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Captulo 10 GRUPOS SANGUNEOS

Introduo A membrana celular de todas as clulas tem antignios glicoproteicos especficos para cada indivduo. No caso dos eritrcitos estes antignios chamam-se aglutinognios e provocam a aglutinao de eritrcitos quando em contacto com sangue tendo aglutinognios diferentes, podendo causar acidentes fatais numa transfuso. No homem h pelo menos 30 aglutinognios. Os AB0 e Rh so os mais importantes.

Grupo ABO So antignios geneticamente codificados que se encontram na membrana celular. H quatro antignios diferentes definindo quatro subgrupos A, B, AB e 0. No soro h anticorpos do grupo oposto (Quadro 10.I).

Quadro 10.I Grupos sanguneos Grupo A B AB 0 Eritrcito A B AeB Soro b a aeb

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type Fig. 10.1 Grupos ABO

Uma reaco entre dois grupos diferentes produz aglutinao quando fora do corpo e hemolise quando dentro. Os antignios A e B so formados pelo acrscimo ao antignio O de acetilglicosamina ou galactose respectivamente.

Human red blood cells before (left) and after (right) adding serum containing anti-A antibodies. The agglutination reaction reveals the presence of the A antigen on the surface of the cells .

Human red blood cells before (left) and after (right) adding serum containing anti-A antibodies. The agglutination reaction reveals the presence of the A antigen on the surface of the cells. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_type Fig. 10.2 Composio dos grupos sanguneos

http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/BloodGroups.html Fig. 10.3 Pesquisa dos grupos sanguneos

Gentica dos grupos sanguneos

A and B are codominant, giving the AB phenotype.

Blood group inheritance

Mother/Father

AB

O, A

O, B

A, B

O, A O, A

O, A, B, AB A, B, AB

O, B O, A, B, AB O, B

A, B, AB

AB

A, B A, B, AB

A, B

Fig. 10.4 - Herana dos grupos sanguneos

Grupos sanguneos raros

ISBT N

Common name

abbreviation

Epitope or carrier, notes

Locus

001

ABO

ABO

Carbohydrate (NAcetylgalactosamine, galactose). A, B and H antigens mainly elicit IgM antibody 9 reactions, although anti-H is very rare, see the Hh antigen system (Bombay phenotype, ISBT #18).

002

MNS

MNS

GPA / GPB (glycophorins A and B). Main antigens M, N, S, 4 s.

003

P1

Glycolipid.

22

004

Rhesus

RH

Protein. C, c, D, E, e antigens (there is no "d" antigen; lowercase "d" indicates the absence of D).

005

Lutheran

LU

Protein (member of the immunoglobulin superfamily). 19 Set of 21 antigens.

006

Kell

KEL

Glycoprotein. K1 can cause hemolytic disease of the 7 newborn (anti-Kell), which can be severe.

007

Lewis

LE

Carbohydrate (fucose residue). Main antigens Lea and Leb 19 associated with tissue ABH antigen secretion.

008

Duffy

FY

Protein (chemokine receptor). Main antigens Fya and Fyb. Individuals lacking Duffy antigens altogether are immune 1 to malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium knowlesi.

009

Kidd

JK

Protein (urea transporter). Main 18 antigens Jka and Jkb.

010

Diego

DI

Glycoprotein (band 3, AE 1, or anion exchange). Positive blood 17 is found only among East Asians and Native Americans.

011

Yt or Cartwright

YT

Protein (AChE, acetylcholinesterase).

012

XG

XG

Glycoprotein.

013

Scianna

SC

Glycoprotein.

014

Dombrock

DO

Glycoprotein (fixed to cell membrane by GPI, or glycosyl- 12 phosphatidyl-inositol).

015

Colton

CO

Aquaporin 1. Main antigens Co(a) and Co(b).

016

LandsteinerWiener

LW

Protein (member of the 19 immunoglobulin superfamily).

017

Chido/Rodgers CH/RG

C4A C4B (complement fractions).

018

Hh/Bombay

Carbohydrate (fucose residue). 19

019

Kx

XK

Glycoprotein.

020

Gerbich

GE

GPC / GPD (Glycophorins C and D).

021

Cromer

CROM

Glycoprotein (DAF or CD55, regulates complement fractions 1 C3 and C5, attached to the membrane by GPI).

022

Knops

KN

Glycoprotein (CR1 or CD35, immune complex receptor).

023

Indian

IN

Glycoprotein (CD44 adhesion function?).

11

024

Ok

OK

Glycoprotein (CD147).

19

025

Raph

MER2

Transmembrane glycoprotein.

11

026

JMH

JMH

Protein (fixed to cell membrane 6 by GPI).

027

Ii

Branched (I) / unbranched (i) polysaccharide.

028

Globoside

Glycolipid.

029

GIL

GIL

Aquaporin 3.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_groups

Sistema Rh Protenas transmembranarias com ansas expostas superfcie. So usadas para transportar anidrido carbnico e ou amnia atravs da membrana. H vrios tipos de antignios Rh. As clulas Rh positivas designam-se por D. 15% da populao no tem antignio D e por isso diz-se Rh negativa.

Genetica do Rh
Parents' Rh types Both + Both + Both + Both One + & One One + & One Possible allele combinations ++ & ++ ++ & ++- & +-- & -++ & -+- & -Possible Rh in the children ++ ++ or +++ or +- or --++- or -Positive Positive poitive or negative Negative Positive poitive or negative

http://www.paternityangel.com/Articles_zone/Blood/BloodType3.htm

Genotipos Rh

Rhesus genotypes

Genotype

Symbol

Rh(D) status

cde/cde

Rr

Negative

CDe/cde

R1r

Positive

CDe/CDe

R1R1

Positive

cDE/cde

R2r

Positive

CDe/cDE

R1R2

Positive

cDE/Cde

R2R2

Positive

Incompatibilidade me-feto

O maior problema em sade a incompatibilidade me-feto. Se a me Rh-negativa e o filho positivo (herana paterna) a me pode criar anticorpos anti-Rh que num prximo filho poder originar uma reaco antignio-anticorpo provocando a destruio quase total dos eritrcitos do filho, resultando a doena hemoltica do recm-nascido ou eritroblastose fetal, doena grave que pode ser mortal.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/presentations/100217_1.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/9069.htm Fig. 10.5 Incompatibilidade me-feto

Antes tratava-se com a exsanguineo transfuso transfuso total de sangue. Actualmente trata-se com a injeco em cada gravidez e 72 horas aps o nascimento da imunoglobulina Rh (RhIg) ou Rhogam.

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