ta nhn bit kim loi trong qu trnh phn tch ha cht. H2S cng phn ng trc tip vi kim loi bc dng xm . trng thi en xm ca Ag2S. mt phng php tm nng nh ca H2S l n trn giy lc c tm chi axetat. Giy tr thnh mu en ( nhm kt ta chisulfdes. Mc ca H2S l c o bng s khc nhau ca mu en ca giy ch axetat c so snh vi mu chun. thng s ha hc ca H2S c a ra trong bng 15.3.

28

LHD K50

MC NGUY HIM V C HI CA H2S

Bng 15.4 ch ra mc c hi ca H2S 1ppm,hu ht mi ngi c th ngi c kh. mi mnh khng c ngha l c nng cao v mi nh khng c ngha l nng thp. mt ngi c th lm vic trong nng 10 ppm ca H2S trong 8 h. nu nng vt qu 10ppm trong mt giai on thi gian ngn sau thi gian phi c lm gim i . Nng 15ppm c th chu ng c trong mt giai on ngn khng vt qu 15phut. C th khng c qu 4 ln 15ppm trong s thay i 8h vi mi ln thay i l 1h.

29

LHD K50

Nu nng ca H2S vt qu 20ppm , mt cng nhn phi eo cc thit b h hp cho php. Nu nng khng bit th cng nhn phi eo cc thit b h hp cho php n tn khi nng c xc nh
Nu tn ti nng 100ppm th c quan khu gic s mt kh nng hay tr ln khng c cm gic gi trong 2 n 15 pht. H2S c th gy ra cm gic chy ti mt,c hng, mi v phi(H2S kt hp vi alkali trong dung dch lng ti dng sulfde natri kim).

nng 500ppm,nn nhn s xut hin trng thi say v mt kh nng thng bng v nhn thc ca h. trong trong trng hp ny nn nhn c gng tip tc vi cng vic m h ang lm n khi h bt gp kh. v l do ny, mt ngi phi bit mi ngi m h lm vic cng v c th kim tra mt cch khng thng xuyn thi quen ca cc ng nghip. r rng mi ngi di tc ng ca ru hoc bt k cht kch thch ti b lo khng bao gi c cho php ti ni lm vic c th cha kh chua. Mt nn nhn phi xem xt cn thn v c th yu cu s tnh to. Mt nn nhn nn cn s chm sc ca thuc v khong cho php quay tr li lm vic trong t nht l 8 h 700ppm nn nhn s ri vo trng thi bt tnh mt cch nhanh chng, v c th pht trin cc cn tai bin ging nh cc loi gy ra chng ng kinh. S suy gim kh nng kim sot tnh trng i v tiu tin c th l din ra. Ngng h hp v ci cht l kt qu tt yu , nu khng cu cha v lm hi sc mt cch nhanh chng. mt nng 1000ppm nn nhn c th b bt tnh ngay tc khc.NN NHN S KHNG CN TH MT CCH CH NG NU CUNG CP KHNG KH SCH. S HI SC NHN TO S C TIN HNH TRONG 3 PHT VI S C MT CA H2S QUN O BO V V AN TON C NHN Nhiu bin php bo v c nhn khi H2S c tho lun trong muc 1 pha trn. Cn thit khi lm vic trong mt vng ni c hoc khng c mt ca H2S , mt mt l thch hp phi lun c nu khng thc s eo. Trong nhng vng hn ch nh l nh cha bm hay my len kn ni m kim sot kh chua hoc cc dung dch kim tra s khng i ca nng H2S trong khng kh phi c tin hnh. iu ny s c hon thnh bng s phn tch khng kh t ng vi mt n ph. Nhc im ca n l s dng cc phn tch thng thng dn ti giy ch axetat . trong tt c cc b phn ph nh cc ta nh nn c cc l thng mt cch hp l s dng h thng qut thng kh.

CC VT LIU XY DNG TRONG BO DNG H2S

Khng kh cha H2S v hon ton hoc hu ht oxy t do lm s n mn tng ln nhanh chng ca thp nguyn cht bng s to thnh mt mng sulfide trn b mt ca n. Tc n mn trong H2 /H2S tng nh thnh phn ca H2S tng ln khong 5% th tch , trong khi tng qu mc im ny nhn chung ch c mt nh hng nh ti s n mn . thp nguyn cht vi crom v nhm lm tng kh nng bn ca H2S , trong khi nikel khng c nh hng c hi Trng thi m hoc dung dch ca H2S c th gy ln vi n mn nh trong thp nguyn cht v to ra s nguy him ca s n mn nghim trng. s n mn ny l khong 1nm/nm. Tc ny c th xem nh gim xung khong 0,1% / nm s dng

30

LHD K50

thp nguyn cht c 18% crom v 9 % nikel. Cc bnh v ng nn phi lm gim mc ny xung.

