HIN TRNG V KIM LOI NNG (HG, AS, PB, CD) TRONG T, NC V MT S RAU TRNG TRN KHU VC HUYN

NG ANH- H NI.
Current situation of contamination of heavy metals (Hg, As, Pb, Cd) in soil, surface water and some vegetables in Dong Anh, Ha Noi. Phm Ngc Thu1, Nguyn nh Mnh1, inh Vn Hng1,Nguyn Vit Tng2, Ng Xun Mnh3 v CTV. SUMMARY
Current situation of heavy metals (Hg, As, Pb, Cd) in soil, surface water and in some vegetables in Dong Anh, Ha Noi is presented in this paper. The analysis data showed that: The content of Hg and As in soil, surface water and vegetable in the study area is lower than threshold toxic level. However some samples of soil, surface water and vegetable are contaminated by Pb and Cd. The reason for contaminated of Cd in surface water and in vegetable seems concern with photphorate fertilizer in early investigation [5]. Key words: Heavy metals, surface water, threshold toxic level, photphorate fertilizer.

1. T VN

1 2

Hin nay mi trng nng nghip khu vc ngoi thnh H Ni ang chu nh hng nghim trng bi s gia tng ph thi. Phn ln ngun ph thi cha c x l u vo mi trng t, nc, m hu qu l mi trng t, nc nng nghip tr nn nhim. Ph thi cng nghip, ph thi sinh hot, ho cht nng nghip tn d i vo nc, vo khng kh ri tch t trong t, lm cho t b thoi ho, lm gim nng sut, cht lng sn phm, c bit l rau xanh sn xut trn khu vc t b nhim rt c th tr thnh c hi cho ngi s dng.
ng Anh l huyn ngoi thnh pha Bc H Ni, din tch t t nhin 18.230 ha trong din tch t nng nghip quy hoch n 2010 cn 7.258 ha (UBND thnh ph H Ni, 1998). ng Anh c quy hoch l khu vc cng nghip ng thi cng l vng

Khoa t v Mi trng, i hc Nng nghip I Khoa Nng hc, i hc Nng nghip I 3 Khoa Cng ngh thc phm, i hc Nng nghip I

sn xut rau trng im ca thnh ph H Ni. t, nc sn xut nng nghip khu vc cng nghip thng b nhim KLN, v vy sn xut rau an ton cn kho st nh gi hin trng mt s ch tiu v KLN trong t, nc nng nghip v trong rau sn xut trn khu vc nghin cu, qua xc nh mi quan h gia KLN mi trng v an ton v KLN trong rau sn xut trn khu vc nghin cu. 2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU Ly mu nc, mu t, mu rau Chn 14 x thuc huyn ng Anh. Nhng x c chn thuc vng trng im rau ca huyn. V tr ly mu c nh du trn bn v c tiu mc ngoi hin trng, nhng mu ly nhiu thi im u trn cng mt v tr. Mu t ly tng canh tc

(s lng 39 mu), mu nc ly tng nc mt (s lng 39 mu), mu rau ly theo v tr mu t (tng s 136 mu rau cc loi). Thi im ly vo v ng xun. V t ly, chng loi v s lng mu trnh by trong bng 2. Phn tch mu nc, mu t, mu rau

kho st mi lin h gia Pb trong t, trong nc v trong rau, cc tc gi s dng phng php phn tch tng quan hi quy tuyn tnh di dng hm s sau:
Yi = A0 + A1X1i+A2X2i + Ui Trong : Yi: Lng Pb trong rau (mg/kg ti) X1i: Lng Pb trong t (mg/kg t kh) X2i: Lng Pb trong nc mt (mg/l).

Cc mu c ly, x l v bo qun theo quy nh chun ca chuyn mn ngnh. i vi mu nc, cc phng php c tham kho theo ti liu ca Jan Dojlido (1987) v Tword &cs (1994); mu t, cc phng php c tham kho theo FAO (1999) v S khoa hc cng ngh H Ni (1998), mu rau theo TCVN, 1995 (bng 1). Kim loi Cd, Pb xc nh bng phng php quang ph hp th nguyn t (AAS) trn my AAS- Perkin - Elmer 3110 (hn hp kh t: kh Axetylen -N2O - khng kh, ngun kch hot n catod rng). Kim loi Hg, As xc nh bng phng php cc ph (ch vol-amper ho tan, in cc quay). S liu phn tch c x l theo ton hc thng k, vi tin cy LSD = 0,05.
nh gi mc nhim

Kt qu chy hm thc hin trn phn mm Excel.

3. KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN Kt qu phn tch KLN trong t, nc v trong rau 29 a im trn 14 x thuc huyn ng Anh trong cc nm 2001, 2002 v 2003 (bng 2) cho thy: -Vi As: Trong 39 mu phn tch ch c duy nht mu s 25 thuc x Vn Ni (phn tch nm 2003) c lng As ng thi c mu t v mu rau (ci ln) ngng nhim. y c th l mu c bit, mu ny c lin quan n vic s dng ho cht bo v thc vt khng r ngun gc ca nng dn (mt hin tng kh ph bin trong thi gian ny). Tuy nhin c th c kt lun chnh xc cn cn phi phi kho st thm. Cc mu cn li u c hm lng As trong c 3 i tng (t, nc, rau) thp hn nhiu so vi ngng nhim. Qua c th nhn nh rng: t, nc, rau trn khu vc nghin cu cha c biu hin b him As. -Vi Hg: Trong tt c cc mu phn tch khng c trng hp no t v nc ng thi cng b nhim Hg. Tuy nhin s im mu nc b nhim Hg nhiu hn mu t: kt qu phn tch trn 29 im ly mu trong 3 nm, ch c 3 mu t b nhim Hg, trong khi c 14 mu nc b nhim nguyn t ny. i vi rau, c 4 mu rau b nhim Hg, trong c 3 mu gieo trng trn t b nhim Hg. iu ny c th cho rng khi t b nhim Hg th rau trng trn t ny c kh nng b nhim Hg cao. Ngc li khi nc b

nh gi mc nhim cho tng i tng (t, nc, rau), nghin cu s dng tiu chun quy nh ca Vit Nam (TCVN 1995). Tuy nhin nhng tiu chun m Vit Nam cha quy nh, th da trn tiu chun ca FAO (1999), ca chu u xc nh tiu chun nh gi. Da trn vic i chiu kt qu phn tch vi tiu chun (bng 1), mc nhim KLN trong cc i tng (nc, t, rau) c chia thnh 2 mc: nhim (khi kt qu phn tch bng hay vt ngng quy nh); cha b nhim (khi kt qu phn tch thp hn ngng quy nh). Kt qu nh gi c nu bng 2.

 nhim Hg, nu khng ti trc tip ln l th rau vn an ton. -Vi Pb: Trong tng 39 mu phn tch c 12 mu t v 27 mu nc nhim Pb. iu ng ch l khi mu t nhim Pb th

ng thi nc cng b nhim nguyn t ny. c 13 mu rau b nhim Pb v hu ht cc mu rau nhim Pb u thuc v tr c t v nc ng thi b nhim Pb.

Bng 1. Ngng nhim KLN ca t, nc v rau

Tn mu t (mg/kg t kh) Nc (mg/lt) Rau (mg/kg rau ti) Ngng nhim Hg Hg 0,5 Hg 0,0010 Hg 0050 As As 12 As 0,0100** As 0,2000 Pb Pb 70 Pb 0,1000 Pb 0,5000 Cd Cd2 Cd0,0100* Cd0,0200

S liu ly theo tiu chun chu u (*) (Jan, 1987 v Tword v cs, 1994); theo tiu chun FAO(**); S liu cn li theo tiu chun VN. Bng 2. Hin trng nhim kim loi nng mu t, nc v rau trn mt s khu vc huyn ng Anh, H Ni
Hin trng nhim KLN, trong t (), nuc V tr, thi gian (N); nhim (+). Cha nhim (-) ly mu Hg As Pb Cd N N N N Nm 2001 + + Bc Hng Nm 2001 + Bc Hng Nm 2001 + Nguyn Kh Nm 2001 Xun Nn Nm 2001 Xun Nn Nm 2001 Lin H Nm 2001 Lin H Nm 2001 Vit Hng Nm 2001 Dc T Nm 2001 Dc T Nm 2001 Uy N + + + Hin trng v an ton KLN trong rau nhim KLN (+) Cha nhim (-) Loi rau Hg As Pb Ci xanh Su ho R. mung R. mung C pho Su ho X lch Ci cc Su ho R. mung R. mung X lch Ci xanh Ci cc R. mung Su ho Ci cc R. mung Hnh hoa Hnh hoa Ci bp Ci ngt X lch Su ho + + -

