,

. :

Learning outcomes for this section

, :

The EIA structure of learning materials

, 11 . , (1 ) ,
10 :

, ( 2) :
,
.

(3 ):
.
, scoping
.

( 4) : ,
.

Scoping (5 ):


, .

(6 ) :

.

(7 ): , ,
.

(8 ): .

(9 ):
.

( 10):
. (

) .

( 11):
,
, , ,
.

. ,
.
.
:

, .
,
. , ,

 ,
. ,
. , ~ environment
, ,
:

(, );

( , );

( "
),

( , ),

, , " , .
.
Principles of Evaluation
,
.

(
)

, .
( ,
).

, -
.

. ,
.
Informal Assessment

,
( ) .
~ formal ,

.

, ~ informal EIAs .
.
, ,
.
, , () .
Social and political nature of EIA
, .
.
technocratic , ,
. ,
, , ,
. (
~ screening ~ , 4).
,
.
(scoping, 5) , (8 )
, .
~ balances ,
( 3) . ,
. ,
( )
.

Overview of issues

.



.

,
. ,

, .

1-2

Purpose and objectives of EIA

, ,
.
. .
, .
, offsetting
.
:

. ~ Brundtland ,
~ today
generations . , (UNCED),

, , ( )
. 21, ,
.

cornerstones

cornerstones

1.

2.

3. :

, ,
.

 21

4.
~

committed

.
Perspectives on Sustainable Development
, reinterpreted .
~ Brundtland definition ( ) , . , world

.
:

,
40 .

, 60 world .

, world .

,


.
Why is important to EIA
, .
,

. ,
.

17 :
~ , ,

authority .
,
,

, ,




. , ()
,
. ,
.
, , subdivisions
.
? What are the aims and objectives of EIA?
.

. ()
,
.
:

,
.

, ,

Limitations of EIA

.
()



.

. , ,

 . ,
,
.
,
" " .
, .
,
.

,
, -
.

" . , ,
"
.
:

,
,

(

)
.

,
( )
,
.

. ,
.

1-3 And

the nature and scope of

environmental issues and impacts

.
()
Outlook


. - 2000 ,
~


issues , , , ,
.

,
.


.

.


,

. ,
.
.

1. .

.
,
,

2. .

, ,
, ,

.
.

3.

,

.

, particulates, SO2, ,

,
exacted .

4. - .

, , .
,
.

5. , alkaline /

.
.


.

subdividing ~ green ~
brown . ,
.

, .
,
. , . ,
. ,
( ) .
,
particulates contaminants,
, . ,

.

 , ,
. 6 "
.
typology

biophysical, , ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

/
/

6 .
, biophysical (
,
, , ) .

.
,
.

.
,

. ,

. , EIAs ,
.

, , biophysical
- , 21
.

 ,
. ,
,
. " 6 .
1-5

Key elements of the EIA process

:
1. , , ,
;
2. , ,
3. ,
evidenced .
Legal and institutional framework
, .
,
.
. , ( )
( )
.
2 , ". ,
.
:
Basic responsibilities
( ,
) .
( )
. , ,
,
.
Scope of application

 ,
.

, . ,
, , .

.
Options considered
,
.
,
. , ~ reasonable
( ) .
.
Public participation
. ,
, ,
,
. ,
.
Quality control and assurance
,


. ,

. , ,
iteratively ~ process

.
EIA process
,
., (
)
. ,

 .
.
( )
EIA practice and outcomes
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .
,
.
http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&ei=GiQuUeVCIXWrQfkkIGQDg&hl=hi&prev=/search%3Fq%3Delements%2Bof%2Beia%2Breport%26hl%3Dhi%26biw
%3D1152%26bih%3D773&rurl=translate.google.co.in&sl=en&u=http://eia.unu.edu/course/images/Gen
eralised_EIA.pdf&usg=ALkJrhglgkq_5pkBkXqgsimXirw23d5e6w
:

, . ,
,
.

,. EA
.
.

, , decisionmaking
stemming.

. .

. ,
, predating.
, , ,
. ,


.
?
approximated , :

, ;

1-6 Costs

and benefits of EIA

,
. (
) ( ,
). , .
,
.

,

. ,
. ,
.
:

. EIA
. ,
outputs .

.
. ,
.

.
.
. ~ avoid
~ cure . ,
.

.
,

. .

, ,
,


.

, (
) .

.
, 0.06 0.10
.
, ,

.
,
. :

.
.
, ,
,
.,

. , .
~ stakeholders ,
. ,
, .


.
, 3
" ).
, ,

.
:

,
;

" "
.

,
, .
, EIAs .
,

 EIAs . EIAs
,

.
.
,
. ,
. ,
.

.

. ,
,
.
EIAs ~
ona .

.
1-7


. ,
. ,

.


.

, 11 1 .

,
:

2. , Law,

policy and institutional arrangements

, ,
.
.
2-1
, ,
.
.

