L

i
i
c
c

m
m

n
n


Qua thi gian hc tp ti lp Cao hc S09 ca
Hc vin cng ngh bu chnh vin thng, ti
c hc v tip thu nhiu kin thc mi t s ch
bo tn tnh ca thy, c v s gip ca bn b.
Tiu lun mn hc l nn tng quan trng v h
tr ti trong tng lai khi thit k Lun vn tt
nghip.
Ti xin gi li cm n su sc v chn thnh n
thy, TS H Vn Cu, ngi nh hng cho ti
nghin cu, tm hiu v pht trin chuyn , cung
cp cho chng ti nhng kinh nghim qu bu.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n nhng ngi thn,
ng nghip v bn b to mi iu kin ti
hon thnh lun vn ny.





MC LC
T VIT TT, DANH SCH HNH .........................................................................8
M U ........................................................................................................................1
CHNG I: MT S K THUT IU CH ......................................................3
1.1. K THUT IU CH PSK (phase shift keying) .......................................3
1.1.1. Binary PSK. ................................................................................................3
1.1.2. Quadrature PSK ..........................................................................................5
1.2. K THUT IU CH BIN CU PHNG (QAM). ....................7
1.2.1. Chm sao QAM ........................................................................................11
1.2.2. Square QAM .............................................................................................11
1.2.3. iu ch QAM .........................................................................................12
1.2.4. Gii iu ch QAM ..................................................................................13
1.2.5. Xc sut li QAM .....................................................................................14
1.3. NHN XT ....................................................................................................15
CHNG II: K THUT IU CH THCH NGHI .........................................16
2.1. NGUYN L IU CH THCH NGHI ..................................................16
2.2. H THNG IU CH THCH NGHI ....................................................16
2.3. S KHI CA H THNG IU CH THCH NGHI .................17
2.3.1.Chc nng cc khi: ..................................................................................17
2.3.2. Gii hn thch nghi ...................................................................................18
2.4. IU CH THCH NGHI CHO KNH FADING BNG HP. .............20
2.4.1. iu khin cng sut trn knh fading bng hp. ....................................21
2.4.2. Ngng iu khin cng sut ci thin thc hin t s li bt ............23
2.4.3. Ngng iu khin cng sut ci thin thc hin t s li bt ......... 233
2.4.4. Ngng iu khin cng sut cho s dng chuyn mch ti thiu ..........26
2.5. IU CH THCH NGHI TRONG MI TRNG BNG RNG. ....29
2.6. IU CH THCH NGHI. ..........................................................................29
2.6.1. nh gi knh truyn ................................................................................33
2.6.2. Tc ng ca khong symbol pilot ...........................................................39
2.6.3. Hiu qu ca SNR ca Pilot .....................................................................40
2.6.4. Anh hng ca tr phn hi (feedback delay) ..........................................41
2.6.5. Phn tch nh gi cht lng knh trong iu ch thch nghi ................41
2.6.6. D on knh ............................................................................................45
CHNG III: M PHNG .....................................................................................47
KT LUN .................................................................................................................52
TI LIU THAM KHO ..........................................................................................53


T VIT TT
A
ABER: Adaptive Bit-Error-Rate
AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone Service
AWGN: Additive White Gaussian Noise

B
BER: Bit-Error-Rate
BPS: Bit per Symbol
BPSK: Binary Phase Shift Keying

C
CCI: Co-Channel - Interference
CCITT: International Telgraph and Telephone Consultative Committee
CDF : Cumulative Distribution Function
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA-2000: Code Division Multiple Access - 2000

D
DMT:

E
ETSI: European Telecommunications Standard Institute

F
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
FEC: Forward Error Correction
FFT: Fast Fourier Transform

G
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication

I
IEEE: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IFFT: Invert Fast Fourier Transform
ITU: International Telecommunication Union
ISI: Inter_ Symbol_ Interference


L
LOS: Line-of-sight
LMDS: local-to-multipoin-distribution-services

M
MAM: M-ary Amplitude Modulation
MEM: Maximum Entropy Method
MPSK: M-ary Phase Shift Keying
M-QAM: M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

N
NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephone

O
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

P
PCZ: Power Control Zone
PDF: Probability Density Function
PSAM: Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation
PSD: Power Spectral Density
PSK: Phase Shift Keying

Q
QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

R
RF: Radio Frequency

S
SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio

T
TDD: Time Division Duplex
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access


W
WCDMA: Wide Code Division Multiple Access

DANH SCH HNH
Hnh 1. 1: Chm sao tn hiu BPSK ................................................................................ 4
Hnh 1. 2 : iu ch BPSK (a) v gii iu ch BPSK (b) kt hp ................................. 5
Hnh 1. 3: Chm sao tn hiu QPSK................................................................................ 6
Hnh 1. 4: Dng sng QPSK ........................................................................................... 7
Hnh 1. 5: Cc loi chm sao tn hiu QPSK ................................................................ 10
Hnh 1. 6 : iu ch QAM ............................................................................................. 12
Hnh 1. 7 : Chm sao 16-QAM c m ho Gray ...................................................... 12
Hnh 1. 8: Gii iu ch QAM ....................................................................................... 13
Hnh 1. 9: Xc sut li bit ca QAM ............................................................................. 14


Hnh 2. 1: S khi h thng iu ch thch nghi ...................................................... 17
Hnh 2. 2: Thc hin BER trong AWGN ....................................................................... 19
Hnh 2. 3: c tnh ca SNR trong knh bng hp, c s dng chn la cc s
tip theo. ................................................................................................................... 20
Hnh 2. 4: S ngng iu khin cng sut ............................................................. 21
Hnh 2. 5: BER v BPS trung bnh ca iu ch thch nghi s dng s ngng iu
khin cng sut cho cc phm vi di ng khc nhau .................................................. 23
Hnh 2. 6: BER v BPS trung bnh ca iu ch thch nghi s dng s ngng iu
khin cng sut cho cc phm vi di ng khc nhau .................................................. 25
Hnh 2. 7: BER v BPS trung bnh s dng s iu khin ngng cng sut cho cc
phm vi di ng khc nhau. ......................................................................................... 27
Hnh 2. 8: S iu ch thch nghi c bn ................................................................. 29
Hnh 2. 9: Xc sut li bt trong AWGN ....................................................................... 30
Hnh 2. 10: Thc hin BER theo l thuyt ca iu ch thch nghi cho ba t s li ch
khc nhau ....................................................................................................................... 31
Hnh 2. 11: Dng khung ca PSAM .............................................................................. 32
Hnh 2. 12: Chm sao tn hiu QAM m t symbol pilot .............................................. 33
Hnh 2. 13: Gii tht FFT tng qut ............................................................................. 34
Hnh 2. 14: Cu trc khung gim hiu ng ng bin ........................................... 35
Hnh 2. 15: Minh ho chnh xc s nh gi knh FFT .......................................... 36
Hnh 2. 16: cn cnh ca hiu ng bin ....................................................................... 36
Hnh 2. 17: ng bao fading thc c ln theo bng ni suy FFT ti tc
Doppler ca 120Hz v 130Hz ....................................................................................... 37
Hnh 2. 18: M t d on knh .................................................................................... 42

Hnh 3. 1: M hnh tng th ca chng trnh m phng ............................................. 43
Hnh 3. 2: Giao din m phng iu ch thch nghi ..................................................... 48
Hnh 3. 3: Giao din v ber ........................................................................................... 48
Hnh 3. 4: BER ngng 1.e-4,k = 0dB,delay = 0, hiu sut ph t c l 4,8172 ... 49
Hnh 3. 5: BER ngng 1.e-3,k=0dB,delay=0,hiu sut ph t c l 4.83 ............ 50
Hnh 3. 6: th BER cho k=0.1dB(ng trn) v k=0.2dB(ng di), ng vi
BER ngng 1.e-4,delay=0 ........................................................................................... 50

Hnh 3. 7: th BER cho delay=5 (ng trn) v delay=10 (ng di), ng vi
BER ngng 1.e-4,k=0.1dB .......................................................................................... 56

1
M U
1. L DO CHN TI
1.1. C s l lun
Trong truyn thng v tuyn, ph l mt yu t quan trng. N cng vi t s
tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) xc nh tc m chng ta c th truyn thng tin. nh
hng nhiu trong h thng thng tin l nhiu t mi trng truyn. Chng ta nghin
cu cc cch truyn trong mi trng nhiu bng iu ch thch nghi. Bng cc
phng php ny, chng ta s thay i iu ch ti b pht da vo cc p ng phn
hi theo cc iu kin thay i ca knh. y l mt cch ti u truyn ng s
cho cc trng thi ca knh vi chnh xc c yu cu. V d, knh trng thi
km (nh SNR thp) chng ta c th gim kch c chm sao tn hiu ci thin cht
lng. Ngc li khi knh trng thi tt (SNR cao) chng ta c th tng kch c
chm sao tn hiu tng tc d liu mt cch kh thi. V vy, nng cao tc
knh truyn dn s m vn bo m BER theo nhng gi tr nht nh chng ta s
dng iu ch thch nghi. iu lm h thng linh hot v c th s dng hiu qu
ca ph tn hn. Lc th lu lng c th t c mc cao v cht lng truyn
tt hn.

1.2. C s thc tin
Trong qu trnh truyn tin, vic s dng hiu qu ph v nng cao cht lng
knh truyn l vn ht sc quan trng. V vy c nhiu tc gi nghin cu,
cp n vn iu ch thch nghi ( phm vi ti liu m chng ti c c), c th
thy rng: c rt nhiu bi vit trc tip hoc gin tip lin quan n ti. Tuy vy,
nhng bi vit, nghin cu nh gi c th, st thc vi c im, tnh hnh ca tng
ng truyn thng tin s ph hp li cha nhiu v cha thc su st. V th, ti thy
cn c c nhng nghin cu, nh gi c th hn, st thc hn gii quyt vn
trit hn, hiu qu hn. chnh l nhng l do chng ti thc hin ti ny.
Tuy nhin, do nhng gii hn nht nh v thi gian nghin cu v bn thn ngi
nghin cu nn ti khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, chng ti rt mong c
nhiu s nh gi, gp , b sung cho ti ti dn c hon thin hn.
2. B CC TI
Chng I. Mt s k thut iu ch
Chng II. K thut iu ch thch nghi
Chng III. M phng
3. NGHA KHOA HC
Trong h thng c in ngun ti nguyn c cp c nh cho ngi dng,
cn trong phng php thch ng th sau khi nhn dng yu cu ca ngi dng mi
cp ti nguyn , v th vic s dng ti nguyn h thng hiu qu hn, nng cao cng
sut hot ng ca h thng.

2
K thut thch ng cho cht lng tn hiu tt hn n ngi dng, lm gim
nhiu xuyn knh, ch pht va cng sut tn hiu, v th cht lng tn hiu nhn
c tt hn sau khi truyn tn hiu qua mt vng ph rng ln
Gii thut thch ng thay i gi tr thng s iu ch linh ng hn. Theo
nhng lung knh thch hp , khi knh tt th gi tr s gn cho thng s iu ch
lu lng t c mc cao; khi knh xu th gi tr s gn cho thng s iu
ch cht lng truyn tt nhng mc truyn thp c th c bo m. iu
lm h thng linh hot v c th s dng hiu qu ca ph tn hn. Lc th lu
lng c th t c mc cao v cht lng truyn tt hn. .
iu ch thch ng v m ha (AMC-Adaptation Modulation and Coding)
ti u ha bng thng ty thuc vo iu kin ca knh truyn. i vi knh truyn
tt (c ngha l t s tn hiu trn nhiu tp m SNR cao) c th iu ch 64-QAM.
i vi knh cht lng thp th gim dn mc iu ch xung n QPSK.



