TRNG I HC CNG NGH THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

KHOA CNG NGH IN T V TRUYN THNG

ThS. HONG QUANG TRUNG










K THUT TRUYN DN S
TP BI GING
(Lu hnh ni b)





















THI NGUYN - 2011
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CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V TRUYN DN S
1.1. S PHT TRIN CA CC H THNG TRUYN DN
Mng in thoi c xy dng da trn c ch truyn ting ni gia cc my
in thoi. n nhng nm 1970, mng ny hon thin bng vic thc hin
truyn tn hiu tng t trong cp ng xon i v ghp knh phn chia tn s
(FDM-Frequency Division Multiplexing) dng trong cc tuyn ng di kt
hp truyn nhiu knh thoi trong mt cp ng trc. Thit b truyn dn loi ny
rt t so vi gi ca mt tng i in thoi, v vy, chuyn mch c xem nh
mt thit b nhm tit kim s dng ti nguyn khan him lc by gi l bng thng
truyn dn.
Vo u nhng nm 1970, cc h thng truyn dn s bt u xut hin, s
dng phng php iu ch xung m (PCM-Pulse Code Modulation) do Alec
Reeves nu ra ln u tin vo nm 1937. PCM cho php truyn tn hiu tng t
(nh ting ni ca con ngi) dng nh phn. S dng phng thc ny, tn hiu
thoi tng t chun 4 kHz c th truyn di dng lung tn hiu s 64 kbit/s.
Cc nh k thut nhn thy kh nng h gi thnh sn xut cc h thng
truyn dn bng cch kt hp mt s knh PCM v truyn chng trong mt i cp
ng xon m trc y ch dng truyn mt tn hiu tng t duy nht. Hin
tng ny c gi l li dy. Do gi thnh thit b in t s bt u gim nn s
dng cc cng ngh ny tit kim c rt nhiu chi ph.
Phng thc ghp knh 64 kbit/s thnh mt lung bit tc cao duy nht cn
c gi l Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian TDM (Time Division
Multiplexing). Mt cch n gin, mi byte ca mi knh u vo theo th t c
a vo knh tc cao u ra. Qu trnh x l ny cn c gi l "chn byte
tun t".
chu u v sau l rt nhiu ni trn th gii, s TDM chun c p
dng ghp knh 64 kbit/s, cng vi hai knh thng tin iu khin kt hp to
thnh mt knh c tc 2,048 Mbit/s. Do nhu cu s dng in thoi tng ln, lu
lng trn mng tng, knh chun tc 2 Mbit/s khng p ng cho lu lng
ti trn mng trung k. trnh khng phi s dng qu nhiu kt ni 2 Mbit/s th
cn to ra mt mc ghp knh cao hn. Chu u a ra chun ghp 4 knh 2 Mbit/s
thnh mt knh 8 Mbit/s. Mc ghp knh ny khng khc bao nhiu so vi mc
ghp knh m cc tn hiu u vo c kt hp tng bit ch khng phi tng byte,
ni cch khc l mi p dng chn bit ch cha thc hin chn byte. Tip , do
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nhu cu ngy cng tng, cc mc ghp knh cao hn na c xy dng thnh
chun, to ra mt phn cp y cc tc bit l 34 Mbit/s, 140 Mbit/s v 565
Mbit/s.
1.2. H THNG TRUYN DN S
1.2.1. Cc thnh phn c bn
Truyn dn l chc nng truyn mt tn hiu t mt ni ny n mt ni khc.
H thng truyn dn gm cc thit b pht v nhn, v phng tin truyn cng b
lp li gia chng nh hnh 1.1.

Hnh 1.1: Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h thng truyn dn.
Nhng phng tin pht s truyn v pht i nhng tn hiu u vo (tn hiu
gc) truyn chng mt cch hiu qu qua phng tin, thit b nhn tch ra
nhng tn hiu gc trong nhng tn hiu thu c. ng thi b lp li x l vic
b li trong qu trnh truyn. Cc phng tin truyn bao gm dy dn kim loi, cp
ng trc, radio, ng dn sng v cp si quang.
Truyn dn bao gm phn truyn dn thu bao ni lin my thu bao vi tng
i v phn truyn dn tng i ni tng i vi tng i. Truyn dn gm truyn
bng cp, truyn radio, lin lc v tinh, truyn TV, lin lc si quang, ng dn sng,
lin lc di t cng b chuyn tip phc hi s dng cc phng tin truyn dn,
kt cu kt hp v mng ng b ha ca cc thit b ny, vic bo dng v phn
qun l ca mng truyn dn v.v..
* Truyn dn s dng si quang (fiber)
Mi trng quang si c rng bng gn nh khng gii hn. c im ca n l
suy hao khng ng k, ch vo c 0,25 Db/Km. y chnh l u im vt tri ca
si quang so vi cp ng trc. Ngoi ra truyn dn trn si quang cn c cc u
im khc na l: Khng b nh hng bi nhiu in t trng, an ton, kch
thc nh v nh,
Gii tn s c s dng trong truyn dn si quang c m t nh hnh di:
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Cu trc ca si quang:

1.2.2. Cc ngun nh hng ti tn hiu truyn dn
1.2.2.1. Mo tn hiu qua knh (distortion)
Knh truyn thc t l khng l tng, do tn hiu i qua knh t hay nhiu
cng b nh hng n dng tn hiu, c ngha l b mo so vi tn hiu gc.
Ngoi ra, s khng th trnh khi mo phi tuyn i vi nhng tn hiu lm
vic ti cc tn s cao. iu ny xut pht t mt thc t rng vi cc tn s cao s
b nh hng do s xo ng ca cc iu kin kh quyn, bi vy gy ra s thay
i v tn s. Chng hn vi cc h thng radar doppler s dng trong vic gim st
thi tit l mt trng hp c th.
Mo tuyn tnh c th gy ra cc nh hng trong cc h thng truyn dn
xung. Loi mo ny c c trng bi s phn tn thi gian (lm ko di xung),
dn ti hiu ng a ng.
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1.2.2.2. Tp m (noise)
Thut ng tp m (noise) m t cc tn hiu in khng mong mun xut hin
trong h thng. S xut hin ca tp m lm gim kh nng tch chnh xc cc tn
hiu pht, v, v vy, lm gim tc truyn dn thng tin. Tp m c to ra t
cc ngun khc nhau nhng c th c phn ra thnh hai loi chnh l ngun
tp m nhn to v tp m t nhin. Tp m nhn to xut hin t cc ngun nh
la, chuyn mch hay pht x in t. Tp m t nhin xut hin trong cc mch
hay linh kin in t.

1.2.2.3. Nhiu
Nhiu c hiu l cc thnh phn tn hiu khng mong mun c thm vo
tn hiu bn tin khi n c truyn t my pht n my thu. Trong thc t, vic
truyn tin c th b nh hng bi nhiu ngun nhiu khc nhau: nhiu iu ch,
nhiu xuyn knh (Crosstalk), nhiu xung (ISI), ...
1.2.3. Cc knh truyn dn
Knh truyn dn l mi trng kt li gia b pht v b thu, c th l
cc si dy dn kim loi, cp ng trc, cp si quang, ng dn sng, bu khng kh
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hay s kt hp gia cc mi trng trn. Tt c cc knh u c mt bng tn gii
hn cho php tn hiu c th i qua. Do cc c tnh vt l m mi knh c th c
tn s ct gii hn trn (tn s cao) hay gii hn di (tn s thp). Trong trng
hp knh b chn di (tn s ct gii hn di ca bng knh) th knh c m
t nh l mt b lc thng di. Cn nu bng thng ca knh khng b chn di th
knh c m t nh l mt b lc thng thp.
Knh truyn dn c phn loi theo rng bng. C 3 loi knh ph bin
l: Knh bng hp (narrow band), bng thoi (voiceband) v bng rng (wideband).
Cc knh bng hp: i vi nhng knh c rng bng ln ti 300 Hz th
c gi l bng hp, v thuc vo loi truyn in tn. Nhng knh nh th c
s dng cho truyn dn d liu tc chm mc l 600 bit trn giy (bps). Nhng
knh bng hp khng tin cy s dng cho truyn dn tn hiu thoi.
Cc knh thoi c rng bng gii hn trong khong t 300 Hz n 4 kHz.
Thit k ban u ca knh thoi l phc v cho mc ch truyn dn tng t
(analog) tn hiu thoi (voice), mc d vy cc knh ny thng c s dng
truyn d liu tc 10 kil bits trn giy (kbps). M s dng tn hiu video nn
cng c th c truyn trn cc knh thoi. Cc mch vng khp kn thu bao
trong h thng in thoi cng cng truyn thng s dng bng thoi.
Cc knh bng rng c rng bng ln hn 4 kHz. Cc knh ny c th
c dnh cho mt n v truyn thng (chng hn mt cng ty in thoi) v c
th s dng cho mc ch truyn d liu tc cao, video, hay cc knh thoi hp
nht.
Bng tn hot ng ca tn hiu c phn b theo cc di tn s nh sau:
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1.2.3. Tham s cht lng ca h thng truyn dn s
Cc tham s cht lng c bn ca h thng truyn dn s c nh gi
thng qua t l li bit (BER) v dung lng truyn dn.
i vi cc h thng truyn dn s hin ti, cc tn hiu s nhn gi tr trong
mt tp hu hn cc gi tr c th c v c thi gian tn ti hu hn. Khi tp cc gi
tr c th c ca tn hiu gm hai phn t 0 v 1 th h thng c gi l nh phn
v tn hiu khi c gi l bit. Khi s gi tr c th c ca tn hiu khc 2, tng
qut l M th h thng c gi l h thng M mc v tn hiu c gi l k hiu
(symbol). Gi gi tr ca symbol th k l
k
D v thi gian tn ti ca n l
k
T (i
vi cc h thng thng thng hin nay,
k
T T = v l hng s vi mi k). u thu
tn hiu khi phc li l

k
D v c rng l

k
T , nu

k k
D D = th tn hiu th k
c gi l b li, nu

k k
T T = th tn hiu th k c gi l c jitter. Cc tham s k
thut chung nht i vi cc loi h thng truyn dn s khc nhau, th hin ch tiu
cht lng c bn ca h thng, l t l li bit BER v jitter (rung pha). i vi h
thng nh phn, xc sut li BER c nh ngha l:
{ }

k k
BER P D D = =
Khi

k
T T T = +o th o c gi l jitter, tnh theo phn trm.
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Trong trng hp h thng nhiu mc th
{ }

k k
P D D = c gi l t l li
symbol (SER) v c quan h cht ch vi BER.
1.3. CC KHI NIM C BN
1.3.1. Tm hiu truyn dn
a) Tn hiu tng t (analog signal)
Tn hiu tng t c th c xem nh l mt dng sng c tnh cht lin tc
v thi gian trong phm vi tn hiu tn ti.

Hnh 1.5: Minh ha dng sng v ph tng ng ca tn hiu tng t.
b) Cc tn hiu mu
Tn hiu mu nhn c t tn hiu tng t bng cch ly mu ti cc thi
im nht nh. Hm biu din tn hiu mu c bin thi gian ri rc.

Hnh 1.6: Minh ha dng sng ri rc nhn c t vic ly mu tn hiu tng t.
c) Tn hiu s (Digital signal)
Tn hiu s l mt dng ca tn hiu mu hay tn hiu ri rc trong mi mt
con s trong chui tn hiu tng ng vi mt gi tr xc nh. Tn hiu s c th c
c t li ra ca nhiu thit b. V d, khi ta quay s my in thoi th s to ra
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cc tn hiu s ph thuc vo nt c nhn, tn hiu s c c t u ra ca bn
phm my tnh hoc t cc b chuyn i tng t sang s (ADC).

1.3.2. Cc phng php truyn thng tin
a) Truyn tin nh phn
- Truyn tin nh phn dng cp n
Tc truyn dn ph thuc vo tc thay i ca in p (hay cc kiu k hiu
khc) trn knh truyn trc khi thnh phn tn s l qu ln c th lc suy hao
knh truyn v dn n mo tn hiu. Ni theo cch khc, tc truyn dn b gii
hn bi bng thng ca tuyn truyn.

- Truyn tin nh phn dng nhiu cp song song
Bng cch s dng nhiu cp, tn hiu truyn qua knh c th s tng t l vi s
cp (knh) s dng. Tn hiu truyn qua c th duy tr nh tuyn truyn nh phn
n, cho php thay th bi cc tuyn c bng thng nh hn (dn ti chi ph thp
hn).

b) Truyn tin a mc
- Truyn tin a mc s dng cp n
Truyn dn d liu khng bt buc phi gii hn c s hai (nh phn), theo l
thuyt c th s dng mt s mc in p hay mt s kiu k hiu.
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V d: s dng 4 mc in p, chng ta c th m ha mi t hp hai bit nh phn
bi mt trong 4 mc in p (00 ~ mc A, 01 ~ mc B, 10 ~ mc C v 11 ~ mc
D). Khi ta c th gi thng tin nhanh gp 2 ln xt trn cng mt rng bng
thng.

- Truyn tin a mc s dng nhiu cp
Vic s dng cc knh truyn dn song song truyn d liu cho php tng kh
nng (dung lng) truyn tin trn bng thng b gii hn.

c) K hiu a mc
V nguyn tc chng ta c th s dng mt s k hiu (trng thi k hiu) cho bn
tin s. V d, ti sao s dng 1024 trng thi in p khc nhau, mi trng thi (k
hiu) m ha s bit l 10 1024 log
2
= bits. Chng ta thm ch c th s dng
1048576 trng thi k hiu, khi vi mi k hiu m ha 20 bits thng tin.
R rng c mt gii hn thc t trn s trng thi c s dng, ph thuc vo kh
nng phn bit chnh xc cc trng thi (cc mc in p, tn s, ) ca thit b
thu.
V d: mt s modem in thoi hot ng tc 56 kbps s dng 1024 trng thi
k hiu khc nhau (t hp bin v pha ca sng mang) bo hiu trn knh
thoi, trong khi cc h thng in thoi t bo s ch s dng 4 trng thi do thit b
phi hot ng trong cc mi trng chu nhiu n hn.
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1.3.3. Tc truyn d liu
Tc truyn thng tin ca mt knh truyn dn thng c xc nh theo
lng thng tin nh phn (bit). C ngha l tc truyn dn c o theo n v
bit/giy (bps). V d: nu nh c 6 bit thng tin c truyn i sau mi khong thi
gian 6 giy, th tc truyn tin s l
6 its
1000 its s
6
b
R b
ms
= =
Ngoi ra tc truyn dn cn c xc nh thng qua tc k hiu. Trong
th tc k hiu l tc thay i trng thi cc k hiu mang thng tin nh
phn qua knh truyn. Chng ta c th m ha mt s bit trong mi k hiu. Tc
k hiu khng nht thit phi bng tc truyn thng tin. n v o tc k hiu
l k hiu/giy hay (baud). V d: mt h thng s dng 4 tn s m ha cc t hp
2 bit nh phn qua mt knh, v tn s (k hiu-symbol) c thay i sau mi 0.5
ms, khi tc k hiu s l:
1
2000 / 2000 ( ).
0.5
symbol
R symbol s baud = = =
Tc truyn thng tin bi vy s l: 2 x 2000 = 4000 bps.
1.4. CC TIU CHUN TRUYN DN
1.4.1. nh ngha
Lnh vc truyn thng lin tc pht trin thay i mt cch nhanh chng, cc
h thng truyn thng c pht trin bi nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau trn th
gii, chnh v vy cn c s tng thch v cc tiu chun v cc khuyn ngh
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phm vi quc gia, khu vc v quc t. Theo ISO, cc nh ngha v tiu chun v
khuyn ngh dnh cho truyn thng nh sau:
Tiu chun: Chi tiu k thut hay vn bn qui nh c kh nng ph bin rng ri
c xy dng bi s hp tc v thng nht hay s chp thun ni chung ca tt c
nhng vn lin quan ti n da trn cc kt qu nghin cu khoa hc, cng ngh
v thc nghim.
Khuyn ngh: Ti liu vn bn lin quan quy nh cht ch cc th tc thc hin
c thng qua v ph bin rng ri bi mt c quan (t chc) chu trch nhim c
quyn hn nht nh.
1.4.2. Cc t chc tiu chun v khuyn ngh
ISO: International Standardization Organization (OrganizationT chc tiu
chun ha quc t).
ITU: International Telecommunications Union (Hip hi Vin thng quc t).
IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission (y ban in t quc t).
INTELSAT/INMARSAT: International Telecommunications Satellite
Organization /International Maritime Satellite Organization.
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ANSI Vin Tiu chun quc gia Hoa K
CEPT The European Conference for Posts and Telecommunications.
CCIR Consultative Committee for International Radiocommunication (y ban T
vn quc t v v tuyn in).
CCITT Consultative Committee for International Telephone and Tele-
Graph (y ban T vn quc t v in thoi v in bo).
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ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute (Vin Tiu chun Vin
thng Chu u).
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CHNG 2. TRUYN DN S CC TN HIU TNG T
2.1. NH L LY MU V H THNG TIN XUNG
2.1.1. nh l ly mu
nh l ly mu c mt ngha su sc trong l thuyt thng tin. nh l ny
c pht biu nh sau:
Mt tn hiu c di tn gii ni l B Hz
( ) ( )
0 2 G khi B e e t = > c th c
khi phc mt cch chnh xc (m khng b li) t cc mu ca n c ly u
n vi tc R > 2B mu trn giy. Hay ni theo cch khc, tn s ly mu ti
thiu phi l 2B Hz.
Xt tn hiu ( ) g t (hnh 2.1) c ph gii hn l B Hz. Ly mu ( ) g t vi tc

s
f Hz (
s
f mu trn giy) tng ng vi vic nhn ( ) g t vi on xung
( )
s
T
t o gm cc xung n v lp li vi chu k 1
s s
T f = . Tn hiu mu nhn c
( ) g t s l:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
s
T s s
n
g t g t t g nT t nT o o = =

(2.1)

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Hnh 2.1: Tn hiu mu v ph ca n
Tc ly mu ti thiu 2
s
f B = c gi l tc Nyquist cho tn hiu
tng t ( ) g t v khong thi gian ly mu 1 2
s
T B = c gi l khong Nyquist
cho ( ) g t .
2.1.2. Khi phc tn hiu
Qu trnh khi phc mt tn hiu tng t ( ) g t t cc mu ca n c xem
nh l php ni suy.