CH3-CO-C2H5
Methy ethy ketone ( MEK ) c s dng trong lc du cho qu trnh loi b sp t nguyn liu du bi trn ( chng 12 ) . MEK l 1 cht lng ko mu vi 1 mi ngt , ging mi axetone . N cc k d bn la trong c dung dch ln kh . Pha hi th nng hn khng kh v c th bt chy t 1 khong cch xa gy khin cho vic n l hon ton c th . MEK bay hi cao . Cc ti liu v tnh cht ha hc ca n cho thy trong bng 15.5 MEK c im si 176oF v p sut hi 3 ins Hg l 68oF

S c hi ca MEK
Vi qu trnh h hp : gy ra s kh chu mi v c hng . Nng trn 200 ppm c th gy ra au u , hoa mt , bun nn , kh th , v nn . nng cao hn c th gy ra ri lon h thn kinh v bt tnh . Vi h tiu ha : c th gy ra au bng , bun nn . Ht vo phi c th gy ra tc hi cho phi rt r rt v l 1 tnh trng khn cp . Cc triu chng c th xy ra song song vi ht phi

Tip xc vi da : gy ra hin tng rt da . Triu chng bao gm , nga v au . C th b hp ph qua da nh hng ton thn Tip xc vi mt : Hi lm au mt . Nu b bn vo mt c th gy au v m . Chronic exposure : Vic tip xc lu trn da c th ly m trn da v gy ra vim da . Chronic exposure c th nh hng n h thn kinh trung tm . S trm trng trc cc tnh trng hin nay : Con ngi vi s ri lon trn da hoc nhng vn v mt hoc suy h hp c l d b tn thng hn i vi cc nh hng ca cht .

Qu trnh s cu v bo v con ngi .

i vi qu trnh h hp : loi b , c khng kh sch . Nu khng th c phi h hp nhn to . Nu kh th a thm oxi vo . S dng cc loi thuc .
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LHD K50

H tiu ha : c hi khi ht vo . Nu nut phi , hin tng nn c th xy ra ngay lp tc , nhng ko XUI khin . Nu hin tng nn din ra , ci u xung di eo ngn ko ht vo phi . Khng a bt c ci g qua ming 1 ngi bt tnh . Lp tc gi bc s . Tip xc qua da : ngay lp tc ra bng nc x phng trong vng t nht 15 pht cng lc b qun o , giy . Ung thuc . Git trc khi s dng li . Ht sc gi giy sch trc khi s dng li . Tip xc vi mt . Ngay lp tc ra mt vi nhiu nc t nht trong 15 pht , thnh thong nng m mt trn v di . Bi thuc .

Trang phc v bo v thit b Gii hn trong khng kh

Gii hn cho php ( PEL ) : 200 ppm ( TWA ) Nng cho php cc i ( TVL ) : 200 ppm ( TWA ) , 300 ppm ( STEL ) H thng thng gi : 1 h thng ht kh c yu cu gi khng kh lm vic di mc gii hn trong kh . H thng thng gi thng c dng bi n c th iu khin kh x ca cc cht gy nhim t chnh ngun ca n , chng li s phn tn ca n bn trong cc khu vc nh my . Khu trang c nhn : Nu gii hn b vt qu v vic iu khin cc my mc khng th tin hnh c , th 1 mt n vi hi bc hu c c th c eo gp 50 ln gii hn hoc s dng vi nng ring ln nht bi s ph hp c quan iu tit hoc nhng ngi cung cp thit b phng c m thp nht . Trong trng hp khn cp hoc nhng v d ni m mc l din l ko th bit c th phi s dng 1 chic mt n p sut dng , cung cp khng kh . Cnh bo : mt n lm sch khng kh khng bo v nhng ngi cng nhn khi thiu ht oxi trong khng kh . Bo v da . Mc bo h m nc khng thm qua c , bao gm c ng , gng tay , o bo h tm ph hay b o lin qun , sao cho ph hp , ngn cn s tip xc ca da . Cao su Butyl l 1 cht liu ph hp cho cc loi thit b bo v c th Bo v mt : S dng knh bo h hoc 1 mt n eo ngn vic bn l cn thit . Ra mt , dng thuc vi lng ln , nhanh ngay ti ni lm vic nu b tip xc .

