Izvedba nastave po predmetima

Naziv predmeta Kod ECTS 2 boda (satnica predmeta:2+0) Obrazloenje utroka vremena prema vrstama studijskog optereenja: Predavanja 30 sati-1 ECTS/ testovi, konzultacije, pisanje seminarskog rada, rad na prezentaciji i samostalno uenje 30 sati-1 ECTS Nastavnici i/ili suradnici Kompetencije koje se stjeu Margita Maleevi, predava Student je osposobljen za koritenje svih jezinih vjetina i upoznat sa strunom terminologijom tako da moe, bez potekoa , na engleskom jeziku: pratiti struna izlaganja razgovarati o temama vezanim za elektroniku i uspjeno prezentirati odabranu temu iz istog podruja sluiti se strunom literaturom koja sadrava dijagrame, tablice, grafove, upute.... napisati jednostavnije opise i objanjenja komponenata, spojeva i procesa, kao i poslovna pisma 1. Glendinning, E.H., McEwan,J.(1996) Oxford English for Electronics Oxford:Oxford University Press 1. tambuk, A. (2002) English in Electrical Engineering and Computing Split: Fakultet elektrotehnike, strojarstva i brodogradnje, Sveuilite u Splitu Predavanja Konzultacije Jezine vjebe Zavrni ispit (pismeni i usmeni) Prezentacija odabrane teme Kontinuirana provjera, pismena i usmena Portfolio pisanih radova ( CV, molba za zapoljavanje, ...) Trajanje, TEHNIKI ENGLESKI JEZIK

Preporuena literatura Dopunska literatura Oblici provoenja nastave Nain provjere znanja i polaganja ispita Nastavne jedinice

2 sata 1. UVODNO PREDAVANJE 1.1.Revision of tenses 1.2. Circuit symbols 2 sata 2. ELECTRONICS IN THE HOME 2.1. Mathematical expressions 2.2. Understanding diagrams 2.3. Describing diagrams 2 sata 3. COMPONENT VALUES 3.1. Resistor values 3.2. Capacitor values 3.3. Diode codes 3.4. Linking facts and ideas 2 sata TEST 1 4. ALARM SYSTEMS 4.1. If sentences 4.2. Word pairs 4.3. Alarm systems 4.4. Explanations 2 sata 5. TRANSISTORS 5. 1. Bipolar transistors 5. 2. Unipolar transistors 5. 3. Reading and note- taking 2 sata 6. TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS 6.1. Locating and applying information 6.2. Transistor characteristics 6.3. Ordering components 2 sata 7 . BATTERIES 7.1 SIMPLE PAST versus Present Perfect 7.2. Battery charger

2 sata TEST 2 8. ELECTRIC CHARGES; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 8.1. Atom 2 sata 9. ELECTRIC CHARGES; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY 2 sata TEST 3 10. SEMICONDUCTORS GIVING PRESENTATIONS 2 sata 11. TEST AND REPAIR INSTRUMENTS COMPUTERS Students' Presentations 2 sata 12. TELECOMMUNICATIONS FAX Students' Presentations 2 sata 13. CELLPHONES TRANSMISSION LINES Students' Presentations 2 sata 14. JOB ADS 14.1. Understanding job ads 14.2. Writing a CV and a cover letter 2 sata 15. JOB ADS 15.1. CV and a letter of application 15.2. Role-playing an interview

PRESENT CONTINUOUS
TIME EXPRESSIONS: now, today, at the moment, at present, this week, next Sunday, FORM: present of to be (am, is are) + verb + ing

Im talking now.

Am I talking?/ What am I talking about?

I am not talking. Were staying in. He isnt buying

Were visiting Tom next week. What are you doing next week? Hes buying a car this month. Why is he doing that?

USE: to talk about an action happening now or around now to talk about actions in the near future and planned things

EXERCISES: What _______________________________ now? (your sister, husband, children, parents) this week next Saturday next summer this weekend tonight (do, read, plan, buy, look at, listen to, eat, sell, .)

Where _______________________________this weekend/this summer? How long ____________________________ staying? How ________________________________ there? Who ________________________________ with? When ________________________________ back?

