ASSORTED BRAIN-TEASERS Kundan Pangtey ISBN: 978 - 81 - 905947-0 - 7 Published by: K. S.

Pangtey B-5/11 Green Tower (ONGC) Golf Green Kolkata-700095 West Bengal, India Phone: 033 24296972 e-mail: kundanpangtey@gmail.co 2 CONTENTS 01. BEAUTY CONTEST 07 02. MAP ENLARGEMTN 10 03. COVER ON COVER 15 04. THE WALL 18 05. POINT OR PERIOD 23 06. TOUCHING BALLS 28 07. CLOSING-IN V/S ZOOMING-IN 30 08. PLOTS & SUB-PLOTS

34 09. PLANTS HATE GREEN 40 10. KILO CASE 41 11. HOUSE CATEGORY 43 12. DEGREE OF DISTANCE 46 13. HEAD MASTER 51 14. LAT-X 54 15. TELESCOPIC EFFECT 58 16. NEW DELHI OR NEWDELHI 61 17. WHOSE SIDE IS IT ANYWAY 64 18. LOOSER CAN BE WINNER 68 19. SERVING FIRST 75 20. CURSE OF CURVE 81 21. WHITE ALWAYS WINS 91 22. HONEY COMB 94 3 4 TEASER - 01 BEAUTY CONTEST

Imagine a contest of beauty pageant. Participants come onto stage one by one in front of Judges for each event. The participants and Judges do not know each other. The Judges are asked to award points on a scale from 1 to 10 (no fractions) to each candidate. If you are made one of the judge and is asked to choose one out of following choices for the first participant in first event which one would you choose ? (a) 01 (b) 05 (c) 02 (d) 10 (e) 09 THE EXPLANATION: The contests are generally conducted to select a winner from among a group of co ntestants. In a contest, it is not important how much marks or points (absolute) an individual gets, rather the whole process is to make a proper sorting from a mong a chaotic group through a comparative analysis. Sorting cannot be done in i solation, it can only be done if there are more than one candidates put 5 together and compared together. If the winner candidate gets 5 point on a scale of 1 to 10, it does not mean that she or he is not worth 10, it merely indicates that all other candidates have points less than 5. When 1st candidate comes onto stage, judges may find it difficult to award a poi nt as they would not know whether she is best or worst among all candidates. Jud ges would normally rely on their own past experience to make an imaginary benchm ark or standard and attempt a comparison with that. Therefore the whole process would be highly influenced by an individuals experience which would amount to bia sed judgment, especially during initial stage. If 1st candidate is awarded 1 point, for example, it would mean that an assumpti on has been made that all remaining candidates are better than her and would get either one or more than 1 point. Now if all remaining participants turn out to be worst than 1st candidate then there would be a big dilemma as no numbers are available less than one hence all shall end up having 1 point each. Similarly if 1st candidate is given 10 points same situation would arise in reverse order Let us compare beauty contest (crude comparison) to a ball game where participants are replaced by balls of various sizes chaotically placed in a cluster. These balls are required to be sorted out based on their sizes. CHAOTIC CLUSTER OF BALLS

OF DIFFERENT SIZES The balls are ten in numbers and named as A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J & K and judges award points on the basis of their sizes on a scale of 6 1 to 10 (no fractions). The smallest one gets 1 and largest one gets 10 points. The sizes of balls are not known to judges prior to contest. BALLS SORTED AS PER SIZES The name and diameter of balls are shown in a table below: SN ITEMS BALL CHARACTARISTICS 1 Ball Name D B I G E H A J C F Ball Size 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (Dia) (cm) Let us imagine that D is the first one paraded in front of judges. If D is awarded 1 or 2 (minimum marks), the result would be correct up to 99%. However, if D is awarded 10 or 9 marks (maximum) the result will be 99% wrong. In case D is awarded 5 marks (mid point of scale), at least half of the remainin g candidates would get correct markings.

Suppose E is the first candidate paraded in front of judges and is awarded 1 or 2 marks (minimum), the result of contest would be 50% correct and if awarded 10 or 9 marks (maximum) still result would be 50% correct, however, if E gets 5 poi nt (middle), the result would be 100% correct. 7 Awarding of marks at extreme end is a total gamble and there is every danger of going wrong by 99% and candidates may end up getting incorrect marks. To be on safe side the correct way would be to choose the midpoint, i.e.5 so tha t a fair amount of points are available on either side and a dead end is avoided . Following conclusion can be drawn from the analysis; (a) If points are picked up from extreme ends of a scale (1, 2 or 9, 10) there i s a danger of going 100% wrong or right by 0%. So the probability of choosing po ints correctly would always vary from 0% to 100%. (b) However, if points are chosen from middle of the scale (5) the answer would always be 50% to 100% right and will never be 100% wrong. The probability of cho osing points correctly would always vary from 50% to 100% and will never be less than 50%. (c) Therefore the correct way would be to choose the mid-point for initial parti cipants so that the danger of going wrong by 100% is avoided and a fair amount o f points are made available on either side for awarding later participants and a dead end is averted. ******** TEASER - 02 MAP ENLARGEMENT If a map (A), having a size equal to A4 paper and scale of 1:100 is enlarged by 200% (2 times) (B), what will be the scale of enlarged map? (a) 1:50 (b) 1:71 (approx) (c) 1:75 8 A: MAP OF AN AREA WITH SCALE B: MAP SHOWN AT A ABOVE IS ENLARGED THE EXPLANATION: We know that a scale or ratio of 1:100 means 1m on map equal to 100 m on ground. Distance on map