Dp la La
im chp chy : -90C Nhit t chy : 4040C Gii hn chy c trong khng kh chim % th tch : Lel : 1,4 ; uel : 11,4 Cc k d bt chy . Gy n : trn im bt chy , hn hp hi nc khng kh n trong gii hn bt chy ghi trn . Hi nc c th chy trn b mt n ngun bt chy v chy ngc

32

LHD K50

li . Tip xc vi ngun oxi ln c th gy ra chy . Cc xe contaner c bt kn c th b ph hy khi c nhit . N rt nhy cm vi mch tnh in . Phng tin dp la : Cht ha hc lm kh , bt hoc CO2 , Nc c th c s dng dp la , lm long n trn c hn hp khng d bt chy , bo v con ngi dng l hng v ngn ko hi lan xa . Cc thng tin c bit . : Trong hu ht nhng m chy , mc bo h y v NIOSH- chp nhn nhng thit b th c lp vi vic vn hnh trc tip vi p sut ph hp hoc 1 thit b p sut dng khc . Dng lng cc k d bt chy ny phi c kim sot t nhng thit b pht tia la in , qu trnh nung trc tip , b mt nung , v tt c cc ngun nhit v t chy . o ngu nhin : Vng thng gi ca ch r r hoc trn . Loi b tt c cc ngun gy chy . Mc thit b bo h cho ph hp nh c trnh by phn 8 . Cch ly vi vng nhim . B li nhng ti sn khng cn thit v khng c bo v khi i vo . Thu gom cht lng vo 1 bnh cha ph hp hoc hp th vi cht tr ( v d cht khong , ct kh , t ) , v t vo trong 1 bnh cha cht thi ha hc . Khng s dng nhng nguyn liu d bt chy nh mt ca . Khng thi ra cng thot nc ! Nu r r hoc trn khng bt la th s dng dng nc phn tn hi nc , bo v c th chng li r r v trn ti vng c th chy .

a vo kho v qun l
MEK thng c chuyn ti cc nh my lc du bng tu ha . N c th c gi trong nhng ci ng nh hoc b cha hnh mi nn bn di dng kh tr .Cc nguyn liu ca cu trc l kim loi thp khng g .

15.2 K thut phng chy v cha chy .

Phng v cha chy l yu cu v cng cn thit trong hot ng ca bt c b phn HC no . N th quan trng hn i vi cc nh my lc du hn vi cc nh my lin quan bi kch thc ca hu ht cc nh my lc du so vi cc nh my ha du hay ha hc Bo v v phng chy nh my lc du bt u ngay giai on bt u ca qu trnh thit k nh my lc du v my mc . Trong phn ny ca chng bt u vi vic pht trin cc thit k v cc thit b ca nh my lc du m l ti liu ch ra nhng chi tit ca nhng tiu chun ca nh my lc du m c thc hin xy dng 1 nh my lc du ca cc cng ty xy dng v k thut . Phn ny bt u vi 1 danh sch cc thit b m thng c trong nhng tiu chun thit k . N tip tc vi nhiu hn chi tit v nhng thit b gn lin vi vic phng v chng chy .

Tiu chun thit k

Nhng cng ty ring u c 1 tiu chun thit k ring bit trong iu khon v nhng chi tit cn thit vi nhng tiu chun thit k a dng . Tuy nhin tt c cc tiu chun s phi theo t nht 1 ch im no . Nhim v ca c tnh k thut. y l phn a thch ca vic thit k cc quy trnh , my mc ca cc k s . N chn xc l nhng phng tin thit b c thit k v nhim v ca tng thit b ny c trong iu khon mc lu lng v trong 1 vi dng cu thnh . N s lun a ra nhng chi tit c im k thut ca b phn d
33