Hc vin thc hin



















3
CHNG I: MT S K THUT IU CH
iu ch l qu trnh x l thng tin vo sng mang v tuyn. iu ch s
cng c th ci thin hiu sut ph, bi v cc tn hiu s tt hn cho vic hn
ch s suy gim knh. Hiu sut ph l mt thuc tnh quan trng cho cc h
thng khng dy.
t c hiu sut ph cao, cc s iu ch phi c la chn c
hiu sut bng thng cao. Nhiu h thng khng dy, nh in thoi t bo, hot
ng theo nguyn tc l ti s dng tn s, y cc tn s sng mang c ti
s dng cc v tr a l c chia. Cht lng h thng c gii hn bi
nhiu ng knh. Cc s iu ch phi xc nh c hiu sut bng thng
v c kh nng chu c nhiu ng knh cc mc cao. Cc k thut iu ch
s c chn la cho cc h thng khng dy nh p ng cc thuc tnh sau:
Mt cng sut: lm gim hiu ng ca nhiu knh k, cng sut bc
x knh k t 60 n 80 dB. Cc k thut iu ch c bp chnh hp v
rolloff nhanh ca cc bp bin.
BER tt: xc sut li bt thp phi t c khi c nhiu ng knh,
nhiu knh k, nhiu nhit v s suy gim cc knh khc nh fading
v nhiu xuyn k t (ISI).
c tnh ng bao: khuych i phi tuyn c th gim t s bt li
cho cc s iu ch, cc thng tin pht c khuych i bin
sng mang. lm gim cc ph bp bin trong sut thi gian
khuych i phi tuyn, tn hiu ng vo phi c ng bao c nh
1.1. K THUT IU CH PSK (phase shift keying)
PSK l mt trng ln ca cc s iu ch s. PSK c s dng rng
ri trong nghnh cng nghip vin thng. BPSK v QPSK c s dng hu ht
trong cc s iu ch PSK, do h thng ca chng n gin v c hiu sut
cng sut v rng bng thng rt tt. Cc s MPSK mc cao hn c s
dng nu yu cu v hiu sut bng thng cao hn vi t s SNR cho php.
1.1.1. Binary PSK.
D liu nh phn c c trng bi hai tn hiu vi pha khc nhau, hai pha
l 0 vt , hai tn hiu l :
( )
1
cos2
c
s t A f t t = , vi 0 t T s s , cho 1
( )
2
cos2
c
s t A f t t = , vi 0 t T s s , cho 0
(1.1)

4
Cc tn hiu ny c gi l i cc (antipodal). L do chn la iu ch
BPSK v iu ch ny c h s tng quan bng -1, chng cho xc sut li ti
thiu khi cng gi tr /
b o
E N , hai tn hiu trn c cng tn s v nng lng.
Chng ta thy tt c cc tn hiu PSK c th c c trng bng th bi mt
chm sao tn hiu trong mt h to hai chiu vi :
t f
T
t
c
t 2 cos
2
) (
1
= u , vi 0 t T s s
V ( )
2
2
sin 2
c
t f t
T
t u = , vi 0 t T s s
Tng ng vi trc thng ng v trc nm ngang ca n.


Hnh 1. 1: Chm sao tn hiu BPSK
Du - trong
( )
2
t u c ngha l cc biu thc tn hiu PSK l mt tng thay
v l mt tn hiu khc. Nhiu tn hiu khc, c bit l tn hiu QAM cng c
m t nh vy. Do chng ta m t chm sao tn hiu BPSK vi
( )
1
s t v
( )
2
s t
c biu din bng hai im trn trc nm ngang.
y :
2
2
A T
E =
Gi s lung d liu nh phn l 10110 th dng sng ca tn hiu BPSK iu
ch c dng nh sau:


(a) f
c
= 2T
Dng sng c ng bao l hng s, c pha khng lin tc ti ranh gii ca
cc bt, nu /
c b
f mR m T = = , vi m l mt s nguyn v
b
R l tc bt d liu,
v thi bt ng b vi sng mang, khi pha ban u ti ranh gii bt l 0 hoc
( )
2
t u
( )
2
s t
E
( )
1
t u
( )
1
s t
E
0

Da ta 1 0 1 1
0
(1.2)
(1.3)
(1.4)

5
t tng ng vi bt vi 1 hoc 0. Tuy nhin, nu
c
f khng phi l mt bi s
nguyn ca
b
R , pha ban u ti mt ranh gii ca bt khc 0 hoc t

iu ch tn hiu BPSK tht s n gin. u tin mt lung d liu
( ) a t c hnh thnh t lung d liu nh phn.
( ) ( )
k
k
a t a p t kT

=
=

(a)

(b)
Hnh 1. 2 : iu ch BPSK (a) v gii iu ch BPSK (b) kt hp
1.1.2. Quadrature PSK
Trong tt c cc s MPSK, QPSK l s thng c s dng khi n
khng gim BER trong khi yu cu hiu sut bng thng tng.
QPSK l mt trng hp c bit ca MPSK, tn hiu ny c dng nh sau:
( ) cos 2
i c i
s A f t t u = + , vi 0 t T s s , 1, 2, 3, 4 i =
y:
( ) 2 1
4
i
i t
u

=
( ) Aa t cos2
c
f t t
c
Acos2 f t t
(-
1,+1)
Ngun NRZ
( ) a t
Osc
(1.5)
(1.6)

6
Pha ban u ca tn hiu l
3 5 7
, , ,
4 4 4 4
t t t t
. Tn s sng mang c chn l
bi s nguyn ca tc symbol, v vy trong bt k khong symbol
( ) , 1 kT k T + (

, pha ban u ca tn hiu l mt trong bn pha trn.
T biu thc trn ta c th vit:
( ) cos cos2 sin sin2
i i c i c
s t A f t A f t u t u t =
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 i i
s t s t | | = +
1
2
cos
sin
i i
i i
s E
s E
u
u
=
=

V
1 2
1
tan
i
i
i
s
s
u

=
Dibit Phase
i
u
1
cos
i i
s E u =
2
sin
i i
s E u =
11 / 4 t / 2 E + / 2 E +
01 3 / 4 t / 2 E / 2 E +
00 3 / 4 t / 2 E / 2 E
10 / 4 t / 2 E + / 2 E
Bng 1: Ta tn hiu QPSK
Dng sng QPSK s dng im tn hiu trong hnh sau:

Hnh 1. 3: Chm sao tn hiu QPSK
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
4
E
11

01

00

10

0

1
u
( )
1
t u
( )
2
t u
(1.7)
(1.8)

7

Hnh 1. 4: Dng sng QPSK
Ging nh BPSK, dng sng c ng bao hng v pha khng lin tc ti
ranh gii symbol. Nhng khc BPSK, chu k symbol l 2T
b
. Nu tc truyn
dn ca cc symbol ging trong QPSK v BPSK, r rng bng trc gic d liu
truyn QPSK gp i BPSK. Khong cch cc im k nhau trong chm sao
QPSK ngn hn BPSK. iu ny lm cho gii iu ch kh khn hn so vi
BPSK phn bit cc symbol. Tuy nhin mc d xc sut li symbol tng
nhng xc sut li bt khng thay i.
1.2. K THUT IU CH BIN CU PHNG (QAM).
Cc s iu ch passband m chng ta nghin cu nh BPSK, QPSK.
Tt c cc s ny u c ng bao l hng s. c tnh ng bao hng ca
{a
k
} 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1
{I
k
} 1 1 -1 -1
1
{Q
k
} -1 1 -1 1 1
0 / 4 t / 4 t 3 / 4 t 3 / 4 t / 4 t
( )cos2
c
I t f t t
( )sin2
c
Q t f t t
( ) ( ) ( ) cos2 sin2
c c
s t I t f t Q t f t t t =
I(t)
Q(t)
t
t
t
t
t

8
cc s ny c bit quan trng cho cc h thng vi b khuych i cng sut
phi hot ng trong cc vng khng tuyn tnh ca c tnh ng vo v ng ra
cho hiu sut cng sut cc i, ging nh cc b thu pht v tinh. Trong mt
vi h thng vin thng, ng bao hng c th khng l mt yu cu cn thit.
Nhng tri li hiu sut bng thng l rt quan trng. iu ch bin cu
phng (QAM) l mt lp ca cc s ng bao khng hng, n c th t
c hiu sut bng thng cao hn MPSK khi cng cng sut tn hiu trung
bnh. Trong cc s iu ch nhiu mc bin (MAM: M-ary Amplitude
Modulation) tn hiu cng pha nhng bin khc nhau. Trong cc s
MPSK, tn hiu c cng bin nhng pha khc nhau. V ng nhin bc
pht trin k tip l s dng c hai kiu iu ch bin v pha trong mt s
(QAM). Tn hiu c dng nh sau:
( ) ( ) cos 2
i i c i
s t A f t t u = + , vi 1, 2,... i M = (1.9)
y
i
A l bin v
i
u l pha ca tn hiu th i trong tn hiu M mc.
Dng xung thng c s dng ci tin ph v hn ch ISI h tr trong
QAM. Vi dng xung tn hiu QAM c dng nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) cos 2
i i c i
s t A p t f t t u = + , vi 1, 2,... i M = (1.10)
Vi
( ) p t l xung trn xc nh trn
| |
0,T . Biu thc trn c th vit li nh
sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
cos2 sin2
i i c i c
s t A p t f t A p t f t t t = (1.11)
Vi :
1
2
cos
sin
i i i
i i i
A A
A A
u
u
=
=
(1.12)
V
2 2
1 2 i i i
A A A = + (1.13)
Tng t MPSK, tn hiu QAM c th c biu din mt t hp tuyn tnh
ca hi hm trc giao. Biu thc tn hiu c dng nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 i i i
s t s t s t | | = + (1.14)
y:
t f t p
E
t
c
p
t | 2 cos ) (
2
) (
1
= , 0 t T
t f t p
E
t
c
p
t | 2 sin ) (
2
) (
2
= , 0 t T (1.15)
V

9
1 1
2 2
cos
2 2
sin
2 2
p p
i i i i
p p
i i i i
E E
s A A
E E
s A A
u
u
= =
= =
(1.16)
Vi
p
E l nng lng ca
( ) p t trong
| |
0,T . ( )
2
0
T
p
E p t dt =
}
. H s 2/
p
E
chun ho nhng hm c bn
( )
1
t | v
( )
2
t | . Khi
T
f
c
1
= ,
( ) p t l mt ng bao
bin i chm.
u tin chng thc s c chun ho khi:
( ) ( )
2 2 2
1
0 0
2
cos 2
T T
c
p
t dt p t f tdt
E
| t =
} }

( )| |
2
0
1
1 cos 4
T
c
p
p t f t dt
E
t = +
}

1 ~ , vi
T
f
c
1
=
Cng ging nh vy cho
( )
2
t | . Th hai chng thc s trc giao khi:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 2
0 0
2
cos 2 sin 2
T T
c c
p
t t dt p t f t f tdt
E
| | t t =
} }


( )
2
0
2
sin 4
T
c
p
p t f tdt
E
t =
}

0 ~ , vi
T
f
c
1
=
Nh vy cho tt c cc trng hp thc t,
( )
1
t | v
( )
2
t | l trc giao. Khi
( ) 1 p t = trong
| |
0,T ,
p
E T = .
Nng lng ca tn hiu th I l:
( )
2 2
0
1
2
T
i i i p
E s t dt A E = ~
}
(1.17)
V nng lng tn hiu trung bnh l:
{ }
2
1
.
2
avg p i
E E E A = (1.18)
Cng sut trung bnh l:
avg
avg
E
P
T
= (1.19)
Bin trung bnh l:
2
avg avg
A P = (1.20)
Tng t MPSK, mt c trng hnh hc c gi l chm sao l mt cch
r rng m t tn hiu QAM. Trn trc nm ngang ca mt phng chm sao l

10
( )
1
t | v trc thng ng l
( )
2
t | . Mt tn hiu QAM c c trng bi mt
im (hoc vector hay pha) vi to
( )
1 2
,
i i
s s . Trn hai trc c th la chn
( )cos2
c
p t f t t v
( )sin2
c
p t f t t . V vy to tn hiu l
( )
1 2
,
i i
A A . i khi hai
trc ny c gi l trc I v trc Q.