Hnh 2.2: Qu trnh ni suy tn hiu
Mi mt mu ( ) g t l mt xung, hnh thnh mt xung ca c cao bng vi
ln ca mu. Xung th k l xung c ln ( )
s
g kT xc nh ti v tr
s
t kT = , v
c th biu din nh l ( ) ( )
s s
g kT t kT o . Cho xung ny qua b lc, u ra nhn
c s l ( ) ( ) 1
s s
g kT rect T . y l xung ca c cao ( )
s
g kT , tm xc nh ti
s
t kT = . Mi xung ( ) g t s to ra mt xung ca tng ng, v kt qu s l:
(2.2)
2.1.3. ng dng ca l thuyt ly mu
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L thuyt ly mu c tm quan trng trong phn tch, x l, v truyn dn tn
hiu. V ta c th chuyn tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian thnh chui ri rc cc s.
X l tn hiu thi gian lin tc bi vy c chuyn v x l chui ri rc cc s.
V cng v th m c th s dng cc b lc s. Trong lnh vc truyn thng, truyn
dn bn tin tng t c gim bt thnh truyn dn mt chui cc s. iu ny
lm xut hiu nhiu k thut mi cho truyn thng cc tn hiu lin tc. Bng cch
ly mu tn hiu tng t v lm thay i cc thng s v bin , rng v v tr
xung ca cc mu nhn c ta c cc k thut iu ch xung tng t tng ng
l: iu ch bin xung (PAM), iu ch rng xung (PWM), iu ch v tr
xung (PPM). Trong c vai tr quan trng nht trong phng thc iu ch xung
ngy nay l iu ch m xung (PCM).

Hnh 2.3: Cc tn hiu iu ch xung
Thay v truyn tn hiu tng t ( ) g t , chng ta truyn tn hiu iu ch xung.
Ti b thu, chng ta c thng tin ca tn hiu iu ch xung v khi phc li tn
hiu tng t ban u.
Mt trong nhng u im ca vic s dng iu ch xung l cho c th cho
php truyn mt s tn hiu da trn vic chia s ti nguyn v thi gian bng cch
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s dng k thut ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM-Time Division
Multiplexing).

Hnh 2.4: Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian vi hai tn hiu PAM
2.2. IU CH M XUNG (PCM)
2.2.1. Nguyn tc
iu ch xung m PCM c thc hin theo mt quy trnh gm bn bc c
tnh nguyn tc l:
- Lc nhm hn ch ph tn ca tn hiu lin tc cn truyn: Bin i Fourier
ca cc tn hiu lin tc thc t l v hn theo bin tn s, do thi gian tn ti hu
hn ca chng. Chnh v vy, cc tn hiu lin tc cn truyn nht thit phi c
lc nhm hn ch ph ti tn s cc i W no nhm tha mn tnh gii hn v
bng tn ca nh l ly mu.
- Ly mu: Tn hiu lin tc sau lc c ri rc ha bng cch ly mu thng
qua chui xung nhp c tn s
s
f tun theo nh l ly mu c c cc tn hiu
iu bin xung (PAM-Pulse Amplitude Modulation).
- Lng t ha: S ha gi tr c th c ca tn hiu PAM sau ly mu l v
hn, do vy s bit cn thit m cc gi tr ca cc xung PAM l v hn v iu
ny khng th thc hin c. hn ch s bit m cn s dng, gi tr ca tng
xung PAM cn c lm trn thnh mt trong cc gi tr mu xc nh gi l cc
mc lng t (c s lng hu hn) v qu trnh ny c gi l lng t ha.
- M ha: Cc gi tr mc lng t ng vi cc xung PAM c m ha bng
cc t hp m nh phn truyn i trn h thng truyn dn s.
S m t cng on iu ch xung m c th hin nh hnh di y:
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Hnh 2.5: H thng truyn dn PCM
Qu trnh khi phc phn thu c thc hin nh sau: gii m c chui
xung PAM lng t ha ri cho qua lc thng thp c tn s ct bng mt na tn
s ly mu.
Sai s trong truyn dn PCM:
Nh ta ni trn, trong thc t, cc tn hiu li vo iu ch m xung l
cc tn hiu c ph tri rng v hn. Sau lc hn ch ph tn tn hiu, tn hiu c
ph hn ch v do vy thi gian tn ti tri rng ti v hn, ngha l v l thuyt,
vic ly mu phi c thc hin vi v hn mu (tuy nhin s khng c nh
th). T chng ta c th thy rng tn hiu lin tc khi phc li c phn thu,
ngay c trong trng hp khng tnh n mo v tp nhiu trn ng truyn, cng
ch l mt phin bn gn ng ca tn hiu lin tc cn truyn i phn pht m
thi. Sai s gia cc tn hiu phin bn v nguyn bn gy bi cc nguyn nhn sau:
(a) Vic ly mu khng th tin hnh trong thi gian di v hn c.
(b) Sai s do lm trn (lng t ha).
(c) Cc c tnh lc khng hon ton l tng.
(d) Phin bn l mt tn hiu c ph hn ch, khng nh tn hiu nguyn bn.
Ngoi ra, cc sai lch qu mc v ng b cng c th dn n sp xp sai cc
t hp m thu c v iu ny dn n cc sai lch v cng trm trng. Cc
20

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chi tit v cc cng on trong quy trnh PCM v cc bin php khc phc sai
s s c trnh by trong phn tip theo.
2.2.2. Lc gii hn bng
Ta xt tn hiu thoi, c ph tp trung trong di t 0,3 n 3,4 kHz. Vic ct
b cc thnh phn tn s ngoi di ni trn khng gy ra nhng mo th cm qu
ln, tc l khng gy nn nhng tr ngi c bit i vi qu trnh thng thoi.
hn ch ph tn hiu c th tin hnh loi b cc thnh phn tn s ln hn 3,4 kHz
trong tn hiu in thoi bng lc thng thp, tc l c th chn tn s cc i W
ca tn hiu thoi l 3,4 kHz. Trong trng hp ny, sai s do lc hn bng gy ra
ch yu l bi khng th ch to c mch lc thng thp l tng m ch c th
ch to c cc mch lc vi c tnh lc khng dc ng ti tn s ct. khng
gy nn nhng mo th cm r rt c, tn s ct ca mch lc hn bng phi
chn cao hn 3,4 kHz. Cc mch lc tiu chun trong thc t (c c tnh tha mn
cc khuyn ngh ca CCITT cho cc mch thoi) c tn s ct rt st vi 4 kHz.
2.2.3. Ly mu
Qu trnh ly mu c thc hin bng cch nhn tn hiu thoi lin tc vi
mt chui xung nhp c tn s 2
s
f W > . Vic chn tn s nhp ln hn hai ln W s
lm m rng bng tn chim ca tn hiu s, do vy tn s nhp phi chn nh nht
m khng gy mo tn hiu. Sai s ly mu gy bi vic khng th ly mu trong
mt thi gian di v hn thng khng ng k v c th b p bng vic chn
2
s
f W > mt cht. Kt hp vi thc t pht sinh do lc hn bng nh ni trn
y, tn s ly mu tiu chun cho tn hiu thoi c chn l 8 kHz. Qu trnh ly
mu tn hiu in thoi c m t nh hnh di y:
21

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Hnh 2.6: Qu trnh ly mu tn hiu lin tc
2.2.4. Lng t ha
Lng t ha c thc hin n gin nht bng cch chia di ng tn hiu
| |
, a a + thnh Q mc cch u nhau, c gi l lng t ha u. Khong cch
gia cc mc lng t l 2a Q A = . Cc gi tr ca mu tn hiu (cc xung PAM)
c lm trn thnh gi tr mc lng t gn nht. Sai s lng t ca cc gi tr
mu l mt bin ngu nhin
q
e , nhn cc gi tr trong khong
| |
, a Q a Q + , c th
xem nh mt lng tp m gi l tp m lng t v c th nh gi c thng
qua cng sut tp m lng t:
( )
2 2
a Q
eq q q q q
a Q
P e e pdf e de

= =
}
(2.3)
Trong ( ) pdf l hm mt xc sut.
22

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Hnh 2.7: Qu trnh lng t ha u
Do khng bit c phn b thc s ca bin tn hiu in thoi trong
khong gia hai mc lng t st nhau, ngi ta buc phi gi thit rng tn hiu
in thoi nhn cc gi tr bin trong khong gia hai mc lng t st nhau vi
xc sut nh nhau. Do tp m lng t c xem l bin ngu nhin phn b
u, tc l
( )
2
q
pdf e Q a = . Thay vo phng trnh (2.3), ta c:
2 2 2
3 12
eq
P a Q = = A (2.4)
T (2.4) chng ta c th thy khi tng s mc lng t Q th cng sut tp m
lng t gim. Chng hn, khi tng s mc lng t ln hai ln, cng sut tp m
lng t gim 4 ln, tc l khong 6 Db. Tuy nhin, vic tng qu mc s mc
lng t dn n hai h qu: a) S mc lng t ln dn n s bit dng m cc
mc lng t tng (c tng s mc lng t ln hai ln th phi thm 1 bit trong t
hp m) lm tng tc bit v do vy tng ph chim dng ca tn hiu s; b) Vi
cng mt di ng tn hiu, vic tng qu mc s mc lng t s c th dn n
mc lng t khi phc li phn thu b nhn nhm di tc ng ca tp m nhit
trong cc mch in t. Thm vo , nu lng t ha u th vic chia cc mc
vi s mc ti thiu (nhm gim s bit m cn dng) xc nh theo chnh xc
cho i vi cc mc cao ca tn hiu li dn n sai s phm phi li ln i vi cc
mc thp. iu ny dn n sai s tng cng ln do trong thc t cc mc tn hiu
thp ca tn hiu thoi thng xy ra nhiu hn so vi cc mc cao. Cc mu thun
ni trn trong thc t c khc phc nh p dng lng t ha khng u, trong
khong cch gia cc mc lng t c chn ln i vi cc tn hiu ln cn
vi cc mc tn hiu nh th khong cch gia cc mc lng t chn nh. Gii
23

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php ny l kh t nhin do i vi mc tn hiu ln th t s tn hiu trn sai s (tn
hiu trn tp m lng t) vn kh nh d sai s lng t tuyt i c ln. Vic
chia cc mc lng t khng u nh th tuy vy li kh kh thc hin trong thc
t v mt gii php tng ng thng c p dng l thc hin lng t ha
u cc tn hiu c nn. Lut nn c p dng trong iu ch m xung tn hiu
in thoi l lut logarit, trong tn hiu li ra y ca mch nn bin thin theo lut
logarit ca tn hiu li vo x. phn thu, tn hiu c gin tr li. Vic duy tr
nn-gin chnh xc l mt yu cu rt ngt ngho nhm trnh cc mo tn hiu mang
vo do qu trnh nn-gin.
Cc lut nn logarit c p dng trong h Chu u v h M kh khc nhau,
iu ny l do lch s qu trnh pht trin vin thng trc y trn cc khu vc
khc nhau li. Lut nn c p dng l lut i vi h M, trong khi h
Chu u s dng lut nn A. Biu thc gii tch xc nh cc lut nn v A l:
Lut nn (H M):
( )
( )
( )
ln 1
, 1 1
ln 1
x
y sign x x

+
= s s
+
(2.5)
Lut nn A (H Chu u):
( )
( )
, 0 1
1 ln
1 ln
, 1 1
1 ln
A x
sign x x A
A
y
A x
sign x A x
A

s s

+
=

+

s s

+
(2.6)

Hnh 2.8: c trng nn-gin theo lut v lut A
Trong cc biu thc (2.5) v (2.6), x v y ln lt l cc gi tr ca cc tn hiu
li vo v li ra ca b nn c chun ha theo gi tr cc i ca chng. Theo
24

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khuyn ngh G.711 ca CCITT, cc gi tr ca cc tham s c chn l: A=87,6 v
255 = . i vi h M, 100 = cng c s dng trong mt s h thng, tuy
nhin khng phi l gi tr m CCITT chn lm gi tr tiu chun.
Trong thc t hay s dng k thut lng t ha phi tuyn t c hiu
qu cao v t s tn trn tp. c bit trong h thng truyn dn s cn p dng k
thut nn-gin s da trn cc c trng nn-gin tng t. Thut ton nn-gin
c p dng cho hai h thng M v Chu u da trn vic xp x cc ng cong
c trng nn-gin tng t tng ng vi hai chun v A. C th vi h M,
ng cong c trng nn-gin tng t c xp x bng 15 on thng (bao gm
7 on dng, 7 on m v mt on qua gc). Vi h Chu u, c xp x
thnh 13 on thng (bao gm 6 on dng, 6 on m v mt on qua gc c
chia thnh 4 phn on).
2.2.5. M ha
Vic m ha cc mc lng t u (sau nn) to thnh tn hiu PCM c
thc hin bng cc t hp 8 bits i vi c h M ln Chu u v cng c dng
PXYZABCD. Trong , bit P ch th cc tnh gi tr lng t ca mu tn hiu: P=1
vi tn hiu dng v P = 0 vi tn hiu m. Ba bits XYZ dng m cc on
thng (hoc phn on) lm gn ng tuyn tnh cc lut nn ( hay A), bn bit
ABCD dng m 16 mc lng t u trong tng on.

Hnh 2.9: c tuyn xp x tuyn tnh ha lut A 13 on
Do c tuyn tnh ha theo s on khc nhau, cch nhn c cc m 8 bits
PCM i vi h M v h Chu u cng khc nhau. i vi h Chu u, trc tin
vic m 12 bit c thc hin, chia di bin tn hiu vo mt cch tuyn tnh
25

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thnh 4096 bc. Cc mch logic sau c s dng to ra cc t m 8 bit
theo mt quy tc m c m t trong bng thut ton di y:
on
th
Gii hn di ca
on (tnh theo bc
bin vo)
Gii hn trn ca
on (tnh theo
bc bin vo)
T m
PXYZABCD
ln ca mi bc
lng t u (tnh theo s
bc bin li vo)
1 2048 4096 1111ABCD 128
2 1024 2048 1110ABCD 64
3 512 1024 1101ABCD 32
4 256 512 1100ABCD 16
5 128 256 1011ABCD 8
6 64 128 1010ABCD 4
7
(on gc)
32 64 1001ABCD 2
0 32 1000ABCD 2
-32 0 0000ABCD 2
-64 -32 0001ABCD 2
8 -128 -64 0010ABCD 4

13 -4096 -2048 0111ABCD 128
Bng 2.1: Thut ton m ha ha theo lut A

T bng thut ton trn, chng ta c th thy rng mi mt on c chia thnh 16
mc lng t u. Gi tr ln ca mi mt mc lng t u (tnh theo s bc
ca mc bin li vo) c ghi ct cui cng ca cc bng l thay i theo gi
tr mc li vo.
Li ch ca nn-gin c th thy c thng qua xt lm v d i vi h Chu
u. Chng ta thy rng b lng t u s dng nn-gin (cng cn gi l b lng
t phi tuyn) c phn gii tng ng vi phn gii ca b lng t u
(lng t tuyn tnh) vi 4096 mc s dng cc t m 12 bit. Nh vy so vi vic
s dng b lng t tuyn tnh 8 bit (256 mc) cng sut tp m lng t gim
c 4x6 = 24 dB.
2.3. IU CH M XUNG VI SAI
2.3.1. Nguyn tc
26

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Nh ta bit, PCM c thc hin bng cch m ha cc gi tr mu c
lng t ha ca tn hiu lin tc li vo. S bit m cn thit, chng hn cho tn hiu
in thoi, nh phn trc trnh by, c CCITT xc nh phi l 8. Tc
tn hiu thoi PCM nh vy l 64 kb/s, chim ph tn kh ln.
Nhng rung ng chun chu k ca thanh huyn v cc chuyn ng hn ch
ca cc b phn thuc c quan pht m nh mi v li thc t to ra cc mu m
thanh rt tng quan trong tn hiu m hu thanh. Ngc li, cc m v thanh th c
xu hng khng tng quan. Trong m thoi, mt ngi m thoi tiu biu
thng ni trong 40 thi gian v i vi cc giai on ting ni tch cc (giai
on c ni trong cuc m thoi) th cc m hu thanh xy ra gp 4 ln so vi cc
m v thanh. S tri hn hn ca cc m hu thanh c ngha l tnh tng quan
trong cc tn hiu m thoi c th khai thc c mt cch c hiu qu. Do tnh
tng quan cao ca cc mu ting ni, sai lch gia hai mu k nhau thng kh
nh so vi gi tr ca tng mu.
1 n n n
s s s