1 1 : 100 = ____________________________ = ____________ Distance on ground 100 When a map is enlarged or compressed, two things change, (i) scale of map (ii) s ize or dimension (length & width) of map. Both are linked in such a way that siz e is inversely proportional to scale (ratio). Larger the map narrower the ratio of a unit distance on map to unit distance on ground. 9 A map is a kind of a scaled down model of an area (2D) where an actual surface a rea is represented on a paper (media) suitable for human use. Three types of sim ilar relationship (between actual and model) can be envisaged; 1. Line (length - one dimensional) 2. Area (length & width - two dimensional) 3. Volume (length, width& depth - three dimensional) 1) If a scaled down model of an actual line (one dimensional), having a ratio of 1:100, is enlarged by 200% (2 times) in same way as a map is enlarged, the rati o of model (enlarged) to that of actual one would become 1:50 (exactly half). ENLARGEMENT OF A LINE (1D) 2) If a map (scale down model) of an area (earth surface), having a scale of 1:1 00 is enlarged by 200% (2 times) the scale of enlarged map would become 1:71 (ap prox) and not half as in case of a line. ENLARGEMENT OF AN AREA (2D) 10 3) Now if we want to change the scale of same map from 1:100 to 1:50 (half), the map shall have to be enlarged by 400% (4 times) and not 200% (2 times) as would be in case of one dimensional objects such as a line. The area being a 2 dimens ional entity, enlargement will have to be done twice along X and Y direction (le ngth and width). Area = X x Y = 2(X) x 2(Y) = 4 (X x Y) or

= 200% x 200% = 400% CHANGING SCALE OF AN AREA (2D) 4) On same analogy, if a scale down model (similar to map) of a 3D solid object or volume (having a ratio / scale of 1:100) is enlarged 200% the ratio would be 1:79 and not 1:50 as in case of a line and neither 1:71 as in the case of an are a. ENLARGEMENT OF A SCALE MODEL (SOLID: 3D) 11 5) Now if scale of same 3D model is changed from 1:100 to 1:50, it would be enla rged by 800% (8 times) and not 400% (4 times) as would be in case of a map. The solid model being 3 dimensional, the enlargement will have to be done volume wis e, along X, Y and Z axis. Volume = X x Y x Z = 2(X) x 2(Y) x 2(Z) = 8 (X x Y x Z) Or = 200% x 200% x 200% = 800% CHANGING SCALE OF 3D MODEL (VOLUME: 3D) The solid objects have two elements which can be compared for map to ground type relationship. One is the surface of the object, similar to earths surface (2D) & second is volume contained within its body (3D). Therefore the ratio or scale would depend upon which aspect is being considered while doing enlargement. For example the ratio of surface area would be governed by 2D conversion like that o f map to ground, where as ratio for volume would be governed by 3D conversion fo rmula. ********

12 TEASER - 03 COVER ON COVER Consider that there is a book with a specific cover design which is named here as K. Now a stamp size (medium size) photograph (named as M) of cover of K is to be printed on the left bottom corner of same cover (as is done for the cover of this book). Whether it is possible to do so? (a) Yes (b) No THE EXPLANATION: 1) We have a book cover design named as K and its exact photograph M of smaller size (stamp size). The smaller one M is to be placed or printed on bigger one K. Name of Book cover design = K Name of Stamp size photograph of K = M Barring size difference, M is identical to K in all respect. 13 A BOOK (M) AND STAMP SIZE IMAGE OF ITS COVER (M) When M is printed on K (bottom left corner), it is an action of adding or introducing new things to the original cover K. Any alternation or changes made on the K would amount to changing the original d esign therefore K would become KM. STAMP SIZE IMAGE OF BOOK COVER (M) IS PUT ON ITS COVER (K) 2) Now as K has become KM, the M (the stamp size exact image of K) will get auto matically cancelled and invalid and a new stamp 14

size image, with new name, shall have to be made all over again and put on the n ew book cover KM. Name of new book cover design = KM Name of Stamp size photograph of KM = S Now as soon the stamp size image S is placed / printed on the new book cover (KM ), the process, as indicated at (1) above will get repeated once again and KM wi ll become KMS. NEW STAMP SIZE IMAGE (S) IS PUT ON BOOK COVER (KM) 3) Now KM has become KMS, the S (the stamp size exact image of KM) will get auto matically cancelled and a new stamp size image shall have to be put on the new b ook cover KMS Name of new book cover design = KMS Name of Stamp size photograph of KMS = Y Now as soon Y is placed on KMS, the cover gets altered and the whole process is repeated again. 15 NEW STAMP SIZE IMAGE (Y) IS PUT ON BOOK COVER (KMS) The process continues till infinity. Therefore every time a stamp size image or photograph of a book cover is printed (placed) on itself it gets altered which i n turn invalidates its stamp size image. So the process of placing or printing s tamp size image on itself triggers another action and creates new cover. ******** TEASER - 04 THE WALL The dimension of a wall is measured by its length (Y), width (X) and thickness or depth (Z). The width (X) of a wall can also be equated to its Height (H). Now, a wall of exact 5 m height (H), not more & not less, is to be

erected across an undulating earths surface, similar to that of China wall. Indicate whether the width (X) of the wall, shall remain constant throughout its length over an undulating earth surface? (a) Yes (b) No 16 GREAT WALL OF CHINA CRISS-CROSSING MOUNTAINS THE EXPLANATION: When a wall is standing on a flat ground its dimension is defined by three eleme nts, they are - width (X), length (Y) and thickness (Z). However, when same wall is build over an inclined ground surface, a fourth element or fourth dimension - height (H) comes into play. This fourth element is same as width (X) when on f lat ground. GEOMETRICAL ELEMENTS OF A WALL The width of a wall (X) is measured along a line normal to ground surface which may not be parallel to equi-potential gravity field. On the other hand the heigh t of a wall (H) is measured along a vertical line (plumb line) which is perpendi cular to the equi-potential surface of earths gravity field. Normally, sea surfac e can be considered to 17 be parallel to equi-potential gravity field and plumb line is always perpendicul ar (normal) to sea surface. However, ground surface is not always parallel to eq ui-potential surface and is highly undulating. On an average, trees are always p erpendicular to equi-potential surface, irrespective of ground slope on which it grows, therefore can be considered to be parallel to Plumb Line. TREES GROWING VERTICAL (PARALLEL TO PLUMB LINE) (OBLIQUE TO STEEP SLOPE) If height (H) of a wall (measured along plumb line) is kept constant throughout its length over an undulating ground, the width (X) will not remain same every w here. Width (X) would be maximum on a flat ground and would decrease proportiona tely along sloppy ground. HEIGHT OF A WALL IS INDICATED BY ARROWS 18 Alternatively if width (X) is kept constant, the height (H) of wall would not re main same everywhere. Wall would have maximum height along slopes and minimum on flat surface. WIDTH OF A WALL IS INDICATED BY ARROWS There can be varying degree of ground slopes. For example a stair case type slop e can be likened to combination of vertical and flat surfaces. Over flat part of staircase both plumb-line and width of wall would be parallel, therefore H and

