TR CHI LN Tr chi c xem l k nng l nhu cu khng th thiu trong cc sinh hot v hot ng tp th vi thanh thiu nhi hin

nay. Tr chi c coi l mt trong nhng phng tin gio dc lp tr, nhanh nht, c hiu qu nht, d tip thu nht. Tr chi khng ch dng li mc ch vui chi gii tr n thun m tr chi cn c tc dng ln trong vic rn luyn con ngi, nng cao phm cht, pht trin tr tu, hnh thnh nhn cch v xy dng c tnh tt. Tr chi ln l mt loi hnh tng hp nhiu hot ng phong ph hp dn ca thanh thiu nhi. N c din ra vi quy m ln (v khng gian, thi gian v s lng ngi tham gia).
I. CNG TC CHUN B.

1. La chn ti v xc nh yu cu ca cuc chi: - Cn nu r mc ch v yu cu ca tr chi l g? Gn vi vn hc tp, mt k kim tra chuyn mn, mt chng trnh rn luyn k nng d ngoi,... - t tn cho tr chi v chn ti ph hp vi yu cu t ra. ti gn vi ngy lch s, vi nhng chuyn phiu lu, trinh thm, qun s, hoc mt cu chuyn vui s c nhiu kch thch i vi ngi chi. 2. Tm hiu i tng v d tnh cch bin ch cc n v: Hiu c i tng s gip ta thit k tr chi va sc vi h. - S lng tham gia? Nam? N? Tui tc, trnh chuyn mn v cc ni dung nh a ra. - K nng chi ca cc nhm tham gia: mi quen hay quen lu. - Nn hp cc nhm chi qun trit cc ni dung lin quan trc khi chi. - C th t tn cho nhm chi lin quan theo ti chn (Nn c ph hiu hoc bng treo ca nhm). 3. Ni dung ca tr chi: y l phn ct li ca tr chi ln. Thng thng tr chi ln chia thnh cc chng ng (trm) c th thch ring bit t d n kh dn ln ngi chi vt qua. Mi trm c mt mu sc ring nhng phi da vo ni dung tng th ca tr chi ln. 4. n nh thi gian, xem xt a im: a. Thi gian: - Quy nh thi gian chung cuc ri chia ra cc trm, u tin thi gian cho nhng ni dung chnh. - Tr chi ln nn t chc vo bui sng sm. b. a im: - Cn xem xt trc hnh trnh chi, cc im t trm. - V s c th ca a im t chc tr chi. 5. Di chuyn trong tr chi ln: - S dng cc phng tin i li: i b, xe p, xe my,... - Cn tnh ton cc hng di chuyn ca cc nhm: theo mt hay nhiu hng. - i vng trn hay i thng. S di chuyn theo ng thng T3 Tp kt

Trm 1 im xut pht Trm 1 T2

T2

T3 S di chuyn theo vng trn

Trm 2 Trm 1 Tp kt Trm 4 - Vic thit k cch di chuyn ph truc rt nhiu vo nhn s ca ban ch huy (BCH) v s lng ngi tham gia. 6. Ban ch huy: - T thit k b tr s lng ngi tham gia BCH. - Ch huy trng iu hnh tng th v gii quyt cc tnh hung. - Nhn s cn li c phn chia lm gim st chm im thi ua, b tr ti cc trm. Mun cho tr chi thm ho hng, BCH nn ho trang, ci trang hoc s dng ngi ngoi tham gia. V d: n ng ba gp ch bn nc ch v hi Ch c bn ru np khng?. Lc ch bn nc s trao mt th cho i chi. 7. Lut chi: - Ngi chi phi tuyt i chp hnh theo yu cu ca tr chi, nu vi phm c th tr vo im thi ua ca nhm. - nhng tr chi c nh trn: + Cn phi ra lut chi cht ch hn nh: quy nh cch thc tn cng i phng (khng mang gy, khng c nh i phng c s ngi t hn, yu hn,...) trnh cc trng hp x xt nhau. + Quy nh sinh mng: l mt t giy hoc mt chic khn, ming vi, treo sau lng hoc dt vo lng qun. Nu b i phng ly c xem nh t trn. V th sinh mng phi c t nht l 02 ln ngi chi c dp rt kinh nghim v c tham gia lu hn trong cuc chi. + Quy nh im ca sinh mng hoc l vic chim cn c hay cp c i phng. V d: Sinh mng 10 im, c 100 im,... tu theo mc kh hay d. 8. Nhng vt dng phc v cho tr chi v nhng phn h tr khc: - BCH v ngi chi cn phi chun b nhng vt dng g? Tt c nhng vn phi c thng bo trc cho ngi tham gia. - Tr chi s hp dn hn, vui hn nu chng ta bit s dng thm: du ng, morse, mt th Nhng phi ph hp vi trnh ca ngi chi.
II. LP K HOCH T CHC TR CHI.