VERBS THAT DO NOT HAVE CONTINUOUS FORM: MENTAL ACTIVITY: know, understand, believe, agree, think*, doubt, EMOTIONS: love, like, want, desire, hate, . SENSES: see*, hear, taste, smell, . 4

PRESENT SIMPLE
TIME EXPRESSIONS: always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every week, FORM: -s, -es, for the third person singular (he, she, it, Mary, Tom, my mother,) do, does, for questions and dont, doesnt for negatives

I always drive to work. He plays tennis. Tom often watches TV.

Do you drive to work? Does he play tennis? What does Tom watch?

I dont drive to work. He doesnt play tennis. Tom doesnt watch TV.

USE: to talk about habitual actions to talk about general truths with verbs which do not take continuous forms when we talk about general things like: 1) eating habits 2) living habits 3) working habits 4) hobbies 5) interests 6) family EXERCISES:

1) What (time) . lunch? When dinner? Where .. breakfast? What food . like?

What time do you have lunch?

2) Where... live? house, flat, rented room, in the country, in the city, on your own, with.. When.. get up? How. go to work? Where/When. have lunch? What time.. to bed?

3) work? Where ? How get there? How long take you to get to work?

How long does it take you to get.. 5

What time. start/finish? Do . like it? Why like it? . work long or short hours?

4) . have any free time? When .. have it? How usually spend it? collect anything?

5) What .. like doing? Why . find that interesting? How often do it?

6) Who live with? How big .. your family? your wife(husband, sister) work? Where she/he work? . she/ he like her/his job? What time .. she/he start/ finish?/ . she/he/you work overtime?

VERBS: TO BE, CAN, MUST, HAVE GOT, do not follow these rules, but have their own.

PAST SIMPLE
TIME EXPRESSIONS: yesterday, two days ago, last week, When?, in 19.., during .. FORM: a) Regular verbs (play, live) adding D, -ED -------- played, lived b) Irregular verbs (go, take) special form -------------- went, took DID for questions and DIDNT for negatives DID, DIDNT + play, live, go, take

She lived in Zagreb last year. They went out last night. We took a train to Paris.

Did she live in Split? Where did they go? Why did you take a train?

She didnt live there. They didnt go out. We didnt take a bus.

USE: to talk about actions and states in the past the actions and states finished we know the time when the actions and states happened

1) When . get up yesterday? 2) How go to work? 3) What time ...start/finish? 4) What have for breakfast? 5) What time go to bed? 6) What do in the evening?

1) When .finish high school? 2) go to university? 3) When . get your first job? 4) like it?

1) Where . spend your last holiday/weekend? 2) Who go there with? 3) How . get there? 4) How long . stay? 5) .. have a good time? 6) What .do? 7) How .. come back?

1) When buy your car/ TV, a new pair of shoes/ a book? 2) How much cost? 3) How .. pay? by credit card, by cheque, in cash, Why? 4) . your wife/ husband, child like it? 7

VERB TO BE: PRESENT/PAST

PRESENT I am hungry. You are fit. He is good. We are . They are Am I..? Are you..? Is he ..? Are we...? Are they.? I am not.. You are not.. He is not. We are not.. They are not. I was hungry. You were fit. He was good. We were.. They were

PAST Was I..? Were you? Was he? Were we..? Were they? I was not. You were not. He was not. We werent. They werent.

1) How you today? 2) How . you yesterday? 3) Why . he worried? 4) How . your parents/ children today? 5) What .. the weather like today? 6) What .. the weather like yesterday? 7) What . Split like? 8) Where your friends now? 9) Where . they yesterday? 10) Where . you born? Where .. your father born? 11) When your mother born?

1) What .. you interested in? Why . you interested in it? 2) What you interested in as a child? 3) What subjects .. you good at? 4) What subjects .. your sister/ brother good at? 5) Where .. you when the Americans landed on the moon? (1969) 6) Who .. your best friend in high school? he/she still your friend? 7) .. you rich today? 8) .. you rich as a teenager? 9) .. the weather better today than it . yesterday? 10) .. you happier 10 years ago than today? 11) .. your life better 10 years ago than today?

PRESENT PERFECT
TIME EXPRESSIONS: already, since, for, yet, ever, never, so far, recently, just. FORM: have, has + past participle (regular verbs d, -ed irregular verbs special form, 3rd column) USE: 1) to talk about past actions, we dont know the time, the time is not important, but experience 2) to talk about an action that started in the past and is still going on, unfinished past 3) to talk about an action that just happened

I have seen that film.