Tn hiu QAM dng I Tn hiu QAM dng II

Tn hiu QAM dng III
Hnh 1. 5: Cc loi chm sao tn hiu QPSK
Chng ta c th nghin cu cc c tnh ca chm sao QAM. Gi s trc l
( )
1
t | v
( )
2
t | , mi tn hiu c c trng bi phasor (hoc im tn hiu).
( )
1 2
,
i i i
s s s =
ln ca phasor l :
2 2
1 2 i i i i
s s s E = + = (1.21)
Ci ny quan h vi bin tn hiu nh sau:
2
i i
p
A s
E
= (1.22)
Nng lng trung bnh l:
{ }
{ }
2
avg i i
E E E E s = = (1.23)
Pha
i
u l gc ca p ng phasor
1 2
1
tan
i
i
i
s
s
u

= (1.24)
Q
I
Q Q
I I

11
Khong cch bt k ca mt cp phasor l:
2
ij i j
d s s =
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 2 i j i j
s s s s = + , vi , 1, 2,... i j M = (1.25)
Ph thuc cc gi tr
( )
1 2
,
i i
s s hoc
( ) ,
i i
A u ng vi mt chm sao QAM khc
nhau c thc hin.
1.2.1. Chm sao QAM
Chm sao loi III (l Square-QAM) c s dng rng ri trong hu ht
cc h thng.
Khi thit k mt chm sao, phi quan tm n cc im sau:
1. Khong cch Euclidean ti thiu
min
d trong s cc phasor, cng ln cng
tt, khi xc nh xc sut li symbol ca s iu ch.
2. s khc nhau v pha gia cc phasor, cng ln cng tt, khi n xc nh
sai pha v chng li s bin dng ca s thu li sng mang v clock
khng hon ho v xoay pha ca knh
3. cng sut trung bnh ca phasor phi cng nh th cng tt.
4. t s cng sut nh trn trung bnh ca phasor, t s ny l thng s o
c chng li s bin dng khng tuyn tnh b gy ra do b khuych i
cng sut. N cng ng nht cng tt.
5. cc c tnh khc nh chng li nh hng ca fading.
1.2.2. Square QAM
Cho tn hiu square QAM M mc, dng tn hiu ca n nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) cos 2 sin 2
o o
i i c i c
p p
E E
s t I p t f t Q p t f t
E E
t t =
( ) ( )
1 2
2 2
o o
i i
E E
I t Q t | | = + (1.26)
y
o
E l nng lng ca tn hiu vi bin thp nht, v
( ) ,
i i
I Q l mt
cp s nguyn c lp ci ny xc nh im tn hiu trong chm sao. Gi tr ti
thiu ca
( ) ,
i i
I Q l
( ) 1, 1 . Cp
( ) ,
i i
I Q l mt phn t ca ma trn L L
| |
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1, 1 3, 1 ... 1, 1
1, 3 3, 3 ... 1, 3
,
1, 1 3, 1 ... 1, 1
i i
L L L L L L
L L L L L L
I Q
L L L L L L
+ + (
(
+ +
(
=
(
(
+ + + + +
(

(1.27)
Vi L M = , 4
n
M = , 1, 2,3,... n =
V d: cho 16-QAM, 4 L = , ta c ma trn nh sau:

12
| |
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3, 3 1, 3 1, 3 3, 3
3,1 1,1 1,1 3,1
,
3, 1 1, 1 1, 1 3, 1
3, 3 1, 3 1, 3 3, 3
i i
I Q
(
(

(
=
(

(

(

(1.28)
(1.29)
1.2.3. iu ch QAM
Chng ta c th vit tn hiu QAM nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
cos2 sin2
c c
s t s t f t s t f t t t = , vi t < < (1.30)
y:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2
k
k
k
k
s t A p t kT
s t A p t kT

=
=
=

Chui bit d liu c a vo n b d liu n bit. C 2
n
M = b c phn
bit r rng. Mi n b ca cc bit ng vo iu khin to ra cc mc. B to
cc mc cung cp cho knh I v knh Q, c bit du v mc cho mt ng
nm ngang v ng thng ng kt hp vi trc tung ca tn hiu
( )
1 2
,
k k
A A .
nh x cho n b vo cc im QAM thng s dng m Gray li bit ti
thiu.

Hnh 1. 6 : iu ch QAM

13

Hnh 1. 7 : Chm sao 16-QAM c m ho Gray
Mi tn hiu trong chm sao c th lu gi trong tp cc mu v d liu n b
c s dng nh a ch thu c cc mu.
1.2.4. Gii iu ch QAM
Gii iu ch kt hp QAM c th c thc hin tch sng kt hp cho tn
hiu M mc. Khi tn hiu QAM ch c hai hm c bn, b thu n gin nht l
s dng hai b tng quan.
Tn hiu thu l:
( ) ( ) ( )
i
r t s t n t = +
Tch sng tn hiu QAM thng k y v khong cch:
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 2 2 i i i
l r s r s = + (1.31)
y:
1 1
0
1 1
) ( ) ( n s dt t t r r
i
T
+ = =
}
|

2 2
0
2 2
) ( ) ( n s dt t t r r
i
T
+ = =
}
|
c lp bin ngu nhin Gaussian vi gi tr mean
1 i
s v
2 i
s . Phng sai l
/ 2
o
N . Cp
( )
1 2
, r r xc nh mt im trong mt phng chm sao QAM, c trng
cho tn hiu nhiu thu c. B tch sng so snh khong cch t
( )
1 2
, r r n tt
c cc i ca
( )
1 2
,
i i
s s v la chn mt i gn nht. Vic gii iu ch da trn
kt qu quyt nh. Ch s k m t chu k symbol th k. ch rng bin ca
tn hiu nhiu c th c bt k gi tr. Cho square QAM,
1k
r v
2k
r c th c
tch nh hai my d tm nhiu ngng t
1 i
s v
2 i
s , do vy tn hiu
( )
i
s t c th
c tch ra.

14



Hnh 1. 8: Gii iu ch QAM
1.2.5. Xc sut li QAM
Cc chm sao square QAM vi 2
k
M = vi k chn, chm sao QAM tng
ng vi hai tn hiu MAM trn sng mang cu phng, mi tn hiu c
L M = im tn hiu. Mi tn hiu MAM c th c gii iu ch ring. Mt
symbol QAM c tch ng ch khi hai symbol MAM c tch ng. V vy
xc sut ng ca s tch sng ca mt symbol QAM l:
( )
2
1
c
M
P P =
y
M
P l xc sut li symbol ca AM M mc vi mt na cng sut
trung bnh ca tn hiu QAM. Chng ta c:
( )
( )
2 1
3
1
avg
M
o
M
E
P Q
M N M
| |
= |
|

\ .
(1.32)
Vi /
avg o
E N l SNR trung bnh trn symbol. Xc sut li symbol ca square
QAM l:
( )
2
2
1 1 2
s
M M M
P P P P = = (1.33)
Ti SNR cao:
( )
( )
4 1
3
2
1
avg
s
M
o
M
E
P P Q
M N M
| |
~ = |
|

\ .
(1.34)
thu c xc sut li bit t xc sut li symbol, chng ta nhn xt rng
square QAM c th c m ho Gray. Do vy ch c mt bit khc nhau gia
cc symbol k nhau. Mi symbol li hu ht l nguyn nhn ging vi mt bit
li ti SNR ln. Vy
( )

i
s t
( ) p t
( ) p t
2
2 sin f t
c
E
p
t
2
cos 2 f t
c
E
p
t
( ) r t
2k
r
1k
r ( 1) k T
kT
dt
+
}

Tnh
ton
i
l
v
chn
gi tr
nh
nht
Khi
phc
sng
mang
( 1) k T
kT
dt
+
}


15
2
log
s
b
P
P
M
~ (1.35)
ng cong
b
P cho 4,8,16, 32, 64,128, 256 M = c cho nh hnh sau:

Hnh 1. 9: Xc sut li bit ca QAM
1.3. NHN XT
Cc s iu ch M mc thng c a dng hn cc s iu ch hai
mc truyn dn s liu cc knh truyn dn i hi tit kim bng tn bng
cch tng cng sut. Bi v trong thc t t khi no tm thy mt knh thng tin
c rng bng tn ng bng rng cn thit truyn thng tin s dng s
iu ch hai mc.
+ i vi M-QAM v M-PSK, khi M tng khong cch Euclide ti thiu gia cc
im trong khng gian tn hiu gim, suy ra xc sut li tng. Do vy mun duy tr xc sut
li c (khong cch Euclide ti thiu c) th phi tng cng sut pht (tng kch thc khng
gian tn hiu). Khi M tng cng c ngha l s bit trn mt symbol tng nn hiu qu s dng
bng tn cng tng. Hiu qu s dng bng tn lun ln hn hoc bng 1.
+ T l li gim n iu i vi cc kiu iu ch khi gi tr Eb/No tng.
Tuy nhin khng phi lc no M ln l tt. Cn phi c s cn i gia hiu qu s
dng ph v hiu qu s dng nng lng. Trong s cc tn hiu M-PSK th QPSK m bo
s dung ha tt nht gia hai yu cu v cng sut v rng bng tn.
16
CHNG II: K THUT IU CH THCH NGHI
Trong truyn thng v tuyn, ph l mt yu t quan trng. N cng vi t
s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) xc nh tc m chng ta c th truyn thng tin.
Trong nhiu nm, cc nh nghin cu tm nhiu cch s dng ph hiu qu
nht. Vo u nhng nm 90, TDMA cho chng ta ci thin hiu qu ph
da trn FDMA. Nhng thp nin sau, CDMA cung cp hiu qu ph cn tt
hn na.
nh hng nhiu trong h thng thng tin di ng l nhiu t mi trng
truyn. Chng ta nghin cu cc cch truyn trong mi trng nhiu bng iu
ch thch nghi. Bng cc phng php ny, chng ta s thay i iu ch ti b
pht da vo cc p ng phn hi theo cc iu kin thay i ca knh. y l
mt cch ti u truyn ng s cho cc trng thi ca knh vi chnh
xc c yu cu. V d, khi trng thi ca knh km (nh SNR thp) chng ta
c th gim kch c chm sao tn hiu ci thin cht lng. Ngc li khi
knh trng thi tt (nh SNR cao) chng ta c th tng kch c chm sao tn
hiu tng tc d liu mt cch kh thi.
iu ch thch nghi trong truyn thng v tuyn tht s ng vai tr quan
trng, iu ch thch nghi cung cp hiu qu s dng hn cc s iu ch c
nh. iu ch thch nghi c s dng trong cc modem (DMT). iu ch
thch nghi cng pht trin mnh trong cc h thng v tuyn. Cc hnh thc iu
ch thich nghi hin thi c s dng trong CDMA v trong cc chun LAN
khng dy nh IEEE 802.11. Cc yu t lin quan n iu ch thch nghi l
knh di ng thay i theo thi gian. Do vy phn hi ca knh thng tin tr
thnh yu t gii hn trong iu ch thch nghi.
2.1. NGUYN L IU CH THCH NGHI
M hnh iu ch thch nghi l s hot ng ca b pht tng ng theo cc
iu kin ca knh bin thin theo thi gian. p ng hiu qu vi cc thay
i ca c tnh knh truyn, cc bc sau y c thc hin:
- nh gi c tnh knh: la chn ph hp cc thng s c s dng
cho s truyn dn tip theo, mt s nh gi tin cy ca hm truyn ca
knh trong sut khe thi gian pht tch cc tip theo l rt cn thit.
- La chn cc thng s ph hp cho truyn dn tip theo: da trn s d
on cc iu kin knh cho khe thi gian tip theo, b pht la chn
kiu iu ch v cc kiu m ho knh cho ph hp.
2.2. H THNG IU CH THCH NGHI
17
Mt cch tip cn hiu qu lm gim nhng tc ng xu l iu chnh
mt cch thch hp cc s iu ch hoc m ho knh ging nh mt phm vi
ca cc thng s h thng da vo cht lng knh thng tin gn nh tc thi
my thu, c phn hi v li my pht vi s tham gia mt knh phn hi.



2.3. S KHI CA H THNG IU CH THCH NGHI

Hnh 2. 1: S khi h thng iu ch thch nghi
2.3.1.Chc nng cc khi:
o Ngun (Source): y l cc bit thng tin c to ra.
o M ho (Encoder): cc bit thng tin t ngun n c m ho qua mt
b FEC.
o Chuyn mch iu ch (Modulator Switch): y l khi quyt nh logic
s iu ch cc bt t khi m ho hoc ngun, n yu cu thng tin t
khi o c knh.
o iu ch (Modulator): chuyn i d liu nh phn t ngun hoc cc
symbol t khi m ho thnh dng sng sin phc truyn.
o Chn pilot (pilot insert): y cc symbol pilot c chn vo lung
thng tin s dng PSAM.
o Knh (Channel): fading Rayleigh v AWGN c p dng pht tn
hiu qua.
o Xo pilot (Pilot remove): ti y, cc symbol pilot c tch ra khi
lung thng tin v c lu gi dng cho khi o c knh.
o Gii iu ch (Modulator): chuyn i tn hiu thu thnh cc bit thng tin
hoc cc symbol.
Ngun M ho
NgngChuyn
mch iu ch
iu ch Chn Pilot
Knh
truyn
Xo Pilot Gii iu
ch
Gii m o c knh Sink
18
o o c knh (Channel Measures): xc nh cht lng knh, d on s
thch nghi, thng tin c gi tr v b ngng chuyn mch knh cho
cc quyt nh thch nghi.
o Gii m (Decoder): FEC c xo b t cc symbol, thng tin bit thu
c gi v Sink.
o Sink: BER v hiu sut ph c tnh ton y khi frame hoc block
thu c v gii iu ch /gii m.
iu ch thch nghi l mt phng php ci thin hiu qu ph v t s li
bt. Chng ta c th ti u ho n trong mt knh Rayleigh. ci thin SNR
tc thi ca chng ta. Cho php cc s iu ch vi tc cao hn c s
dng vi xc sut li thp. Chng ta s phn tch bn s iu ch trong cc
iu kin l tng: BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM.