Trm 3

K hoch cn m bo cc yu t sau: - Tn ca tr chi. - Mc ch, yu cu chung ca tr chi. - S lng v thi gian chung. - Ni quy v hiu lnh chung. - Bin ch cc i, nhm v cc vt dng cn thit chun b ca c nhn v tp th tham gia. - Vit din tin ca tr chi theo bng hoc lp kch bn chi tit ca tr chi. K hoch cn phi c gi b mt cho n khi chi. Cc yu t bt ng s lm cho cuc chi thm ho hng, ng thi gip ta pht hin ra nhng nhn t thng minh, nhanh nhn trong vic x l cc tnh hung ca tr chi.
III. THNG TIN LIN LC DNG CHO TR CHI LN.

Tr chi ln cng tr nn hp dn ngi chi khi s dng cc yu t thng tin lin lc nh du ng, morse, semaphore, mt th. Ni dung nh nhng cu chuyn tnh bo, trinh thm s cng tht hn trong vic i tm kim nhng bc mt th b tht lc ngun gc ca vic tm kho bu, hay ca vic nm c ngun thng tin b mt,...
A. DU NG.

Dng ch dn cho ngi chi theo con ng m BCH quy nh trong cuc chi. Du ng ng vai tr nh bin bo, mang thng tin n vi ngi chi nhng quy nh trong qu trnh hnh qun, di chuyn,... i vi ngi chi. 1. Cch nh du ng: - Lun lun nh du bn phi ng, nhng ni d trng thy (quy nh cao so vi mt ng khng qu 1 mt) b tr c nh nhng ni t di chuyn nh trn b tng, tng , gc cy,... C th dng phn, than, vi v du ng hoc dng gch , si xp, dng cnh cy nh du... - Quy c mi du ng cch nhau khng qu 100m. Nu c nhiu i tham gia, hoc c nhng du ng c khng xo ht c th phi dng thm k hiu trn du ng phn bit. V d: nh s 1, 2, 3,... phn bit cc nhm chi. 2. Cch tm du ng: - Phi nhn bn l ng tay phi, nu qu 100m khng thy du ng th phi quay li ch va i qua tm cho tht k, hoc kim tra li xem i ng ng hay cha. - Khng c lm mt du ng, tr trng hp BCH quy nh phi xo du sau khi i qua. Ch : Ngoi vic nh du bng du ng ta c th nh du theo cch khc: V d: - Hnh qun theo si len mu trn ng. - Theo du lng vt hay lng g. - Theo t giy treo trn cy... 3. Cc du ng: - C cc loi du ng thng s dng nh sau:
TT Ni dung Bt u i (Xut pht y) i theo li ny i nhanh ln Chy nhanh ln i chm li C chng ngi vt phi vt qua R tri R phi Quay tr li ng cm Hai nhm nhp li An ton Tri hng ny
hoc

K hiu du ng

x //

(<

>)

Nc ung c Nc khng ung c Ch , coi chng c ch i y 10 pht (Hoc ht th phi c k hiu kho Sol) Mt th cch 3m Chia lm 2 nhm Ht du ng

10 3m

B. TN HIU MORSE.

1. Morse: L tn ca mt ngi M (Samuel Sympypurse Morse) vo nm 1837 pht minh ra 1 dng, 1 b bit m v chm v gch theo vn Alphabet, khi m hoc ngt dng in s gy nn nhng tn hiu tic, te, xp cc tn hiu ny vi nhau chng ta c mt bn tin hon chnh. E . I .. S ... H.... W .__ L ._.. F .._. C _._. Z __.. J .___ = AA = AW = EE = OO = DD = UW = OW = UOW T _ M __ O ___ CH _ _ _ _ G __. Y _.__ Q __._ A._ U.._ V..._ R ._. P .__. N _. D _.. B _... K _._ X _.._

1.____ 6 _.... 2..___ 7 __... 3...__ 8 ___.. 4...._ 9 ____. 5..... 10 _ _ _ _ _ Du sc = S Du huyn = F Du hi = R Du ng = X Du nng = J