X would be same. However, over vertical part, the width (X) would be zero while height (H) would be 100%. Geometrically it would amount to putting a new stairca se over the ground surface. VARIOUS SHAPES OF WALL RESULTING DUE TO COMBINATION OF WIDTH & HEIGHT OF THE WALL 19 Over a slopping ground, the width (X) of wall can vary from 0% to 100%. The rela tionship between H and X can be roughly established as follows: Q X = H x ________ 90 Where: X = Wall Width H = Wall Height Q = Angle between Plumb-line and ground slop ANGLE (Q) BETWEEN GROUND SLOPE AND PLUMB LINE If Q is 90 degree (in case of flat ground) X would be equal to H. The X would pr ogressively decrease with decreasing Q and eventually become zero if Q is zero ( in case of vertical ground). ******** 20 TEASER - 05 POINT OR PERIOD If, Year 2001 to year 2005 is equal to 5 years, January (01) to May (05) is equal to 5 months and Monday to Friday is equal to 5 days, then, 10 AM (10 Hrs) to 02 PM (14 Hrs) is equal to how many hours? (a) 4 hrs

(b) 5 hrs (c) Both THE EXPLANATION: Time is a continuum phenomenon however humans have segmented them for their conv enience and daily uses. Time segments are designated by various names such as ho urs, days, months, years etc which represent a specific time interval / period. When we say 01 year, we actually mean a period of 12 months starting from Januar y to December. Similarly January month means a time period having 31 days starti ng from day 1 and ending at 31st day of the month. Same thing applies to each we ek (Monday to Sunday) and each day which encompasses a time period of 24 hrs, st arting from 00 hours to 24 hours. Generally, when one says 2000 to 2001, it means 2 years comprising whole of year 2000 (12 months) and whole of year 2001 (12 months) and no fractions. On same l ine January to February implies whole of January and whole of February (a total of 59 days). 21 Any segment of a time period (say a day) has a starting point and ending point, therefore a day can not be called a day unless entire period of 24 hours is comp leted, similarly a year should have 12 months, else it may not be called a year. Therefore each segment of time will qualify to be called by its name only at the end of its specified period. A decade has 10 full years, (1st to 10th year), a month has full 30 days (1st to 30th days) and a week has seven full days (1st to 7th day). LARGE TIME INTERVAL / DIVISIONS (PERIOD) A watch, used for day to day work, has full 12 hours (00 to 12 hrs). DIVISIONS OF TIME INTERVAL (PERIOD) OF A DAY (01 PM to 05 PM) 22 When we say a match or a game will start at 01 PM or 01 hours and finish at 05 P M or 05 hours (or will last from 01 to 05 hours) it can have following meaning; 1. 01 PM (hrs) to 05 PM (hrs) = 4 hours (00 - 01 hour not included) SHORT TIME PERIOD (01 to 05 HRS) 2. 01 PM (hrs) to 05 PM (hrs) = 5 hours (00 - 01 hour included) SHORT TIME PERIOD (01 to 05 HRS) 23

As per prevailing convention, 01 hours or 01 0 Clock meant nning of 02 hours). It never means beginning of 01 hrs hence to 01 hour. However, same convention is not applied when we ears or months. When we say that so and so was a number one o 05 year it invariably means 5 years and includes year from

end of 01 hour (or begi does not include 00 refer in terms of y player from 01 year t 00 to 01 also.

Similar to time, space is also a continuum phenomenon and space has also been se gmented for convenience and daily uses. On human scale, space is generally segme nted into kilometers, meters, centimeters, feet, inches etc, horizontally as wel l as vertically. For example, on a horizontal scale, whenever we say 02 inch to 06 inch it can ha ve two meanings; 1. 02 inch to 06 inch = 04 inches (2nd inch not included) SHORT DISTANCE (SPACE) INTERVAL (02 to 06 INCH) 2. 02 inch to 06 inch = 05 inches (2nd inch included) SHORT DISTANCE (SPACE) INTERVAL ( 01 to 06 INCH) 24 On a vertical scale, measurement of a depth interval can also create similar ano maly. For example, in petroleum exploration industry, oil, which occur in rock l ayers, is extracted by drilling a well (8 to 10 inch diameter) deep into earth. The properties of rock layer containing oil and its depth from surface is record ed and measured by wire line logs (as shown below). DEPTH INTERVAL OF AN OIL WELL (00 to 1000 m & 390 to 420 m) Now, imagine that a rock layer containing oil has been found to occur between 40 0 m to 410 m in a well. Its thickness would be measured as 10 m (as shown above) . The depth interval of oil layer can be written in two options: i. 400 m to 410 m = 10 m (400th m not included) ii. 400 m to 410 m = 11 m (400th m is included) 25 However, in petroleum industry practice, the depth interval is generally demarca ted from a point on top of layer to a point at bottom of layer. The well path is measured and marked continuously so that a point will always fall on some numer al. So if top of layer falls exactly at 400 m, its depth interval would start fr om a point at 400 m and downward to 410 m, hence thickness of interval, as per i ndustry practice would be taken as 10 m and not 11 m. Depending upon the convention and practice, one of the options can be followed p rovided it is qualified with a definition or explanation.