Have you been to the USA?

Ive never been in jail. She hasnt lived abroad. We havent gone out.

She has lived here for 20 years. How long has she lived here? We have just gone out. Why have you gone out?

1) EXPERIENCE 1) .. you ever .(be) abroad? 2) What countries you .(visit)? 3) How many times .. you (travel) by plane? 4). your brother/ sister .(travel) by plane? 5) you ever ..(eat) Chinese food? . your colleague ..(eat) it?

1) you ever? 2) How many times you ?

have a car accident write a poem/love letter drive a Ferrari/Porsche lie to someone you love steal something from a shop/hotel meet someone famous

2) UNFINISHED PAST 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) How long .. you (work)? How longyou .(know) your best friend? How long ...you .(live) in your present flat/house? How long ...you..(be) in this classroom? How long ...you .(have) the same hairstyle? How long ...you..(be) a parent?

CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
RESISTOR- electronic component for opposing the flow of charge

VARIABLE RESISTOR- resistor with resistance that can be changed mechanically

POTENTIOMETER- variable el. component for dividing voltage into two smaller parts

THERMISTOR- resistor made from a semiconductor material sensitive to heat, decreasing its resistance as it gets warmer

LDR- light dependent resistor

CAPACITOR- el. component which stores charge

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INDUCTOR- coil which resists changes in voltage and current

TRANSFORMER- component consisting of two or more coils of wire for increasing, decreasing or isolating an AC supply voltage

AERIAL- device for collecting or sending signals, transmitted through free space, antenna

EARTH- common zero voltage point in a circuit

CELL- component which changes a form of energy (usually chemical) into electrical energy

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METER- ammeter el. instrument for measuring current - voltmeter el. instrument for measuring el. voltage

SWITCH- electrical component for opening and closing a circuit

FUSE- a safety device which heats up and melts, breaking the circuit when the current becomes too large

MICROPHONE- a device for converting sound waves into electrical signals

LOUDSPEAKER- a device for converting electrical signals into sound

RELAY- electromechanical switch operated by an electromagnet

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DIODE- semiconductor component which allows current to flow only in one direction

TRANSISTOR- semiconductor component with three electrodes (emitter, base & collector) used for switching or amplifying an el. signal

Bipolar

MOSFET

J-FET

IG FET

Darlington

LOGIC GATE- el. switching circuit that operates according to mathematical rules of logic

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER- an extremely high gain analogue IC amplifier - amplifier- el. circuit for increasing the size of a signal

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MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS
+ _ x : = % < > plus/and minus/take away times/ is multiplied by is divided by equals/is equal to percent is less than is greater than one half ; How much is seven plus three? How much is seven minus three? Three times two equals six. Nine divided by three equals three.

1 2 1 3
a b

5 2

five halves

one third

a over b nought point two five; zero point twenty-five square root

0.25

cube root x squared x cubed x to the power of five x to the power of minus five x sub n; x subscript n n factorial the integral of seventeen thousand, five hundred and thirty-seven 14

x2 x3 x5 x-5 xn n!

17,537

1) ELECTRONICS IN THE HOME

Comprehension questions: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) How and when did electronics begin? What were the first devices and what were they like? What did the invention of the transistor mean? When did microelectronics begin and how? Why was the introduction of the microprocessor important?

Diagrams:

Block diagram- shows the function of each unit and the path of the signals between them Circuit diagram- shows the connection and values of the components

Systems approach- understanding the function of each unit

2) COMPONENT VALUES Vocabulary: digit band vary stem adjacent overlap range resistor capacitor znamenka prsten mijenjati (se) proizilaziti, potjecati susjedni preklapati se opseg, domet otpornik kondenzator

Linking facts and ideas (povezivanje injenica i ideja) Relative clauses 1) Resistors are electronic components. 2) Resistors are used to add resistance to a circuit. Resistors are electronic components which add resistance to a circuit. (koji) Clauses of purpose ( namjera, svrha) 1) Each resistor is marked with colours. 2) The colours indicate the value of the transistor. Each resistor is marked with colours to indicate its value. (da bi pokazale)

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ENGLISH FOR TECHNICAL PURPOSES TEST ONE