<< (2.7)
Trong
| |
n
s
s s n f = l gi tr mu ca tn hiu vo ti nhp ly mu th n.
V vy, thay v m ha cc gi tr mu ting ni nh vi PCM, ch cn m ha sai
lch gia cc mu ting ni lin tip v ch cn mt s bit t hn m. y chnh
l nguyn tc ca iu ch xung vi sai DPCM (Differential Pulse Code
Modulation).
2.3.2. iu ch m ung vi sai vi b d on
Do tng quan gia cc mu ting ni kh ln nn c th thc hin d
on c mt cch gn ng mt gi tr mu no t mt s mu trc . Mt
vi phng php m ha vi b d on v ang c pht trin nhm t c
hiu qu ph tn cao truyn tn hiu thoi cng nh cc tn hiu bng rng nh
video. Trong qu trnh m ha c d on, c lng v mu tip theo c th da
trn mi tng quan gia cc phn t, cc on hay cc mu tn hiu. Khi c
lng ny kh ph hp th sai lch gia mt gi tr mu v gi tr mu d on ca
n cn nh hn na so vi sai lch gia cc mu k tip. V vy, bng cch s dng
thm b d on ta c th ch cn m gi tr sai lch gia gi tr thc v gi tr d
on ca mu tn hiu v s bit cn s dng m cn c th gim hn na so vi
DPCM khng c b d on. Nh vy c th gim hn na tc truyn v
rng ph chim.
27

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(Hnh 2.11: Cu trc m v gii m DPCM vi b d on)
Theo cu trc m v gii m nh trn, mt b d on c s dng to ra
gi tr c lng ca mu tip theo v sai lch ca s c lng ny vi gi tr thc
ca mu tn hiu k tip c m ha PCM. Tn hiu li vo ca b d on c
hnh thnh t mt b gii m PCM. pha thu, cc thut ton ngc li c thc
hin. Tn hiu li vo b m ha PCM pha pht l:
( )
n n n
R s t X = (2.8)
Trong , ch s n pha trn biu th nhp ly mu th n.
Gi tr c lng ca mu tip theo (tn hiu li ra ca b d on) c xc
nh (ngoi suy) t L mu trc theo biu thc:
( )
1
L
n n
i
i
X a s t
=
=

(2.9)
Cc h s
i
a l cc trng s ca thut ton d on, c la chn mt cch
thch hp. Phn t c s dng rng ri trong thc hin b d on l b lc gin
bao gm cc on dy gi chm T (l khong cch gia cc mu) v mng kt hp
trng s.
28

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(Hnh 2.12: B lc gin dng lm mch d on)
Bc ca b d on thng c gii hn ti 3 hoc 4 v tng ch ca cc b
d on tiu biu l 15 dB. Cn ch y rng ci gi phi tr cho s gim ph
chim dng ca tn hiu, c c nh gim d tha trong tn hiu, l mc
nhy cm i vi li truyn dn t l vi mc gim d tha. Do tn hiu thc s
c m ch l sai s gia tn hiu thc v tn hiu d on, nu c sai li trong
truyn dn th sai li ny s c cng vo tn hiu khi phc trong sut qu trnh
khi phc bi v my thu ch thc hin gii m chnh lch, tch phn li v cng
kt qu vi mu tn hiu c khi phc trc , v c vy sai li s lan ra
ton tn hiu c khi phc.
2.3.3. Hin tng qu ti sn
DPCM da trn tin l cc mu tn hiu lin tip ni chung c chnh
lch nh, v vy ch cn t bit m. iu ny ng vi cc loi tn hiu bin thin
tng i chm. Vi cc tn hiu bin thin kh nhanh th vic s dng tng i it
bit m chnh lch s gy mo tn hiu. Hin tng ny c gi l u ti
sn.
thy r hin tng ny, ta xt trng hp n gin nht ca DPCM l iu
ch delta. (DM: Delta Modulation), trong chnh lch gia hai mu lin tip
c m ch bng mt bit: khi chnh lch dng th bit m l 1, ngc li khi
chnh lch m, bit m l 0. Ti pha thu, mt lng c nh A c cng vo hay
tr i vi mc tn hiu trc (tnh tch ly) ty theo cc tnh ca bit nhn c l
29

H.Q.Trung.TTT


1 hay 0, hnh thnh mt tn hiu dng bc thang. Sau tn hiu bc thang c cho
qua lc.

Hnh 2.13: Qu trnh iu ch Delta

Hnh 2.14: B iu ch Delta

Hnh 2.15: B gii iu ch Delta

2.4. IU CH M XUNG VI SAI THCH NG (ADPCM)
Nh ta trong phn trn, tc k hiu hoc tc bit ca tn hiu PCM
gm cc t m 8 bit v tn hiu ting ni c ly mu vi tn s 8 kHz bng 64
kbit/s. Nu s lng bit ca t m gim cn 4 nh trong iu ch m xung vi sai
(DPCM) th tc bit gim v ch bng 32 kbit/s. C xu hng tiu chun ha quc
30

H.Q.Trung.TTT


t tc 32 kbit/s i vi tn hiu m ting ni nh s dng ADPCM. Vn ny
c phn nh trong khuyn ngh G.721 ca CCITT, c lin quan n iu ch m
xung vi sai t thch nghi 32 kbit/s v cc ti liu khc.
Vi mt qu trnh ngu nhin dng c xc nh nh mt qu trnh m
nhng c tnh thng k ca cc php o qu trnh khng thay i theo thi gian.
Nhiu ngun tn hiu thc t l khng dng nhng ta dng. Qa trnh ny c
th hin qua phng sai v hm t tng quan thay i chm theo thi gian. Cc b
m ha trong cc h thng PCM v DPCM c tnh ton trn c s tn hiu vo
dng v c m hnh ha i vi cc ngun tn hiu ta dng. Nu b lng t
u PCM c s dng th tr trung bnh ca tp m lng t bng 0, phng sai
hoc cng sut tp m lng t bng
2
12 A . Nu phng sai thay i do sai s
lng t thay i gy ra bi tn hiu vo ta dng, th phng php trung ha l
thay i bc lng t A. y l mt trong nhng phng php hot ng ca b
lng t ha t thch nghi. B lng t ha t thch nghi thay i bc lng t
ca n ph hp vi phng sai ca cc xung ly mu tn hiu i qua. Cc thut ton
c pht trin cho iu ch m xung vi sai khi m ha tn hiu ting ni bng cch
s dng b lng t ha v b d on t thch nghi, trong cc h s thay i c
chu k phn nh thng k ca tn hiu vo. Hn na truyn cc h s d on
n my thu, v nh vy lm tng s bit truyn v tc bit, b d on thu tnh
cc h s ring ca n.
Hnh 2.15: Lng t ha t thch nghi vi:
(a) nh gi thun v (b) nh gi ngc mc tn hiu vo.
31

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C hai loi h thng t thch nghi. Th nht l h thng DPCM c lng t t
thch nghi (thng gi tt l DPCM-AQB). Loi th hai kt hp c b lng t ha
t thch nghi v b d on t thch nghi. Loi ny gi tt l DPCM-APB-AQB.
AQF: Thng tin mc tn hiu c truyn n b m ha xa khi s dng 5-6
bit cho mt xung ly mu trn c bc. Cho php bo v thng tin c bc pha
pht bng cch thm bit d. tr nh gi c to ra trong hot ng m ha
(bng 16 ms cho ting ni). Yu cu chn cc mu vo khng lng t ha. T
thch nghi khi hoc t thch nghi nh k; ngha l c bc A ca n i mi mi
ln mi khi v gi khng i sut trong thi gian mt khi ca N mu. nh gi
da trn c s cc mu khng lng t.
AQB: Thng tin v c bc A c tch ra t trng thi trc ca b
lng t ha. Khng c tr ca nh gi. Tp m lng t lm gim t tnh bm
st mc v gim c tnh hn na khi tng c ca bc. y l h thng phi tuyn
c hi tip v c th khng trnh khi vn v s n nh. Cc h thng AQF i
hi cc khi m t tin c cu trc phc tp v cng gy ra tr, cc h thng
DPCM t phc tp thng dng cc mch AQB nn c li ch khng cn cc bit
ngoi cung cp thng tin v c ca bc. Hot ng ca cc b m ha DPCM-
AQB ti 32 kbit/s c chp nhn truyn ting ni. Kt qu l khng tt nh h
thng PCM 7 bit s dng phng php lng t ha logarit m ch so snh vi h
thng PCM 6 bit lng t ha logarit. Nu yu cu c mt h thng DPCM 32
kbit/s cht lng cao th b d on t thch nghi (APB) phi a vo thit k.
32

H.Q.Trung.TTT



Hnh 2.16: S DPCM vi (a) d on t thch nghi thun
V (b) d on t thch nghi ngc.
33

H.Q.Trung.TTT


CHNG 3. TN HIU TRUYN DN S
3.1. RUNG PHA V TRI PHA TRONG MNG TRUYN DN S
3.1.1. Vn rung pha v tri pha
Rung pha v tri pha c nh ngha tng ng l s bin thin ngn v di
cc thi im c ngha ca tn hiu s so vi cc thi im l tng ca chng.
Cc thi im c ngha c th ly im gia hoc im bt k c nh no
c nhn bit mt cch r rng trn mi xung. S bin thin cc thi im c
ngha nh hng n tn hiu s ging nh trong trng hp khi tn hiu nh thi
gc s dng to ra dng bit b iu pha vi mt tn hiu iu ch, l dng
sng rung pha. Dng sng rung pha c th c biu din bng mt hm lin tc
theo thi gian v c lp vi tn hiu s b nh hng. iu ny c th minh ha
nh hnh 3.1. Cc tn hiu rung pha c ngha nht l cc tn hiu khong tn s
t vi chc Hz n vi kHz. Cc n v biu th bin i ca rung pha ph thuc
vo mi trng ang o n, v c th l cc n v thi gian, pha hoc cc khong
thi gian n v (UI).

Hnh 3.1: Minh ha rung pha v nh hng ca n n tn hiu s
Chng ta s s dng I, CCITT nh ngha khong n v l chnh lch
danh nh v thi gian gia cc thi im c ngha k tip nhau ca mt tn hiu
chim thi gian bng nhau. iu ny c ngha l rng ca mt chu k tn hiu
s bng khong thi gian n v. V d, bin tc thi ca rung pha c o l
1 s di dng sng vung 100 kHz; v chu k ca dng sng 100 kHz l 10 s ,
i vi tn hiu nh thi phi phn bit c du v khong cch, thi gian c
ngha i vi tn hiu ny cch nhau 5 s . Nh vy khong n v s l 5 s v
bin rung pha s l 1 s /5 s = 0,2 UI.
3.1.2. Cc ngun rung pha
34

H.Q.Trung.TTT


Trong nhiu trng hp rung pha khng th xc nh c v ch c tnh
bng cch s dng cng c thng k ton hc nh hm mt xc sut ca bin
(pd). Gi tr ca hm ny chnh l xc sut tm thy bin rung pha, ln hn
hoc nh hn mt gi tr xc nh no . Sau khi c hm mt xc sut ca bin
rung pha, chng ta tnh c gi tr trung bnh v phng sai ca n. Nu dng
sng rung pha c th xc nh c th mt tham s quan trng l tc bin i
ca rung pha trong tn hiu s. Rung pha c th xut hin do cc nguyn nhn khc
nhau trong mt h thng truyn dn s. Tuy vy, ch yu cc nguyn nhn ny c
th phn thnh cc loi sau:
(1) Rung pha hoc tri tn s rt thp do s thay i thi gian tr truyn dn
ca cc cp... M s thay i li do s bin i chm ca nhit ni
t cp gy ra.
(2) Rung pha tn s thp do s bt n nh khng phi hp ca cc ngun
ng h gy ra.
(3) Rung pha do tp m gy ra, n xut hin do tp m pha trong cc mch
ca b dao ng iu khin bng tinh th c s dng lm ng h
trong ton h thng, cng nh tp m trong cc mch logic gy ra rung pha
cho cc chuyn tip s v ng h trong khi c hin tng choi sn
xung.
(4) Rung pha sinh ra do ghp tn hiu, xut hin do vic a vo hoc ly ra
cc bit hiu chnh v cc khung s.
(5) Nhiu giao thoa gia cc k hiu gy nn mo dng xung ca mi bit.
iu ny gy ra s thay i v mc pht hin ca mi xung, gy nn hin
tng rung pha cho lung bit c ti sinh.
(6) Rung pha ca b ti sinh xut hin do s khi phc thi gian khng ph
hp trong cc trm lp ti sinh s.
Tr rung pha sinh ra do cc b ti sinh, cc ngun rung pha k trn c
mc thp v khng tng quan. Trong cc trng hp ny, rung pha cng vi nhau
trn c s cng sut v tch ly dc h thng truyn dn s. Tuy vy rung pha ca
cc b lp l do tng mu sinh ra v do tng quan vi nhau. V cng mu hoc
cc bin i trng mu a n mi b lp, nn trong trng hp ny rung pha s
c tch ly trn c s bin .
3.1.2.1. ung pha do cc phn t nh thi sinh ra
35

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Rung pha ny c bin v tn s tng i thp v n xut hin do tp m
pha khng phi hp trong mch dao ng ca ng h v do thay i rng sn
xung trong cc mch logic. Trong nhiu trng hp rung pha sinh ra c th b qua.
Cc yu t m chng ta c th to ra cc dng rung pha hoc tri, l cc s bin i
chm trong ngun cung cp v cc thay i v nhit ln lt nh hng n cc
mc ngng kch thch trong cc mch logic.
3.1.2.2. Tri do s thay i nhit gy ra
Thng rung pha bin thin chm c xem nh tri xut hin do s bin i
v nhit ca thit b v knh truyn dn gy ra s thay i v thi gian i vi
tn hiu i qua chng. V tri c tn s thp nn cc vng kha pha c xu th lm
tng s tri ny v nh vy thc t khng th dng cc vng kha pha loi b
hoc gim s tri c, tr khi thit k chng c hng s thi gian rt di. C th s
dng cc b nh m c dung lng ln, v chng c kh nng hp th c cc
s bin i ca cc rung pha tng i di hn ny.
ng 3.1: ng gi tr nh gi i i tri

Bng 3.1 cho mt gi tr nh gi ca tri i vi cc h thng khc nhau
Anh. Cc bin tri ging nh rung pha, c th c biu th bng cc khong
n v, nhng ph bin hn thng dng cc n v thi gian.
Thng th ngi ta s dng cc b nh m iu tit s tn ti u vo
ca cac thit b s nhm ti thiu ha cc hin tng tri iu khin c hoc
khng iu khin c.
3.1.2.3. ung pha do hiu chnh to ra
Nh trnh by trong phn trn, hiu chnh l mt qu trnh trong cc bit
c chn u n vo lung bit n nng tc bit ln n tc m thit b
ghp knh yu cu. u cui xa nh c cc tn hiu iu khin hiu chnh, cc bit
36

H.Q.Trung.TTT


c chn thm vo b gt ra khi phc li tn hiu thng tin tr li gi tr
danh nh ca n. Vic loi b mt bit hiu chnh u cui thu ngha l tn hiu s
xy ra t bin, c lc ra li cc ch trng ca mt khong khe thi gian. Tn
hiu bt thng ny ngoi vic i vo b nh n hi, cn c a n u vo
mch vng kha pha, mch ny tch tn hiu nh thi t tc trung bnh ca tn
hiu bt thng ny. Tn hiu nh thi tng hp s dng c tn hiu ra t b
nh n hi (n hp th s bt thng ny).
Nu s nh thi khng tng thch, s cn li thnh phn rung pha d tn
hiu ra. Ga tr RMS ca rung pha ny c th biu th bng ( )
max
0, 2887 f , y
max
f l tc bit u ra ca b ghp knh. Ngoi rung pha hiu chnh, cn c mt
thnh phn rung pha b sung gi l rung pha thi gian ch i. N xut hin do
s tr gia thi gian hiu chnh c. Dng rung pha ny l mt loi tch ly trong
thit b ghp knh v c th c cc thnh phn cc tn s nm trong bng thng
ca vng kha pha ca b tch knh, l rung pha tn s thp. Trong thi gian ch
i bin rung pha tng tuyn tnh, to nn nhng mu rng ca c trng. S
tch ly ca rung pha thi gian ch i c tc nm gia ( )
1/ 4
N v ( )
1/ 2
N , y
N l s cp ghp knh. Mt m hnh c cng b ph hp vi cc php o tin
hnh trn mt on s gm mt thit b ghp knh c lin quan ch ra rng rung
pha ca b lp cng thm vo rung pha thi gian ch i do b tch knh v do
trong x on s i vi mt h thng hu tuyn hot ng 140 Mbit/s v i vi
mt h thng viba hot 34 Mbit/s, th tng rung pha
X
J bng cng sut do
mt on n nhn vi cn bc 3 ca s on sut ng ni. V ngi ta cng
chng minh l bin rung pha ca thi gian ch i ln hn gi tr ca rung pha
mu ph thuc.
3.1.2.4. Rung pha do hot ng ca b ti sinh
Hu ht cc b ti sinh s s dng hin nay u t nh thi, tc l tn hiu ra
c nh thi li di s iu khin ca mt tn hiu nh thi c tch ra
t tn hiu vo. Dng rung pha ng k nht xut hin do s khng hon thin trong
mch in, ph thuc vo dy xung trong tn hiu s ang c truyn i. Rung pha
ny c gi l rung pha mu ph thuc.
Trong cc lung bit s mang s liu, khng th tch trc tip thng tin nh
thi c. l v lung bit khng cha cc xung trong mi khe thi gian. tch
thng tin nh thi, cn phi tip tc x l v trong qu trnh x l cn to ra mt
dng xung ng h u n, c rung pha nh thi xen vo. Mt phng php
37