******** TEASER - 06 TOUCHING BALLS How many balls of same size can remain in touch with each other at the same time? (a) Four (b) Three (c) Six (d) Nine 26 THE EXPLANATION: On a two dimensional plane (2D), a maximum of three balls can remain in touch wi th each other at a time. THREE BALLS OF EQUAL SIZE ON A FLAT SURFACE (2D) In three dimension (3D), a maximum number of four balls can remain in touch with each other at a time and form a tetrahedron. Three balls together forming each face of a tetrahedron. FOUR BALLS OF EQUAL SIZE IN A BOX (3D) 27 On a plane (2D), a single central ball can remain in touch with a maximum of six balls of same size at a time, making an hexagonal shape. SIX BALLS OF EQUAL SIZE ON A FLAT SURFACE (2D) In three dimension (3D) a single central ball can remain in touch with 12 balls of same size at a time. TWELVE BALLS OF EQUAL SIZE IN A BOX (3D) ******** 28 TEASER - 07 CLOSING-IN V/S ZOOMING-IN Zooming-in is defined here as a simulation of an act of moving

closer to an object-in-view with the help of a magnifier such as telescope or binoculars. Closing-in is defined here as an act of physically moving closer to an object-in-view. One aspect which is common in both processes is that things get magnified and look bigger to the viewer. The process of magnification is identical in both cases? (a) True (b) Falls THE EXPLANATION: Zooming-in Zooming-in is a simulation of an act of movement toward or away from an object a nd not the actual act of movement. This is performed with the help of a magnifie r such as zoom lens. In motion picture or television, zooming-in is a process of changing rapidly from a long shot to a close-up while maintaining the subject o r scene in focus or vice-versa. The observer and object do not move physically towards or away and remain fixed at their places and the relationship with regard to 29 angle and depth between observer and object remain unchanged. The process of zoo ming-in can be equated simply to the process of enlargement of a 2D picture wher e only X and Y (length and width) is stretched and 3rd axis Z (depth) does not p lay any role. Geometrically following things happen in zooming-in process; All objects seen within view-field progressively appear bigger. All objects, near or farther within view-field magnify at same rate, hence the v iewers relation with object, with respect to depth and angle does not change whil e zooming-in or zooming-out. The process can be likened to enlargement or stretc hing of a photograph on a paper (2D). IMAGE OF AN OBJECT SEEN BY NAKED EYE ZOOMIN-IN: IMAGE OF AN OBJECT SEEN WITH THE HELP OF A MAGNIFIER (OBJECT IS ENLARGED) 30

Closing-in: The closing-in process involves both viewer and object and they come closer prog ressively to each other and eventually come into physical contact. In real world the three dimensional (3D) objects have three axis, X, Y and Z (le ngth, width and depth) and each point on an object is at a different depth and a t different angle at a given time and space with respect to viewer. When viewer moves toward an object, the depth and angle of object keep changing and become p ronounced at close range. The image on our retina forms in 2D format (length & width) however as viewer mo ves toward an object, 3rd dimension (Z-axis) comes into play as a result of move ment of the viewer. The image of each objects seen within the view-field magnify at different rate d epending on its depth and angularity. The nearer one magnifies at much higher ra te than the farther one. Geometrically following things happen in closing-in process: All objects within a view-field progressively appear bigger. All objects, seen within view-field magnify at different rate. The nearer objects magnify at much higher rate then the farther objects, hence t he viewers relation with object, with respect to depth and angle constantly chang e while closingin or closing-out. IMAGE OF AN OBJECT SEEN BY NAKED EYE 31 CLOSING-IN: IMAGE OF AN OBJECT SEEN AT CLOSE RANGE BY NAKED EYE (OBJECT IS ENLARGED) Conclusion: In both processes objects within view-field magnify and appear progressively big ger, however similarity ends here. The major difference between two, with regard to magnification, is that in case of closing-in nearer object magnify at much h igher rate than the farther one where as in case of zooming-in all objects withi n viewfield magnify at same rate. ******** TEASER - 08 PLOTS & SUB-PLOTS A square piece of plot / land (green) with open space and road

(brown) on all side is to be divided into many sub-plots (parts). With following conditions, 1) All sub-plots should be equal in size 2) All sub-plots should be equal in shape 3) All sub-plots should have equal accessibility to road and open space present on all sides Under aforementioned conditions, this piece of land can be divided into how many maximum sub-plots (parts) 32 (a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 2 SQUARE PLOT WITH ROADS ON ALL SIDES THE EXPLANATION: Division of a square plot of land: The land being an areal quantity, it can have only two dimensions (2D), therefor e individual sides or individual corners can be divided 2 times only to make the m symmetrical on either side of a line. The square plot of a land has 4 corners (4C) and 4 sides (4S) and each side has fixed length and each corner has fixed a ngle, hence the sum total of length of sides and angle of corners when divided s hould remain constant (4C + 4S). Corners (C) = 4 Sides (S) = 4 SQUARE PLOT WITH 4 SIDES & 4 CORN 33 (1) When divided into 2 sub-plots: 2 Plots = 2 x (2C+1S+S+S) = (4C + 4S) Or = 2 x (2S+1C+C+C) = (4S + 4C)