NAME_________________________ DATE__________________________

1) Answer the following questions! a) Explain the difference between a block diagram and a circuit diagram. ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ b) Why are resistors coded with coloured bands and what do the colours represent? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ c) Why do manufacturers make resistors with tolerances? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ /9 2) Fill in the gaps with one word from the box. picofarads variable connected capacitor consists supply microhenry diode

The circuit 1) _____________ of a four hundred and seventy 2) _______________ inductor which is connected in parallel with a 3) _____________capacitor. The 4) ____________ can be varied between five and sixty-five 5) _____________. The aerial is 6) ____________ to the top of the tuner. It is also connected to the positive terminal of the 7) _______________ in the detector. The bottom end of the tuner is connected tom earth via the zero voltage 8) __________________ rail. /8
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3) Match the words to the correct definition. a) amplifier b) resistor c) capacitor d) switch e) diode
f) inductor

1) electronic component which stores charge 2) semiconductor component that allows current to
flow only in one direction

3) coil which resists changes in voltage and current 4) electronic circuit for increasing the size of a signal 5) electronic component for opposing the flow of charge 6) electronic component for opening and closing a circuit c ____ d ____ e ____ f ____ /6

a ____

b ____

4) Collocations: match the words that go together. A a) food b) low c) supply d) systems e) preferred f) reed g) variable B 1) values 2) resistor 3) switch 4) processor 5) rail 6) approach 7) powered

a ____

b ____ c ____

d ____ e ____

f ____

g ____

/7 TOTAL/30

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ALARM SYSTEMS
Listening (Tapescript) Government figures released today show that crime against property has increased by 17 % over the last 10 years. Crimes involving cars show the steepest rise. If the trend continues, about 1 car in every 20, will be vandalised, broken into, or stolen this year. The Government is launching a three-pronged ( in three directions) attack on car crime. Firstly, it is pressing motor manufacturers to fit better locks on all new cars. It takes an experienced car thief no more than 15 seconds to break into most models at present. Secondly, it is launching an advertising campaign to persuade car owners to be more vigilant about car theft. Finally, insurance companies are being encouraged to offer lower premiums to motorists who install an alarm system in their vehicles.

Vocabulary: release involve launch persuade vigilant mount tamper saturation transducer bias objaviti ukljuiti otpoeti, lansirati nagovoriti, uvjeriti budan, svjestan montirati umijeati se, prtljati zasienje pretvara prednapon, polarizacija

Comprehension questions: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) How much has the crime against property increased over the last 10 years? What are the Government's measures concerning the car manufacturers? Why is the Government launching an advertising campaign? What should the insurance companies offer to motorists who install an alarm system? Explain how these devices work: a) door switch b) window foil c) pressure mat d) passive infra-red detector

How can the simple alarm circuit be improved by adding these features? a) Entry and exit delays b) Automatic cut-off c) Tamper protection d) Battery back-up If-sentences: If a burglair tries to force the alarm open, sensors will trigger the alarm.

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TRANSISTORS Bipolar transistors: Bipolar transistor is a device which consists of three layers (two junctions), and provides power or voltage amplification. It has three regions: the emitter, the base and the collector. The emitter-to- base junction is biased in the forward direction, while the collector- to- base junction is biased in the reverse direction. In the n-p-n transistor electrons flow from the emitter to the collector; in the p-n-p transistor, electrons flow from the collector to the emitter. The direction of the current is always opposite to the flow of electrons. Transistors can be used for a wide variety of control functions, such as amplification, oscillation and frequency conversion. Unipolar transistors: Unipolar transistors are different from bipolar transistors basically because current flow is controlled by the variation of the electric field, established by a control voltage, while with bipolar transistors it is controlled by variation of the current in the base terminal. Field-effect transistors (FET) are unipolar devices because their operation is controlled by one type of charge carrier, electrons in n-channel devices and holes in p-channel devices. These devices are classified as junction-gate field-effect transistors (JFET), or metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOS/FET).

Vocabulary: layer junction biased in forward direction in reverse direction charge carrier sloj spoj, veza polariziran propusno polariziran nepropusno polariziran nositelj naboja

Comprehension questions: 1) What is a bipolar transistor and what regions does it consist of? 2) How is the emitter-to-base junction biased? 3) What is the difference between the two types: p-n-p and n-p-n? 4) Where are transistors used? 5) How is unipolar transistor different from the bipolar transistor?