LHD K50

liu kh tng hc v cc thng s c xem xt a ra cc quyt nh kinh t . Nhim v ca c tnh k thut s bao gm nhng sn phm c yu cu v cc yu t cu thnh sn phm . Trong trng hp chi tit k thut grass roots s c bao ph b mt nh tankage , pha trn , np liu , tho liu vv Cc c tnh k thut . iu ny so snh vi cc yu cu v tiu chun ( bao gm m c s dng ) cc khch hng yu cu cho thit b s c thit lp . Nhng bn c tnh k thut m cc k s c kh s sn xut da trn iu ny , s to ra tng phn ca sn phm v c s dng cho nhng b phn thu c ca thit b . Nhng b phn ny t nht gm c : 1 . Bm 2 . My nn v tuabin 3 . Thit b trao i nhit ( bao gm My lm lnh , ng kp ) 4 . Thit b l t . 5 . Cc loi thit b trn a dng khc nh Bm phun chn khng , thit b trn v nhng thit b tng t c tnh k thut ca thit b in : Phn ny s a ra cc tiu chun cho tt c cc thit b in , v nhng d liu c lin quan ti cc thit b ny . N s i cng vi M phn loi vng m thit lp cc thng s cho thit b trong iu khon v chng chy ( v d c hay khng b phn chng tia la in ) m n s c t trong nhng ni khc nhau trong nh my lc du . i vi nhng thit b n c tnh bi kiu thit b c s dng v iu khin c bn v h thng o lng c s dng . ng cch b tr ph hp vi cc c im k thut . iu ny lun lun l vn ln nht ca vic thit k cc c tnh ca thit b . N s trnh by t m cho ta bit lut v t cc ng ng c s dng v cc im gy ca nguyn liu . N s tin hnh vic thit lp tiu chun cho thit b v vic b tr sp t cn tun theo : 1 . Kh nng n c ni bo qun 2 . Phng chy ( v d khong cch t ngun chy ti cc thit b khc ) 3. Vng t b cha v kch thc b cha 4. Mc cha chy ca ng cho nhng nh my v b cha . 5. Lp bo v chng g vi nhng ng ng di lng t . Nhng mc khc ca vic thit k cc c trng k thut . Nhng mc ny bao gm nhng yu cu chi tit vi bnh cha , dn s , v cu to thit b cng nhng nguyn liu i km .

Phng chy i vi qu trnh thit k v vn hnh thit b

L t . Thit k l t phi kt hp cht ch thit b dn hi nc cho bung chy . Vi vic chp hnh v bo qun cng nh vn hnh thit b nhit theo nhng im c trong qu trnh vn hnh 1. Ci t 1 chun , thng theo chng trnh bo v cho bung t v lm sch bt c vt chu la no phng kh nng xy ra chy

34

LHD K50

2. a ra c cht hot ng ca thit b gim st v ghi , ht mc chnh xc hn , nhit thnh ng phng im nng . 3. Thc hin chnh xc v y cc th tc vi cc im nng khi theo di v ghi li . iu ny bao gm vic ghi m t v v tr ca bt c cc im nng ng nghi no khi kim tra bng mt 4. a ra phng php chnh xc quyt nh tc ng mnh vo ng khi im nng c pht hin 5. Cc c nhn trong nh my lc du nn c o to nhn bit v phn ng li ti chi tit luyn kim v cc c tnh c chng minh bi nguyn liu khc nhau trong l nhit v p sut cao . Ti liu mi phn nh li thng tin ny . p sut bnh cha : N bao gm cc thp , cc ng thng ng v nm ngang , tt c chng phi c bo v vi s gim bi p sut thit b chnh xc ( xem chng 13 cho p sut thit b ) . Trong thit k cc ng dy chnh xc ca tng c da theo Cc tiu chun API v ASME bao gm c thit k nhit v p sut . Phng chy vi g cc ng nng thng ng v nm ngang phi c thit lp . Trong vn hnh v bo dng cc ng vi nhng b phn phi bao gm nhng tiu chun sau : 1. ng h ng phi c nhn dng v hot ng 2. Cc hot ng phi c thc hin ngay lp tc khi nhit ln cao v cc cp lng cao hoc thp c quan st . 3. Trong tnh hung c la trn thit b hoc st ngay thit b , cc thp phi c dng hot ng ngay ty theo mc bo khn cp ca cc nh my s dng sn xut . 4. Trong tnh hung khn cp cho bnh cha ngng lm vic phi c lm sch cc gc HC t do bi hi nc hay kh tr . 5. Ko c cng vic no c lm trong cc bnh cha trc khi n c chng nhn l khng ch kh . 6. Tt c cc bnh cha phi c kim tra trc khi kim tra li v sau khi ng my . Qu trnh kim tra phi chc chn rng tt c mt bch an ton v vng m chnh xc c thit lp 1 cch cn thn , chnh xc . 7. Tt c cc dng c v h thng lm nh trong bnh cha phi c kim tra v hiu chnh li i vi tt c cc k hoch c thi hn hoc khng quy nh thi hn ng my ca nh my 8. Tt c cc bnh cha phi c kim tra p sut trc khi kim tra v sau khi bt c 1 cng vic no c hon thnh trong chng 9. Tt c cc ng tho , l x trn bnh cha phi c kim tra trong sut qu trnh lm vic ca nh my , chu k quay hay khng quy nh thi hn ng my trc khi kim tra li bnh cha. B phn trao i nhit v lm lnh : Thng cha v ng trao i nhit c thit k v c ch to theo tiu chun ASME v TEMA . Thit k thng ca chng rt k lng vi cc bnh cha tun th nghim ngt cc yu cu thit k v nhit v p
35