S mu

Cd + + + + + + + -

1 2 3

5 6 7 8

+ -

+ + + +

+ + + +

10 11

+ +

+ +

S mu

12

13 14 15

16 17 18

19

20

21

22

Hin trng v an ton KLN trong rau nhim KLN (+) Hin trng nhim KLN, trong t (), nuc Cha nhim (-) V tr, thi gian (N); nhim (+). Cha nhim (-) ly mu Loi rau Hg As Pb Hg As Pb Cd N N N N Mi tu Nm 2001 + + + Ci bp C Loa Ci ngt X lch Su ho Hnh hoa Nm 2001 + + + R. mung Mai Lm Nm 2001 + + R. mung Mai Lm Nm 2003 + + + X lch ng Hi Ci cc R. mung Th l Mi tu Hnh hoa Nm 2001 + + + Rau mung Xun Canh Nm 2001 R. mung Vnh Ngc Nm 2001 Ci bp Nam Hng + X lch Nm 2003 Ci cc Ci xanh + R. mung C chua C pho S. l trng Su ho Hnh hoa Ci bp Ci ngt X lch Ci cc + Su ho Nm 2002 Ci bp Nam Hng X lch Nm 2003 R. mung Su ho Hnh hoa Ci bp Ci ngt + X lch Ci cc + Su ho + Nm 2001 + + Ci bp Nam Hng X lch R. mung Su ho Nm 2003 Ci bp + Nam Hng + + + + Ci ngt X lch Ci cc Su ho Nm 2001 + Ci bp Vn Ni X lch -

Cd + + + + + + + -

S mu

23

24

25

26

27

28

Hin trng v an ton KLN trong rau nhim KLN (+) Hin trng nhim KLN, trong t (), nuc Cha nhim (-) V tr, thi gian (N); nhim (+). Cha nhim (-) ly mu Loi rau Hg As Pb Hg As Pb Cd N N N N C chua S. l trng S. l xanh Su ho Hnh hoa Cn ty + + + Ci bp Nm 2001 + + + + Ci ngt Vn Ni Ci xanh Nm 2002 C chua S. l trng Su ho Hnh hoa Cn ty Ci bp Ci ngt + X lch Ci cc Nm 2003 + + Ci bp Vn Ni X lch S. l trng S. l xanh Su ho Su ho Hnh hoa Cn ty Nm 2001 Ci bp Vn Ni + X lch Nm 2002 + + Hnh hoa Nm 2003 S. l trng S. l xanh Cn ty + Ci bp + Ci ngt X lch Ci cc Ci xi Ci bp Ci cc Ci ngt X lch + + Ci ln C chua + + Nm 2001 + Ci bp + + Tin Dng + Ci tho + + Nm 2002 Su ho Nm 2003 + Ci bp + Ci tho Su ho + + + + C chua Nm 2001 + + + Ci tho Tin Dng + Su ho Nm 2002 + + + + Ci tho Nm 2001 + + + + Su ho Tin Dng Ci tho Nm 2002 Su ho -

Cd + + + + + + + + + +

S mu

29

Hin trng nhim KLN, trong t (), nuc V tr, thi gian (N); nhim (+). Cha nhim (-) ly mu Hg As Pb Cd N N N N Nm 2001 Tin Dng Nm 2003

Hin trng v an ton KLN trong rau nhim KLN (+) Cha nhim (-) Loi rau Hg As Pb Ci tho Su ho Ci tho Su ho -

Cd -

Bng 3. Phn tch tng quan lng Pb trong t, trong nc vi lng Pb trong rau
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Ch tiu H s tng quan gia lng Pb trong t v trong rau H s tng quan gia lng Pb trong nc v trong rau H s tng quan gia lng Pb trong t v trong nc H s tng quan R2 H s tng quan iu chnh R Mc ngha ca m hnh H s t do H s lng Pb trong t H s lng Pb trong nc
2