2.3.2. Gii hn thch nghi
Chng ta cn mt cch h thng quyt nh s iu ch no tt nht
cho iu kin hin ti, BER ti b thu s tt hn quyt nh chuyn mch.
Tuy nhin, chng ta quyt nh cc phm vi no ca SNR s c s dng cho
s iu ch no, vn ny c thc hin trong knh AWGN cho mi s
iu ch.
iu ny i hi rng tn hiu ca chng ta l
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . r t c t s t n t = + , vi
( ) c t l
knh fading,
( ) s t l tn hiu pht i v
( ) n t l tn hiu nhiu. SNR l t s cng
sut tn hiu trn cng sut nhiu. Trong h thng, chng ta xem cng sut tn
hiu l cng sut ca tn hiu pht nhn vi knh Rayleigh. Kt qu cng sut
tn hiu l cng sut tn hiu thu tc thi v c so snh trc tip vi cng sut
nhiu. iu ny cho php chng ta xem BER trong mt knh AWGN. Chng ta
c cc cng thc xc sut li bt [1] ca bn s iu ch nh sau:
( )
2
bpsk
P Q = (2.1)
( ) qpsk
P Q = (2.2)
16
1 1
3
4 5 5 2 5
qam
P Q Q Q

( | | | | | |
= + +
( | | |
| | |
(
\ . \ . \ .
(2.3)
19
1
3 5 7 5 7 11 13
12 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
1
3 7 9
64
6 21 21 21 21
1 1
3
3 21 4 21
Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q
P Q Q Q Q
qam
Q Q



+ + + + + + +
= + + +
+ +
( | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
( | | | | | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ .
( | | | | | | | |
( | | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
( | | | |
( | |
\ . \ .
5
21
Q

( | |

( |

\ .
(2.4)
vi t s tn hiu trn nhiu l .
( )
2
2
1
2
x
x
Q x e dx
t


=
}

Tnh ton BER trn l thuyt cho mi s iu ch chng ta c th nh
sau:

Hnh 2. 2: Thc hin BER trong AWGN
Trn hnh 2.2, ng cong t tri sang phi c trng cho BER ca BPSK,
QPSK, 16QAM v 64QAM trong knh AWGN. quyt nh cc mc chuyn
mch chnh xc t th ny, chng ta c cc im hot ng ca h thng
chng ta, hoc thc hin BER. Chng ta chn
4
10

nh l im hot ng ca
chng ta. iu ny c ngha l h thng ca chng ta s gi sao cho BER thp
hn
4
10

vi s iu ch hiu sut ph ln nht bt c lc no c th. Ti

im ny chng ta s xc nh hiu sut ph l s bt thng tin c m ho trn
mt symbol truyn c iu ch. V d, BPSK c hiu sut ph l 1 bit trn
symbol, QPSK c mt hiu sut ph l 2 bit trn symbol, 16QAM c 4 bt trn
symbol, v 64QAM c 6 bit trn symbol.
20
Do vy im hot ng ca chng ta c cho bi th BER, chng ta c
phm vi SNR cho mi s iu ch nh sau:
BPSK 9.5dB <= SNR < 12.5dB
QPSK 12.5dB <= SNR < 19.5dB
16QAM 19.5dB <= SNR < 25.5dB
64QAM 25.5dB <= SNR
Bng 1: Phm vi ca SNR cho cc s iu ch
Chng ta thy cc mc ny: ti gi tr BER
4
10

, khng c s iu ch
no cho ta thc hin ti mc SNR thp hn 9.5dB. Do vy, chng ta chn BPSK
(nu khng chn truyn). Gia 9.5dB v 12.5dB, ch mt s cho chng ta
thc hin BER thp hn
4
10

l BPSK. Gia 12.5dB v 19.5dB, QPSK cho

chng ta BER ti c hiu sut ph tt hn BPSK. V ti SNR Gia 19.5dB
v 25.5dB, 16QAM cho chng ta hiu sut ph tt hn QPSK v khi SNR ln
hn 25.5dB, 64QAM cho chng ta hiu sut ph tt nht trong khi vn p ng
BER nh yu cu.

2.4. IU CH THCH NGHI CHO KNH FADING BNG HP.
Nguyn l iu ch thch nghi cho knh fading bng hp l: trong mt knh
bng hp, SNR c th thay i t ngt. Nguyn l chung ca iu ch thch
nghi l s dng mt kiu iu ch mc cao hn, khi c tnh knh thun li
tng tc truyn dn v ngc li, mt kiu iu ch thp hn c yu cu.
Khi c tnh knh thp. iu ny t c ti mt tc symbol khng i, bt
chp kiu iu ch c la chn v t y bng thng yu cu khng thay i.
Kho st tiu chun v phng php la chn m hnh iu ch ca b
pht. Tiu chun c s dng bi Torrance [2] l cng sut thu c tc thi,
c nh gi bng vic kho st s tng h ca knh trong mi trng TDD
(Time Division Duplex). Vic nh gi ny c s dng la chn mt kiu
iu ch c th nh so snh nh gi c tnh knh da vo mt mc ngng
chuyn mch c xc lp
n
l . V d: nu nh cng sut thu c nh gi tc
thi gia hai gi tr
1
l v
2
l , BPSK c chn la cho khung truyn tip theo.
Tuy nhin, khi cng sut thu tc thi thp hn
1
l , vic truyn dn c th khng
cho php truyn.
21

Hnh 2. 3: c tnh ca SNR trong knh bng hp, c s dng chn la cc s
tip theo.
iu ch thch nghi thu c tc truyn cc i. iu ny t c, khi
mt m hnh iu ch mc cao hn c s dng, nu nh SNR thun li
(tng). Ngc li, s cng ti u ho BER trung bnh do s dng mt m
hnh iu ch mnh hn, khi c tnh knh gim. iu ny c s trao i (trade-
off) gia BER trung bnh v BPS. S trao i ny c iu chnh nh gi tr
ca cc ngng chuyn mch
n
l . Khi cc gi tr ny gim, xc sut s dng cc
m hnh iu ch cao hn tng ln, v vy thc hin BPS tt hn. Ngc li, nu
nh cc gi tr
n
l tng, cc m hnh iu ch mc thp hn c s dng thng
xuyn hn kt qu BER trung bnh c ci thin.
2.4.1. iu khin cng sut trn knh fading bng hp.
iu khin cng sut trong iu ch thch nghi trn mt knh bng hp.
Ngng c bn iu khin cng sut ch c s dng, khi cng sut thu c
trong phm vi trung tm ca cc ngng chuyn mch ca iu ch thch nghi
1 4
l l , v phm vi ny c gi l min iu khin cng sut (PCZ-Power
Control Zone). rng ca phm vi ny c iu khin bi di ng k cc i
iu khin cng sut. Vy, nu SNR thu trong phm vi ca PCZ, iu khin
cng sut c s dng, y cng sut pht c th tng hoc gim trong phm
vi cc i ca di ng k, cng sut pht c th khng thay i.
22

Hnh 2.4: S ngng iu khin cng sut
Cc min iu khin cng sut c xc nh bi cc ngng chuyn mch
n
l v phm vi di ng cc i k ca s iu khin cng sut ngng.
Mc ch chnh s dng ngng c bn s iu khin cng sut ti u
h thng trong iu ch thch nghi, v d: nu nh mc SNR thu c thp hn
mt ngng chuyn mch thch nghi thc t, cng sut pht c th tng chc
chn rng SNR thu thc t trn mc ngng thch nghi thc t. Do vy, mt
m hnh iu ch mc cao hn c th c s dng, mc SNR thu c phi
trn mc ngng chuyn mch thch nghi, cng sut pht c th gim i, s
dng mt m hnh iu ch mc thp hn. Vy chc chn rng BER c ci
thin. Mt thun li khc s dng s iu khin cng sut trn cc ngng c
bn s gim s chuyn mch kiu iu ch ca my pht. S ny c s
dng d duy tr m hnh iu ch trc tng hoc gim cng sut b pht, bt c
khi no mc chuyn mch SNR thu c nm trong phm vi ca min iu
khin cng sut. iu khin cng sut da trn mc ngng c bn c th s
dng ci tin thc hin iu ch thch nghi trong gii hn BER, BPS trung
bnh v chuyn mch iu ch.
23
2.4.2. Ngng iu khin cng sut ci thin thc hin t s li bt
S iu khin cng sut vi ngng c bn c ti u ho t c
s ci thin BER trung bnh. Bt k mc SNR thu c trn ngng chuyn
mch, nhng nm trong phm vi di ng iu khin cng sut, cng sut pht
gim m bo rng mt kiu iu ch thp hn c s dng. BER c ci
thin do s dng mt kiu iu ch mnh hn.
Trn c s tiu chun ny, mt bng chuyn tip kiu iu ch thch nghi c
th c cng thc ho nh trong bng 2
iu ch
trc.
Khng
truyn
(KT)
BPSK QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Mc SNR
Thp hn
1
l k
KT KT KT KT KT
1 1
l k l KT KT KT KT KT
1 1
l l k + KT+ KT+ KT+ KT+ KT+
1 2
l k l k + BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK
2 2
l k l BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK
2 2
l l k + BPSK+ BPSK+ BPSK+ BPSK+ BPSK+
2 3
l k l k + QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
3 3
l k l QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
3 3
l l k + QPSK+ QPSK+ QPSK+ QPSK+ QPSK+
3 4
l k l k + 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM
4 4
l k l 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM
4 4
l l k + 16QAM+ 16QAM+ 16QAM+ 16QAM+ 16QAM+
Trn
4
l k + 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
Bng 2: Bng chuyn tip iu ch thch nghi
Ch : | v + c m t cho cng sut ln v cng sut xung, k c c
trng cho phm vi di ng cc i ca ngng iu khin cng .
Cc ngng chuyn mch thch nghi v PCZ, y s iu khin cng
sut c th c s dng c bit bng chuyn tip. rng ca PCZ ph
thuc vo phm vi di ng cc i, phm vi cao hn, PCZ rng hn. Kiu iu
ch c chn hin ti da vo SNR nhn c tc thi phi hp vi ngng
c bn ca s iu khin cng sut ging nh kiu iu ch trc. Hnh
24
2.5(a) v 2.5(b), n xc nh ln cho cc di ng k khc nhau. c so snh
vi s iu ch thch nghi khng iu khin cng sut. BER ca s iu
ch thch nghi c iu khin cng sut c ci thin.

Hnh 2.5: BER v BPS trung bnh ca iu ch thch nghi s dng s ngng iu
khin cng sut cho cc phm vi di ng khc nhau
Khi so snh vi s iu ch thch nghi thng thng, mc d BPS trung
bnh gim. BER trung bnh ca s hnh 3.5(b) thp hn. Mc d ch
khng c kiu truyn dn (KT) no c s dng trong s , y vic truyn
dn l khng c php cho n khi cht lng knh tt hn. ng ch na l
khi phm vi di ng ca iu khin cng sut tng th BER trung bnh c ci
thin. iu ny ph hp, khi min iu khin cng sut (PCZ) rng hn ging
nh tng phm vi di ng. Do vy, ngng c bn ca s iu khin cng
sut c s dng trn mt phm vi rng hn ca SNR tc thi. Nh vy, thun
tin hn s dng kiu iu ch mnh hn, vi kt qu BER gim.
Vic s dng ngng c bn iu khin cng sut ci thin kt qu BER,
trong khi vn duy tr gn khng thay i ngng chuyn mch. Trong phn k
tip s c ti u ho ci thin BPS.
2.4.3. iu khin cng sut ngng ci thin BPS.
Khi ngng iu khin cng sut c s dng, tng BPS trung bnh.
iu ny t c bng vic tng cng sut pht trong phm vi PCZ, bt c khi
no cng sut tc thi thu c thp hn mc ngng trung tm. Mt kiu iu
ch mc cao hn c s dng, iu ny lm tng BPS trung bnh.
25
Mt bng chuyn tip kiu iu ch thch nghi c th c cng thc ho nh
trong bng 3



iu ch
trc.
Khng
truyn
(KT)
BPSK QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
Mc SNR
Thp hn
1
l k
KT KT KT KT KT
1 1
l k l BPSK| BPSK| BPSK| BPSK| BPSK|
1 1
l l k + BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK
1 2
l k l k + BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK
2 2
l k l QPSK| QPSK| QPSK| QPSK| QPSK|
2 2
l l k + QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
2 3
l k l k + QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
3 3
l k l 16QAM| 16QAM| 16QAM| 16QAM| 16QAM|
3 3
l l k + 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM
3 4
l k l k + 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM
4 4
l k l 64QAM| 64QAM| 64QAM| 64QAM| 64QAM|
4 4
l l k + 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
Trn
4
l k + 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
Bng 3: Bng chuyn tip iu ch thch nghi, t c BPS trung bnh
cao.
Ch : | v + c m t cho cng sut ln v cng sut xung, k c c
trng cho phm vi di ng cc i ca ngng iu khin cng .
Gi tr trung bnh ca BER v BPS c cho hnh 2.6(a) v 2.6(b) cho s
iu ch thch nghi khng b chn v b chn khi truyn. Nhng hiu ng ca
cc phm vi di ng k, do tiu chun BPS tng ln t ngt v kt qu ca
phng php iu khin cng sut, BPS trung bnh c ci thin ti BER trung
bnh cao hn. Khi tng di ng iu khin cng sut cng tng BPS trung
26
bnh, y min iu khin cng sut rng hn thng xuyn c s dng
trong ngng c bn ca s iu khin cng sut, do tng BPS trung bnh.