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c s dng tch thng tin nh thi l s dng lung bit vo thit lp dao
ng trong mch iu hng c Q cao. Nu Q cao, vo lc thi gian dao ng
bt u tt s c mt xung khc n v bt u mch li dao ng mt ln na.
V thc t Q ca mch l hu hn cho nn tn hiu ra s bao gm vch ph
c tch cng vi mt thnh phn rung pha do s chuyn i bin pha ca tp
m ngu nhin trong tn hiu vo. Rung pha do tp m ny to ra s hon ton ngu
nhin v khng tng quan vi tn hiu vo. V vy, cc b lp khc dc ng dy
to nn rung pha mt cch c lp v c xu hng tch ly, d cho mi b lp s
nn iu pha trong tn hiu vo mt phm vi no .
Tuy vy, bt k rung pha hoc tp m no nm trong bng tn ca mch khi
phc ng h s xut hin trong tn hiu nh thi li s thm vo rung pha do chnh
mch khi phc ng h gy ra. Nh vy lng iu pha b gim ph thuc vo gi
tr Q ca mch iu hng v lng mch b lch tn s danh nh. ng trn quan
im ca rung pha, s hot ng ca mt b lp ti sinh tng ng nh mt b
lc thng thp i vi rung pha c tn hiu vo, nhng ng thi cng to nn
rung pha, nh ni trn. C th biu th iu ny bng mt ngun rung pha b
sung u vo. Nu rung pha ny thc s l ngu nhin, v n c sinh ra t
nhng mu ph thuc hoc rung pha tng quan, th tng rung pha RMS
N
J tn ti
trong tn hiu s sau N b ti sinh s c biu th bng biu thc gn ng:
1/ 4
N
J J N =
y l rung pha RMS to nn t mt b ti sinh n do cc ngun rung
pha khng tng quan. Ngun rung pha to nn do mt mu ngu nhin l ngu
nhin v bn cht v hm phn ph xc sut ca bin (pd) c th coi gn nh
phn b Gauss. Do , vi mt lch chun hoc bin rung pha RMS cho,
ta c th tnh c xc sut rung pha vt bt k bin nh nh no chn.
Vi nhng mc ch xc nh, gi thit t s nh nh trn RMS l 12 n 15, lc
xc sut vt rt thp.
3.1.2.5. Rung pha ng chnh
Rung pha ng chnh l hiu tc thi gia rung pha tn hiu nh thi v rung
pha tn hiu tn tc. l rung pha rng i, ngc vi rung pha tuyt i. Cng
c th xem l hiu gia rung pha vo v rung pha ra ca mt b ti sinh bt k
trong mt chui di ca cc b lp ti sinh, s c gi tr khng i i vi tt c cc
b lp, v gi tr cc i xut hin trong chui.
38

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3.1.3. Cc nh hng ca rung pha
Ti mt giao din lin kt, dung sai vo i vi rung pha ca thit b tip theo
s c thit k iu tit rung pha do thit b pha trc sinh ra; ni cch khc,
nu khng iu khin mt cch thch ng th s tch ly rung pha s gy ra nhng
vn sau:
(1) Tng xc sut cc li s a vo trong cc tn hiu s ti cc im ti sinh
tn hiu do cc tn hiu nh thi b lch v thi gian so vi cc v tr ti u
ca chng.
(2) a cc rung pha iu khin c vo cc tn hiu s do kh nng nh
s c thit k phc v cho cc mc ch khc s dng ht, v
th gy ra s trn b nh, vi hiu ng ngc li l lm cn b nh. Hin
tng trn v cn xut hin trong cc loi no ca cc b m v cc b
so pha ca thit b u cui, v d cc b gim rung pha v thit b ghp
knh s no .
(3) Suy gim tin tc tng t, c m ha s do s iu pha ca cc mu
c khi phc trong thit b bin i s/tng t u cui ca ng
ni. Trong trng hp ny, rung pha thi gian nh hng n tnh ng
u v khong cch gia cc mu ca cc tn hiu PAM c khi
phc, ngi ta thng gi l rung pha tuyt i. Tn hiu ting ni c
m ha s th nhy hn nhiu.
3.1.4. Cc gii hn ca rung pha v tri
Trong mt mng thng tin s, cn phi iu khin c s tch ly rung pha
v tri. Cc l do iu khin ny l phi m bo cc mc tiu v li s v tri
khng c vt cc ch tiu nu ra trong khuyn ngh G821 v G822 ca
CCITT v cht lng thng tin tng t m ha ly ra t cc mu c khi
phc trong qu trnh bin i s thnh tng t khng b gim st ng k.
iu khin rung pha hn ch s li trong mt phm vi cho php bng cch
gii hn li ng chnh trong mi mt qu trnh khi phc thi gian. iu ny c
th t c bng cch thit k mch khi phc ng h c rng bng tn ca
rung pha c th so snh c vi bng tn ca rung pha vo. Bin rung pha tuyt
i thng khng ng k khi xut hin cc li do rung pha to ra.
Vic iu khin tri nm trong phm vi cho php ch c th t c nu xt
n vic to ra rung pha v tch ly rung pha trong tt c cc thit b trn ton mng.
39

H.Q.Trung.TTT


iu ny ni ln yu cu i vi iu khin ton b rung pha v cc c im k
thut ca rung pha.
V iu khin rung pha ngha l iu khin rung pha trong mt gii hn xc
nh cn phi nh r cc gii hn ny bng cch sao cho c th thc hin c s
iu khin ton b. c im k thut ca cc gii hn ny c xc nh nh sau:
Cc thnh phn lin kt khc nhau nh cc tuyn viba s hoc cc phn ring
bit ca thit b nh thit b ghp knh, cc tng i s, ... Mng tng th vi nhng
cu hnh mng khc nhau. Cc mch ni quc t.
Quan im iu khin rung pha phi m bo l cc mc tiu li v tri ... s
p ng i vi rung pha xy ra trn phn t bt k ca mng u vo ca n,
khng k n v tr ca n trong mng hoc tn hiu xut pht t u trong mng
li. Hn na cc mc tiu ny phi tip tc p ng d rng mng c m rng
v cu hnh ca n thay i.
Khuyn ngh G823 ca CCITT tp trung vo vic iu khin rung pha v tri
trong cc mng s da trn cp 2048 kbit/s v c gii quyt trc lc xt cp
1544 kbit/s.
Bng . ung pha cho php cc i ti giao din phn cp da trn cp 2 kbits.
(ung pha u vo c th chu c).

Bng .2 ung pha cc i khi khng c rung pha vo i vi mt on s c di mt
H (rung pha ni ti).
40

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Bng . c c tnh truyn t rung pha ca b tchghp s.

3.1.. Cc phng php o rung pha
Nhm nh mc c tnh rung pha ca thit b v cc h thng v so snh
vi cc gii hn cho trn, ngi ta phi tm ra mt cch o rung pha. Trc lc
m t cc phng php o, cc bi o ta miu t mt cch vn tt mt s thit b o
c dng trong thc t.
3.1..1. Thit b o rung pha
- hin sng:
Phng php s dng b hin sng l phng php n gin nht trong tt c
cc phng php nhng ch c s dng xc nh gi tr nh-nh ca rung
pha i vi cc ngun lp nh tn hiu thi gian. Khng th s dng cho cc lung
s vo khng lp v khng th kch thch my hin sng. Phng php ny bao gm
vic s dng mt tn hiu ng chnh, l bi ca tn s vo hoc trng vi tn s
vo. Chun ny c s dng cho u vo kch thch ca my hin sng. Tn hiu
thi gian lp a n u vo ca my hin sng v iu chnh my to sng
hin th n nh.
41

H.Q.Trung.TTT


Nu tn hiu trn mn hnh biu th rung pha nh-nh khng r nt, c th
xc nh n bng cch so snh vi gc thi gian nh ca b hin sng. C th s
dng phng php ny xc nh tri bng cch ch ti s chuyn ng ca
mt tn hiu thi gian ch o hoc m nt trong mt thi gian di, hoc ch
n bin thi gian nh nh i vi cc bin i chm. Mt khuyt im ca
phng php ny l khng th xc nh c cc thnh phn tn s ca rung pha
bt k c o. Tn s thp b nh hng ca tri c th coi l tri hn hn v c
th a vo tnh ton trong giai on thit k thit b l 1.
- tch pha nh c:
Mt trong cc thit b thng dng nht thuc loi ny l vn k vector Helett
Packard. Cng nh my hin sng, n ch c th s dng cho nhng tn hiu ng
h hoc nhng lung bit lp, trong tn hiu chun l tn hiu hoc c cng tc
vi tn hiu vo hoc bi ca tc tn hiu vo.
V c bn, loi tch sng ny so pha ca ng h chun vi pha ca ng h
tn hiu. Mi u vo c x l trc khi so pha nhm loi tr cc s bin i
v bin v m bo dng sng thch hp.
Theo thit k, b so pha c th l mt mch mu-gi c s dng trong
vn k vector. u ra ca b so pha c x l tip tc, sau c a n ng
h o, b phn tch ph hoc b ghi th, mi b u c chun cng vi thit b
cho php c trc tip rung pha nh-nh.
- hin sng s:
K thut ny cung cp mt b nh gi lng t ha thi gian v bin i
vi hm mt xc sut cc ln chuyn tip ca tn hiu s, khc vi nhiu k thut
o rung pha bnh thng, cho php o tt c cc mc phn cp v cc tc s
liu trung gian. Ngoi ra k thut ny cng m t chi tit hin tng rung pha, cho
php o mt chuyn tip trong dy s liu tun hon, hoc o ton b ca tt c cc
chuyn tip. Phng php ny cng cho cc phng php nhn dng v nghin
cu s phn b ca rung pha khng tng quan v rung pha mu ph thuc.
tn hiu b rung pha c th hin trn mn hnh my hin sng x l s
(DPO), ta a mt tn hiu chun khng c rung pha n u vo kch thch.
Bng cch t tc dc cc i ca tn hiu trung tm ca mn hnh, tn
hiu c to ra cho qua mt ca s in p trong mt thi gian nh nht.
42

H.Q.Trung.TTT


S dng nhng phch cm tc cao, c th m rng trc thi gian cho n
khi tn hiu chim y ton b mn hnh, mt khi t c giai on ny, nhy
in p b gim xung, nh vy bng cch to ra mt ca s in p th n ch to
nn mt phn thay v cho ton b biu th trc.
Mc ch ca ca s in p ny l to ra lng t ha bin v nh vy
nh c khong thi gian trong cc im trn dng sng ri vo trong ca s
ny.
Nu cho mt trng s, bt k mt chuyn tip no xut hin trong ca
s u bng 1 v ngoi ca s u bng 0, c th t c mt nh gi ca hm
mt xc sut rung pha. Xc nh hm mt xc sut ny bng cch ghi vch gi
tr ca n c sau m chuyn tip. Cc gi tr pd gin on t c bng cch truy
nhp sau mi m chuyn tip, mt tp nh n t tch ly s chuyn tip ti thi im
chuyn tip ca tn hiu xut hin trong ca s l N(t), v chia gi tr ny theo thi
gian k t khi bt u th nghim, l tng s cc chuyn tip nhn vi thi gian
gia cc chuyn tip. Ngoi hm mt xc sut ny, cng c th xc nh c
lch chun rung pha RMS.
i vi h s tin cy cao hn c th s dng cc phng php thng k xc
nh hm mt xc sut i vi cc phn khc nhau ca tn hiu vo, cng nh
cc gi tr rung pha RMS. V cc kt qu thu c ph thuc vo vic thit lp ch
lm vic kch thch cng nh ti u ha p tuyn, nn cn tin hnh lm
thm nhng th nghim ph, yu t ch quan ny lm kh khn trong vic thu nhn
cc kt qu lp i lp li.
- Mt s thit b o c trn th trng:
B phn tch truyn dn s HEWLETT-PACKARD 3764A.
Thit b ny cho php o li n cp 139,268 Mbit/s theo khuyn ngh O151
ca CCITT, v to rung pha, o theo Khuyn ngh O171 ca CCITT 139 Mbit/.
C th s dng thit b o rung pha nh sau:
Rung pha u ra nh-nh cc i.
cho php i vi rung pha vo.
Hm truyn t rung pha.
m tc ng ca rung pha tng cng.
m trong nhiu giy tc ng ca rung pha tng cng.
43

H.Q.Trung.TTT


m trong nhiu giy khng tc ng ca rung pha tng cng.
Tt c cc o lng rung pha tin hnh ng thi, v la chn cc kt qu mong
mun biu th.
Thit b o li WANDELGOLTERMANNPF - 4 BIT V B I CH
RUNG PHA PFJ-4.
Khi s dng ng thi hai thit b ny cho php nghin cu rung pha trn cc
h thng thng tin 140 Mbit/s.
Ngoi ra hng sn xut thit b o lng ni trn, cn c mt s hng c
ting l Siemens, Marconi,...
3.1.5.2. Thit p o rung pha
Trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng c th coi tn hiu thng tin l ngu
nhin v ph thuc vo ti lu lng thng tin. pht hin s bt thng trong h
thng vi cc iu kin ny cn phi tin hnh o trong mt thi gian di, t bit
nu h thng l mi. Cn gii hn ca mng cho trong bng trn ch ra rng xc
sut vt cc mc rung pha nh vy l rt nh.
Tuy nhin, thi gian quan st thc t thu c cc mc c tin cy cao
hi mt thi gian o di khng th chp nhn c. i vi phng th nghim, nh
my v cc mc ch y thc, th ngi ta tin hnh cc o lng trn h thng
bng mt lot php o th c bit. Trong o lng cn s dng cc dy th gi
ngu nhin sao cho kt qu thu c phi gn ging vi hon cnh thc t trong
ni dung thng tin hu nh gn ngu nhin hn I V nh-nh vi tr khc 75.
tr thit b o th theo khuyn ngh ca CCTT
44

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Hnh 3.2: Thit lp o rung pha ca CCITT

45

H.Q.Trung.TTT


pht tn hiu ny th cn mt b to ng h v mt ngun iu ch nh
hnh 3.2(A). Ngun iu ch c th ly trong b to ng h hoc b to mu hoc
cng c th ly ring r nh nu. B to ng h c th b iu pha bng ngun
iu ch v ch ra lch nh-nh ca tn hiu c iu ch. Cc u ra ca
b to ng h gm c tn hiu ng h c iu ch v mt tn hiu chun thi
gian, cc tn hiu yu cu khng c nh hn
3.1.5.3. o rung pha
Thng thng cc thnh phn ca h thng c thi k chu c cc mc
rung pha xc nh trong khong tn s thit k: neus rung pha ca mt tn hiu s
vt cc gi tr ny, s xut hin li truyn dn.
Ghi bin rung pha v nh du thi im m rung pha vt ngng ny v
sau chiu cc thi im ny vi cc c tnh ca h thng s thy c mt
cch su sc nh hng ca rung pha. Trong mt s ng dng, mt iu rt b ch l
xem xt php o rung pha ph thuc vo tn s, v thng thng cc h thng chu
ng c bin rung pha tn s thp rt tt hn l i vi cc thnh phn tn
s cao.
Cc c tnh v cc hm truyn t rung pha ca cc thnh phn h thng cng
l cac tham s quan trng, chng c th h tr cho vic nng cao cht lng h
thng. Trong cc h thng s tng i di ni qua cc trm lp, mc cho php
ca mt u vo b lp i vi nhng lnh bin rung pha l hm ca tn s rung
pha. C th s dng n v trng s tn s trong php o rung pha, n biu th
ln rung pha t l vi tc hi ca rung pha vo h thng, khng k n lng tn s
ca rung pha .
Trong o rung pha, cn thc hin ba php o ch yu, l:
- Xc nh rung pha ni ti u ra khi khng c rung pha vo.
- Xc nh hm truyn t rung pha.
- o rung pha u vo cc i cho php.
Nh ta ni trn, thit b o c bn gm mt b to mu c thit b iu
ch rung pha, mt ng h o rung pha v mt b pht hin t l li bit. Thit b
c o c th l mt thnh phn ca h thng v d nh mt phn ca thit b ghp
knh, mt b ti sinh hoc mt h thng truyn dn y . Rung pha ni ti c
o bng tt iu ch rung pha trn thit b o. xc nh hm truyn t, th b to
sng b iu pha hnh sin vi cc tn s khc nhau v vi mt bin rung pha cho
46

