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Pollution Dispersion
Pollution Dispersion
Pollution Dispersion
,
, .
.
. nonreactive
2
.
photochemistry
, NO2 , 3.
. photochemical
, ,
, . 2
unreactive , smokestacks
.
,
. .
http://www.lenntech.com/images/Air-qu2.gif
1:
10m
(M / )
> / 8 4
<3/8Cloud
<2
3-Feb
5-Mar
<6
..
= x (g/m3)
= ( / )= (m / )
= (m / )
= ()
y
= ()
= ()
y= centerline ()
= 2.71828
y z
. n
.
() ( , h)
, . Plume
.
, (x) ( ) .
10 .
113 / 2.5% / 9 2 .
100 , 3 / . 1 ,
. centerline () , :
http://www.lenntech.com/images/Air-qu3.gif
1 , <37.5%
. 5
y 90 (1 ) , z 20 (2
http://www.lenntech.com/images/Air-qu9.gif
http://www.lenntech.com/images/Air-qu10.gif
:
http://www.lenntech.com/images/Air-qu8.gif
2
44 / 3 .
,
, particulately
. ,
. , ,
, 30% 2
? , , - ,
.
.
, , .
.
atmospheric pollutant
, , , ,
- . , ,
.
.
( 2), (3 ) , (2 ), (), :
(
)
(CO), ().
EPA
1.5 / 3
0.053
( )
50 / 3
(Arith. )
150 / 3
24
15.0 / 3
(Arith. )
65 / 3
24
0.08
0.12
(10 3 / )
35
(40 3 / )
(100 / )
3
(10:00)
(14:05)
0.03
(Arith. )
-------
0.14
-------
24
-------
0.5
(1300 /
)
asthmatics,
""
,
,
, , .
.
, (NO)
. (55%), (22%), ,
, (22%) .
, .
. , ,
oxidants . ( ) (,
)
.
, :
1. ,
.
2. , ( ), NO2,
.
3. .
4. .
5. ,
.
6. .
7. .
8. .
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/no2scia_world2004.png
2004 troposphere .
. . Envisat
Chartography (SCIAMACHY) .
gmes .
. EPA 2006
.
(3 )
. ,
() . troposphere ,
. Tropospheric , aggravates,
inflames. , .
smog .
() . ,
.
:
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/ozoneform.gif
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/ozonechemistry.gif
VOC NOx
. () VOC NOX
, . , NOx
.
(1991)
.
48 .
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/map8hrnm.jpg
:
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/hawaii_omi_2008117_lrg.jpg
9. Kilauea 26 , 2008
10. ( ) ,
11. , , .
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environmentbook/Images/SO2Emissions%20from%20Smelters.jpg
Sulfer readilly , . OH
, () ,
.
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/mapso2.jpg
, , , ,
- . ,
, .
.
( 2), (3 ) , (2 ), (), :
(
)
(CO), ().
EPA
(10 3 / )
35
(40 3 / )
1.5 / 3
0.053
( )
(100 / 3 )
(10:00)
(14:05)
50 / 3
(Arith. )
150 / 3
24
15.0 / 3
(Arith. )
65 / 3
24
0.08
0.12
0.03
(Arith. )
-------
0.14
-------
24
-------
0.5
(1300 /
)
asthmatics,
""
,
, , , .
.
, (NO)
. (55%), (22%), ,
, (22%) .
, .
. , ,
oxidants . ( ) (,
)
.
, :
1. ,
.
2. , ( ), NO2,
.
3. .
4. .
5.
,
.
6. .
7. .
8. .
2004 troposphere .
.
. Envisat
Chartography (SCIAMACHY) .
gmes .
. EPA 2006
.
(3 )
. ,
() . troposphere ,
. Tropospheric , aggravates,
inflames. , .
smog .
() .
, .
:
.
VOC NOx
. () VOC NOX
, . , NOx
.
(1991)
.
48 .
EPA
:
9. Volcanos ,
Kilauea 26 , 2008
.
.
10. ( ) ,
11. , , .
.
.
Smelters .
12. , dimethylsulfide (), 2 .
,
2
. , , 1982 2001
accorning 2 52 EPA . , ,
.
Sulfer readilly
, . OH
, () ,
.
EPA .
Particulates
Particulates (), . :
16. (), )
17.
( Mountains ),
18. ( ).
micrometers .
. .
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/FineAerosolsAnnual%202004.jpg
2004 .
, .
visiblity . NOAA / ()
.
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/mappm-10.jpg
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/mappm2.5.jpg
PM2.5 2000 , .
:
13. .
14.
( ) .
a. .
,
.
b. . ,
,
.
15. .
a.
.
b. regins 30-50%
8 (2007 Rosenfeld .) .
thermodynamic .
(CCN)
.
. ,
, .
, stratocumulus ,
. iLEAPS , 2 , 2006 .
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/shipaerosols.jpg
, MODIS
. 19:40 26 2003.
.
. ( ) ,
. iLEAPS , # 2 , 2006 .
, oderless, Cabon
, . ,
77%
. , 95
. EPA .
, .
: 65% 41% 1982 2002
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/clerbaux-spring_NASA-e.jpg
. troposphere MOPITT
. ,
. 5.6 Mbyte
2000
.
http://oceanworld.tamu.edu/resources/environment-book/Images/mapco.jpg