Hnh 2. 6: BER v BPS trung bnh ca iu ch thch nghi s dng s ngng iu
khin cng sut cho cc phm vi di ng khc nhau
Vic s dng ngng iu khin cng sut ci thin BPS trung bnh lm
gim BER trung bnh, trong khi chuyn mch khng thay i nhiu hoc t hn,
khi so snh vi s iu ch thch nghi. K tip s dng s iu khin cng
sut c nghin cu gim chuyn mch v cc hiu qu ca BER v BPS
trung bnh.
2.4.4. Ngng iu khin cng sut cho s dng chuyn mch ti thiu
Trong vic ti u ho s iu ch thch nghi cho mc chuyn mch thp
hn, s ngng iu khin cng sut c thit k duy tr kiu iu ch
c s dng trc nu nh SNR trong phm vi ca min iu khin cng sut
v kiu iu ch trc l mt iu hp l trong min iu khin cng sut, s
ngng iu khin cng sut gim chuyn mch. Tng ng bng chuyn
tip kiu iu ch c cng thc ho trong bng 4, trong bng ny cng sut
ln v cng sut xung c s dng ph hp bo m rng kiu iu ch
cn li khng thay i. Kiu cng sut xung c s dng ch ring gim
BER trung bnh.
iu ch
trc.
Khng
truyn
BPSK QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
27
(KT)
Mc SNR
Thp hn
1
l k
KT KT KT KT KT
1 1
l k l KT BPSK| KT KT KT
1 1
l l k + BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK
1 2
l k l k + BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK
2 2
l k l BPSK BPSK QPSK| BPSK BPSK
2 2
l l k + QPSK BPSK+ QPSK QPSK QPSK
2 3
l k l k + QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK
3 3
l k l QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM| QPSK
3 3
l l k + 16QAM 16QAM QPSK+ 16QAM 16QAM
3 4
l k l k + 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM
4 4
l k l 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM|
4 4
l l k + 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 16QAM+ 64QAM
Trn
4
l k + 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
Bng 4: Bng chuyn tip c thit k t c mt mc chuyn mch
thp c s dng.
Tng ng vi bng chuyn tip c cng thc ho bng 4, trong bng
ny cng sut ln v cng sut xung c s dng ph hp chc rng s
iu ch c yu cu khng thay i. iu ny khc bng 2, y cng sut
xung c s dng ngoi tr gim BER trung bnh v bng 3, cng sut ln
c s dng tng BPS trung bnh. Nh trc, thc hin s iu khin
cng sut c phn tch cc gii hn ca BER, BPS, s dng chuyn mch v
s dng iu khin cng sut.
Mi lin h gia BER trung bnh v BPS trung bnh c th hin trong hnh
2.7(a) v 2.7(b) cho cc trng hp khng b chn v b chn truyn d liu
tng ng vi tng s . Cc kt qu c so snh vi s iu ch thch
nghi khng iu khin cng sut. y mt s gim dn BER trung bnh ti cc
SNR trung bnh ca knh s dng cc kiu iu ch thp hn th tri hn, iu
ny cho php iu khin cng sut gim n mc ti thiu s dng chuyn
mch khng gim BER trung bnh hoc BPS trung bnh. Tuy nhin, ti cc SNR
trung bnh ca knh khong 20dB, cc kiu iu ch cao hn c la chn
thng xuyn hn. Hn na, s dng iu ch mc cao hn ny c duy tr
28
bi ch iu khin cng sut ngng, tng ng vi mt xc sut li cao
hn. iu ny lm gim BER trung bnh ti cc SNR trung bnh ca knh
20dB, nh hnh 2.7(a) v 2.7(b). Ti thiu ho mc chuyn mch thp hn,
vic s dng chuyn mch c gim vi cc phm v di ng iu khin cng
sut cng tng.

Hnh 2.7: BER v BPS trung bnh s dng s iu khin ngng cng sut cho cc
phm vi di ng khc nhau.

29
Bng 5: BER trung bnh, BPS trung bnh, s dng chuyn mch v iu
khin cng sut cho ba ngng iu khin cng sut khc nhau c cho
bng 2, 3 v 4 cho cc phm vi di ng khc nhau.
2.5. IU CH THCH NGHI TRONG MI TRNG BNG RNG.
S dng iu ch thch nghi trong mi trng knh fading bng rng, y
s cn bng ng mt vai tr quan trng, vy khi p dng iu ch thch nghi
trong mi trng bng rng, chuyn mch ti u ho ca b cn bng cho s
iu ch thch nghi tht s cn thit.
Trong mi trng bng rng tn ti nhiu thnh phn a ng, ng thi
trong knh bng rng khng ch suy hao v cng sut trong truyn dn m cn
b ISI. Truyn dn trong knh bng rng lm gim cng sut tn hiu v b ISI
ging nh mt kt qu trong knh fading a ng ca knh bng rng.
2.6. IU CH THCH NGHI.
By gi chng ta thit lp c cc im chuyn mch iu ch, chng ta
c th tho lun thc hin iu ch thch nghi, v cc gii hn ca BER v hiu
sut ph (BPS). Chng ta s xem xt thm Torrance v Hanzo [2] cho vic
phn tch iu ch thch nghi.
Mc ch chnh ca iu ch thch nghi l duy tr mt s thc hin c nh
vi mc cng sut pht thay i, s iu ch, tc m ho, vv ..., cho php
chng ta thay i tc d liu khng c s suy bin v BER. Trong h thng
thng tin di ng mt t, gi tr trung bnh ca mc tn hiu thu c thay i
do knh fading, iu ch thch nghi l mt cch hiu qu t c cc tc
d liu cao. y chng ta nghin cu cc mc iu ch c iu khin c
iu ch thch nghi. Chng ta xem xt hai yu t quan trng l: BER v hiu
sut ph. Hiu sut ph c th c nh ngha l gi tr ca
2
log M (s bt trn
mt symbol), vi M l mc iu ch. Cc s iu ch c chn la cho iu
ch thch nghi l BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM v 64-QAM vi cc mc ngh 1, 2,
4 v 6 bit trn symbol tng ng cho mi s iu ch. Chng ta s xem xt
mt ngng c bn ca s thch nghi m cc chuyn mch gia cc s
iu ch khc nhau ph thuc SNR trn knh c nh gi trong sut mi
khung. SNR ca knh c nh gi ti b thu v c bo li cho b pht qua
mt knh phn hi (feedback). S la chn tc c th c lm ti b pht
hoc b thu. Nu s la chn tc c thc hin ti b pht, nhiu thng tin
phn hi c yu cu khi SNR phi c lng t ho v pht i. Thng tin
ny c s dng la chn mt s iu ch cho khung (frame) truyn k
30
tip bng cch duy tr BER thp mt mc ngng thc hin theo yu
cu. c mt SNR ca knh c nh gi khng thay i cho tt c cc
symbol trong khung truyn chng ta yu cu mt knh fading chm v phng
(flat). iu kin ny cn thit chc chn rng cc iu kin knh khng thay
i mt cch t ngt trong mt khung (frame) truyn. S iu ch da trn
c s SNR ca knh c nh gi s khng cn ti u trong khung tch cc.
Chng ta s xem xt tc ng ca tc fading trn s thc hin trc tip iu
ch thch nghi, hnh sau cho mt ci nhn tng quan v iu ch thch nghi.

Hnh 2. 8: S iu ch thch nghi c bn
Nh cp ban u, iu ch thch nghi da trn SNR ca knh c bn t
tn hiu thu c. Ba mc chuyn mch c xc lp cho cc s iu ch
c tha nhn v c p ng SNR ti QPSK, 16-QAM v 64-QAM t
0.1%, 1% v 10% BER trong mt knh Gaussian. L do chng ta s dng thc
hin AWGN chn cc ngng l trong sut khung truyn chng ta gi s
SNR khng thay i, nh cc iu kin ca AWGN. Cc phm vi p ng ba
ch BER khc nhau c m t trong bng 6. Hnh 2.9 cho thy cc mc BER
ny vi cc ng cong theo l thuyt cho cc s iu ch khc nhau trong
AWGN.
Cc iu kin da
trn SNR c c
tnh
iu ch thch nghi
BER = 10%
SNR <=2dB BPSK
2dB < SNR <=8dB QPSK
8dB < SNR <=12dB 16QAM
12dB < SNR 64QAM
BER = 1%
SNR <= 8dB BPSK
B pht B thu
Knh
(Rayleigh fading +
Gaussian)
Tnh ton Metric ca tn hiu
thu c iu ch thch nghi
cho khung truyn tip theo
31
8dB < SNR <=14dB QPSK
14dB < SNR <= 20dB 16QAM
20dB < SNR 64QAM
BER = 0.1%
SNR <= 11dB BPSK
11dB < SNR <=17dB QPSK
17dB < SNR <= 25dB 16QAM
25dB < SNR 64QAM
Bng 6: Cc mc chuyn mch
Thc hin iu ch thch nghi c th c tnh nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 4
1
1. . 2. . 4. . 6. .
16 64
0
2 3 4
l l l
P M P f d P f d P f d P f d
BER BPS bpsk qpsk qam qam
l l l

(

(
= + + +
} } } }
( I I I I
(

(2.5)
Vi
( ) f
I
l hm phn b ca SNR tc thi c gi thit l phn b Chi-
Square vi hai bc t do (tng t, fading Rayleigh),
BPS
M l s bt trung bnh
trn mt symbol,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 4
2 3 4
0
1. 2. 4. 6.
l l l
BPS
l l l
M f d f d f d f d

I I I I
(
= + + + (
(

} } } }
(2.6)
1 2 3 4
, , , l l l l l cc mc c nh cho BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM v 64-QAM, v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
16 64
, , ,
bpsk qpsk qam qam
P P P P l xc sut bt li ca cc s iu ch tng
ng trong mt knh AWGN vi SNR l . Cc cng thc ny c cho bi
(2.1), (2.2), (2.3) v (2.4) .
Hnh 2.10 (a),(b) v (c) minh ha thc hin BER theo l thuyt ca iu ch
thch nghi cho ba t s li ch khc nhau trong trong s c mt ca fading
Rayleigh nh mt hm ca SNR trung bnh. Mi hnh bao gm thc hin cc s
iu ch ring l. Hiu sut ph ca mi t s li ch c minh ha trong
hnh 2.10 (d).
32