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php. Nh s h tr ca b pht hin t l li bit c th xc nh c rung pha u
vo cc i cho php. Rung pha u vo c tng cho n lc xut hin li. iu
ny c lp li i vi nhng tn s rung pha khc nhau. Bnh thng xc nh s
dng dy nh phn gi ngu nhin cho tt c ba php o ny.
3.1.. Cc phng php ti thiu ha rung pha
Thng s dng hai phng php c bn. Phng php th nht l tin hnh
cc bc ngn chn vic sinh ra v tch ly mt cch c h thng ca rung pha
bng cch s dng cc b trn ngu nhin. Cc thit b ny lm cho tn hiu tr
thnh ngu nhin v nh vy gim c nh hng ca bt k c ch gy rung pha
ca mu ph thuc. Phng php th hai l gim ln ca rung pha c bng
cch s dng mch khi phc li thi gian c rng bng tn nh hn rng
bng tn ca tn hiu. Mch ny c gi l b gim rung pha. Nh ni trn,
cc tn s rung pha thp hn tn s ct ca b gim rung pha khng b gim v c
th gy ra trong mt s mch mt lch khng iu khin c, do bin
rung pha ti cc tn s ny c tch ly v ln lm nh hng ti cc thit b s
khng trong sut i vi rung pha. Tuy nhin trong hon cnh thc t vic chn cc
b nh m c dung lng ln u vo ca cc thit b s gim nh bt vn
ny.
3.1.7. Cc b trn ngu nhin (Scrambling)
Mt s u im ca cc b trn ngu nhin khi s dng nh l mt b phn
hp thnh ca h thng truyn dn s.
- m bo s tch ly rung pha khng tng quan vi tn hiu.
- Gim c nh hng tch ly ca rung pha tn thp.
- Gim c cc nh hng ca nhiu trn cc i cp i xng sinh ra do cc
h thng ng b bng cch nn cc thnh phn ph ri rc ca cc mu bit tun
hon.
Ni chung, b xo trn nhm lm cho d liu ngu nhin hn bng cch loi
b cc chui bit 1 hay bit 0. Vic xo trn (scrambling) lm cho d liu tr nn
thng sut hn c ngha l d liu s khng tn ti mt chui di cc bit 1 hay
cc bit 0.
47

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Hnh 3.3. B trn v gii trn gi ngu nhin c bn
B xo trn bao gm thanh ghi dch, v b kh xo trn tng ng cha thanh ghi
dch phn hi thun. Mi ln thc hin dch ng vi vic lm tr i mt bit.
phn tch b xo trn v kh xo trn, ta xt chui d liu T li ra ca m xo
trn. Nu nh gi S l chui d liu li vo b xo trn th:

Trong D l ton t tr. D
n
T l chu T b lm tr i n n v. T phng trnh
trn ta c:

thit k b gii xo trn (descrambler) ti my thu, ta bt u vi chui d liu
T (t li ra b xo trn), chui ny c a ti li vo ca b gii xo trn
(descrambler).

T phng trnh trn, ta nhn c chui d liu ban u S t chui d liu thu
c T, c thc hin bi b gii xo trn descrambler).
Cn ch rng nu xy ra mt li n trong chui d liu thu c T s gy nh
hng ti 3 bit li ra R. Bi th, xo trn c nhc im l c th gy ra mt lot
cc li t mt li bit n.
48

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V d: Cho li vo ca b xo trn l mt chui bit S = 101010100000111. Hy tm
li ra T, gi s rng cc thanh gi c khi to bng 0.
Gii: T s b xo trn (scrambler), ta quan st thy khi to T = s, v chui S
vo thanh ghi v phn hi li c dng:

Chui mi FS tip tc vo thanh ghi v tr li c dng F2S, c th tip tc. Tng
qut ta c:

Do

Nn

=>
Tng t, ta c:
V vy:
n
D S l chui S b tr n bit. Do ta c th tm chui T nh sau:

49

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3.2. CC M NG TRUYN
Mt s l do m ha s l:
- a vo d bng cch m ha cc t s liu nh phn thnh nhng t di
hn. Cc t nh phn di hn ny s c nhiu t hp hn do tng s bit. Chng ta c
th chn nhng t hp xc nh c cu trc theo mt qui lut t m hp thnh, cho
php tch thng tin nh thi mt cch d dng hn v gim chnh lch gia
nhng con s 1 v nhng s 0 xut hin trong mt t m ( l gim s chnh
lch). Vic gim chnh lch ny dn ti gim thnh phn mt chiu. Nu
chnh lch ny gim n khng i vi tt c tp hp t m th thnh phn mt
chiu ca chng cng gim n khng. iu ny l cn thit v khng th truyn
thnh phn mt chiu ca tn hiu s i c. C th s dng cc t m ph trong
m d truyn s liu ph nh truyn bit chn l trong m pht hin li v truyn
cc knh ph tr. Tuy vy vic tng di ca t m nh phn s lm tng tc bit
v do tng rng bng tn. Tc bit tng t l vi t s di cu t m ra
trn di ca t m vo. m 5B6B tc bit u ra tng 6/5 ln so vi tc
bit vo.
- M ha tn hiu nh phn thnh tn hiu nhiu mc gim rng bng tn.
Loi m ny quan trng khi truyn s liu c tc cao trn i dy kim loi c di
tn hn ch. Vic gim rng bng tn cn thit ca knh hoc tng tc bit vi
mt rng bng tn cho s lm tng t s tn hiu trn tp m t c xc
sut li cho trc.
- Bo mt tin tc nhng ni yu cu tnh an ton cao c bit trn cc tuyn
truyn s liu ca cc h thng my tnh x l s liu.
- To ph tn hiu nhm ng dng cho nhng mc ch c bit nh ng b
gim thnh phn bin tn s khng n 0, hoc gim cc thnh phn cao v thp
ca tn s trc lc lc . C th a nhng s 0 c bit vo cc lung s c
m lng cc bc cao b chn v cc lung s b chn.
Trong qu trnh m ha PCM nh trnh by trong chng trc, tt c cc
bit thng tin c ngm gi thit l nh phn n cc. Gi thit ny l hp l min
l cc bit thng tin c xc nh trong mt cng on nht nh no ca thit
b x l v dy ni khng c di qu vi mt. Vi nhng ng dy ni tng
i di, ng cp i xon bc kim, hoc cp ng trc th khng nn s dng
lung bit nh phn.
50

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Mt s l do lm cho di ca cc dy ni gia cc b phn ca thit b di
hn hai mt l:
+ Thit b ghp knh PCM s cp c b tr nhng v tr khc so vi thit
b ghp knh bc 2 hoc cao hn.
Thit b PCM s cp hoc thit b ghp knh bc 2 hoc cao hn c th c
ni n thit b truyn dn x l tip tc tn hiu trc lc truyn qua knh thng
tin.
Thng tin PCM s cp hoc thng tin ghp knh bc 2 tr ln c th c
truyn trc tip qua cp i bc kim, hoc cp ng trc n u cui xa.
D l do g i na, th tn hiu s ri khi mt cng on duy nht ca thit b
x l cng phi giao tip chnh xc phi hp vi knh truyn dn, thm ch knh
truyn dn ch l mt on ni tip gia cc thit b c s dng trong x l tn
hiu trc lc truyn ln knh thng tin. Cc l do ti sao mt tn hiu nh phn n
cc, (tc l mt tn hiu ch c hai trng thi trong mt trng thi mc 0) phi
bin thnh dng khc trc lc truyn qua cc ng nh ni trn l:
(1) N c cha thnh phn mt chiu.
(2) N c cc thnh phn tn s thp mc cao.
(3) Khi truyn mt dy 0 lin tip th khng c im chuyn tip tn hiu.
Ngi ta s dng cc bin p ngn chn dng mt chiu, i vi cc thit
b lp trung gian n c s dng ni cc u vo v u ra ca thit b x l.
Tn hiu nh phn n cc c thnh phn mt chiu, v vy khng thch hp
truyn qua bin p. Ngoi ra v trong tn hiu nh phn n cc c cha nng lng
cao trong ph tn s thp nn khi truyn qua bin p chun, thc t s b mo dng
xung v nh vy n s to thm li truyn dn. V my thu cn phi tch thng tin
nh thi ra khi dng bit thu c, vic xut hin mt dy 0 lin tc trong tn
hiu nh phn n cc s nhiu lon qu trnh tch thng tin nh thi v dn n
mt ng b.
Trong thit b x l c hai dng tn hiu nh phn n cc. l RZ tr v 0
v NRZ khng v 0. Nu s dng trc tip chng truyn dn th s gp phi
mt s kh khn nh nhau. Hnh 3.4 th hin dng sng ca hai tn hiu nh phn
n cc ny. Ch rng mc ca tn hiu RZ biu th bit gi tr 1, n ch mc cao
trong mt na u tin ca khong thi gian bit, trong mt na khong thi gian bit
cn li tn hiu quay tr v 0.
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Hnh 3.4: Biu din m nh phn NRZ, RZ v bin i nh phn AMI
u im ca tn hiu RZ l mt chuyn tip tn hiu ca n ln hn so vi
NRZ. khc phc nhng vn cn tn ti trong tn hiu nh phn n cc,
ngi ta xut ra m ng truyn. Cc m ng truyn khng c thnh phn
mt chiu ng thi cng khng c hin tng nng lng ph ca n tp trung
vng tn s thp. i khi c mt s m ng truyn c thm u im l trong cu
trc ca n khng c mt dy di nhng s 0 hoc nhng s 1, iu lm cho
vic tch thng tin nh thi s d dng hn.
Nhng yu cu ca m ng cn phi c bin i tn hiu nh phn
thnh mt dng thch hp hn truyn trn knh thng tin l:
- Phi phi hp c tnh ph ca tn hiu vi cc c tnh ca knh (nh tp
m, rng bng tn, ...)
- m bo cc dy bit phi c lp thng k vi nhau gim lng rung pha
phu thuc mu do cc mu lp gy ra.
- m bo d dng tch xung ng h v ti sinh tn hiu.
- m bo d phng cn thit gim st li ca ng truyn dn v nh
v s c ca thit b.
- Phi duy tr d phng mc thp c th c sao cho tc bit l nh
nht v do rng bng tn truyn l b nht v gim phc tp ca
mch. Gim thnh phn mt chiu ca tn hiu n 0.
- Gim cc thnh phn tn s thp nhm gim xuyn m v kch thc cc
linh kin mch. y l mt tiu chun do CCITT khuyn ngh v c cc nh
sn xut khc p dng.
Ch l hin nay c hai trng hp tn ti trong h thng thng tin s v vy
c cc loi m khc nhau. Trng hp th nht l m giao tip, trong u ra
52

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ca thit b ghp knh s tr thnh mt nhnh vo ca thit b ghp knh s mc
cao hn tip theo. di ng dy trong trng hp ny khng qu 100m.
Trng hp th hai l u ra ca thit b ghp knh hoc thit b s khc c gi
trc tip ln ng dy. Trong trng hp ny m ng ph thuc vo thit b
c s dng truyn tn hiu thng tin trn knh truyn dn.
Bng 3.5: Cc v d m ng ca h thng

3.2.1. M tam phn la chn cp
Bin i tn hiu nh phn n cc RZ thnh tn hiu tam phn la chn cp
c tin hnh bng cch ghp hai bit ln cn v s dng quy lut bin. i vi c
hai u ra mode dng v mode m cc t hp tam phn c to nn t cc
cp nh phn 00 v 11 khng c mc DC, mc du cc cp nh phn 01 v 10 to
nn mc DC tng ng vi u ra 2 A + v 2 A ph thuc vo mode ca u
ra. B m hot ng to ra u ra mode dng cho n khi u vo xut hin
trng thi 01 hoc 10. Sau to nn mt nh thin 2 A + u ra thay i sang
mode m. S xut hin tip theo ca 10 hoc 01 to nn nh thin 2 A , xa nh
thin 2 A + v i mode tr li dng. V mt dy di lin tip cc s 0 hoc 1
khng xut hin, nn n cn bng c dng mt chiu u ra, d tch nh thi
cc thit b lp v thit b thu u cui.
Bng 3.6: Quy lut bit i ca m tam phn chn cp

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3.2.2. M 4B3T
M ny lm cho vic s dng cc mc tam phn c hiu qu hn bng cch
nn 4 bit s liu vo thnh 3 bit ca s liu ra. Nh vy tc ban u bng 0,75
ln tc ca tn hiu vo. Bng 3.7 ch ra thut ton bin i ca n. Nng lng
ph i vi m ny tng i rng v u, tuy vy n gim nhanh i vi nhng
tn s ph b hn 0,1 ln tc bit. Ngui ta c gng gt nhng thnh phn
tn ph rt thp cu m ny bng cch to ra mt m 4B3T ci tin nh MS43. K
hiu 4B trong m 4B3T tng ng vi cc khi 4 s nh phn ca tn hiu vo. K
hiu 3T trong khi 3 s tam phn biu th m ra. M ny thuc nhm m khi
nNmT, y 3 2
m n
> , m l s tam phn, n l s s nh phn trong khi. Bng 3.7
cho chng ta nhn thy rng lch cc i hoc tng s sai khc s l 3 i vi
m vo 0111. Nu tn hiu ra trung bnh l dng th mode s chuyn thnh m v
v.v... ch ci ca mode c sp xp nh thm dy ra tin n tch ly tng
s sai lch s dng hoc m v chuyn cc mode nhm duy tr tng s tin
n 0, nh vy s lm ti thiu ha nng lng ph tn thp ca tn hiu ra. Ngi
ta s dng m ny trong cc h thng Ethernet, ISDN v cc h thng truyn s
liu.
Bng 3.7: Quy lut bin i m 4B3T
54

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3.2.3. M MS43
Mt m 4B3T khc l m MS43, c s dng truyn tn hiu trong cc h
thng truyn dn s trn cp bc kim. M ny s dng 3 ch ci
1 2 3
, , R R R , c
chn tng ng vi lch ca tng bin i s ca m. mt thi im no
tng s c th thay i trn 6 gi tr, t 0 n 5, vi nhng gi tr cc i xut hin
trong thi gian hoc ca phn t th nht hoc phn t th hai ca mt t tam phn.
iu ny hn ch cc trng thi cui t 1 n 4. Nu trng thi cui l 1 th ch ci
1
R c chn cho t m tip theo. Nu n l 2 hoc 3, chn ch ci
2
R v nu n l
4 th chn ch ci
3
R . Bng di y ch ra quy lut bin i m ny. Cc ch ci
c sp xp sao cho mi mt nhm 3 k hiu tam phn c lin h duy nht vi
1 nhm 4 bit nh phn v do n khng cn tit b gii m xc nh mode hoc
ch ci c my pht s dng. M ny cho php xut hin 4 s 0 lin tip
trong 1dayx tam phn hoc ln n 5 k hiu dng hoc m lin tip. T tam phn
bao gm 3 s 0 khng s dng v mt dy bt k 3 hoc 4 s 0 cn phi ni
bin gii gia hai t k cn nhau. S dng c im ny t c ng chnh
khung. Ngoi ra v mi t cha mt hoc nhiu s 1 nn vic tch ng h n
gin.
55

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Bng 3.8: Tut ton m MS43

3.2.4. M 6B4T
M 6B4T bin i 6 s nh phn thnh 4 s tam phn. M ny c
6
2 hoc 64
t nh phn 6 bit vo
4
3 80 = t tam phn khng k 0000. Nhm cc m c din
t nh nNmT, l mt lp m ch ci tam phn phi tuyn. Nh ni trn, trng
hp n gin nht ca m ny khi n=m=2, nh m tam phn la chn cp (PST).
3.2.. Cc m BnZS
Cc m c trin khai, l m lng cc khi thay i mt dy n s 0 lin
tip trong m nh phn bng nhng vi phm lut lng cc. S thay th ny gim
bt chnh lch. Cc m ny thuc mt lp m khng tam phn phi tuyn v c
th coi l m AMI ci tin hoc m lng cc. Ba loi m quan trng nht trong lp
ny l B3ZS, B6ZS, B8ZS. Tt c cc m ny c CCITT khuyn ngh trong
G703 s dng trong mt s giao tip no s trnh by di y.
3.2..1. M 3ZS
Cng nh ni trong khuyn ngh G703 ca CCITT, m B3ZS l mt dng
m lng cc ci tin hoc dng xung AMI c thay 3 s 0 lin tip bng nhm
vi phm lut lng cc. Cc bit logic 1 c thi gian tn ti 50 chu trnh v ni
chung l thay i lun phin dng v m i vi mc logic 0.
56

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Trng hp ngoi l l khi c 3 logic 0 xut hin (ng thi) trong lung bit.
Trong dng B3ZS mi khi 3 logic 0 lin tip c thay th bng t hp B0V hoc
00V, y B biu th 1 xung hp vi lut lng cc, hoc l qui lut cc tnh du
lun phin ca AMI v V biu th 1 xung phm qui lut ny.
Vic chn B0V hoc 00V c tin hnh sao cho s cc xung B gia hai xung
V k tip nhau l l. M ny thng c s dng trong thit b giao tip ca b
ghp knh bc 3. Cc bit ng b khung cha trong qu trnh m ha.