SQUARE PLOT DIVIDED INTO 2 EQUAL PARTS (2) When divided into 4 sub-plots: 4 Plots = 4 x (1C+S+S) = (4C + 4S) Or = 4 x (1S+C+C) = (4S + 4C) SQUARE PLOT DIVIDED INTO 4 EQUAL PARTS (3) When divided into 8 sub-plots: 8 Plots = 8 x (C +S) = (4C + 4S) 34 SQUARE PLOT DIVIDED INTO 8 EQUAL PARTS Keeping in focus the conditions laid down above, it is observed that a square la nd can be divided into 2, 4 and 8 equitable sub-plots only and cannot be divided into 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 or more number of sub-plots. The shape of a piece of land can be trigonal, pentagonal, hexagonal, circular an d so on. The sub-divisions or sub-plots are in a way symmetrical divisions and their numb er is dependant on the shape of a plot. The corners and sides of a square or a h exagonal shaped land have fixed number of corners and sides and are linked toget her in a definite pattern. To make identical sub-divisions (sub-plots) corners a nd sides would have to be equally shared without changing their original positio ns. The relationship between the number of corners or sides and the maximum possible sub-divisions or sub-plots equal in all respect can be established in following manner: P = C x 2 Where; P = Maximum number of sub-plots C

= number of corners or sides Square plot (4 sided) 35 C = 4 P = C x 2 = 4 x 2 = 8 8 EQUAL DIVISIONS Trigonal plot (3 sided) C = 3 P = C x 2 = 3 x 2 = 6 6 EQUAL DIVISIONS Pentagonal plot (5 sided) C =

5 P = C x 2 = 5 x 2 = 10 36 10 EQUAL DIVISIONS Hexagonal plot (6 sided) C = 6 P = C x 2 = 6 x 2 = 12 12 EQUAL DIVISIONS Round plot (infinite sided) C = infinite P = C x 2 =

infinite x 2 = infinite 37 INFINITE EQUAL DIVISIONS An infinite number of radial rays can be drawn from the center of a circle (roun d plot) outward. A circle can have any number of sides and corners hence it can be divided into an infinite number of equal parts or sub-plots. ******** TEASER - 09 PLANTS HATE GREEN We talk of greening our earth, but plants hate green color? (a) True (b) Falls THE EXPLANATION: The color of any object is due to its inherent quality of dislike for that color . In other words all colors are consumed by the object except the one that is re flected and reaches to the eyes of viewer. We love green color and want to green whole earth but what we do not realize is that had plants liked it we would not have seen green as we see it today. Theref ore green color is the enemy of plants. But 38 why plants hate it and we love it. May be its a deliberate ploy used by plants so that animals are befriended for their own survival. This principal is used universally by all kinds of creature, like colors of flow ers. Therefore when we say let us green earth, its a misnomer, its a selfish way of se eing through the eyes of humans and not plants. If sun suddenly starts beaming only green color it would be soothing to our eyes but it will be an end to the majority of plant life. ******** TEASER - 10 KILO CASE If Y2K stands for year 2000, then indicate which of the following is correct ?

(a) 1 KM2 = 1000 M2 (b) 1 KM2 = 1000000 M2 (c) Both THE EXPLANATION: In day to day life, the long words are frequently squeezed or compressed and are represented by a single alphabet, especially in written form, may be perhaps to save time, space and energy. Such short forms, when used in combination with ot her similar short forms or numerals, for deriving equations or formula, has the potential of creating confusion, especially in the minds of students not convers ant with such usage. The K is one of the most used single alphabet in modern times which is a short f orm for Kilo. The K symbol is used extensively as independent entity or in combi nation with other alphabets or numerals. For example in metric system K is commo nly used in 39 combination with other alphabets such as KG or Kg (Kilo-gram), KM or Km (Kilo-meter), KL or Kl (Kilo-liter), Y2K (Year 2000) and so on. When K is used in combinations: i The equations, where K, used in combination with other alphabets such as M as a single dimensional entity, the confusion level is zero because K and M, whether allowed independently or together, the end result will remain same. 1 KM = 1 x K x M = 1 x 1000 x M ii Problems may start cropping up when KM is squared (multi dimensional) as this involves multiplication of itself. Since K and M also represent independent entity confusion may be created that whether bo th are part of same unit or not? There is a possibility that K would be perceive d as an independent alphabet separate from M and only M is squared (M2) and not K. This scenario is very much possible on the assumption by an individual that K being a dominant alphabet is separate even when combined with alphabet like M. 1KM2 =

1 x K x M x M = 1 x 1000 x M x M = 1000 x M x M = 1000 M2 iii However since general convention provides that both K and M must be written together as KM or Km for Kilometer, hence must be squared together as KM2 or as K2 M2. This is similar to a numerical quantity squared, such as 1232 which would be red as 123 x 123 and not as 1, 2, 32 or 1 x 2 x 32. 40 1KM2 = 1 x KM x KM = 1 x K x K x M x M = 1 x 1000 x 1000 x M x M = 1000000 x M x M = 1000000 M2 To avoid confusion or any other anomalous perception once for all, Kilometer or any similar quantity or entity should better be either denoted by one alphabet, such as T or R or if two alphabets are essential then it could be placed within a bracket (KM)2 then squared. ******** TEASER - 11 HOUSE CATEGORY In a particular locality, large number of residential houses were to be constructed in different sizes. Due to certain problems only few houses of different sizes, scattered haphazardly, could