Hnh 2. 9: Xc sut li bt trong AWGN

(a) (b)
Xc sut li bt ca iu ch thch nghi trong AWGN 10% , 1% v 0.1%

(c) (d)
Hnh 2. 10: Thc hin BER theo l thuyt ca iu ch thch nghi cho ba t s li ch
khc nhau
33
Xc sut li bt v hiu sut ph ca iu ch thch nghi trong AWGN
Hnh u tin s thc hin BER v hiu sut ph ca iu ch thch nghi,
khng c s khng thch nghi no cho thy s thc hin ng thi cung cp
hiu qu ph tt hn. Ni cch khc, iu ch thch nghi cung cp ng thi
hiu sut ph v nng lng tt nht cho bt k cc s iu ch. Trong khi
cc s c nh t c mt trong hai hiu qu ph tt hoc hiu qu nng
lng tt nhng khng th c hai. iu ch thch nghi tng hiu sut ph m
khng gim s thc hin. Chng ta cng phi chn mt BER ch khng chc
chn rng chng ta s t c s thc hin. iu ny do tht s c mt s s
iu ch c nh. Nh c th thy hnh 2.9, ti bt k t s li ch c cc
k h quan trng gia cc s iu ch c chn la. V d: ti mt t s li
ch 1% QPSK yu cu SNR l 8dB. Khi SNR ca knh ti gi tr , iu ch
thch nghi s t 1% BER. Tuy nhin, cho tt c cc gi tr gia 8dB v 14dB,
iu ch thch nghi s s dng QPSK v t c tt hn 1% BER. Ch khi
knh t n 14dB v s iu ch chuyn mch sang 16-QAM s lm cho
BER tr li BER ch. V vy, s thc hin s gi BER tt hn BER ch
nh trong hnh ngoi tr khi SNR thp hn gi tr cn cho BPSK t c
BER ch.
Cc kiu khc l cc tc ng ca BER ch da trn hiu sut ph. Khi
chng ta tng BER ch, tc l chng ta tng hiu sut ph. V vy, chng ta c
th d dng thay i hiu sut ph bng vic thay i BER ch v cc mc
chuyn mch.
2.6.1. nh gi knh truyn
Cng vic cui cng ca b thu l gii m tn hiu thu c thu c
lung bt c xem nh l lung bit ban u. Khng may rng, do cc nguyn
nhn gy mo do knh truyn, nn khng th lm iu ny mt cch trc tip.
Thay vo chng ta phi tm cch hiu chnh tn hiu thu c trc khi gii
iu ch. Chng ta s lm iu ny bng cch iu ch vi s c mt ca
Symbol Pilot (PSAM-Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation).
tng ca PSAM l chn cc symbol c bit trong lung d liu truyn
ca chng ta ti cc khong c xc lp. Cc symbol ny c gi l cc
symbol pilot.
34

Mc ch ca symbol pilot l cch b thu bit c tiu chun ca knh
ti pilot. S dng h thng ny, chng ta c cc mu knh kh chnh xc ti tn
s bng tc symbol pilot. S dng cc pilot, chng ta c th ni suy cc gi
tr ca knh nh s dng mt phng php ni suy chnh xc. Chng ta s dng
cc php tnh gn ng FFT.
2.6.1.a. C bn v iu ch vi s c mt ca symbol Pilot
Trong PSAM, mt symbol Pilot c bit v cc symbol thng tin c
ghp trong min thi gian [nh a hp phn chia theo thi gian - TDM] ti b
pht.

Hnh 2. 11: Dng khung ca PSAM
Symbol pilot c chn mt cch c chu k vo chui symbol thng tin. p
dng l thuyt ly mu Nyquist, chng ta c mi quan h gia tn s Doppler
F
d
, chu k symbol T
s
v chiu di khung N (khong cch symbol pilot khi c
mt pilot trn khung):
1
2
d s
F T
N
s (2.7)
Cng thc ny cho thy cc symbol pilot phi c chn vo thng xuyn
hn khi tc Doppler tng. Mt khung c N symbol bao gm mt symbol pilot
theo sau bi (N-1) symbol thng tin.
N-1 data
symbols
Pilot
Symbols
Information
Symbols
TDM
Information Symbol Pilot Symbol
35
iu ch S bit trn
symbol
Symbol pilot
BPSK 1 1+j0
QPSK 2 1+j
16QAM 4 3+j3
64QAM 6 7+j7
Bng 7: Symbol pilot c s dng trong cc s iu ch khc nhau
Cng thc 2.7 ch cho chng ta cch ly mu mt cch thng xuyn nh th
no da vo nh l ly mu Nyquist. Tuy nhin, chng ta phi nh rng cc
mu ti b thu ca chng ta bao gm c nhiu. Do vy, nng lng symbol pilot
rt quan trng khi xc nh t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) ca cc mu. lm
cc i SNR ca cc mu knh, chng ta chn symbol vi nng lng ln nht
trong symbol c lp bng7. Hnh 3.12 cho thy chm sao tn hiu 16-QAM
v 64-QAM vi mu xm ti (mu ) c trng cho cc symbol pilot vi cng
sut tn hiu.

16QAM 64QAM
Hnh 2. 12: Chm sao tn hiu QAM m t symbol pilot
Sau b lc (nh Match filtering), b thu gii a hp cc symbol pilot v cc
symbol thng tin. Tch chui symbol pilot ri c x l chuyn iu ch v
c ni suy cho mt s nh gi do mo fading cho cc symbol thng tin.
Do vy, s bin i bin v pha do fading c th c nh gi cho mi
symbol d liu. nh gi c s dng cn bng cc symbol thng tin
tch sng
2.6.1.b. M t ni suy FFT (bin i Fourier nhanh)
Mt ng dng quan trng ca gii thut FFT l ng dng trong b lc tuyn
tnh FIR cho nhng chui d liu di. Gii thut FFT to N im ca d liu ng
vo v chuyn i N im sang min tn s bng bin i FFT (fast Fourier
Transform) ca d liu ng vo. D liu ng vo nh gi knh s dng FFT
36
t l vi cc symbol pilot thu c vi cc symbol pilot c bit. H s ny
cho mt s o c v s bin dng symbol pilot qua knh fading phng.
Hnh 2.13 cho thy gii thut FFT. N v N
p
l ly tha bc hai s dng
FFT v IFFT. G(n) l ng ra ca FFT c cung cp bi cng thc 2.7 c
tho mn G(n) c tt c cc thnh phn ca knh fading. V n = N
p
, G(n=0). Do
vy chng ta c th ni suy t 2N
p
symbol thnh 2NN
p
symbol vi vic chn
thm cc im 0. Php ni suy c thc hin nh sau:
( ) ( ) ' 0 1
2
p
N
G n NG n n
( | |
= s s
( |
\ .
(2.8)
( ) ( ) ' 0 2 1 1
2 2
p p
N N
G n n N
( | |
= s s
( |
\ .

( ) ( ) ( ) ' 1 2 1 1
2
p
p p
N
G n NG n N N N n N N
(
( = s s
(



y G(n) c xem l hm tun hon.
( ) ( ) ' 2 '
p
G m NN r G m + = , vi ( 0, 1, 2 r = ) (2.9)
Vic chn cc im 0 trong min tn s bng ni suy gia cc symbol pilot
trong min thi gian. S ny n gin bi v ch FFT v vic chn thm cc
im 0 l c yu cu:

Hnh 2. 13: Gii tht FFT tng qut
IFFT (cng thc 2.10) ca tn s d liu c ly mu c thc hin vo
giai on cui cng nhn d liu trong min thi gian.
( ) ( ) ( )
0
1 2
' exp 0,1, , 1
p
NN
p
n
p p
nk
c k G n j k NN
NN NN
t
=
| |
= =
|
|
\ .

(2.10)
2.6.1.c. Ni suy FFT cho cc symbol pilot
By gi, chng ta m t th tc ni suy FFT cho lung thng tin thu c.
u tin chng ta ly ra cc symbol pilot trong lung tn hiu thu c. Ri
chng ta chia mi pilot bi symbol thng tin c yu cu, in hnh l symbol
NN
p
chui fading
c nh gi
2N
p
chui cc
im fading
Min thi gian Min thi gian Min tn s
Ni suy im
khng
FFT IFFT
Ct xn
(Truncation)
Xoay pha
37
vi nng lng ln nht (iu ny c xc nh trc). K tip, chng ta ly
FFT ca vector
( ) ( )
2 1
1 1
0
.exp
p
N
l
p
j nl
G n g l
N
t

=
| |
=
|
|
\ .

, vi
( )
0,1, , 2 1
p
n N = (2.11)
y 2N
p
l s symbol pilot c s dng to nh gi knh v g
1
(l) l
vector ca cc mu knh thu c t vic chia cc symbol pilot thu c. iu
ny cho chng ta mt vector ca cc mu knh trong min tn s. Trong min
tn s, vic m cc im zero c s dng hon thnh ni suy.
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
'
1
1
0 1
0
2 1 1
[ 2 1 2 1]
2 1
p
p p
p p
p
NG m
m N
G m
N m N N
N N m N N
NG m N N

( s s

=
( s s

s s

(2.12)
Cng thc 2.12 chng ta thy cch thc hin x l ni suy trong min tn
s y N l h s ni suy.
IFFT c x l vi cng thc sau:
( ) ( )
2
1 1
0
1
' ' exp
2
p
NN
m
p p
j mk
g k G m
NN NN
t
=
| |
=
|
|
\ .

, vi (k = 0,1,....,2NN
p
-1) (2.13)
Kt qu ca cng thc 2.13 l cc mu knh m chng ta mong mun.
s dng cc mu knh ny trong vic b knh, cng thc sau tn hiu thu:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . r t c t s t n t = + . Ci m chng ta mun lm l chuyn hiu ng ca
( ) c t trn tn hiu thu c s dng nh gi
( ) ' c t thu c t gii thut FFT.
N c dng nh sau:
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
. .
' ' '
c t s t n t c t s t n t
z t
c t c t c t
+
= = + (2.14)
Mt cch l tng,
( )
( ) '
c t
c t
gn bng 1, vi
( )
( )
( ) '
n t
s t
c t
+ y gii hn nhiu (hy
vng) rt nh s vi gii hn ca tn hiu. Ch rng tin trnh ny khng ci
thin SNR khi chng ta nhn d liu v nhiu bi cng gi tr.
2.6.1.d. Hiu ng ng bin ca ni suy FFT
l mt gii hn phng php nh gi FFT, ti cc im cui ca knh
c ni suy, c cc gn sng trong nh gi knh do kch thc chiu di hu
hn ca d liu ly mu c s dng. Vn l c cc thnh phn bin mt
(leakage) trong min tn s khi cc symbol c chuyn i. S dng trong
cng thc 2.11 n ging nh b ct xn trong min tn s. iu ny lm mt
thng tin, c chuyn thnh mt gn sng bin khi IFFT c s dng.
38
trnh hiu ng bin, iu ny tht s cn thit rng rng khong thi
gian ca
( )
1
g l l bi s nguyn ca 1/
s
f , Tuy nhin, kh la chn tn s ly
mu v khong thi gian ct xn p ng yu cu ny. Do vy chng ta gii
quyt vn ny bng vic a thm cc khung trong s bt u v kt thc ca
cc khung ch v s dng php ni suy FFT. Sau khi thu c cc mu trong
min thi gian, chng ta ch xem xt cc khung ch ca chng ta v loi b cc
khung ch m chng ta thm vo nh gi knh. iu ny lm gim hiu
ng ng bin.