Hnh 3.5: Cc tn hiu nh phn m HDB3, CMI v B3ZS
3.2..2. M 6ZS
Trong m ny mt t hp 6 s 0 lin tip trong tn hiu vo c thay th
bng mt t hp 0 0 + + nu xung pha trc l ; cn nu xung pha trc l
th lc 6 s 0 c thay bng 0 0 + +. Nh vy xut hin mt dy 0
di lin tip trong m AMI thng thng c loi tr v thay th vo l cc
xung hoc t hp xung phm li quy lut cc tnh ca xung an du. nh ph nng
lng ca m ny ti 0,5 tc bit, v hu ht nng lng ph nm trong khong
0, 2 0,8 ln tc bit. M ny c khuyn ngh s dng trong giao tip s 6312
kbit/s nu s dng 1 i dy i xng cho hng truyn dn.
3.2..3. M 8ZS
Trong m ny mt nhm 8 s 0 lin tip trong tn hiu vo c thay th
bng 000 0 + + nu xung trc l dng (). Nu xung trc l m (-) th
8 s 0 c thay bng 000 0 + +. p li quy lut cc tnh xung du lun
phin ca AMI b vi phm CCITT khuyn ngh s dng m ny cho cc giao tip s
tc 1544 kbit/s nu s dng cp i xng, hoc tc 6312 kbit/s nu s
dng cp ng trc.
57

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3.2.. M HDB3
M HDB3 l m tam phn mt cao c nhiu nht 3 s 0 lin tip. Thut
ton m mt tn hiu nh phn thnh mt tn hiu HDB3 ph thuc vo cc quy
tc sau y:
1- S 0 nh phn c m bng mt trng thi trng trong tn hiu HDB3.
Tuy nhin i vi mt dy 4 s 0 lin tip th s dng cc quy lut c bit
theo quy tc 3 di y.
2- S 1 nh phn c m bng k hiu dng hoc m v c du ngc vi
xung trc (o du lun phin).
3- Cc dy 4 s 0 lin tip trong tn hiu nh phn c m nh sau:
(1) S 0 u tin ca dy c m bng trng thi trng nu du trc tn
hiu HDB3 c cc ngc vi cc ca vi phm pha trc v bn thn n
khng vi phm.
(2) S 0 u tin ca dy c m bng du A m khng vi phm ( hoc -),
nu du trc ca tn hiu HDB3 c cng cc vi du vi phm trc
hoc chnh bn thn n vi phm.
Cc quy lut (1) v (2) m bo cc vi phm lin tip c cc tnh o nhau sao
cho thnh phn mt chiu c th gp li bng khng.
(3) S 0 th 2 ca dy 4 s 0 nh phn lin tip lun c m bng trng thi
trng.
(4) S 0 th t trong dy ca 4 s 0 nh phn c m bng mt du m cc
tnh ca n vi phm an du. Nhng vi phm an du nh vy c k
hiu bng V- hoc V tng ng vi cc tnh ca n.
Phn b nng lng ph ca tn hiu u vo ngu nhin c m ha thnh
HDB3 ging phn b nng lng ph ca AMI, trong nng lng ph cc
i nm khong 0,5 tc bit v hai nh nh khong 0,45 v 0,55 ln tc
bit. M ny c s dng ch yu cho cc giao tip ghp knh 2048, 8448
v 34368 kbit/s theo nh CCITT khuyn ngh. Ngi ta s dng n trong cu
hnh mng cc b Ethernet v truyn a s liu.
3.2.. M CMI
CMI-Code Mark Inversion (o du m). N l mt m NRZ hai mc trong
bit 0 nh phn vn c m bng hai mc
1
A v
2
A tng ng, mi mc chim mt
58

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na khong thi gian n v T/2. Bit 1 c m bng cc mc bin
1
A v
2
A
mi mc chim ton b thi gian n v T, cc mc ny lun phin thay i theo
cc bit 1 k tip nhau. Ch rng i vi bit 0 lun lun c mt chuyn tip
dng ti im gia ca khong thi gian bit, v i vi bit 1 c mt chuyn tip
dng ti im khi u ca khong thi gian n v bit mc trc l
1
A v mt
chuyn tip m ti thi im khi u ca khong thi gian n v bit nu bit 1
sau cng c m ha bng mc
2
A . Lu rng bit khng c k hiu bng 01
v bit 1 k hiu bng 11 v 00 trong khong thi gian ca khe thi gian.
3.3. M IU KHIN LI
Nh ta bit, d l dung lng truyn dn khng c s dng ca mt tn
hiu m. Tuy vy, s dng d ny cho php pht hin v cng c th sa c
cc li do tp m sinh ra my thu, iu ny nng cao c tin cy ca h
thng. Trong h thng thng tin s c th xut hin 3 loi li. l: li thay th,
trong mt bit s gc c thay bng mt s trng thi khc; cc li b st, trong
mt k hiu b xa i khi lung bit; v cc li trong mt k hiu gi mo
c xen vo dng bit. Li hay xut hin nht l li thay th. Tt c cc loi li c
th xut hin trong cc lung bit nh phn hoc trong mt k hiu nhiu mc. V
xc sut li trong truyn dn s l mt hm trc tip ca t s tn hiu /tp m, mt
vn xut hin l nu v mt s l do no cng sut tn hiu b gii hn bi mt
s gi tr cc i no , iu dn ti xut hin li vi tn sut khng chp nhn
c. C th gim cc li ny bng cch s dng cc mch pht hin li v sa li.
Trong truyn dn s liu in bo v Fax ngi ta quan tm nht vic s dng m
bo v li, cn i vi ting ni th khng c tiu chun nh vy. V hin nay ang
hnh thnh mt dng s liu tng hp lm cho chng ta kh m xc nh c phm
vi no, vng no cn bo v li, phm v no, vng no khng cn. Nhng iu
khng th trnh c l phi a ra m iu khin li cho ton b cc h thng
m bo tnh linh hot ca chng. D nhn thy c hai loi iu khin li khc nhau
xut hin trong truyn dn. Loi u tin l li ngu nhin, gia cc bit s li khng
tng quan. Loi th hai l cc t bin li, y phn ln cc bit s kt tip nhau
b sai lch. Hai loi ny c tnh cht ph bin v th ngi ta s dng chng l yu
t quyt nh ca loi m iu khin li. Cc t bin li thng xut hin t nhng
thit b nh cc b trn hoc cc thit b m ng dy, mt li duy nht c
m thnh mt t khc vi cc t gc ca n. iu ny dn ti xut hin thm cc li
khc ging nh nhn hoc m rng li. Trong thc t tn thng gi loi li ny l
li m rng. Hiu qu ca li m rng c c trng bng khi nim T l li bit
59

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tng ng (EBER) trong t l li bit c o vi iu kin bit nguyn
nhn do li m rng c gim bng mt h s m rng li ti h s v t l li bit
tng ng. Cc t bin li cng l mt c th ca truyn dn s qua mng
chuyn mch in thoi trong m xung chim u th hn so vi tp m Gauss.
S dng rng ri cc m bo v li m bo v cc mch s liu v cc
mch in bo. Ngi ta s dng cc h thng m ha trang b cho cc h thng
qun s, my tnh cng vi thng tin in thoi bo mt bo v cc thng tin
bng cch chn cc loi m thch hp. S dng cac h thng ny trong phm vi m
cho thng tin c s d liu khc vi m bo v li hoc pht hin li. M iu
khin li thng c s dng trong cc modem u ni ca in thoi hoc mt
knh thng tin ca ng dy, t khi dng trong h thng v tuyn chuyn tip
ng di, ngi ta cng nh gi v th nghim mt s m sa sai khc nhau trn
cc h thng HF, i lu v v tinh.
3.4. CN BNG
Trong nhng h thng thc t v thit k b lc khng hon thin v do s thay i
cc c tnh ca knh thng tin theo thi gian cho nn lun lun tn ti mt lng
giao thoa gia cac k hiu (ISI). Nhm b hin tng ni trn v gim ISI n
mc b nht cn phi s dng mt mch la chn tn s, c hm truyn t bin
v pha ngc vi hm truyn t tng hp ca knh v b lc knh. Mt mch nh
th gi l mt b cn bng v qu trnh b ca n gi li qu trnh cn bng p
o. Nu s thay i c tnh ca knh do thay i nhin hoc i vi tuyn
viba l thay i cc iu kin kh hu, mi trng, ... dn ti ading nhiu tia; hoc
thay i cc tham s b lc ca thit b, ... khi s dng b cn bng c c tnh bin
i ngc so vi cc s bin i ni trn th s hn ch c hin tng ISI
n mc b nht. S thay i ca ISI t b nht n ln nht trong tt c cc iu
kin c th ln n ni khng chp nhn c. c bit i vi nhng knh c c
tnh thay i theo thi gian vi tc kh ln trong thi gian knh b chim.
khc phc tnh trng ny, ngi ta s dng mt phng php t ng iu chnh
mo do knh sinh ra cn gi l cn bng t thch nghi. Trong phn ny chng ta s
trnh by mt cch vn tt cc loi b cn bng v ng dng ca chng.
3..1. cn bng ngang
Hnh 3.6 di y ch ra b cn bng ngang bao gm mt ng dy tr
2 1 M + nhnh tr, mi nhnh tr c thi gian trn
s
T giy, v n c ni qua mt
thit b c tng ch bin i c, k hiu cc h s tng ch tng ng vi tng
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thit b l
0 1
, , , , ,
m m
C C C C

cho ( ) 2 1 M + nhnh tr; tt c cc u ra c

ni n mt b khuch i tng. Nu bit dng xung i vo ca b cn bng l
( )
r
P t v u ra ca n l
( )
eq
P t , th quan h gia chng l:

Gi s ( )
r
P t c nh ti t = 0, v giao thoa gia cc k hiu c hai pha, tc
ly mu u ra cho bi: ( )
k s
t k M T = +
Ta nhn c:


Hnh 3.6: B cn bng ngang c 2M1 t
loi b c ISI, v l tng chng ta s c:

V ch c 2M1 nhnh tr, trong khi s nhnh tr cn thit phi l v cng,
vy gi tr ca ( )
eq k
P t ch c th nh r ti 2M1 im:

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T cc phng trnh trn, mt tp hp gm ( ) 2 1 M + phng trnh tuyn tnh
ng thi, chng ta c th gii c
m
C . Tp ny cho di dng ma trn.

Ma trn trn c gi l ma trn cng bc bng khng ca cc b cn bng
v chn cc h s ca nhnh tr mo nh l b nht bng cch p b cn bng
tin ti 0 ti M im ly mu c hai pha ca xung yu cu.
V d: S dng b cn bng 3 nhnh tr iu chnh sao cho gim c giao
thoa gia cc k hiu do xung ( )
r
P t gy ra. Hnh 3.7 biu din th dng xung
vo v ra khi b cn bng. Xc nh cc gi tr tng ch ca nhnh tr v cc gi tr
ca xung c cn bng ti cc im ly mu.

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Hnh 3.7: Dng sng vo v ra b cn bng ngang 3 nhnh tr
Cn c vo hnh 3.7, s dng ma trn cng bc bng 0:

T phng trnh ca
( )
eq k
P t ta xc nh c cc gi tr ca xung cn bng
v lp thnh bng:

Xung cn bng ch ra trn hnh 3.7. Ch rng cc pha khc nhau ca
0 t = (ngha l
s
t T = ), l im 0 ca xung ra.
3.4.2. Cc b cn bng t ng
C th phn cc b cn bng t ng thnh 2 nhm: loi nh trc iu chnh
ph thuc vo s truyn dn mt mu th, v loi t thch nghi, loi ny t iu
chnh lng li lin tc trong khi truyn s liu ty theo lng li gia tn hiu thc
t thu c v nh gi tn hiu pht i trc ti my thu. Trn c s lng
li thu c lin quan hu c vi lung s liu, chng ta nh gi c cc h s
tng ch. y l mt qu trnh lp, sao cho bin ca li l b nht.
3.4.2.1. Cc b cn bng nh trc
tin hnh iu chnh cn bng t ng phi truyn i mt mu kim tra v
da vo nhng iu bit trc ca mu ti my thu tnh p ng xung tn hiu
thu c. T p tuyn xung, ta tnh c cc h s ca nhnh tr, hoc s dng
phng php lp tnh cc h s cho n lc thu c gi tr ti u. Loi b cn
bng ny tc hi t nhanh, nhng nu c tnh ca knh thay i tc th phi
pht li mu kim tra ti nhng thi im thch hp thit lp li cc h s. S
dng phng php lp li i vi phng trnh:
I XC =
Trong C, I l vec t ct c 2M1 phn t, X l ma trn vung cp 2M+1.
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Mc ch lp t c 0 I XC = , bc lp th k tn ti mt vc t sai
s:
k k
e XC I = .
Thut ton ni trn c s dng ti u cc h s ca b cn bng
m
C
v ang l i tng c th xem xt nghin cu. C 2 tiu chun c s dng
rng ri. Mt l tiu chun mo nh, hai l tiu chun trung bnh bnh phng
(MSE).
2..2.2. Cc b cn bng t thch nghi
Trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn s s dng b cn bng t thch nghi
khc phc cc nh hng ca truyn lan nhiu tia; mt khc nh chng ta bit v
s lan truyn ca knh gy ra hin tng tri rng cng sut tn hiu theo thi gian,
khi s dng phn tp theo khng gian cho php b sung phi hp cc tn hiu v b
cn bng trong knh phn tp c th t ng iu chnh s chnh lch v thi gian
tr gia cc knh. B cn bng t n cng c th khc phc cc hiu ng lan truyn
bng cch nng cao d tr ading hiu dng.
B cn bng t thch nghi khng s dng mt mu kim tra nh b cn bng
nh trc m s dng nh gi sai s gia tn hiu thc thu c v nh gi tn
hiu pht i trc , nh ni trn. Mt c tnh lm vic i vi b cn
bng t thch nghi l: tn hiu vo phi l mt dy bit ngu nhin. Nu tn hiu
khng cn bng b mo nghim trng, b cn bng t thch nghi to ra rt nhiu li
v qu trnh lp khng hi t. D nhin iu ny c ngha l khng t c s cn
bng. Trong hon cnh nh vy xut hin phng php c th t c l s dng
b cn bng nh trc chuyn sang phng thc t thch nghi sau khi t c mt
s o cn bng.
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Hnh 3.8: Cc phn t ca b cn bng thch nghi
3.. TI SINH TN HIU S
Qu trnh cho php truyn dn s tt hn truyn dn tng t, l qu trnh
ti sinh tn hiu. Ti sinh l mt qu trnh trong mt tn hiu s b mo v b
tiu hao c ti to li thnh bin v dng sng ng ca n. Qa trnh ny c
th a n mt nh ngha khc ca truyn dn s, v tt c truyn dn s u cn
c ti sinh ti mt s im trn ng truyn dn. i vi mt chui tuyn
truyn dn s, cc b phn ti sinh c mt mch ca my thu bng gc tin
khuch i v sa dng tn hiu vo b tiu hao, tn x v tp m xm nhp vo
trc lc tch sng. B tch sng thc cht l mt b tch sng ngng, n to nn
u ra mt dng xung xc nh r rng. Mch tch sng cng c th hot ng
da vo cc dng tn hiu m n gn ging hnh sinh. Mch ny bao hm mt b
khuch i bng gc, b lc bng gc m rng bng tn ca chng khng cn
phi ln nh lc yu cu truyn dn mt xung v nh vy tp m u ra ca
bng gc gim xung. Gim rng bng tn ca b khuch i bng gc ca my
thu lm ni rng ph xung, dn n gim liu lng cho php giao thoa gia cc k
hiu v nh vy tng kh khn khi to nn ngng quyt nh. Kt qu tt yu s
lm cho th hnh mt ng li. Thit k b ti sinh phi dung ha gia vn
gim giao thoa khi ni rng bng tn v tng tp m nhit, iu cng s tng cc
nh hng ca trt thi gian do nh hng ca tp m n ngng quyt nh.
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Hnh 3.9: (a) S ca mt b ti sinh s in hnh

Hnh 3.9: (b) B lp ng dy
B ti sinh ng dy cho chng ta thu hiu s hot ng ca cc b ti sinh
thc t.
Trong v tuyn s, b ti sinh thng thng c b tr trong cc mch tch
bit, n a vo sau b gii iu ch v cc tng cn bng ngang. Ph hp vi hnh
3.9 (b) cc tn hiu ng dy vo qua bin p ng dy v cc mch cn bng
n mt b khuch i. T b khuch i ny c hai u ra ngc pha nhau a vo
cc b tch sng ngng. ng thi 2 u ra ny cng c mc v a n mch
nh thi.