LHD K50

sut . Chiu dy ca cc ng v cc ng tm cng c tnh ton theo tiu chun ca ASME . Trong trng hp lm lnh th cc ng v ng tm ny cng c tnh ton theo tiu chun ca ASME nh cc ng dn v ng ta cc trm bm . ng lm lnh bng khng kh thng c g , cnh trao i nhit vi cc ng khc . Vic vn hnh v bo dng cc thng v ng trao i nhit ny tun theo rt nhiu cc iu kin i vi bnh cha v c bit tun theo yu cu phng chy , n . Tuy nhin Trong trng hp lm lnh bng khng kh 1 vi yu cu khc cng c p dng . V d 1 lng ln khng kh lm lnh trong nh my lc du phi c a ln trn cc ng nng t trn gi . Cc ng nng thng lm vic xuyn sut trung tm ca quy trnh nh my , chng l nhng thit b t trn b mt ca gi . N thng to cu trc cho cc gi ng c bc li bng 1 lp b tng chng chy khi o mc chng chy . S chng chy nn ko di ti c cc cu trc thit b lm lnh bng khng kh . Nc la v s phun bt nn c tin hnh trn cc ng cng nh dp tt bt c ch s pht la ca k h ca ng v cc m la theo sau. Cc thit b quay. Nhm ny bao gm cc bm , v my nn . K tip ca cc thit b t l cc thit b nn m c th bao gm c kh di chuyn trong cc tuabin hoc m rng c tc , nhc im ca nhng b phn ny l cc c hi do la . L do trong tnh hung ny l p sut cao ca kh m chng iu khin , v y l b phn iu khin kh H2. Tt c my nn nghch o phi thit b lm gim p sut trn b phn trao i kh nn. Tt c cng phi c h thng ng my khi khn cp trong trng hp p sut ln qu cao. Cc my nn ly tm v nhng b phn iu khin ca chng yu cu sn xut b phn ng my trong tnh hung khn cp 1 cch ti tn hn . y iu kin ti hn c th pht sinh bi cc iu kin ht khng ng k nh ng x p sut cao. Tt c cc my nn ly tm u yu cu bo v chng li iu kin tng cao t ngt. V d trong iu kin ny c th din ra khi p sut my nn thp v n ko th y bt c khi tip liu vo trong b cnh trn ca n. Trong nhiu tnh hung nhiu dao ng ca thit b a ra s gy ra cc tn tht ng k ti cu trc thit b v thm ch c th gy chy n. Cc thit b tin tin ngy nay thit k b phn chng s tng t ngt m nu c vn hnh chnh xc s dng thit b trong 1 thi gian trc khi c bt c tn tht no Cc bm thm ch c nhng loi bm tay iu kin p sut cao ca kh du ha lng u c nhng ri ro thp hn . S qu nhit t nhng van h hoc packing thng gy ra ri ro cao v gy ra m chy . S to bt trong bm bi vn NPSH th t c hi th cp hn . Trong hu ht cc nh my lc du ngy ny cc thit b quay c vn hnh trong qu trnh m hoc trong cc vng c bo v nh c bao bc . iu ny em li gi tr ln trong vic hn ch cc m chy i vi bt c 1 thit b quay no . Thng ni c thit b quay s c thit lp c nc la ln b phn to bt. Kim tra kn ca thit b trong sut qu trnh vn hnh v bao qun thng thng vi nhng b phn cn thit i vi qu trnh phng chy t tt c nhng ngun khc nhau. B cha v ch t b cha. Tnh hung chy cc b cha l 1 kiu ti t hn trong chy n i vi cc nh my lc du . iu ny l do cc b cha cha 1 lng ln cc HC. 1 iu m mc c hi thp hn trong cc ch t b cha l thng nguyn nhn bt chy ko trc tip t ngun o. Thng thng khng c ngun nhit hay nhng thit b my nn ln c mt trong cc ni t b cha. Ngn la c
36