be constructed initially. While making allotment, the completed houses were graded and grouped in A, B, C and D category as per their sizes in ascending order, where A is smallest and D is largest house. Whether the categorization of houses in A, B, C & D pattern was a full proof method? (a) Yes (b) No 41 THE EXPLANATION: The grading of houses are generally done either in ascending order, where A is a t bottom or in descending order where A is at top. But there is an anomaly in th is system, especially if more houses of different sizes are yet to be constructe d. Unidirectional (one way expansion) growth pattern: In A, B, C and D grading system, A is a starting point or dead end. As alphabets are not available prior to A, growth is not assumed prior to A. Alphabets are a vailable only beyond D hence growth is assumed beyond D only. Therefore this typ e of grading or categorization is unidirectional or one way expandable. If houses are required to be constructed in sizes smaller than A (in case of asc ending order) or bigger than A (in case of descending order) it will not be poss ible to assign category in same series, therefore unidirectional pattern has the danger of running out of alphabets for new houses and bidirectional pattern wou ld be preferred. HOUSES NAMED (NUMBERED) FROM BEGINNING OF A SERIES LEAVING NO NUMBERS AT BEGINNING 42 Bi-directional (two way expansion) growth pattern: In a bidirectional grading nomenclature (categories), the grading is done with n o dead end. For example house categories can be named as J, K, L and M so that p lenty of alphabets are made available at either end for future expansion of hous es at both end. However, if houses are required to be constructed in the middle (inbetween) of t he series, say between K and L we will again run out of alphabets, as no gap is left in-between, therefore a multi-directional pattern would be most suitable to accommodate all possibility of future expansion. HOUSES NAMED (NUMBERED) FROM MIDDLE OF SEIRES LEAVING NUMBERS AT BOTH ENDS Multi-expansion growth pattern:

In uni-directional or bi-directional pattern, middle (in-between) expansion is n ot possible. What would happen if houses are required to be constructed in the m iddle of series say between J and K? Two things can be done to accommodate middl e expansion: (i) Sufficient gaps can be created in bi-directional series such as D, F, K and P or (ii) A second series can be added to the first series. Like J(1), J(2), K(1), K(2) an d so on. 43 HOUSES NAMED (NUMBERED) WITH GAPS LEAVING NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO HOUSES Since more houses are yet to be constructed and also because original plan of co nstruction of new houses may change in terms of size depending on requirement, t he nomenclature of the categories of houses (already completed) shall have to be in such a way to accommodate future houses without disturbing the existing seri es of categories, otherwise we will end up having multiple series with confusing and chaotic house addresses within same locality. ******** TEASER - 12 DEGREE OF DISTANCE A contour map, by definition, is a map of a surface showing undulations with the help of lines joining equal elevation, also called topographic map. On a regional scale, the ratio of a unit distance on a contour map at any point to that on ground is always same. (a) True (b) Falls 44 THE EXPLANATION: A map or any drawing made on a flat sheet of paper are 2D transformation of 3D o bjects. Even the image formed on our retina (eye) is in 2D format. The 3D percep tion in our brain is caused due to 2D image received from two different eyes set at an angle with respect to center of an object.

During earlier days relief on a map used to be shown with the help of variations of light and shade to give effect of 3D objects in 2D images. As the use of sha ding became systematized the contour lines, visually representing different elev ations of land came into general use. Contour map is a graphical conventional me thod for showing changes in height or depth on a 2D map with the help of lines t hat connect points of equal elevation called contour lines. CONTOUR MAP WITH VARIABLE SHADING The pattern of contour lines can depict landforms. Areas of tightly spaced conto ur lines describe steep changes in elevation and sparse contours depict flat are as. The Mean Sea Level (MSL) is generally taken as base or datum surface, on which contours are 45 referenced or plotted. With each contour line representing a standard distance a bove or below the base line, one can accurately calculate height or depth simply by counting the lines from the base line. Theoretically, the distance measured on a contour map, in accordance with its sc ale should match to that on ground. However earth, being a spheroid, making a re gional contour map is a tricky one. Two things can happen while making contour maps (especially on a regional scale) of earth surface; i. The globe surface is curved along two directions X & Y axis. When flattened or stretched it cracks vertically (when one axis is curved) and also horizontally when both axis are curved. RIGID CAKE CURVED AND FLATTENED RIGID HEMI-SPHEROID (EARTH) CURVED AND FLATTENED 46 ii. The tall mountain (vertical component: height or depth) is squashed onto a 2 D flat base or datum surface. TALL OBJECT SQUASHED ON A FLAT SURFACE While making contour maps, the plumb lines (or longitude lines) that converge do wnward towards center of earth are made parallel with constant distance between longitudes, irrespective of undulations. LONGITUDE LINES BECOME PARALLEL ON FLATTENING The earth surface can be likened to a curved rubber sheet over which cones (simi lar to mountains) are placed. When rubber sheet is flattened the distance betwee n summits (S1 S2 S3) of cones progressively decreases where as distance between base (root) of cones (R1 R2 R3) does not change. 47

RUBBER SHEET WITH CONES (CURVED & FLATTENED) CONTOURES OF CONES PLOTTED ON RUBBER SHEET Where as the distance between summits of cone (S1, S2, S3) in a contour map, doe s not change, irrespective of bending or flattening of rubber sheet. The contour map assumes that the distances between S1 to S2 to S3 is same as that between R 1 to R2 to R3. In a regional contour map, the bigger area of a mountain, such as Himalaya or Ti betan Plateau, are squeezed on to a smaller area on a datum plane, such as Mean Sea Level (MSL). Conversely, the depths of oceans are brought-up and stretched. Therefore one (single) scale may not be applicable to measure a ratio between a unit distance on map to that on the ground at all points in a regional map. CONTOUR MAP OF AN UNDULATING SURFACE (2D) 48 Although a single scale has been provided for above contour map, the ratio (map to ground) may be different for depths (dark region) and different for high grou nd (light region). RELIEF MAP OF TIBETAN PLATEAU AND INDIAN PLAIN (ONE SCALE MAY NOT BE APPLICABLE) Similarly a single scale may not be applicable for a map or a photograph of larg e area depicting Himalayas, Tibetan plateau and Indian Planes together. There ma y be huge elevation difference between them. ******** TEASER - 13 HEAD MASTER Ramayan is one of the greatest epic of Hindu (Indian) Mythology. It is a saga of victory of god Ram, with the help of god Hanuman over the evil Ravan. The saga is entwined with multiple kings and warriors. One out of following kings had an asymmetrical body, which one was that? (a) Ravan, the demon king (b) Sugreev, the monkey king (c) Jatayu, the vulture king 49 THE EXPLANATION: Symmetry is the preservation of form and configuration across a point, a line, o r a plane where shape on one side match exactly to the shape on another side.