, :

underpinning

2-2

About EIA system

.
,




.
, ,
( 1 " )
, :

, , ;

biophysical, , , ;

, ,
, ;

, () ;

, .

 EA .

( )
.
EIA ,
, .
replicable .
,
. .
, . EIA
( )
,
.
(
).
, ?
.
,
:

EIA ;

,

(
) .

. ,
,

.
- ,
.
,
.

.

, Legal, policy and institutional arrangements Analysis



/
/
/
/
, .
,
.
. , (
).
:

, ,

,
.

,
.

.

.
2-3 EIA

policy and legislation

.
:

(, 1969)

(RMA, 1991)

(CEAA, 1993, 1995 )

() (1985, 1997)

 ,
, (CEE) ,
, . , CEE
, ,
.
(97/11/EC) (85/337/EEC) :

, EIA relevant to international environmental

law, policy
,
. :

,
( )
;

,
,

"
.

.
,
.
. ,


( ) .
2-4 International

organizations EIA

Requirements
, ,

,, ,
.
,

.

. ,


.

. ,
,
. , ~ Harma


( ) .

1. ,

. ,

2.
; ,

,:

 , ,

~ Mainstreaming

3. , , ,

,


.
.
, ,
. ,

. ,
scoping
.
,
. .

( ) IIED . , ,

, , , -
- . (
).

, .
, ,
. :

, ,

, , (
).

.
.

() () ;

, .

, :

~ effects ;

, ;

,
. ,
, , .
. , ,
.

. interrelated , :

, ;

2-5 Principles

for a functional EIA system

.
( ,
) .
.
Sound administration and flexible policy
,
. ,
:

, ,

The process of stakeholder perceptions of the purpose and

benefits



. , ,
,

( ) .
Political commitment

 ,
. /
- .
Institutional Capacity

., ,
. ,
,
.
, Technical capacity, data and information
,
,
.
,
.
Public participation
, EIA
.
.
.
Financial aid

. ,
. ,

.
, scarcest. ,
. ,

 . ( )
.
(UNECE) ( ,

UNECE ). ,
.
(
).
Getting ready
country :

, ;

,
.

Step towards the establishment of an EIA system

,
:

,
;

, , ratifying
;

( )

, ,
.

~
,
.
~ Thumba ~ Rules Development
:

, .

(
)

~ culture ,
.

,
.

,
.

~ ona
.

~
.

,
.

,
.

3-2 ? Public

participation

.
( ) , .
. ,

.
:

, ,

, tradeoffs ;

maximized ;

( )
;

.
( ) .
. ,
,
,
.
.
~ ladder .

 ,
.

, , . ,

-
.
,

() , ,
.
, . ,
, ,
.
. ,
. , , ,
.

3-3
3-3 stakeholders involved
:

",

" ;

, ,

Local people
, ,
.
.
.
.
Supporte
, . ,

. ,
.
Government Agencies

. ,

. ,
.
/ NGOs / interest groups
,
.

 . ,
, .
Other interest groups

.
. , ,
.
. ,
.

.
3-5 Scope

of involvement

. ,
.
people s . ,
.

screening

.
( 4 " ).
,
scoping .
Scoping
scoping .


,

 .
( "Scoping 5 ) .
,
.
Impact Analysis and Mitigation
( 6 " 7 "
) :

biases inaccuracies ;

EIA quality review

( 8 " 9 " ). ,
, .
.

. ,

.
.
Implementation and follow up

(11 "
).
.

.

.
Public participation in practice

 , scoping .
.
:

~ practice ;

3-7

Public Involvement Techniques

.
,
. , inferred
"
.
, ,
. ( ) .
, , ,
.
( , )
( )
.
, :

();

, ,
,

,
:

, ( )
;

,
;

(
)
,

, .
.

.
,
:
,

.
,
, ( , 1995).
,

~
door .

( )
.

.
,
.
, ,

 . facilitator
. , ,
. ,

( ~ winners ~ losers ).
,
, :

, ;

,
;

, ;

empathetic , ,
;

,

;

others ,

;

,
.

, . ,
disputants

.
, , ,


.

 3-8 Arguments

for and against public

involvement
.

.
.
.
Cahn Cahn (1971) :

(
)
;

(
),

( ,

).

, , :

,
. " "
, ( ) , ,
( ) .
, (1994)
:

'' .

. , Molesworth (1985)
:

( , )
;

( )
;

,
;

/
,

( )
.

.
,
, .
, . ,
,
.
, .
Impact

analysis

, ,. ,

,
, . ,

.

 ,
,.

:

. ,
, .

.
, .
scoping (
).


. ,
:

"
;

" , ,

,

"
.

,
( / ,
, , , ) .
biophysical -
scoping . ,
. .


, :

,
.

6-1
Implications of the widening environment and sustainability agenda
EIAs biophysical ( , ,
, ) .
, , .
. ~
environment .
, ~ environment .
:

, , ;

, , , ;

, ;

, ;

, ,

, , .