H s 0,649957 0,154759 0,176706 0,424088 0,410376 0,6080 0,489432*** 0,016055*** 0,382662ns

Ghi ch: ***: tin cy 99% ( mc ngha 1%) ns: khng c ngha thng k

Phn tch tng quan lng Pb trong t, trong nc vi lng PB trong rau cho thy hm lng Pb trong t c lin quan kh cht ch vi lng Pb trong rau: h s tng quan xc nh ca m hnh l 0,424088, h s iu chnh l 0,4104 (bng 3). iu ny cho thy lng kim loi Pb trong t v nc gii thch c 42,41% nguyn nhn gy nn lng tn d lng Pb trong rau. Kt lun ny ph hp vi s liu phn tch nh gi tn d Pb trong rau. Trong cc yu t nh hng n lng tn d Pb trong rau, lng Pb trong t c nh hng ln nht. Lng ch c trong nc ti c phn t tng quan hn. Nu nh lng ch c trong t l 70 mg/kg t kh

(mc nhim), th lng ch c trong rau s l 1,61 mg/kg mc tin cy 99%. T c th kt lun l: vi mc bn phn, phun thuc tr su v ti nc nh hin nay, nu trng rau trn vng t b nhim ch th c ti 99% rau b nhim ch. - Phn tch hm lng Cd trong cc mu t, cha pht hin thy mu no b nhim Cd, nhng c 18 mu nc b nhim nguyn t ny. Nguyn nhn nc b nhim Cd c th do nng dn s dng phn ln c cha hm lng Cd cao nh cnh bo ca tc gi Nguyn nh Mnh v cs (2000). Do Cd c tan trong nc ln nn chng tn ti ch yu trong nc. S lng mu rau c hm lng Cd

vt ngng cho php l 24/145 mu rau phn tch. ng ch l cc mu rau b nhim Cd u lin quan n s nhim nguyn t ny t t v nc. Tuy nhin lm r ngun gc gy nhim Cd cn cn phi tin hnh nghin cu thm.
4. KT LUN Trong t, nc v mt s rau ca khu vc ng Anh, H Ni cha c biu hin b nhim c As; S nhim c Hg ch yu trong nc nng nghip, trong t v rau trng t c trng hp nhim nguyn t ny. Nhiu mu t, nc b nhim nguyn t Pb v c s lin quan tng i cht ch gia s nhim Pb trong t, nc vi rau trng: hu ht cc mu rau b nhim Pb u lin quan n ngun t trng hoc nc ti b nhim nguyn t ny. Hm lng Cd trong t u mc an ton, ngc li c nhiu mu nc b nhim Cd. Hu ht cc mu rau b nhim Cd u xut pht t ngun nc b nhim nguyn t ny. Nhng kt qu nghin cu v hin trng kim loi nng trong t nc v mt s loi rau bi bo ny ch l nhng thng tin ban u. c th kt lun v s nhim KLN trong t, nc v trong rau v ngun gc ca chng cn cn phi kho st chi tit thm. Chng ti s tip tc thng tin v vn ny cc bi bo sau. TI LIU THAM KHO
Jan Dojlido (1987). Chemia Wody, Arkady Waszawa 1987. Tword A.C., Law F.M., Crowley F.W., Ratnayaka D.D. (1994). Water Supply, Edward Arnold (fourth edition) 1994, London - Melbourne - Auckland. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (1999). Water treatment and use in agriculture, Fao Irrigation and Drynage, Paper 47.

S Khoa hc v Cng ngh H Ni (1998). nh gi nhim mi trng t trng trt v nc ti nng nghip H Ni, thc trng v gii php, Bo co tng kt kt qu nghin cu nm 1998. Nguyn nh Mnh v cng s (2000). S thay hm lng Cd trong mt s khu vc sn xut nng nghip ca H Ni, Tp ch Nng nghip &CNTP, 12, tr.559. UBND thnh ph H Ni (1998). Quy hoch s dng t thnh ph H Ni n nm 2010.