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Hnh 3.9: (c) B ti sinh s v tuyn
3..1. Khi phc nh thi v tch sng ngng
Mch khi phc nh thi hay cn gi l mch khi phc ng h c ch ra
nh hnh 3.9 (b), n nhn cc bit s liu vo tc bit ng dy v n lm
hot ng mt mch cng hng ni tip hoc a n mt vng kha pha. Mch
c thit k sao cho u ra khng c cc xung ng dy. Mch nh thi trong
trng hp ny to ra 2 sng vung u ra ngc pha nhau iu khin cc
mch ti to thi gian. Khi u vo ca mt b tch sng ngng c tn hiu 1 th
n hot ng. Sau 1 c truyn n u ra ca n. V tn hiu u vo ca
cc b tch sng ngc pha nhau, v vy ti thi im xc nh th ch c mt b
tch sng hot ng. u ra ca b tch sng hot ng sau c a n mt
mch lip-lop loi D bao gm mch ti to thi gian. Khi u vo D mc cao 1
v 2 trng thi n nh c cht, 1 ny c truyn n u ra Q. Trng thi ny
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c duy tr cho n khi u vo xut hin mt xung xa ng i vo. V cc xung
nh thi v cc xung xa l ngc pha nhau, nn cc u ra Q t cc mch ti to
thi gian to ra dng tn hiu thi gian c khi phc ca tn hiu vo. S dng
bin p ra to nn tn hiu song cc ging nh xut hin trn u vo ca b
ti sinh v phi hp tr khng vi ng dy. Hnh 3.9 (c) ch ra s khi ca
mt b lp IF v tuyn s 140 Mbit/s, trong chng ta cng c th nhn thy cc
mch tch bit cha b ti sinh.

Hnh 3.9: (d) u cui v tuyn

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CHNG 4. K THUT GHP KNH S

4.1. NGUYN L GHP KNH THO THI GIAN
Khi c hai tn hiu tng t tr ln c truyn dn trn mt knh thng tin,
thng s dng mt trong hai phng php c in lin kt hai tn hiu ring r
ny. Phng php th nht, cc tn hiu c x l chim cc khong tn s
khc nhau trong di tn nhng u c truyn trong cng mt thi gian. Ni cch
khc cc tn hiu truyn i ng thi nhng tn s chuyn i. y chnh l ghp
knh theo tn s. Phng php c in th hai, tt c cc tn hiu u c cng tn s
nhng chim khong thi gian khc nhau trong di thi gian. Trong trng hp ny
mi bng tn, chng hn ting ni u nh nhau nhng truyn trn knh thng tin
vo cc thi im khc nhau. thc hin vic ny, mi tn hiu tng t c ly
mu ti cc thi im khc nhau v xung ly mu mang thng tin v bin ca
mi tn hiu ring c pht ln ng dy. Kt qu l mt dy xung PAM c
ghp li, trong mi xung iu bin tun hon bt ngun t mt tn hiu khc
nhau. iu ny c th thc hin c, v b rng xung ly mu ca tn hiu ngn
hn nhiu so vi thi gian tri qua cho n trc khi tn hiu 1 c ly mu ln
na. Xt hnh 4.1 (a), 4 tn hiu tng t t cc ng dy khc nhau i n kha
chuyn mach kiu quay trn c tc c nh, kha ny c gi l b gp. ng
dy th 5 c in p V ln hn gi tr cc i ca bt c tn hiu no trong 4 tn
hiu. Dng sng to nn nh hnh 4.1 (b). Xung ln nht F gi l xung ng b
khung v c s dng xc nh mt khung hoc mt tp cc tn hiu trong mt
vng quay. Nhm 5 xung trong hnh 4.1 c gi l mt khung. Trong thc t
thng mt khung c nhiu xung.
Nu mi tn hiu tng t c bng tn l B (Hz) c xc nh bi b lc
thng thp th tn s ly mu thp nht phi bng 2B (Hz). Khi c n tn hiu PAM
ghp theo thi gian th tc truyn xung bng 2Bn xung /s. iu ny c ngha l
bng tn ca b lc l tng l nB. Trong thc t n rng hn, v khng c kh
nng ch to b lc nh vy v rng hn ngn nga nhiu gia cc k hiu hoc
nhiu gia cc xung ln cn.
pha thu, cc mu ca knh ring bit c tch ra v c phn phi nh
mt b chuyn mch kiu quay trn gi l b phn phi.
Sau cc mu ca mi knh c lc tch v to tn hiu tng t ban
u. B chuyn mch my pht v my thu c ng b mt cch cht ch.
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ng b l ch tiu u tin ca mi qu trnh ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM).
Trong TDM c hai dng ng b l ng b khung v ng b theo mu (hoc bit).
ng b xung cn thit xc didnhj mt cch chnh xc im bt u ca mt
nhm xung mu v ng b bit cn thit phn bit mt cch chnh xc cc xung
mu trong mi khung. Qa trnh ng b cng cho php ng b thit b u cui
pht v thu khi cc tn hiu thi gian trong hai thit b u cui c cng tc trung
bnh. Trong thit b u cui pht, ng h to ra cc khung thi gian theo yu cu
iu khin cc chc nng khc nhau v iu khin tc bit tn hiu s cho mc
ch truyn dn trong nhiu trng hp s khng hot ng cng tc nh ng
h c to ra trong thit b u cui thu. khc phc s khc nhau ca tn s
ng h, thit b u cui thu thng nhn s nh thi t lung bit s thu c.

Hnh 4.1. Nguyn l ghp knh theo thi gian (TDM)
iu ny m bo cho hai thit b u cui lin quan n lung bit ring, hot
ng cng tc trung bnh v c th xem nh ng b. Nh vy thit b u
cui thu ph thuc vo thit b u cui pht. ng h pht trong thit b u cui
ph thuc cng ph thuc vo mch thu to ra s ng b gia pht v thu ca hai
thit b u cui tr ln mang lung bit ny. Thit b u cui thu tch thng tin thi
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gian t lung bit s a n nh cc mch khi phc ng b, cc mch ny hot
ng da vo cng mt nguyn l nh cc mch s dng trong cc b ti to s.
Cui cng, trong cc h thng TDM c s, cc xung PAM ghp c th c lng
t x l tip trc khi truyn dn bng PCM hoc c th c x l khng qua
lng t v PCM truyn trc tip bng c s. Cc xung PAM c ghp nh
trong hnh 4.1 (b) c m ha trc khi truyn. u ra b m l t m nh phn,
mi t m thay cho mt xung ly mu ; S ny c gi l s ghp theo t
hay ghp theo k hiu. Cc t m c gp li vi cc bit bo hiu v cc bit ng
b khung. Cc bit ng b khung c sp xp sao cho chng to thnh mt cu
trc lp hoc t m ng b khung cho php thit b u cui nhn dng chnh xc
mi bit hoc khe thi gian v phn chia lung tn hiu s n thnh cc tn hiu
thnh phn. Cc tn hiu thnh phn sau i n knh ra tng ng. Mt on ca
tn hiu pht c hnh thnh bi t m ng b khung v cc bit tin gi l mt
khung. Nu thit b u cui thu pht hin c t m ng b khung ti v tr
bit trc tc l c ng b v n tip tc lm vic ch ng. Nu sau v tr
qua nhiu khe thi gian khng pht hin c t m ng b th thit b u cui
cho rng ng b khung b mt.
4.2. GHP KNH S CP
4.2.1. c im
Ghp knh c s PCM 30 v PCM 24 l cc h thng knh PCM thc t cho cc
lung bit s cp 1 theo tiu chun chu u v Bc M - Nht Bn vi tc c s
PCM 30 l 2048 Kil bit/s v PCM 24 l 1544 Kb/s.
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4.2.2. Ghp knh s cp theo tiu chun M-Nht
a) a khung 12


b) a khung 2


4.2.3. Ghp knh s cp theo chun Chu u

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4.3. GHP KNH BC CAO
4.3.1. Phn cp tc s PDH
a) Tiu chun Chu u

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Da trn cc khuyn ngh ca IT-T th cc cp ghp knh s theo tiu chun Chu
u da trn vic ghp cc lung s cp 1 c tc bit 2048 Kb/s bng vic ghp
cc knh (khe thi gian 8 bit). Cp ghp knh nh sau:
- Cp 1: L mt khung PCM gm 32 knh (30 knh thoi 2 knh bo hiu) v
ng b c tc 2048 Mb/s.
- Cp 2: Thc hin ghp knh 4 lung cp 1, c tc 8,448 Mb/s.
- Cp 3: Thc hin ghp 4 lung cp 2, c tc 34,368 Mb/s
- Cp 4: Thc hin ghp 4 lung cp 3, c tc 139,264 Mb/s.
- Cp 5: Thc hin ghp 4 lung cp 4, c tc 565, 128 Mb/s.
b) Tiu chun Nht Bn

c). Tiu chun Bc M

- Cp 1: Ghp knh 24 knh thoi thnh lung s S
1
c tc 1,544 Mb/s
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- Cp 2: Ghp 4 lung cp 1 thnh lung cp 2 l 6,312 Mb/s
- Cp 3: Ghp 5 lung cp 2 thnh lung cp 3 l 32, 064 Mb/s
- Cp 4: Ghp 3 lung cp 3 thnh lung cp 4 l 97,728 Mb/s
- Cp 5: Ghp 4 lung cp 4 thnh lung cp 5 l 400,352 Mb/s
Cp ghp knh ca Bc M v Nht Bn c s thng nht cp ghp 1 v 2, cp
ghp Bc M c hng AT T s dng. Tuy nhin, cp ghp Bc M cn c hai
cp na l cp ghp 4 v cp ghp 5, trong , cp 5 c th ghp ti 8064 knh
thoi PCM, l cp ghp khng c trong tiu chun ca IT-T.
Trong phn cp s ca Nht Bn c thm mt cp so vi phn cp ca IT-T l
5760 knh thoi, tng dung lng l 400,352 Mb/s.

Bng tm tt cc cp ghp knh s PDH

Nhc im ca PDH
Ngy nay, nhu cu s dng cc dch v phi thoi bng ln mt cch ph bin v
rng ri, ngha l ngi iu hnh mng mong mun c nhiu lung 2 Mb/s cho
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thuy v c th tch/xen cc lung mt cch n gin v d dng. Nhng PDH
khng p ng c cc yu cu . Chng hn khi mt tuyn truyn dn c tc
140 Mb/s i qua mt im no c nhu cu s dng cc lung 2 Mb/s th ti
phi lp t mt khi lng ln thit b tch/xen.

Tip n phi tch mt lung 34 Mb/s thnh 4 lung 8 Mb/s. Bc tip theo phi
tch mt lung 8 Mb/s thnh 4 Mb/s lung 2 Mb/s th phi xen vo by nhiu lung
2 Mb/s. V phi qua nhiu cp tch/xen nh vy k thut tng i phc tp, h
thng cng knh, gi thnh dch v tng ln theo s cp ghp/xen, mt khc phng
thc trn cn gim tin cy ca h thng. y l mt hn ch th nht PDH.
4.3.2. H thng SDH
Mng in thoi t trc nhng nm 1970 ch yu truyn tn hiu tng t v
k thut FDM (Frequency Division Multiplex), phng tin truyn dn ch yu l
cp ng. u nhng nm 1970 h thng s tng i pht trin km theo n l
k thut ghp knh theo thi gian vi cc cp ghp knh khc nhau, thc hin ghp
nhiu lung s c tc thp thnh lung s c tc cao. K thut ny c gi
l phn cp s cn ng b PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy). Cng ngh
cng pht trin yu cu truyn dn tc cao, tin cy ln th PDH cha phi l h
thng ti u, mt phn cp s ra i l k thut SDH (Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy).
SDH ra i vo nm 1980 khc phc c nhng nhc im ca PDH. thi
k u SDH c trin khai trn h thng cp ng trc. Nm 1985, vit tiu chun
Quc gia Hoa K (ANSI) a ra mng thng tin quan ng b (SONET
Synchronous Optical Netork) cho php ha mng thit b ca cc hng khc nhau
ti mc quang.
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4.3.2.1. Nguyn l ca SDH
Nguyn l ca SDH l ghp xen k tng byte d liu PDH vo cc Container (Ci),
sau c gn cc t mo u POH trong container o VC, con tr Pointer, v
thng tin mo u SOH to thnh khung d liu STM-1.


4.3.2.2. Cu trc khung thi gian SDH

4.3.2.3. Truyn cc byte trong khung STM-1
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4.3.2.4. Cu trc khung STM-N

4.3.2.5. S cu trc h thng ghp knh ng b STM-1 theo ITU-T
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Chc nng ca cc khi c bn:

4.3.2.6. Cc vng ca mng truyn dn
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- Vng ghp knh trong mng SDH bao gm cc phng tin truyn dn v cc
b lp lin kt vi nhau. Vng ny cung cp mt phng tin truyn dn
thng tin gia hai nt mng lin tip nhau (v d: cc b ghp knh SDH, cc
chuyn mch kt ni cho s DCC). Mt trong nhng nt mng l ni to ra
t mo vng ghp knh MSOH v mt trong nhng nt mng cn li l ch
cui cng ca t mo ny.
Trong mng SDH, vng ghp knh c ngha quan trng. N l mc m
mng SDH c th hnh thnh cc chc nng khc nhau trong cc trng
hp khc nhau nh hng thit b hay l gim cht lng ng truyn dn.
Cc chc nng ny mang nhim v chung l bo v ng truyn c
c cht lng tt nht v khng b gin on.
Cc byte mang chc nng bo v c trong t mo vng ghp knh MSOH
c gn vo lung tn hiu v truyn n u cui khc. Nu pht hin li,
mng SDH s chuyn mch lin kt cc VC n mch truyn dn d phng.
Mch d phng l cc knh d phng bao gm cc phng tin truyn dn,
cc b lp v cc thit b u cui vng ghp knh.
Cc kt ni cho:
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4.3.2.7. Cu hnh h thng mng truyn dn SDH
- Mng im im

- Mng chuyn tip trc tip


- Chuyn mch c rt v xen knh
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- Chuyn mch c rt v xen knh s dng thit b phn lung

- Cu hnh kn (mng vng ring)

- Cu hnh nt mng:
Thit b u cui STM-1.
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Thit b u cui STM-4.

Thit b u cui STM-16.

- Cu hnh xen/r

4.3.3. Ghp knh theo bc sng
.3.3.1. Khi nim
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4.3.3.2. Nguyn c bn ghp bc sng quang


.3.3.3. Thit b ghp/tch knh quang
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CHNG . CC H THNG TRUYN DN VIN THNG
.1. NG DY THU BAO S xDSL
.1.1. Gii thiu
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) - ng dy thu bao s l cng ngh truyn ti
thng tin bng rng n ngi dng l cc gia nh hoc cc doanh nghip nh
thng qua ng dy in thoi thng thng. Ni n xDSL c ngha l cp
n nhiu dng khc nhau ca cng ngh DSL nh ADSL, HDSL, v RADSL. Nu
nh bn hoc doanh nghip ca bn ni m c quan bu in c th cung cp
c dch v DSL th sau khi ng k v lp t s dng dch v ny, bn c kh
nng nhn d liu t ti tc 6,1 mgabit trn giy (l thuyt c th t ti 8,448
mgabit trn giy) cho php chng ta truyn d liu video, m thanh v c m thanh
3 chiu. Thng thng, mi kt ni ring l s cung cp c tc t 1,544
mgabit trn giy n 512 kilbit trn giy i vi donload (ti d liu xung) v
khong 128 kilbit i vi vic upload ln mng.
Mt ng DSL c kh nng chuyn ti cng lc c hai tn hiu l d liu v
ting ni trong phn d liu truyn trn ng dy c kt ni lin tc. Tnh t
khi ra i vo nm 1998 cho n nay, cng ngh DSL v ang pht trin vi tc
nhanh chng v tr nn ph bin trn ton th gii. Cc cng ty nh IBM, HP,
Intel, Microsot hp tc vi nhiu cng ty in thoi pht trin mt dng ca
ADSL tr thnh chun vi phng thc ci t n gin i vi ngi dng v gi
l G.lite. Hin nay ADSL ang c trin khai v cng rng ri. DSL c trng
i nh l mt gii php thay th cho cng ngh ISDN v n cnh tranh mnh
m i vi thu bao dng modem thng thng trong lnh vc chuyn ti m thanh
v hnh nh 3-D ti ngi tiu dng gia nh v cc doanh nghip, vn phng va
v nh.
DSL c mt s li th so vi cc gii php truyn thng tc cao khc, nht
l v gi c. Do n chy trn cc dy ng hin dng nn n gim gi thnh. Khng
nh cc ng cp quang hay cc ng truyn khc, DSL khng cn lp thm cc
cp mi cho cc to nh do c cp ng sn. V vic s dng cc h tng c sn
ny lm cho vn nng cp dch v DSL l rt thp. Cc cng ty in thoi v cc
nh cung cp dch v d dng tng thch cc dch v hin hnh ca h vi DSL.
Mt li th khc l ci cch thng tin c qun l trong mng. DSL gip cho
cc thnh phn gim ti cc qu trnh trong h thng chuyn mch m thanh. Cc
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d liu lu thng trc tip n mng d liu dng gi, v cc thng tin v ting ni
c chuyn ti mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PSTN).
ADSL ( Asymmetric digital subcriber) c th cho php truyn vi tc hn
6 Mbps t pha nh cung cp ti khch hng truy nhp cc dch v Video theo
yu cu, v truy nhp mng LAN. Theo hng ngc li, t pha khch hng n
nh cung cp c th truyn tc hn 640 kbps (hay c hai hng). Kh nng ny
lm tng dung lng truy nhp hn rt nhiu so vi kh nng truyn thng tin cua
mng cng cng truyn thng.