LHD K50

th din ra t nhng tai nn t vng nh chy trn cu tu hay tu thy gn y . c 1 m chy ni t cc b cha New York vo thng 2 nm 2003 v n xy ra do 1 v n mn x lan tu khi ang tho nhin liu xng gn 1 cu tu. Nhng b cha nhin liu ln trn b b chy bi mnh vn ca t v n. 1 nguyn nhn khc ca m chy l 1 v n trong 1 trm np liu sn phm khi ang np 1 sn phm nh nh gasoline. Nhng v n lun lun b gy ra bi vic tnh in . Hu ht cc cng ty du kh u tin hnh 1 cch nghim ngt ti nhng ni nhy cm phng nhng tnh hung nh vy c th xy ra nhng nhng tai nn vn xy ra t trc ti nay. Nhng sn phm ct trung gian v cc thng cha nhin liu du c mt trong nhng m chy ln chng li v dp tt cc m chy. Tr lng ln ca cc b cha v tnh d bay hi thp nhng nhit tr cao c th b tr cho 1 thi gian ngn thm ch s dng phng php ph bin dng bt dp la 1 khi ngn la thc s lan nhanh. Vic cn lm sau l lm lnh cc b cha bn cnh bng nhng bi nc trn din rng. Nhng ngn la trn cc b cha nhng sn phm lng nh th d dp hn. Bt c s dng ph ln lng du. V nhng sn phm nh ny c ct trong nhng b cha mi ni, nn n cung cp phng thc thit k dy ca lp bt ln phn mi trc tip ln trn b mt ca sn phm lng nu mi b ph hy bi v n. Bi nc la c thit lp trong nhng b LPG hnh cu v hnh tr. Trong tt c cc trng hp ngn la bn trong cc b cha LPG l nguyn nhn gy ra v n. Nhng nguyn liu cn li c th mt bi bt v mc ch chnh ca vic chng la l phun bi nc dp la ln nhng b cha bn cnh gi chng lnh. Tnh c l ngy nay tt c cc nh my lc du t thit b phun bi nc v bi bt trn tt c b cha. Nc trn cc b cha ch nn c s dng gi lnh cho cc b cha t ngn la bn cnh. Nguy him ca vic ch s dng nc khng thi dp c la l n c th lm cho ngn la lan rng bi cc HC b t chy lin tc trn b mt ca dng nc t b cha. Vic thit k cc b cha v thit lp chng kt hp vi nt quy v phng chy . i vi du th v cc sn phm du vi nhit chp chy ( < 130 0F ) s c cha trong cc b cha mi ni hoc b cha hnh cu, tr LPG. Nhng sn phm ct trung gian v nng hn s c cha trong nhng b cha mi hnh cn. Cc b cha, c mi ni ln mi hnh cn s c thit lp trn b b tng m s c chng nu c yu cu. Khng gian gia nhng b cha s ko nh hn 10ft ( theo v tr quy nh ). Ni t b cha s c o rnh bao quanh gi t nht 110% 1 tr lng b cha ring l. Rnh hoc p s c s thu du ph hp theo thit b tch API hoc b cha. Cc b cha LPG thng khng yu cu 1 ho, rnh nhng c nhng ng hnh tr v hnh cu s c thit lp vi h thng kin trc chu la chnh xc. Cu tu v nhng trm np liu trn b. 1 trong nhng tn hi ln nht vi nhng tu, xe np liu l l la bi tia in gy ra bi s tch in . Vic ni t cc thit b chu ti l cn thit phng cc tc hi la. Nhng p dng ging nhau tho cc HC nh cung du du th hoc cc dng sn phm khc t nhng nh my lc du khc hoc kho cha. Nhng ng dng vi nhng nh my lc nh, cc phng tin vn chuyn v np liu trn b phi c bo v bi cc h thng chng la bng bt. Trong nhng nh my lc du ln hn cc cu tu c l dng chnh nc bin nh dng nc chnh dp la.

