Hydrocarbons molecules composed only of C and H

Saturated

Unsaturated

Homologous series: Homologous series: have the same general formula, differing have the same general formula, differing only by -CH2 only by -CH2 show a gradation in physical properties show a gradation in physical properties contain the same functional group contain the same functional group
Arenes benzene ring

H
109

C H H methane
H H

C H

Homologous series

Alkanes Only C-C single bonds

Alkenes >C=C< double bond(s)

Alkynes -CC- triple bond(s)

CH3 -CH2- CH2 -CH3 butane

CH3 -CH2- CH3 CH3 methylpropane

Hy
Refinery gas

dr o

car b

ons

and ure sm uct i Str omer is

structural isomers

C1-C4 300K

Alkanes, CnH2n+2
Co mb of ustio fue ls n
on illati l dist il tiona Frac f crude o o
Fr e su e ra bs dic titu al tio n
homolytic fission Cl Cl Cl

Gasoline

uv

Cl

C5-C10

350K

chlorine molecule H

chlorine atoms (free radicals) H C H + HCl H methyl radical H Cl C H + Cl H chloromethane

Kerosene

500K

C11-C12

Diesel

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) Non-renewable, fossil fuel Greenhouse gas contributes to our carbon footprint and global warming

Cl +

H C H H

C13-C20

600K

Hot crude in

700K C20 +

H Cl Cl +

Hc = -890.4kJ mol-1 (exothermic)

C H
H

Bitumen

Original ideas Dr John Fincham Original ideas Dr John Fincham

Single headed curly arrow shows movement of one electron