.1.2. Cc dng ca DSL
Nhu cu ca ngi dng khc nhau nn DSL cng c nhiu loi cho ph hp,
cho nn mi c xDSL, ch x ngha l h ca DSL.
Cc nhu cu khc nhau v th loi:
- Tc d liu
- M ho ng truyn: Phng thc m ho thng tin
- S ng truyn: Cn mt cp dy xon hay hai cp
- Khong cch truyn (Distance Limit/Reach): Khong cch m d liu truyn
i vn tin cy
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Cng ngh Tc
Khong cch
truyn dn

S i dy
ng s dng
IDSL


144 Kb/s i xng 5km


1 i

HDSL

1,544Mb/s i xng
2,048Mb/s i xng
3,6 km 4,5 km
2 i
3 i
HDSL2
1,544Mb/s i xng
2,048 Mb/s i xng
3,6 km 4,5 km

1 i

SDSL
768kb/s i xng
1,544Mb/s hoc
2,048 Mb/s mt chiu
7 km
3 km

1 i
ADSL
1,5- 8 Mb/s lung xung
1,544 Mb/s lung ln
5km (tc cng
cao th khong
cch cng ngn )
1 i
RADSL
7-10 Mb/s lung xung
512-900 kb/s lung ln
4,5-5 Km 1 i
CDSL
1,5 Mb/s lung xung
384 Kb/s lung ln
5 Km 1 i
VDSL
26 Mb/s i xng
1352Mb/slung xung
1,5-2,3 Mb/s lung ln
300 m 1,5 km
(tu tc )
1 i
5.1.3. B ghp knh truy cp DSL (DSL Access Multipleer)
ghp nhiu khch hng s dng DSL vi mt mng backbone tc cao,
c quan bu in s dng b ghp knh truy cp DSL (DSLAM). Thng thng b
DSLAM kt ni ti mng truyn khng ng b (ATM Netork) m tng tc c
th t ti Gigabit. pha nhn, c mt thit b phn knh tn hiu v s chuyn cho
cc kt ni DSL ring r.
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5.1.4. Cc phng php iu ch
Trong sn phm ADSL, cc m ng truyn CAP, QAM, DMT c s
dng ph bin nht, ngoi ra cn mt s loi m khc ang trong qu trnh
th nghim.
CAP: Carrierless Amplitude and Phase modullation

M ho
B lc
ng pha
B lc
lch pha 90
0
D/A LPF
A/D
B lc
thch ng I
B lc
thch ng II

B x l Gii m

n
g

t
r
u
y

n

Thu pht tn hiu theo ph- ng php iu ch CAP

QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modullation
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|
1
(t)
|
2
(t)
2\E
0
0000 0001 0011 0010
1000 1001 1011 1010
1100 1101 1111
0100
1110
0101 0111 0110
Chm tn hiu 16-QAM



DTM: Discrete MultiTone Modullation

S liu
tc
cao
S liu tc
thp
S liu tc
thp

Phn
knh
iu
ch
iu
ch
iu
ch
iu
ch
iu
ch
.
.
.
Kim
sot
E
Lc
Lc
Lc
Lc
Lc
Gii
iu ch
Gii
iu ch
Gii
iu ch
Gii
iu ch
Gii
iu ch

Ghp
knh
Kim
sot
S khi h thng DMT
Bn tin phn hi hiu chnh knh
S liu
tc
cao
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
n
f
n-1
f
1
, f
2
,..f
n
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
n-1
f
n

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5.1.5. Mt s ng dng ca DSL
a) Mt s gii php mng
- Chia s kt ni DSL n vi my tnh ni b v my tnh xa:

Gii php ca Sygate:
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- VPN ni mng qua internet s dng kt ni DSL


b) NG DNG DSL ti Vit Nam hin nay
Ti Vit Nam hin nay, ng dng xDSL in hnh v thng dng ca hu khp cc
mng vin thng nh VNPT, Vettel, FPT l cung cp dch v internet bng rng ADSL -
s dng cng ngh ADSL ng thu bao s bt i xng. Tc pht trin ca cc
thu bao internet ny pht trin tng ngy, ph bin t th n tn cp x vi s lng
c tnh t khong 18 triu thu bao.
Trong t k nim 10 nm internet c mt ti Vit Nam, cc chuyn gia v Internet nhn
nh, Internet Vit Nam pht trin vt bc t lc tc truy cp t 2Mb/s th n nay,
tc truy cp tng ln 7500 ln. Gi truy cp khng tnh bng thi gian na m tnh
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bng dung lng s dng. T c th thy, internet Vit Nam hay dch v internet bng
rng ADSL dn chim c th phn ln p ng nhu cu s dng ca khch hng.



ADSL l mt cng ngh cho php truy cp Internet tc cao qua ng dy in
thoi. ADSL cung cp mt kt ni lin tc (alays on). Nguyn l ca ADSL l bng tn
cho ng ln v ng xung khng ging nhau. T , n c ng dng p ng
nhu cu s dng vi thng tin c ti v l chnh v nhiu hn thng tin c a ln.
ADSL c tc kt ni d liu ng ln ti a l 640Kb/s, ng xung l 8Mb/s ( 8192
Kb/s). Ngoi ra, cng ngh ADSL cho php ng thi chuyn ti d liu analog (m
thanh) trn cng mt ng dy, hay ni cch khc, cng ngh gip chuyn i ng dy
in thoi thng thng thnh mt ng truy nhp a dch v v cc ng truyn d liu
tc cao.
Mch ADSL to nn 3 knh thng tin ng dy thu bao: mt knh tc cao t
tng i ti thu bao, mt knh tc trung bnh 2 chiu ( knh ny ph thuc vo cu trc
ADSL), v 1 knh thoi hoc knh N-ISDN. Chnh v vy, thu bao trong khi truy cp
Internet vn c th s dng cc dch v in thoi PSTN thng thng. N cho php tn
dng ht phn bng thng cn d ca cp ng n mi thu bao PSTN hin nay (bng
thoi hin mi ch s dng ht 4KHz trn tng s hn 10MHz bng thng ca cp ng).
Khch hng truy cp Internet qua ng in thoi bnh thng (dial up) c tc ti
a l 56Kb/s, khi s dng ADSL s cm thy nh trc y phi i trong ng ngch cht
hp th nay c chy trn ng rng. Vi ADSL, chng ta s hon ton yn tm thc
hin cc dch v i hi tc truyn d liu cao trn Internet nh: pht thanh, hi ngh
truyn hnh, truyn hnh theo yu cu, dch v tng tc, kt ni mng LAN/WANDi
y l hnh m t tc ADSL vi cc loi truy cp internet khc.
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Trong :
Voiceband modem: s dng dial up (56kb/s)
ISDN: mng s tch hp a dch v thoi internet ( 2 line in thoi v internet l
128Kb/s vi knh 2BD)
ADSL: knh thu bao s bt i xng ( upload 640Kb/s, download l 8Mb/s)
VDSL: cng ngh DSL tc cao, dng cp quang kt hp cp ng truyn ti.
(donload 52Mb/s vi khong cch 300m, upload 1.6 n 2.3 Mb/s)

i tng s dng ca dch v ADSL hin nay cng rt ph bin, t
ngi dng bnh thng n cc trng hc, vin nghin cu, thng k, nht
l cc doanh nghip. Phn ln ngi dng Internet hin nay nhu cu tm
kim,donload cao hn l upload thng tin (upload ch yu l cc thng tin
yu cu truy cp eb, gi e-mail). Nh vy,nh tnh cht truyn khng i
xng lm cho kh nng truy nhp mng ca ADSL c th t tc nhanh
gp 146 ln so vi phng thc dng modem 56K, gp 64 ln so vi phng
thc dng ISDN 128K.
M hnh tham chiu chung ca h thng ADSL ti Vit Nam hin nay

U-C U-R


Mch vng







Splitter
R






Splitter
C
HPF HPF
LPF
LPF
Thit b thoi
hoc modem
t- ng t





U-R2

POST
ATU-R





ATU-C





U-C2


PSTN Mng
bng hp
Mng
bng rng
V-C T-SM
T Mng phn b
d liu pha
nh thu bao





SM





SM





Hnh2.1 M hnh mng ADSL full-rate

Trong :
- Mng bng rng (v d truy cp internet ADSL)
- Mng bng hp (in thoi c nh PSTN)
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- Mng phn b d liu pha nh thu bao, l h thng kt ni AT-R ti
cc modul dch v. Cu hnh kt ni c th l im-im, im- a
im..
- Pots: cc dch v thoi n thun
- PSTN: mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng
- Modul dch v (SM) thc hin cc chc nng thch ng ca thit b u
cui,giao din u cui hoc LAN router.
- Splitter bao gm cc b lc thc thi chc nng tch cc tn hiu tn s
cao (ADSL) c lp pha nh cung cp hoc thu bao. B splitter c
th c tch hp vo b AT hoc tch ri AT
- Ngoi ra cn c cc giao din nh -C, U-R, V-C, T-SM.
Nh ni trn, ADSL va l dch v internet bng rng, n va c kh
nng cung cp knh truyn thoi tng t (POST). i vi dch v thoi
tng t, mt b chia c bit s mang knh tng t 4Kz t tng i ti thu
bao trn bng tn s ca ng truyn ADSL. Vi cc dch v qung b hay
cc dch v s bng rng hoc qun l mng s c truy cp t ngoi tng
i trung tm (CO) hoc ni ht (LE) gii quyt vn nghn chuyn
mch v trung k. Mt nt truy cp ADSL nm trong CO hoc LE phc v
cho mt s ng ADSL. Nt ny thng c gi l nt truy cp DSL
(DSLAM). Cc thit b DSLAM cha cc b phn AT-C, HTU-C v mt
s b phn quan trng khc.Do DSLAM c nhim v thc hin kt ni
gia nh cung cp v thu bao. Thng thng, DSLAM c t ti tng i
trung tm CO. Cc DSLAM h tr cho cc loi DSL ch khng ring g
ADSL, v n c kh nng giao tip vi cc chuyn mch ATM, router
TCP/IP, LAN.. Hin nay, Viettel ang s dng cc DSLAM do Acatel v
Huaei cung cpnh: ASAM 7300 ca Acatel, hay Huaei th c dng sn
phm nh MA5100, MA5105, MA 5200, MA 5300, MA5500, mi loi c
dung lng s dng khc nhau ph thuc vo cu hnh nh sn xut cung cp.
Di y m hnh ADSL ca Viette do hng Acate cung cp:







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Mt s dch ADSL hin nay:

-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
-

-
-
Dch v ADSL Upstream Downstream
ADSL Premium
ADSL Lite
640Kb/s 8Mb/s
256Kb/s 1Mb/s
ADSL My-IP
384 Kb/s 1.5 Mb/s
ADSL Multi-IP 512 Kb/s 2Mb/s
7270 MSC
7300 7300 7300 7300 7300
7300
7300
7300
7270 MSC
7300 7300 7300 7300 7300
7300

7300
7300

7300
STM-
1 STM-
1
100Base
T 100Base
T
Internet
*IP Network
Hanoi HCMC
5523 AWS *Billing/
RADIU
S
RedBack
SMS1800
E3
E3
10 ASAM-c 10 ASAM-c
E1 E1
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.2. CNG NGH TRUYN DN ATM
5.2.1. Khi nim
ATM (Asynchronous transer mode) l mt cng ngh ghp knh v chuyn mch
t bo nh hng c phm cht cao, tin li trong vic s dng cc gi d liu c
chiu di c nh mang cc loi lu lng khc nhau. y l cng ngh to ra
kh nng mang vc nhiu lp dch v ATM, lin mng cc b tc cao (LAN);
thoi, video, v nhiu ng dng trong thng mi.
.2.2. u im ca ATM
- Cho phm cht cao nh chuyn mch cng
- Bng thng s dng khng c nh (thay i theo lu lng)
- H tr lp dch v multimedia
- Tng ng gia tc v kch thc mng
- H tr k thut mng WAN/LAN
- n gin ha nh kin trc knh o (VC)
- Ph hp vi cc tiu chun quc t
.2.3. Cng ngh ATM
Trong cc mng ATM, tt c cc thng tin c nh dng vo trong cc t bo
(Cell) c kch thc c nh bao gm 48 bytes ti thng tin v 5 bytes tiu . Kch
thc c nh m bo cho thng tin chun theo thi gian nh thoi hay video l
khng b nh hng bi cc khung hay cc gi d liu. Tiu c t chc sao
cho chuyn mch hiu qu trong vic thc hin phn cng tc cao v mang
thng tin v trng ti, nhn dng knh o, v kim tra li tiu .
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.2.4. Cc im tham chiu trong mng ATM

.2.. M hnh mng LAN da trn ATM
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.3. H THNG MODEM CABLE
.3.1. Hot ng ca truyn dn qua modem cable
Truy nhp Internet truyn thng qua modem 28.8, 33.6, hoc 56 kbps da trn cng
ngh modem bng thoi. Ging nh cc modem bng thoi, cc modem cab thc
hin chc nng iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu d liu. Ngy nay cc modem cab
p ng cc dch v internet tc cao. Trong mng cab, d liu t pha mng ti
ngi s dng c gi l lung d liu xung, ngc li d liu t pha ngi s
dng ti pha mng c gi l lung d liu ln. Theo quan im t pha ngi s
dng, modem cab nh l mt my thu 64/256 QAM RF to kh nng phn b d
liu t 30 n 40 Mbps qua mt knh truyn s dng cab 6 MHz. Tc ny xp x
bng 500 ln so vi mt modem cab 56 Kbps (truyn thng).
D liu t pha ngi s dng n mng c gi qua mt h thng ph hp di
s kim sot ca thit b u cui. D liu c iu ch s dng my pht
QPSK/16 QAM vi tc d liu t 320 kbps ln ti 10 Mbps. Cc tc d liu
ca lung ln v lung xung c th c cu hnh ph hp s dng cc modem
cab p ng cc yu cu thu bao.
Mt thu bao c th ng thi nhn dch v truyn hnh cab trong khi ang nhn d
liu trn cc modem cab phn b ti mt my tnh thng qua b chia (Splitter).
Dch v d liu qua modem cab c th c chia s ti 16 ngi s dng trong mt
cu hnh mng LAN.
.3.2. M hnh modem cable ti pha thu bao
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5.3.2. Kin trc h thng truyn dn cp in hnh

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.4. TRUYN DN V TUYN T BO
5.4.1. Nguyn l

Mi my di ng s dng mt knh v tuyn tm thi ring bit m thoi ti
trm t bo. Trm t bo pht tn hiu thoi ti nhiu my di ng mi ln, s dng
mt knh trn my di ng. Cc knh s dng mt cp tn s thng tin, mt tn
s l pht t pha trm t bo, theo tuyn thun, v tn s cn li l truyn
theo tuyn ngc t pha ngi s dng n pha trm. Nng lng v tuyn tiu
hao theo khong cch truyn thng, v vy cc my di ng phi gn trm c s
c th gi c lin lc. Cu trc c bn ca cc mng di ng bao gm cc h
thng in thoi v cc dch v v tuyn.
.4.2. Kin trc h thng di ng
p ng yu cu ca ngi s dng, cc nh cung cp dch v di ng nghin
cu cc bin php nng cao cht lng dch v v p ng kh nng v dung
lng h thng. Do ti nguyn v ph tn l hn ch nn k thut phn vng t bo
c cc nh thit k mng di ng s dng, nhm s dng li tn s mt cch
hiu qu. Trong mang in thoi t bo hin i, cc vng nng thn v thnh th
c phn chia thnh cc vng nh khc nhau theo cc ng ranh gii r rt. Cc
tham s thc cn cho thit k l tng s t bo phn chia v kch thc t bo, c
tnh ton bi cc k s thit k c kinh nghim trong kin trc h thng t bo. i
vi mi vng ph cn xc nh cc tham s c th bao gm: cc t bo (cell), cc
cm t bo (cluster), tn s ti s dng, v chuyn giao.
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Phn chia vng ph sng:

Chuyn giao gia cc vng ln cn:

.4.3. Truy nhp v tuyn c nh
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Truy nhp v tuyn c nh (FWA-Fixed ireless access) l mt dch v tng i
ni ht da trn truyn dn v tuyn trong dch v in thoi c cung cp.
Loi hnh dch v ny c ng dng ch yu cho cc vng nng thn, do tit kim
c chi ph ng dy. Cc h thng FWA da trn cng ngh TDMA hoc
CDMA.

.. MNG TRUYN DN NG B

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TI LI THAM KHO
[1] K thut Viba s (T1) Bi Thin Minh. Nxb: Bu in
[2] H thng truyn dn ng b s SDH. Nxb: Bu in.
[3] K thut truyn dn s - Thi Hng Nh - Nxb: Gio dc.
[4]. K thut thng tin s T1,2. Nxb: Bu in. 2004.
[5] Telecommunication Transmission Systems. Robert G. Winch
[6] Digital Communications. Peter Grant. University of Edinburgh.