37

LHD K50

m chy chnh
Nhng m chy ch yu thng din ra bi 1 h thng nc tun hon b tng p t ngt vi 1 p sut b gin on. 1 s phc tho h thng a ra hnh 15.1 m chy chnh c duy tr p sut khong 100 psig bi bm tun hon. Bm ny bt tt t ng duy tr p sut khi cc thit b hot ng cung cp nc cho m chy hoc h thng phun bt hoc bt c 1 ng dng cho n m chng hot ng iu kin kh quyn. Bm thng c iu khin bi m t in vi ph tng m thng i cng bi 1 m t diesel hay tuabin hi nc. iu khin ph tng bm thng l cc qu trnh t ng ln trn lm mt in v lm cc bm tun hon la thng thng mt kh nng duy tr p sut. Nc a ti b gin on c duy tr di s iu chnh mc b gin on t ngun nc ngt ca nh my hoc nc bin Trong cc nh my lc du nh hn v cc h thng nh hn nh 1 cu tu c bm dp la, h thng c th cht. l 1 bm nc dp la v s c s dng duy tr p sut trong ng ng dp la. Nc s khng i tun hon ti b gin on. Ngun nc ca b cha hoc h s c s dng nh ngun nc cc ging dp la. Trong trng hp cn tu c ng ng chng chy th thng thng nc bin s c s dng v iu ny s c cung cp t y bin, h bng 1 bm ly tm ph hp. Cc m t in iu khin s c s dng trong cc bm thng thng vi 1 tua bin iu khin hi nc cng ph tng bm.

Bt la v h thng bt
Bt chng chy l 1 khi nh n gin v vng chc, kh c lc sc vo vi 1 t trng thp hn du, gasoilne, hay nc. Bt c cung cp gm 3 hp phn sau: 1 . Nc 2 . Tinh bt v 3 . Khng kh

38

LHD K50

Nc c trn cng tinh bt to 1 dung dch bt . Dung dch ny sau c trn vi khng kh ( ht ) to ra bt m rt d chy sn sng ph ln mt cht lng. T l p sut cn bng l phng php ph bin nht c s dng cho cc ng dng ca h thng bt . p sut tinh bt c cn bng vi p sut nc 1 t l nh cho php lng chnh xc tinh bt c o trong dng nc . Vi vic ko dng thit b ht, dung dch bt chy qua ming v ng x liu ni m n trn vi khng kh nh hng dp la. Bt dp la thng c s dng a dng trong cc ng dng dp nhng m chy v cht lng chy c, iu khin ct nhng hi d bt chy v lm lnh cc loi nhin liu cng vi cc ngun d chy. c tnh ng dng ca bt bao gm 1. Gi np liu 2. cc nh my lc du 3. Trm bm 4. Nh my in 5. sn bay 6. my bay ln thng 7. Ngnh hng hi 8. cc nh my ch bin 9. b cha 10. nh my ha cht 11. b cha cc cht lng d chy 12. Gin khoan ngoi bin 13. Nh my bay 14. Phng tin cu h 15. Phng tin , thit b m 16. kho hng 17. Kim sot s c hi ca s c trn nguyn liu Tc nhn bt chng la dp la bng cch tch nhin liu ra khi khng kh m y l O2. Ph thuc vo kiu tc nhn bt m n s x l theo nhiu cch: 1 . Bt ph ln b mt nhin liu , dp la v tch tia la ra khi b mt nhin liu. 2 . Nhin liu c lm lnh bi nc c cha bt. 3 . Bt ph ln loi b nhng hi d bt chy m c th trn vi khng kh. 1 lp mng bt (AFFF) to 1 mng lng trn b mt ca nhin liu HC. 1 loi ru c tnh khng c (ARC) s to 1 mng polime trn nhin liu dung mi phn cc. V c bn c 6 kiu tc nhn bt.

39

LHD K50

Cc loi bt dp la loi B Bt to mng

Bt to mng ( AFFF ) c da trn s kt hp F hot tnh , HC hot tnh v cc dung mi. Nhng tc nhn ny yu cu phi c nng lng u vo thp to ra 1 loi bt c cht lng cao. Bi vy chng c th ph hp vi nhng h thng cung cp bt ln v a dng. Tnh a nng ny l AFFF tr thnh 1 la chn hin nhin i vi hng khng , cc nh my lc du, cc nh my ch bin, cng ngh, hay cc dung dch d bt chy. Nhng tc nhn to bt th c nng ng c bo v t 1%-3%.