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TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS Vocabulary case style pin connection power dissipation current gain breakdown voltage kuite noica gubitak snage pojaanje probojni napon

BATTERIES Strictly speaking a battery consists of two or more cells. In non-technical English, however, battery is also used for single cells. Everyone knows what a battery is: its one of those little tubes that you put in your Walkman or your torch so that you can have music or light wherever you go. Its portable electricity. In fact, batteries come in many shapes and sizes, not simply tubes, and we could really call them cells, because a battery is a number of cells linked together, They range from the buttonsized cells which keep your watch going on for more than a year, to the heavy batteries which can power submarines. There are two different types of cells: one is called a primary cell, and the other a secondary cell. Both types change chemical energy into electricity. Primary cells are thrown away when the chemicals they contain are used up. Secondary cells can be recharged and used again and again. The commonest and cheapest kind of primary cell is the Zinc-carbon cell. It consists of a zinc can which contains two chemicals. The zinc is the negative electrode. One of the chemicals, manganese dioxide, is the positive electrode. Millions of cells like these are used every year in radios, torches, and tape recorders. More and more people want a cell which can be used again and again. The NiCad cell fits this description. It is a secondary cell with a nickel positive electrode and a cadmium negative electrode. Ni for nickel, Cad for cadmium- NiCad. These cells are more expensive, but they can be recharged hundreds of times. They are used in many cordless appliances such as portable phones. Comprehension questions: 1) What are batteries? 2) How can they vary in shape and size? 3) What two different types of cells are there, what is the difference? 4) What energy do they change? 5) Where are they used according to the type?

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ENGLISH FOR TECHNICAL PURPOSES TEST TWO

NAME_________________________ DATE__________________________

5) Answer the following questions! d) How is a unipolar transistor different from a bipolar transistor? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ e) What is the difference between the two types: p-n-p and n-p-n? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ f) What is the use of transistors? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ /18 6) Complete the summary of the text. The three regions making the bipolar transistor are 1) ____________, 2)_________, and 3) ____________. Different symbols used for n-p-n and p-n-p transistors show the difference in the direction of 4) ______________ 5) _____________ and the respective polarities of the voltages applied the emitter and the 6) ____________ in the normal operation. In field-effect transistors, which are 6) _____________ 7) __________, the conduction current is controlled by an 8) ____________ 9) _______________. They are classified as either 10) _______________ or 11) ______________. /12 TOTAL/30 to

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BILL BRYSON: A SHORT HISTORY OF NEARLY EVERYTHING

ATOM Let us consider the structure of the atom. Every atom is made from three kinds of elementary particles: protons, which have a positive electrical charge; electrons, which have a negative electrical charge; and neutrons, which have no charge. Protons and neutrons are packed into the nucleus, while electrons spin around outside. The number of protons is what gives atom its chemical identity. An atom with one proton is an atom of hydrogen, one with two protons is helium, and so on. Each time you add a proton, you get a new element. (Since the number of protons is always balanced by an equal number of electrons, you can sometimes find that it is the number of electrons that defines an element, it is the same thing. Neutrons don't influence an atom's identity, but they add to its mass. Neutrons and protons occupy the atom's nucleus. The nucleus of an atom is tiny, (extremely small)- only one millionth of a billionth of the full volume of the atom- but fantastically dense, as it contains all the atom's mass. If an atom was expanded to the size of a cathedral, the nucleus would be only about the size of a fly but a fly is many thousands of times heavier than the cathedral.

ELECTRIC CHARGES; ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY One fundamental property of electrical charge is its existence in two varieties that are named positive and negative. All charged particles can be divided into two classes, where all members of one class repel each other, while attracting members of the other class. Electric current is caused by the motion of charge carriers. The electric current is a measure of the amount of charge passing any point of the wire per unit time. (koliina naboja koja u jedinici vremena proe kroz popreni presjek vodia) According to their ability to conduct current, materials are divided into electrical insulators and electrical conductors. The electrical difference between a good insulator and a good conductor is huge, as both properties depend on the mobility of atomic particles; in the electric, the mobility of the charge carriers, electrons or ions. In electrical conductivity some substances can change conductivity, depending on conditions such as their temperature. Materials called semiconductors have this property. Metals are the best conductors. Their conductivity is caused by free electrons. Since they are not attached to any single atom, they are able to move through the whole crystal lattice.