,
. , , , nonbiophysical
. , , ,

 ( ) .
.
6-2
Recognize the impact
.
/ ,
, .
scoping,
. ,
( "Scoping 5 ).
,
. scoping /
. ,
( ,
).
.
:

matrices;

overlays
();

Checklists

. (
Battelle
)

.
.
.
( ) .
. ,
,
, .
.
Matrices
, ,

. ,
. ~ Entries ,
:

ticks ( , , ) pictorially ;

, . , 88
100 .

. , matrices
. .
6-3 /
The impact analysis / prediction

,
. . , , -
( ,
) . .
( )

 .
.
. ,
.
.
.
, .
.
,
. , , (
) , /
( EIAs ) .
,
~ sizes
.
.
.
~ true ,
. ,

, ( )
. (
)
. .

,
. inaccuracies
, models
.
.

,

, ,
. ,
, , , , / photomontages.
, -
.
.

 , , .


. .
~ baseline (
) . , biophysical,

. ,
. ,
. , (
) .
, :

,
.

. ,
. ,
/
. .
, ,
.


. ,


.

8 "
.
http://eia.unu.edu/course/images/6-3An_enviro_impact.gif

 6-4 Environmental

impacts characteristics

.
:

(, , , , );

(, , );

/ (/ , );

(, , decommissioning, , );

(, , , );

/ irreversibility;

(, ),

(, , ) .

Nature
,
. ,
;

, :
, .
, -

contaminants ,
,
.
, ,
.
.
( additively) interactively (synergistically) ,
.
Magnitude
. , ,
., ,
, .

 Extent, location
-
. ,
, ,
plumes .
, .

(, decommissioning
) . ,
,
, . .

, .

.
,
,
. , , ,
( ), , (20 ).

.


, , .

EIA reporting
decisionmaking .
- synthesises.


.
,
. ,

 . - ,

.

, :

.
8-1 ?
.
~ report .
(EIS) () .
. - ,
, .
, .
scoping ( Scoping ) .
.

.
:

actionable "
;

" ,
, ,

"
.

8-2
Specific elements of the EIA report
, ,
. ,
. , scoping
.
.
EIA :

(
);

, ;

, ;

(, decommissioning) ;

( ) ;

(biophysical, ) ,
;

,
;

( )
, ( , , , ) ,
;

,
, ;

*
,

, ,

* ,

.
.
. , ,
. ,
. .
:

Needs and objectives of the proposal

. ,
.
,
, .

Legal and policy framework

.

. ,

 .
.
Details of the proposal and its alternatives
,
decommissioning .
, . :

( ,
, ) ;

, ;

, ;

, , ,

( , , , , ,
) .

. , ,
.
Description of the affected environment
biophysical - .

.
.

,
.

.

.

biophysical, - ;

 Public consultation and inputs

, , ,
. .
:

() ;

Environmental impacts and evaluation

.
, , , ,
.
:

, ,

, remedying ;

( )
,

,

.

,
.
.
( ) 6 "

. .


Comparative evaluation of
options and identification of environmentally preferred option

 ,
. , -
.
.
7.1 , ,
.
( ) ,
. ,
, .
:

, ,

.
()

.

. ( )

.
,
.
(2005)
:
4.
5.
6. matrices
7. overlays
8.
9.
10.
11.

9.

.


.


.


. ,
.
.


. ,
., ,
.
:

, ,
.

. ,

.
. ,
,
.

, . ,
. , ~ mock

 . ,
.
.
~ assurance
. proponent ~ assessment
. , ,
. ,
/
.
, ,
,.
, , ,
.
.

.

:

,
,
?

decisionmakers ?

decisionmaking ?

,

.

. ,
, .

 .
, .
.
,
.
. ~ length ,
, ~ practice
.
1 . ,
:

" ,
,

" ,
/ .

, :

, .

( );

/ ;

, , - .

1 :

( )

(,
)

()

(, )

- (
)

( , )

: SCHOLTEN (1997)

.
. ,
. ,


. (
, 3 " ).

.


. , . ,
.
,
,

.
.
. , , ,
.
:

/ ;

() ;

, ?

. .
, ,

.
.
()

. ,
landfill , remediation
. ,
.


.
, , ,
, .

.
:

 ?
,
. scoping ( 5 "Scoping )
.

?

.
. ,
.
.

?
:

( );

, ;

?

. EIA
. .
, , concisely
.
.
.
(

.)

2 :

scoping

1: , ,
.

2: ,
, . ,
. .

3: ,
remedied .

.
.

,
.

,
.
.

, remedied , ,
,
.

, ,
.
.

,
. .
, , .
,
.
, :

4: () () (
) .

.
. , ,
- ( 10 " ).
.
:

,
.
. ,

 terns
(9A "1 ) .

,

.

. ,
nonspecialists . , ,
,
.
.

. ()
.
,
.

.
. maximized
, .


-
** **

.
,
,
. ,
?

.
.
?
' . ,
RPS Berwin Leighton Paisner
, .
.
EIAs
, .

:

EIA

, consultees