Cc cht cn c c c c tnh chu ng cao

Cc cht cn c da trn tnh cht ha hc AFFF to ra 1 polymer. ARCs l cc tc tc nhn bt linh hot m theo chng c nh hng ln nhng ngn la bao gm cc dung mi phn cc nh Methanol cng nh cc nhin liu HC nh gasoline. Khi c s dng trn 1 dung mi phn cc kiu nhin liu , nng ARC to 1 mng polime m ngn cn s ph hy lp bt b mt. Khi c s dng trn cc nhin liu HC, ARC to ra mng lng g gh nh tc nhn chun AFFF. ARCs cung cp dp tt ngn la nhanh v vic chy tt s khng c li khi c s dng trn c cc loi nhin liu khc.

Bt c c protein
Bt c c protein c xut cho qu trnh dp chy bao gm cc HC. N da trn protein phn hy c, cn bng, v bo qun. Cc loi bt protein to ra bt c hc cn bng vi vic cc tnh cht m rng d dng v kh nng chng chy tuyt vi . Bt c c protein c nng nm trong khong 3-6%.

Bt c c Flo protein
Bt c Flo protein c da trn protein phn hy c, cc cn bng, bo qun ,v tng hp hot tnh C-F. Khi c so snh vi bt protein, F protein cho ta kh nng kim sot v dp la , chy tt hn, v kh nng chng li tt i vi nhin liu nhim bn. Bt F protein rt c ch cho vic ngn chn hi HC v c nhn thy l rt c hiu qu dp la i vi vic phun bng ng ni vo trong nhin liu HC trong cc b cha . Bt F protein c nng khong 3%. Bt c c c n cao Bt c c c n cao da trn s kt hp ca hot tnh v dung mi ca HC. Chng c s dng vi cc tc nhn bt thng thng cho cc ng dng ca bt n nhng ch trn ngp ton b vng rng tv 3 chiu ca ng dng nh kho hng , cano thu , v cng c c o . Chng c bit hu ch trn nhin liu nh kh lng t nhin i vi qu trnh kim sot v dp tt hi. Trong nng thc t, bt c gin n cao c hiu qu vi cc s c trn HC v l nguyn nhn gy ra chy trong tt c cc kiu v vng gii hn .

Cc loi bt chng la loi A

40

LHD K50

Cc loi bt loi A c cng thc c trng bi s kt hp t hot tnh c bit ca HC , n nh , cht c ch v dung mi . Chng l gim sc cng b mt ca nc cho , ci thin kh nng lm t , thm , v to lp mng bt bm m lot b hi d chy khi lm lm lnh nhin liu . Bt loi A c th c p dng khi phi s dng nhng thit b c t l / lu lng thay i linh hot v c chng mnh rng c hiu qu khi s dng trong cc cng trnh v chng chy rng, m than, xm lp t, v cc nh my cao su , cc xng g , b cha than , nh kho cha giy v 1 s s c hi khc bao gm nhng nguyn liu d chy. Ch rng cc loi bt loi B vn ph hp khi s dng trn nhng m chy loi A ny . tuy nhin chng ko c thit k s dng tt nh loi A. Phn % nng bt c ngh lng nng c t l hoc c trn trc vi nc ti khi thu c sn phn l dung dch bt . nh hng v c hi vi mi trng. Hu ht cc loi bt c c c ra u phi c nh hng ln nht cng nh t nht ti mi trng v c hi khi n vi con ngi. Tt c cc bt c c u c th b vi khun lm thi ra trong mi trng t nhin v trong cc thit b lm sch nc thi . Tuy nhin tt c cc tc nhn bt ng l c a vo thit b chng s qu ti khi np liu vo nh my nhm to bt . Chng khng c coi l nhng cht kch thch ln da ; tuy nhin vic c ko di khi tip xc c th gy ra hin tng kh da . Vi l do , chng ti ngh rng nhng vng da trn c th khi tip xc vi bt c c phi c ra bng nc sch. Thi gian bo qun trong kho. Thi gian bo qun trong kho l khong thi gian kt thc m bt c c c th tn ti m khng c s thay i ng k no v mt tnh cht hot ng. Rt nhiu AFFF, bt c n cao v bt loi A c gi trong s ph hp v c ngh theo nguyn tc thng thng ca thi gian bo qun l 20-25 nm. Cc tc nhn to bt khc m khng tng hp hon ton c thi gian bo qun trung bnh t 7-10 nm.

41