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Comprehension questions

1) What does an atom consist of and how is it connected to electric current? 2) How is electricity defined? 3) How are materials divided according to their conductivity?

Use the information from the text to complete the following sentences 1) Charged particles can be divided into two classes: ___________________________ 2) Regarding their conductivity, materials are divided into ___________________, ___________________ and __________________. 3) Semiconductors are materials that _________________________________________. 4) High conductivity of metals is caused by ____________________________________ 5) The electric current is ___________________________________________________.

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ENGLISH FOR TECHNICAL PURPOSES TEST THREE

NAME_________________________ DATE__________________________

1) Answer the following questions!

a) What is the difference between the two types of batteries and where are they used?

___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
b) What do you know about the structure of atom and how is it connected to electric current?

___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

c) How do we divide materials according to their conductivity?

___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ /15 2) Fill in the gaps with one word from the box. properties crystal temperature outer semiconductors conductivity electrons

Some substances can change their conductivity over a wide range, depending on conditions such as their 1) ______________. A useful class of materials called 2) ______________ have this property and even more curious 3) ___________. The metals are the best conductors. High 4) ____________ of metals is caused by free 5) ___________, able to move through the whole 6) __________ lattice.

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The metal atoms easily lose one or two_______________ electrons. /15 3) Write the meaning of the following definitions. 1) A measure of the ability of a material to conduct an electrical current ________________ 2) An electrostatic quantity, measured as a surplus or deficiency of electrons ________________

3) A material that conducts almost no current - _____________________

4) It protects a circuit - _____________________

5) It detects the movement - ______________________

/10

4) Collocations: match the words that go together. A h) integrated i) circuit j) alternating k) primary l) zener m) reed n) surface o) vibration p) reverse q) mains B 1) sensor 2) cell 3) switch 4) supply 5) diode 6) circuit 7) current 8) bias 9) diagram 10) wave

a ___ b ___ c ___ d ___ e ___ f ___ g ___

h ___ i ___ j ___ /10 TOTAL/50

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SEMICONDUCTORS

Introductory questions 1. Which are most frequently used semiconductor materials? 2. What two processes take part between electrons and holes in semiconductor materials?

Semiconductors are materials that have resistivity in the range between conductors and insulators. The conductivity increases not only with temperature but also with the presence of impurities in the crystal lattice. They are used in a wide variety of solid state devices, such as transistors, integrated circuits, diodes etc. Intrinsic semiconductors are those in which the energy gap between the conduction band and the valence band is comparable to thermal energies. To separate the electron-pair bonds and provide free electrons for electrical conduction, it is necessary to apply high temperatures or strong electric field. Each electron that is thermally excited into the conduction band leaves behind a vacant energy level in the valence band. The vacancies are holes or positive charge carriers. The number of electron-hole pairs per second produced in the semiconductor is the generation rate. Another way to obtain free electrons is to add small amounts of other elements that have a different atomic structure (impurities). The presence of impurities in a semiconductor affects the conductivity significantly. Extrinsic semiconductors are those whose properties depend on the presence of impurities and on the type and concentration of impurity. Donor impurities are atoms which have more valence electrons than are required to complete the bonds with neighbouring atoms. The number of conduction electrons is greater than the number of mobile holes, and the semiconductor is n-type. Acceptor impurities are atoms that have fewer valence electrons than required to complete the bonds with neighbouring atoms, so they accept any electrons to complete the bonds. Therefore holes are predominant and the semiconductor is known as p-type. Majority carriers are those that predominate in a particular semiconductor, while the others are minority carriers. The conductivity of an extrinsic semiconductor depends on the type and amount of impurities present. This can be controlled by adding impurities of a particular sort to achieve the desired type of conductivity. This process is called doping and the amount of impurity is the doping level.

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Vocabulary resistivity solid state intrinsic valence band conduction band generation rate extrinsic donor impurities acceptor impurities dope specifini otpor poluvodiki ist, bez primjesa valentni pojas vodljivi pojas brzina generiranja (parova) primjesni (poluvodi) donorska primjesa akceptorska primjesa dodavati primjese

Comprehension questions 1) What are semiconductors? Where are they used? 2) What increases conductivity? 3) What is an intrinsic semiconductor? 4) How are free electrons obtained in an extrinsic semiconductor? 5) When is a semiconductor said to be n-type and when p-type?