Hnh 2. 14: Cu trc khung gim hiu ng ng bin

Hnh 2. 15: Minh ho chnh xc s nh gi knh FFT
Hnh 2.15 minh ho mt v d v s chnh xc ca gii thut ni suy FFT.
Ch rng knh trong im gia ca tp hp c theo du mt cch chnh xc,
nhng knh ti cc im cui th khng.
Khung ch
Khung thm Khung thm
Hiu
ng bin
39

Hnh 2. 16: cn cnh ca hiu ng bin
2.6.2. Tc ng ca khong symbol pilot
Vic chn cc symbol pilot dn n s lng ph nng lng, v vy c mt s
lin h (tradeoff) gia nng lng lng ph trong cc symbol khng cn thit v
khng ly mu fading x l thng nh gi tt. Khi tn s Doppler ln
hn gii hn l thuyt, vic nh gi knh khng th b cho s bin dng. V d:
s dng cng thc 2.7: nu nh chiu di khung N=64 symbol v F
s
=16kHz vy
bt k cng vic nh gi knh di nh:
125
d
F Hz <
Hnh 2.17 (a,b) cho thy ng bao fading thc nh th no c ln theo
bng ni suy FFT ti tc Doppler ca 120Hz v 130Hz cho cng khong
symbol pilot. Ti Doppler ca130Hz, ng bao ln theo khng chnh xc
khng ging ti 120Hz. iu ny cng c th quan st t cc chm sao tn hiu
c gii thch m cc symbol d liu thu c b tt nh th no khi so snh
vi symbol d liu pht.
40

(a) ng bao fading vi ni suy FFT ti tn s Doppler 120Hz

(b) ng bao fading vi ni suy FFT ti tn s Doppler 130Hz
Hnh 2. 17: ng bao fading thc c ln theo bng ni suy FFT ti tc Doppler ca
120Hz v 130Hz
Suy hao cng sut do chn cc symbol pilot c cho bi:
10log ( )
1
N
Pl dB
N
| |
=
|

\ .
(2.15)
Do vy nu nh khung c 32 symbol th n s suy hao cng sut 0.13dB do
symbol pilot.
2.6.3. Hiu qu SNR ca Pilot
Nh gii thiu trong phn trc, chng ta chn symbol pilot vi bin
ln nht trong s chm sao tn hiu. Khi cc mu d liu thu c ti b thu b
41
nhiu, n l yu t cn thit c SNR pilot cao. iu ny c lm bng vic
tng bin pilot v vy n lm gim mo v gip vic nh gi chnh xc
hn cc h s mo ca d liu. Nh vy, bin pilot cao hn, SNR ca pilot
cao hn v nh vy s nh gi chnh xc hn tnh trng mo ti b thu s dng
cc mu pilot ny.
2.6.4. nh hng ca tr phn hi (feedback delay)
Trong iu ch thch nghi cc nh gi SNR c cung cp qua mt knh
phn hi. R rng, trong h thng thc t c mt vi tr gia khi SNR trn
knh c nh gi v khi s iu ch mi c s dng. Chng ta xc nh
tr theo gii hn ca cc khung truyn v xem xt tc ng ca mt, hai v
ba khung truyn tr khi thc hin iu ch thch nghi. Khi tng tr khung
truyn, t s li bit gim. Bi v khi c tr trong h thng, knh (SNR) s u
tin thay i thc hin s iu ch ti u (optimal). iu ny lm
gim BER. Ch rng s suy gim vi tr ph thuc cao vo tc fading.
Ti tc Doppler cao s nhy vi tr hn ti tc Doppler thp. Tc
Doppler cao s gim thc hin iu ch thch nghi khi knh thay i trong sut
mt khung. Nu nh tc Doppler tng ng vi tc ca khung, th s thc
hin s suy gim. Nu nh tc khung thp hn tc Doppler mt cch ng
k, th khng c g nh hng. Hiu sut ph khng thay i do cc tr
khung khc nhau. Bi v bt chp cc s iu ch c chn khi chng c
s dng, khi SNR phn b khng thay i. tr s dng trong s iu ch
mi ch tc ng t s li bt khi s iu ch c s dng khng cn ph
hp cho cc iu kin knh.
2.6.5. Phn tch nh gi cht lng knh trong iu ch thch nghi
Gi thit rng SNR ca knh tc thi c bit. Chng ta nghin cu tc
ng ca SNR hoc s c on knh da trn iu ch thch nghi. K thut
iu ch thch nghi s dng s nh gi SNR ti b thu (iu ny c bo li
cho b pht thng qua knh phn hi) chn mt s iu ch t c
mt s thc hin ban u (BER ch). Bng s thch nghi, c th ci thin
hiu sut ph. Tuy nhin s nhn bit chnh xc ca SNR khng th t c, v
do vy s c vi li trong vic nh gi.
Cc k thut nh gi SNR v tc ng ca chng trong iu ch thch nghi.
c bit, chng ta xem xt hai phng php ng gi SNR ca knh qua mt
khung n. Chng ta s thy rng trong cc knh vi tri Doppler cao, nh gi
SNR c th khng chnh xc.
42
Trong cc knh vi Doppler va phi, tr phn hi c th lm gim s thc
hin. Do vy, chng ta nghin cu nh gi SNR di hn, iu ny khng nhy
vi tr phn hi. Chng ta nh gi chnh xc v thc hin iu ch thch
nghi khi s dng nh gi di thch hp vi s iu ch.
2.6.5.a. nh gi cht lng knh
B pht lun lun cn thng tin t b thu thch nghi s iu ch cho
cc khung tch cc tip theo. Thng tin c cung cp bi b thu c th l cht
lng knh (cho php b pht to tc quyt nh) hoc la chn mt s
iu ch. Trong c hai trng hp, s iu ch c chn la ph thuc vo
nh gi cht lng knh ti b thu. Cht lng knh bao gm t s li khung,
t s li bt, v SNR. y chng ta s dng nh gi SNR nh mt ch nh
cht lng knh. Do vy, b thu yu cu mt k thut nh gi SNR tt cung
cp mt cch ng tin cy cht lng knh ti b thu. Mt k thut nh gi
SNR tt phi c cc thuc tnh sau:
c lp vi tn s Doppler
c lp vi cc s iu ch
Thch hp s dng mt s mu nh
Cung cp mt cch nh gi cht lng knh chnh xc trong cc iu
kin gii hn ca nhiu tp m v nhiu giao thoa.
Tuy nhin, chng ta thng gim mt vi thuc tnh cho vic nghin cu
thc t. Mc ch ca vic o c SNR s cho mt kt qu chnh xc hn v
trng thi ca knh. Tn hiu chng ta mong mun c thu v gii iu ch s
b sai lch do knh Rayleigh v nhiu thu. Bi v iu ny, chng ta s yu cu
cng sut tn hiu ngn hn ( nh gi hiu ng ca fading Rayleigh) v cng
sut nhiu di hn.
2.6.5.b. Phn tch s nh gi SNR di hn
Chng ta c th gii quuyt vn ny trong knh fading nhanh. Tuy nhin,
khi s dng ni suy FFT, ci thin nh gi SNR ngn hn khng hiu hiu
qu do cc hiu ng bin v tr ca iu ch thch nghi.
Chng ta nghin cu s tnh ton SNR ca knh qua mt thi gian di. Mt
cch tip cn nh vy khng cung cp mt s ci thin trong hiu sut bng
thng, nhng n khng nhy vi tr. Gi tr SNR trung bnh ny c th c
s dng thch hp s iu ch. Mt cch tip cn nh vy c hn ch m
chng ta c th ch thch hp vi cc thay i di hn trong SNR ca knh (nh
cc thay i ca shadowing hoc suy hao). Tuy nhin, cch tip cn ny l mt
s nh gi SNR chnh xc hn khi n s dng nhiu d liu cho s nh gi.
43
Hn na chng ta thy rng tip cn li tt hn do tri Doppler v tr phn hi.
Do vy chng ta xem xt s dng nh gi SNR di hn c ci thin.
Nh thy s thc hin iu ch thch nghi ph thuc SNR ca knh c
nh gi tt ra sao. S nh gi SNR ca knh chnh xc hn, s iu ch s
c la chn tt hn, v kh nng iu khin cc bin i trong knh. iu ny
gip chng ta a ra s nh gi SNR di hn c ci thin ni SNR c tnh
ton cng sut tn hiu trung bnh v cng sut nhiu qua nhiu khung, chng ta
s dng cc symbol ca nhiu khung hn tnh ton cng sut tn hiu v
phng sai ca nhiu. ng thi thay v c gng nh gi SNR tc thi chng ta
nh gi SNR trung bnh. Cho nh gi SNR di hn SNR c tnh ton s
dng cng cc cng thc nh trong cc nguyn nhn nh gi SNR ngn hn.
S dng nh gi di hn v ln v cng sut nhiu trn knh.
Nu chng ta c mt tn hiu b sai lch do nhiu, chng ta c th nh gi t
s tn hiu trn nhiu thng qua cc php tnh ton gi tr trung bnh v phng
sai (mean and variance). u tin, cng sut thu trung bnh sau fading Rayleigh
c tm thy bng cch ly bnh phng trung bnh ca ln tn hiu thu
c. iu ny s p ng cho cng sut tn hiu c nh gi. Cng sut
nhiu s c tm thy khi tnh ton phng sai tn hiu thu c. Tnh ton
phng sai ny c th c tnh trung bnh qua mt thi gian di.
Gi s rng chng ta c mt tn hiu thu gc dng phc nh sau:
i i i i
r c d n = + (2.16)
y c
i
l mu knh nhn c vi phng sai
2
SNR o = y SNR l t s
tn hiu trn nhiu ca knh, d
i
l symbol d liu (vi nng lng trung bnh n
v), v n
i
l AWGN. Mi tn hiu dng phc v phng sai ca nhiu trong cc
phn thc v o l
2
1
2
o = . Vi tng cng sut nhiu l 1 o =
2
tong
.
Cho iu ch PSK, cc cng thc sau c s dng tm trung bnh v
phng sai ca khi d liu thu hin ti:
1
1
N
i
i
z r
N
=
=

(2.17a)
( )
2
2
1
1
'
1
N
i i
i
T r c
N
=
| |
=
|

\ .

(2.17b)
Trong cc cng thc trn, z c trng cho gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu thu
c, T
2
c trng cho phng sai ca tn hiu, v N l s symbol qua nhng
thng tin thng k c nh gi. Ch rng tnh ton phng sai ph thuc
vo nh gi knh c
i
t s nh gi FFT. Hn na hiu ng iu ch c gii
44
hn bi ln ca tn hiu thu c. Trong mt vi nh gi, trung bnh ca tn
hiu c s dng thay cho mu knh c
i
. Tuy nhin, iu ny dn ti s c
lng b lch trong nhng vng SNR cao vi cc tc Doppler va phi.
Cho cc s iu ch cho nhiu mc cng sut ging nh QAM chng ta
c cc cng thc khc nhau tnh ton gi tr trung bnh v phng sai ca tn
hiu:
1
1

N
i
i
i
r
z
N
d =
=

(2.18a)
2
2
1
1

' .
1
N
i i i
i
T r c d
N
=
| |
=
|

\ .

(2.18b)
Cc s nhiu mc cng sut, symbol d liu cn chuyn dch hiu ng m
nhiu mc cng sut c c da trn s nh gi. iu ny t c khi s
dng nh gi symbol,

i
d .
s dng cc cng thc ny, chng ta c mt cch xc nh SNR t
chng. SNR c th c tnh ton nh sau:
2
3 1
1
z
N
N T N
| |
I =
|

\ .
(2.19)
Cng thc 2.19 n gin l cng sut tn hiu chia cho cng sut nhiu. Cc
n v ca I l tuyn tnh, do vy chng ta phi chuyn n v thnh decibel
(dB). Chng ta nn ch rng I l mt s nh gi gii hn ngn da trn mt
gi tr ca T
2
v z. Khi cng sut nhiu khng i trn mt thi gian di, chng
ta c th ci thin nh gi SNR ca chng ta bng cch to mt s nh gi
nhiu di hn. thu c trung bnh di hn, ta s dng cng thc sau [2]
xc nh phng sai di hn:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
0.99 1 0.01
long long
T n T n T n = + (2.20)
Tuy nhin, phng php ny s to thi gian hi t v mt s nh gi
ng tin cy. Chng ta sa i phng trnh ph hp vi nhu cu ca chng
ta. Nh vy chng ta nh gi cng sut nhiu nh sau:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1
1
1 1
long long
n
T n T n T n
n n
= +
+ +
(2.21)
Trong cng thc 2.21, vi mu u tin vn cn c trng s hn, nhng
khng nhiu nh 2.20. Trong trng hp ny, s hi t nh gi SNR s nhanh
hn.
45
2.6.6. D on knh
tng v d on knh l s dng cc mu knh qu kh v hin ti d
on cc mu tng lai. Chng ta s s dng mt s d on cho mc ch
c bit trong vic d on mc cng sut tng lai ca knh Rayleigh. L do
d on knh Rayleigh tng lai l cc kt qu ca cc phn trc ch ra rng
vic nhn bit v knh c l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s suy gim vi vic iu
ch thch nghi.
Vi d on, chng ta c th nh gi mc cng sut tng lai ca knh, nh
vy vn tr ng truyn s t hn khi chng ta bit trng thi no ca knh
trc thi gian my pht nhn thng tin iu khin t my thu.
D on tuyn tnh
l cng vic quan trng c lm trong lnh vc d on tuyn tnh, c
s dng d on knh.
( )
( ) 2
1
1
.
c
N
j f t i
i
i
c t A e
N
t | +
=
=

(2.22)
Ch rng knh ph thuc vo pha v tn s ca mi ng hnh sin (chng
ta chun ho tt c thnh phn tn x thnh n v cng sut A
i
=1). Vi thng
tin ny, chng ta bit c tng quan t mu sang mu, khng ging AWGN.
Do vy, chng ta c th tn dng cc thuc tnh xc nh v d on gi tr no
ca knh s ti thi im sau.
d on knh Rayleigh, chng ta s s dng nh gi ph tng ng vi
phng php Entropy cc i (MEM-Maximum Entropy Method) cho d on
tuyn tnh. Mc ch ca MEM l cung cp mt tp cc h s, hoc cc cc
s dng nh ng vo d on tuyn tnh.
S dng MEM, chng ta c p ng tn s ca knh c m hnh nh sau:
( )
1
1
1
p
j
j
j
H z
d z
=
=

(2.23)
Trong cng thc 2.23, d
j
l cc h s d on tuyn tnh, c s dng bi
d on tuyn tnh, vi cc h s p.
D on trong trng hp ca chng ta n gin l mt hm tng ca tch.
1
'
p
n j n j
j
c d c

=
=

(2.24)
Vi c
n
l mt gi tr c d on da vo t hp tuyn tnh ca p cc gi tr
trc c nhn vi cc h s d on. d on nhiu mu trong tng lai,
46
chng ta ch cn xem mu c d on gn nht. Chng ta c th d on xa
hn nh chng ta mong mun. Nhng ng nhin, iu t chnh xc hn do
c t li tch lu. Xc nh cc h s d on qua phng php t tng quan,
hm t tng quan c th thy nh sau:
1
1
N j
j i i j i i j
i
y y y y
N j
|

+ +
=
~

(2.25)
S dng kt qu ny, cc h s on c th c tm qua hm sau:
1
M
j k j k
j
d | |

=
=

, vi k = (1,..,M) (2.26)
y M l s cc tnh ton, c quyt nh bi cc user; nhiu cc hn,
s d on chnh xc hn. ng nhin, chng ta khng th c nhiu im cc
hn cc mu knh chng ta c.
Tuy nhin thc t, cc phng php ny khng tnh ton cc h s d
on mt cch r rng. Thay vo chng ta s dng mt thut ton quy
cung cp bi [6] s dng mt phng php quy tnh ton
k
| . Trong bt k
trng hp, gii thut d on tuyn tnh tt cho cc tn hiu mn (smooth) v
dao ng, m m t fading Rayleigh c phn chnh xc.