Du (.) = ting tch, du () = ting te; ngi ta thng dng ci nh tn hiu. Khi vit k hiu ngi ta dng du / ngn cch gia cc ch ci. V d 1: C dy tn hiu sau _ _ / ._ / ._ / _ / ._ _ _ / _._ / .... / ._ / ._ / .._ / ._. Tra bng quy c ta c bn tin: MAATJ KHAAUR c ngha l MT KHU. V d2: _ / .. / _ _ / .._. / _ / ._. / .._ / _. / _ _. / _.. / _.. / _ _ _ / _ _ _ / .. / ._ _ _ / Tra bng quy c ta c bn tin: TIMF TRUNG DDOOIJ = TM TRUNG I 1. Quy c: * Ngi pht tin: NW ( _ . . _ _): Bt u nh GE ( _ _ . . ): Ci chnh AR ( . _ . _ . ): Ht bn tin * Ngi nhn tin: GAK: Sn sng nhn tin QSL: nhn PLSRPT: Yu cu nh li t u FM...: Yu cu nh li t ch... 2. Cch nh tn hiu Morse: a. Dng ci: * Quy c: Tch (.) = mt ting ci ngn; Te (_) = mt ting ci di. * Yu cu: - nh tng ting, r rng c im dng gia hai ch ci v hai t. - Khng i li khi nh Morse v phi ng u gi nh (trnh trng hp s lng ngi chi nhiu, a im ngoi tri c gi to). - Ci lun ngm trn mi cho n khi pht ht bn tin. b. Dng c: * Quy c: Tch (.) = dng c mt tay; Te (_) = dng c hai tay. * Yu cu: - Trc khi nh bn tin, ngi nh phi xoay c nhiu ln bng vng s 8 trc bng ri bt u nh tng ting mt. - Ht mt t, gi hai tay bt cho c trn u. - Hai chn ng thng, rng bng vai, c cho trc bng. - Ngi pht tin phi ng v tr thun li m bo cho ngi nhn tin trng thy ton thn t trc mt. c. Dng cc phng tin khc: - Trng: Tng (_) = te; Cc (.) = tch. - Dng n pin: Chiu sng di = te; chiu sng ngn = tch.
C. MT TH.

Mt th l vn bn c vit di dng c bit theo nhng quy c nht nh, phi dng nhng nguyn tc c sn hoc suy lun gii. Mt s t chuyn mn lin quan n mt th: - Vn bn gc (bch vn): L ni dung cn truyn t (bn tin). - Kho: Dng hng dn cch gii. K hiu l: - M ho: Chuyn bch vn sang dng mt th. m bo thng tin b mt, chng ta thng m ho chuyn sang dng mt th. Ngi ta thng dng cc k hiu c quy c sn hoc t sng to ra c thng nht t trc: Chng hn nh m ho sang dng quc ng in tn (hoc bin thi ca quc ng in tn) hay morse tch te, hoc cc bin thi ca morse. - Dch m: Chuyn th sang dng bch vn (qu trnh dch m). Tu theo quan im sp xp v cch s dng ta c nhiu cch sp xp theo cc h thng mt m khc nhau.

Quy trnh m ho thnh mt th: Bc 1: Tm ni dung ph hp cho bch vn. Bc 2: Suy ngh a ra ni dung bn tin. C cha kho hay khng? Bc 3: M ho thnh mt th. V d: Mt th ( m ho): HUWOWNGS BAWCS GAWPJ TRUWOWNGR TRAIJ Kho: Quc ng in tn Bn tin: Hng bc gp trng tri. Cc v d thc hnh: Nhng thng tin hoc mt th thng thng: 1. Mt th:

..._ / . / . / .._. / _ / ._. / ._ / .. / ._ _ _ / _ _ _ _ / .. / . _ . / .... / .._ / _._ _ /

VEEF/TRAIJ/CHIR/HUY Bn tin: V tri ch huy 2. Mt th:

_ / ._ / ._ / ._ _. / ._ _ _ / _ / ._. / .._ / _. / _ _. / _.. / _.. / _ _ _ / _ _ _ / .. / . _ _ _ / .... / .. / _. / .... / .. _ . /

TAAPJ/TRUNG/DDOOIJ/HINHF Bn tin: Tp trung i hnh: Nhng mt th dng kho: V d 1: Mt th c di dng k hiu sau:

_ _._ / .._ / ._ / ._ / _. / .... / ._ / _. / .... / .._. / ._.. / . / . / _. / .... / ._ _ _ / _._. / .... / _ _ _ / ._ _ / .._. /
: c ngc. Dch: QUAAN/HANHF/LEENHJ/CHOWF Kho c ngc c ngha l c ngc. Ta s c bn tin: Ch lnh hnh qun. V d 2: BDDBOWBIJ/BOWR/TBRBAMJ/CBUBOOIS : B con b chy (B con ngha l B (B) - cn c vo kho th ta b ht ch B trong mt th). Ta c bn tin: i trm cui.
V. BIN THI CA MORSE:

1. Dng ni i: Tch = i ( Te = ni () ). V d:

_ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ ___ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ ___ _ _ _
DDI/THEO/DAAUS/DDUOWNGF/GAWPJ/GIAO/LIEEN Bn tin: i theo du ng gp giao lin 2. Chn l: Tch = s l; te = s chn, ngn ch = s 0. 3. Morse mt, hai: Quy c: Tch = s 1; te = s 2; ngn ch = s 0.
D. QUC NG IN TN:

1. Nguyn tc: Da vo bn mu t la tinh: Mu t K s Mu t K s A 1 H 8 B 2 I 9 C 3 J 10 D 4 K 11 E 5 L 12 F 6 M 13 G 7

Mu t K s Mu t K s

N 14 U 21

O 15 V 22

P 16 W 23

Q 17 X 24

R 18 Y 25

S 19 Z 26

T 20

= EE = OO = DD = OW Du \=F = UW =R /=S ~=X = UOW .=J 2. Bin thi ca quc ng in tn: a. Da vo k s quy c trong bn mu t la tinh: Dng kho: A (hoc B, C,...) = 1( hoc 2, 3...) V d 1: Mt th: 12, 26, 23, 7 - 22, 19, 19, 13, 11 - 22, 22, 13, 7, 15, 6, 25, 24 - 12, 1, 5, 24 - 25, 19, 15, 8, 2 - 25, 1, 19, 7 - 4, 1, 23, 23, 6 : Em hc lp nm. Dch: Cn c vo kho Em hc lp nm tc l M = 5 (M tng ng vi k s l 5 trong bng mu t la tinh), suy ra N s tng ng vi 6, O = 7, P = 8,... Ta lp li bng mu t nh sau: Mu t K s Mu t K s Mu t K s Mu t K s A 19 H 26 N 6 U 13 B 20 I 1 O 7 V 14 C 21 J 2 P 8 W 15 D 22 K 3 Q 9 X 16 E 23 L 4 R 10 Y 17 F 24 M 5 S 11 Z 18 T 12 G 25

= AA = AW

Thay ch ci vo mt th ta s c bn tin vi ni dung: Theo du ng tm gp giao lin V d 2: Mt th: 81, 92, 32, 112, 22, 71, 72 - 21, 11, 112, 31, 72 - 71, 11, 112, 42, 101 - 82, 62, 92, 32, 112, 2 2 , 71, 62 - 82, 62, 11, 91, 101 : Anh c v em u ln lp mt. Dch: T kho ta suy ra: A = M = 1 Ta lp li bng mu t la tinh nh sau:

Mu t K s Mu t K s Mu t

A 1 H 8 N

B 2 I 9 O

C 3 J 10 P

D 4 K 11 Q

E 5 L 12 R

F 6 M 1 S

G 7

K s Mu t K s

2 U 9

3 V 10

4 W 11

5 X 12

6 Y 13

7 Z 14

Ch : S m = 1 th ch ci tng ng t A - L; s m = 2 th ch ci tng ng t M - Z. Thay ch ci vo mt th ta c: HUOWNGS BAWCS GAWPJ TRUOWNGR TRAIJ Bn tin: Hng Bc gp trng tri.
IV. MT S IM CN LU KHI T CHC TR CHI:

- Khi xy dng mt th v kt cu cc tnh hung phi i t thp n cao, t d n kh v cn c vo trnh chuyn mn ca ngi chi. Tuyt i trnh hin tng ra mt th nh qu kh i vi ngi chi. - BCH cn to ra s thi ua gia cc i chi. Trnh tnh trng i ny b ri i kia qu xa. - Khi di chuyn i hnh cc trm phi ch n bin php an ton cho cc i.