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PRESENTING IN ENGLISH GIVING A PRESENTATION IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IS A CHALLENGE. CONCENTRATE TOO HARD ON THE FACTS AND YOU MAKE LANGUAGE MISTAKES. CONCENTRATE TOO HARD ON YOUR ENGLISH AND YOU GET YOUR FACTS WRONG. Tell me and I forget; Show me and I remember; Involve me and I understand. Ancient Chinese Proverb 1. WHAT MAKES A GOOD PRESENTATION? - enthusiasm for the subject / business of presenting it

2. WHAT CONTRIBUTES TO THE SUCCESS OF A GOOD PRESENTATION?

new & unusual content (content is crucial): a clear structure; a good sense of timing; imaginative use of visual aids; the ability to make people laugh..and think.

3. HOW TO BECOME A GOOD PRESENTER? 1. Leave Nothing To Chance 2. Know Exactly How To Start 3. Get Straight To Your Point 4. Talk To Your Audience 5. Know What Works 6. Be Concise 7. Speak Naturally 8. Know Your Audience 9. Treat Your Audience As Equals 10. Be Yourself 11. Take Your Time 12. Dont Make A Special Effort To Be Funny 13. Let Your Visuals Speak For Themselves 14. Never Compete With Your Visuals 15. Develop Your Own Style 16. Enjoy The Experience 17. Welcome Questions From Your Audience 18. Finish Strongly

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4. GETTING STARTED GREETINGS FAIRLY FORMAL MORE FRIENDLY

Perhaps we should begin. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. My names Im responsible for If you have any questions to ask,

Ill be happy to answer them. - Perhaps we can leave any questions you may have until the end of presentation.

OK, lets get started. Morning, everyone. Im Im in charge of Feelfree to ask any questions you like as we go along. And, dont worry, therell be plenty of time left over for questions at the end.

OPENING REMARKS / STATING YOUR PURPOSE - This morning Id like to / discuss report on and present

What I want to do this morning is - talk to you about - tell you about - and show you

5. OUTLINING THE SCOPE OF THE TALK I have divided my talk into sections: Id like firstly to talk about The second part will concern In the third part Ill deal with And finally, I shall raise briefly the issue /address the problem

6. OPENING THE MAIN SECTION So, Ill start off by o -bringing you up-to-date on o -making a few observations o -giving you an overview of Id like to start by drawing your attention to / suggesting that

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7. MOVING TO A NEW POINT (SIGNPOSTING) Simple phrases guiding the audience: To move on To expand on To digress To go back To recap To conclude To summarize To turn to To elaborate on

8. HIGHLIGHTING Id like you to ask yourselves a simple question. WHAT Id like you to do now IS We cant expect too much too soon. WHAT we cant do IS It is important / significant / interesting to point out The important / significant / interesting thing to point out is

9.

INDICATORS OF THE COMPLETION OF A SECTION / POINT Well Well now Well right Okay OK. So, Right Right then Good Now

10. SUMMARIZING To sum up then In conclusion I would just like to say

11. THANKING THE AUDIENCE And let me finish there. Thank you. 12. USING YOUR VOICE Pay attention to stress patterns; Learn lots of word partnerships stressed words are content words; Pausing is a matter of choice, but better always after stressed words / at the end of a chunk; Vary the speed of your speaking / the tone of your voice.

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13. BASIC TECHNIQUES USED TO EFFECTIVELY GET YOUR MESSAGE ACROSS Using intensifiers to emphasize certain points: really, absolutely, actually, completely, definitely, Emphasizing words or phrases; Giving more than one reason; Using repetition of words, statements, key words.

14. IMPRESSING & INFLUENCING THE AUDIENCE Asking rhetorical questions rather than giving statements; Making use of dramatic contrasts; Using famous quotations; Chunking in three points; The simpler, the more noticeable; Creating rapport with the audience. 15. HANDLING QUESTIONS Comment before you answer. You get some time to think. 4 basic types: - good questions; - difficult questions; - unnecessary questions; - irrelevant question.

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