Hnh 2. 18: M t d on knh


47
CHNG III: M PHNG
Qu trnh truyn dn qua knh thng tin v tuyn thc t chu nhiu nh
hng xu ca nhiu, iu ny t ra cho cc nh nghin cu cn phi nghin
cu a ra nhiu gii php cho cc phng thc truyn dn thng tin qua mi
trng v tuyn mt cch tt nht s dng ngun ti nguyn v tuyn c gii
hn trong thin nhin, c th nhn nhn r rng hn nhng g cp chng
ta thc hin chng trnh m phng vi mc ch minh ha mt cch trc quan
nhng ng hng bt li ca knh thng tin v tuyn, ng thi qua thy
c hiu qu ca gii php iu ch thch nghi m bo c mt t s li bt
theo yu cu t ra m vn t c hiu sut ph tt nht.
Thit k chng trnh m phng
Mt h thng thng tin s dng iu ch thch nghi gm c my pht, knh
truyn v my thu. my pht, tn hiu c iu ch theo phng php BPSK,
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM v c chn symbol pilot v qua b lc bng thng,
ri pht i. Tn hiu n my thu sau khi qua knh truyn c cc loi nhiu:
nhiu trng, fading. c c d liu ban u, tn hiu thu c tch cc
symbol pilot, sau i qua b gii iu ch, lc thng thp, ri n b quyt
nh. ng thi cc symbol pilot c tch ra s dng ni suy nh gi trng
thi knh hin ti, thng tin sau khi o c c a ti my pht quyt nh
chn la s iu ch cho khung truyn k tip.

Hnh 3. 1: M hnh tng th ca chng trnh m phng
Nhp cc thng s
- Thng s d liu: l chui bt nh phn ngu nhin
- Mc BER ngng cho iu ch thch nghi
- Phm vi di ng k (dB)
- tr phn hi (s khung tr)
Ngun M ho
Ngng chuyn
mch iu ch
iu ch Chn Pilot
Knh
truyn
Xo Pilot Gii iu
ch
Gii m o c knh Sink
48
Nhp thng s c tnh knh
- Nhiu Gauss
- Nhiu fading
- bin ng ca SNR trn knh
Kt qu m phng
- BER
- Hiu sut ph
- S iu ch s dng hin ti
- SNR hin ti trn knh
Lu gii thut m phng
Hnh 3.1 l m hnh m phng tng th c s dng trong chng trnh
m phng nhng nh hng ca nhiu v hiu qu ca s iu ch thch
nghi. Mc ch ca chng trnh m phng l tnh c BER v hiu sut ph
qua cc gi tr di ng v tr phn hi khc nhau s nh hng n BER v
hiu sut ph ca iu ch thch nghi nh th no ng thi so snh hiu qu
ph ca iu ch thch nghi vi cc s iu ch khng thch nghi vi cng
iu kin ca mi trng.
C th khi qut chc nng v hot ng ca cc khi trong lu nh sau:
- Ngun: khi ny dng to lung symbol thng tin ngu nhin
- M ho: khi ny s m ho lung thng tin ngu nhin sang dng m
Gray.
- Khi ngng chuyn mch iu ch: thit lp cc mc ngng chuyn
mch iu ch theo SNR ca gi tr BER ch c yu cu cho cc s
c la chn thch nghi iu ch (BPSK,QPSK,16QAM,64QAM).
- Khi iu ch: dng iu ch lung symbol sang min khng gian tn
hiu tng ng (s dng iu ch BPSK, QPSK 16QAM, 64QAM).
- Chn pilot: khi ny dng chn pilot tng ng cho mi s iu ch
c la chn:
iu ch S bit trn
symbol
Symbol pilot
BPSK 1 1+j0
QPSK 2 1+j
16QAM 4 3+j3
64QAM 6 7+j7
- Knh truyn: trong chng trnh ny knh truyn c xem l chu nh
hng ca nhiu tp m trng AWGN v nhiu nhn Fading.
49
- B to Fading (Rayleigh) to ra mt qu trnh fading (vi phn b
Rayleigh) v nhn n vo dng sng tn hiu pht m phng iu ch
thch nghi trong knh fading.
- B to AWGN: khi ny cng thm nhiu trng Gauss vo dng sng tn
hiu pht.
- Xo pilot: khi ny tch pilot tn hiu thu c phn tch nh gi v
d on knh.
- B thu tn hiu: thc hin gii iu ch tn hiu v gii m lung thng tin
thu.
- o c knh: dng o c gi tr SNR trn knh hin ti phn hi
li khi ngng chuyn mch iu ch.
- Sink: dng tnh BER v hiu sut ph thu c.
- Tnh ABER (BER iu ch thch nghi) = Tng s bt li/ tng s bt thu.
- Tnh ABPS (hiu sut ph ca iu ch thch nghi):
ABPS = 1*%
BPSK
+ 2*%
QPSK
+ 4*%
16QAM
+ 6*%
64QAM

Gii Thut Chuyn mch iu Ch Thch Nghi
50

(4) (3) (1)

S
S
S
S




Begin
SNR>SNRBPSK_thres-k
SNRsSNRQPSK_thres+k
Data_length >0
SNR>SNRBPSK_thres+k
iu ch BPSK
SNRchann(1,index) = SNRchannel
Feedback = 1
Nhp chui d liu ngu nhin
Nhp BER_threshold.
Di dng k.
Khong chn Pilot
tr phn hi fdbackdl ca knh .

SNR
BPSK_threshold
SNR
QPSK_threshold
SNR
16QAM_threshold
SNR
64QAM_threshold

index = 1,i=0,SNR = SNRcurrent, SNRchann=[]
i=1+1
index= index+1
index=index+1,i=0
SNR=SNRchann(1,index-fdbackdl-1)
Fdback=i
Feedback = 0

SNR = SNRchannel Khng truyn
51

(4) (3)
(3) (2)
(1)
S
S
S
S
S
S






SNR>SNRQPSK_thres-k
SNRsSNR16QAM_thres+k
iu ch QPSK
SNRchann(1,index) = SNRchannel
Feedback = 1
i=1+1
index= index+1
index=index+1,i=0
SNR=SNRchann(1,index-fdbackdl-1)
Fdback=i
Feedback = 0

SNR>SNR16QAM_thres-k
SNRsSNR64QAM_thres+k
iu ch 16QAM
SNRchann(1,index) = SNRchannel
Feedback = 1
i=1+1
index= index+1
index=index+1,i=0
SNR=SNRchann(1,index-fdbackdl-1)
Fdback=i
Feedback = 0

(4)
52


(4) (3) (2)
S
S
S



SNR>SNR64QAM_thres-k
iu ch 16QAM
SNRchann(1,index) = SNRchannel
Feedback = 1
i=1+1
index= index+1
index=index+1,i=0
SNR=SNRchann(1,index-fdbackdl-1)
Fdback=i
Feedback = 0

End
53
Giao din m phng


Hnh 3. 2: Giao din m phng iu ch thch nghi
54

Hnh 3. 3: Giao din v ber
Kt qu m phng
ng dng phn mm Matlab 2007b xy dng chng trnh m phng
knh truyn vi thng s u vo l:
- S bt ngu nhin: 5000000
- BER ngng 0.0001
- Khong pilot 50
- Phm vi di ng k (dB)
- Knh nhiu AWGN
- tr phn hi delay (frame)
- SNR trn knh tng tuyn tnh t 0 dB -> 40 dB
55

Hnh 3. 4: BER ngng 1.e-4,k =0dB,delay =0, hiu sut ph t c l 4,8172

Hnh 3. 5: BER ngng 1.e-3,k=0dB,delay=0,hiu sut ph t c l 4.83
56

Hnh 3. 6: th BER cho k=0.1dB(ng trn) v k=0.2dB(ng di), ng vi BER
ngng 1.e-4,delay=0

Hnh 3. 7: th BER cho delay=5 (ng trn) v delay=10 (ng di), ng vi BER
ngng 1.e-4,k=0.1dB




52
KT LUN
Trong lun vn ny, chng ta nghin cu cc yu t tc ng n s thc
hin iu ch thch nghi. im chnh l tc ng ca s nh gi knh v s
nh gi c tnh (SNR) ca knh. Vic thc hin c o theo gii hn ca
hiu sut ph v t s li bt. Vic nh gi knh c nghin cu s dng iu
ch trong knh fading phng. Chng ta thy rng FFT s dng nh gi knh
cung cp ni suy chnh xc. Chng ta kho st cc mi trng iu ch
thch nghi s dng d on tuyn tnh d on cc mc cng sut knh tng
lai trong fading nhanh. tng c bn ca iu ch thch nghi l ci thin hiu
sut ph v hiu qu nng lng bng vic s dng BPSK v QPSK khi knh
thp v s dng QAM khi knh tt. Cc kt qu m phng c cung cp khi
m phng iu ch thch nghi vi s c mt ca s nh gi knh, tri tr, v
cc phm vi di ng khc nhau. Chng ta nghin cu tc ng ca cc yu
t da trn thc hin BER v hiu qu ph.
Hng pht trin
Cng vic ca chng ta cung cp mt vi vn thc t lin quan n s
iu ch thch nghi. Chng ta tng kt mt t phng hng cho lun vn ny.
- M hnh knh ca chng ta bao gm mt knh fading phng. N s thch
hp nghin cu d on trn cc knh fading la chn tn s.
- D on tuyn tnh l phng php c s dng trong lun vn ny. Cc
phng php d on khc c th c la chn s dng nh: ESPIRIT,
MUSIC, hoc d on khng tuyn tnh.
- Thay v iu ch thch nghi, phng hng c th l m ho thch nghi. Xa
hn c thay i cc s iu ch thch nghi, chng ta c th gi trng thi
iu ch trong khi thay i tc m ho.
- Hu ht d liu cc h thng thng tin s dng cc k thut m ho
gim li bt. M chp l cch c s dng cho mc ch ny. Do vy,
nghin cu iu ch thch nghi vi m ho thch nghi l mt lnh vc
nghin cu c th khc.
- Trong m phng chng ta gi thit knh iu khin l li t do, n c th
cho thy lm sao thc hin nh hng ca mt knh khng hon ho.
- Chng ta ch s dng mt ng n m khng s dng ISI. Mt nghin
cu trn nhiu ngi dng s thch hp trong m phng.
53
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Thng tin di ng th h ba Tin s Nguyn Phm Anh Dng.
[2] Thng tin di ng TS H Vn Cu, TS Phm Thanh m.
[3] C s l thuyt truyn tin (tp 1 v 2) ng Vn Chuyt, Nguyn
Tun Anh Nh xut bn gio dc.
[4] Lp trnh Matlab Nguyn Hong Hi, Nguyn Khc Kim,
Nguyn Trung Dng, H Trn c Nh xut bn khoa hc v k
thut
[5] Vi ba s - Bi Thin Minh Nh xut bn bu in.