There can be several different types of symmetry and in each type, characteristi cs such as angles, side lengths, distances, shapes, and sizes are maintained. Th e main types of symmetry include: a) rotation, b) translation, c) glide-translat ion and d) reflection etc. The rotational symmetry results from the transformation called rotation, which i s the turning of a shape around a center point or the center of rotation. The di stance to the center of rotation is kept constant and the amount of turning call ed the angle, is measured in degrees. The translational symmetry results from the transformation called translation, w hich is just another term for "movement" with specific direction and magnitude. Translation is making a copy and then moving it. The glide reflective symmetry results from the transformation called glide refle ction and is actually a combination of a reflection and a translation. The Reflection symmetry is the most familiar type of symmetry which is also know n as line or bilateral symmetry. This result from the transformation called refl ection occurring across a line or the axis. The corresponding point is at same d istance from the axis as is the original point. Reflection may happen first or s econd but the figure that results after a reflection and translation is called g lide reflection of the original figure. 50 SYMMETRICAL IMAGE ON EITHER SIDE OF A VERTICAL LINE (Reflection symmetry) Human and animal bodies are bilateral symmetries because one half (right side) i s exact correspondence of other half (left side) on opposite side of a dividing plane passing through the center of the body. In the Hindu epic Ramayan, Ravan was the demon king and he had ten heads on his solder. The Ravan had tormented god Ram and had abducted his wife Sita. God Ram killed the demon king Ravan over a long battle with the help of Hanuman, the mon key god, the Sugreev, the monkey king, Jatayu, the vulture king and Jamvant, the bear king among others. Ten heads of Ravan was arranged in T shaped pattern. The central head, attached to a single neck, was flanked by four heads on one side and five heads on other si de making total ten. TEN HEADED RAVAN WITH SINGLE NECK 51 Therefore the unequal number of heads on either side of central head created an imbalance and assymetricity in the body of Ravan, the demon king. In terms of assymetricity, Ravan had inherited a defective body. It is possible that he was constantly troubled by the assymetricity of his body manifesting in his violent behavior and hot headedness. To create a perfect symmetrical body for Ravan with ten heads, the heads must ha ve to be arranged in a Y shaped pattern with two central heads attached to a Y shape d neck. The neck would be branching so that five (5) heads are equally divided o n either side and are balanced.

TEN HEADED RAVAN WITH TWO NECKS ******** TEASER - 14 LAT-X 52 The latitude reading / value (Degrees) on the summit of a mountain, (say Everest, Chomolungma or Sagarmatha) and at its root is always same: (a) True (b) Falls THE EXPLANATION: The earth s surface is divided by an imaginary set of grid lines, the longitude and the parallels of latitude, which are referred as geographic coordinate syste m. These coordinates appear on all standard maps and on some they may be the onl y way of locating and referencing a specific point. (a) Latitude lines Latitude lines on the earth s surface are drawn connecting all points equidistan t (parallel of latitude) from the equator and form a set of rings around the glo be. The latitude value is measured from the equator, with positive values going north and negative values going south. The equator is 0 latitude and the North Po le and South Pole are 90N and 90S latitudes, respectively. The length of one degre e of latitude averages about 69 mile (110 km), it increases slightly from the eq uator to the poles as a result of the earth s polar flattening. 53 (b) Longitude lines: Longitude lines are a set of north-south rings crossing the equator at right ang le and converging at poles. These lines form great circles and always divide ear th into two. By international agreement, the meridian passing through the origin al site of the Royal Greenwich Observatory at Greenwich, England, is designated the prime meridian, and all points along it are at 0 longitude. All other points on the earth have longitudes ranging from 0 to 180E or from 0 to 180 W. The Angle LAT-X The height of an elevation or depression on earth is measured along the plumb li ne. A plumb line is defined, as a line from which if a weight is suspended it is directed exactly toward the earths center of gravity. 54 The longitude plane and plumb line pass through the center of earth, and fall on same plane and do not cut each other. On the other hand, barring equator, the l atitude plane does not pass through earths center hence both plumb line and latit

ude line do not fall on same plane and cut each other therefore are oblique to e ach other. The crux of the anomaly lies in the phenomenon of obliqueness of lati tude plane with respect to plumb line. The plumb line cuts latitude at an angle which increases from zero degree at equ ator, to 90 degrees at poles. This angle is referred to as LAT-X here. NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SHOWING ANGLE LAT-X As we know, contour maps are generally made on a base or reference plane, so tha t height or depth are calculated by counting contours up or down from the refere nce or base plane. While making a contour map, the location of a point on earth surface, such as a mountain top, is transferred straight down onto a base plane along plumb line and not along latitude line. Except along equator, the Latitude lines and plumb lines (S - R line) are always oblique to each other, hence the location of S and R would not be at same point with respect to latitude values. However, on a contour map both S and R would be located exactly at same place, irrespective of height hence would have same latitude value. 55 CROSS SECTION (X-Y) SHOWING S-R LINE (PLUMB LINE) OBLIQUELY CUTTING LATITUDE LINES The summit (S) and root (R) of a mountain can be likened to two floors of a buil ding with S being first floor and R being ground floor. The floors are linked by a stair case which is parallel to latitude plane. Walking along the staircase f rom ground floor to first floor is like walking along a latitude plane. The stai rcase is always diagonal cutting ground and 1st floors at different points. The slope of staircase would depend on angle X and gap between two floors. LATITUDE LINES CUTTING A BUILDING DIAGONALLY Therefore, the summit (S), like first floor, shall not have same latitude (stair case) as that at root (R) or ground floor, contrary to a contour map where both S and R are placed at same point. ******** 56 TEASER - 15 TELESCOPIC EFFECT On a local scale, compare an aerial photograph (seen from top) of a mountain with contour map of same mountain or an aerial photograph of a tall building with contour map of same building. The shape of the mountain, or the tall building would be exactly same in both aerial photograph and contour map:

(a) Falls (b) True THE EXPLANATION: The aerial photograph is a method of creating 2D image of relief of an undulatin g surface by means of variations of light and shade. The contour maps are system atized form of showing same variations of light and shade by means of lines conn ecting equal elevation or depth. The most important thing in determining shape and size of 3D objects in contour map or aerial photograph is whether relative position of each point, with respec t to each other, have been maintained taking into account the element of height, length and width. The contour map (especially on a local scale) maintains the relative position of each points with respect to each other as seen in ground 57 at all level. However, even though aerial photographs do not hide anything, it d eforms the feature and distorts the relative position of points seen in ground. The nearer objects appear bigger and farther one becomes smaller telescopically. The objects seen within the view finder have to be adjusted for depth element because photographs or image in 2D formats lack depth. One scale would not be applicable for all the objects seen within same photo-fra me and shall vary according to depth. Therefore shape of object get distorted pr oportionately with depth in an aerial photograph. Take for example a pyramid shaped structure with staircase type slopes as shown in figure below (A). In the map view (contour map) of the structure (B), the relationship between eac h step with respect to their size and position remain constant irrespective of r elative distance of each step from top to bottom. The ratio of an area between t op step and bottom step would remain same as would be in reality. Single map scale would be applicable for each step, irrespective of their depth or height from reference level (datum level) on which map is made. In an aerial photograph (C), taken from very close range from top, the step clos er to the viewer would appear bigger than the step away from viewer (towards bot tom). The ratio between top and bottom steps with respect to size and position w ould not be same as would be in reality. The ratio would depend on how close the photograph is taken from. Single scale would not be applicable for all steps in the aerial photograph (C). Each step shall have to have its own scale depending upon its depth from the le

vel on which photograph is referenced. 58 SHADED CONTOURS (B) & PHOTOGRPH (C) OF A PYRAMID (A) SEEN FROM TOP In an extreme case (D), only the top stair would be visible in the aerial photog raph and all below would be hidden behind. It may appear like an inverted pyrami d, like a tall building seen from above (E). D: A PYRAMID SEEN FROM TOP AT CLOSE RANGE E; TALL BUILDING SEEN FROM ABOVE ROOF IS MUCH BIGGER THAN BASE ******** 59 TEASER - 16 NEW DELHI OR NEWDELHI New Delhi is the capital city of India. In 1912, during British Raj the Delhi (which was the capital city of India during Moghul Raj), was expanded and the expanded part of city was named as New Delhi, probably to reflect the new development and to distinguish it from old city of Delhi at that point of time. Let us assume that another expansion of New-Delhi on same style is again undertaken today and expanded part of city is proposed to be renamed in same manner as was done earlier so that it reflects new development. If that happens New Delhi would be called as? (a) New New Delhi (b) New Newdelhi (c) Brand New New Delhi THE EXPLANATION: During Moghul raj, Delhi was the capital city of India. In 1912, British Raj mov ed the capital of India from Calcutta to metropolis of Delhi. They constructed a new city adjacent to Delhi which was completed in 1931 and was named as New Del hi, because this side of city was new at that time. The New, prefixed to the nam e of Delhi was adopted, perhaps to reflect the new development and also keeping in line the new trend prevailing during those days.

60 Literally, new means recent but how recent cannot be known, it can only be sense d relatively. Like new year becomes old within few weeks and new baby becomes ol d within few months. Time does not stop for any one, todays new is tomorrows old, therefore New added by British raj to Delhi may not convey same meaning today, a s it would have conveyed at the time of its naming. Since its formation, New Delhi has expanded in all direction, virtually adding s everal new city to it. If new regime decides to name the expanded part of the ci ty in same way as was done earlier why it cant be re-named as New New Delhi (or N ew Newdelhi) again? With the passage of time, New and Delhi may not remain separ ate words in same sense as it was thought initially but both may merge and becom e a single word Newdelhi in same way as Newton or Newman are single words, havin g no relation with the literal meaning of new Imagine that if an old city, named after Newton, is to be renamed in same way as that of Delhi to reflect new expansion, it would be called New Newton and old p art of the city would always be called as old Newton. NEW CITY AND OLD CITY SIDE BY SIDE 61 If New Delhi becomes Newdelhi, (a new word) with no relation with its literal me aning, the expanded and new part of the city can be easily renamed again as New Newdelhi and old part can continued to be called Old Newdelhi. CLUSTER OF NEW & OLD CITY SIDE BY SIDE This process can continue till big cities stop growing and adding new cities. ******** TEASER - 17 WHOSE SIDE IS IT ANY WAY Every object such as, cars, houses, dogs, humans, planes, books, watches or TVs, have their own right, left, front and back sides. 62 When we refer left or right side of a book or a watch or a TV or a road, we refer left or right side in same way as it would be in case of a car or a plane or a dog or a human? Similarly when we say clockwise or anticlockwise we refer to it from watchs own side? (a) Falls (b) True

THE EXPLANATION: When humans are driving cars, both car and driver face in same direction, hence left hand side of driver is also left hand side of the car. CARS AND HUMANS FACE SAME DIRECTION WHEN DRIVING HENCE BOTH HAVE SAME SENSE OF RIGHT AND LEFT 63 When a woman looks into a mirror everything gets reversed. Her left hand becomes right hand of her image in mirror because both of them are facing each other an d the image behaves as if she is an another person looking at her. RIGHT IS LEFT (AND VICE VERSA) WHEN LOOKING INTO MIRROR However, when a man is reading a book, even though both book and man are facing each other in same way as he would be facing his image in the mirror, the left a nd right side of book does not get reversed. The left side of the man (reader) is also the left side of book and his right si de is the right side of the book. Book itself does not have its own left or righ t side. Had it been so our right would have been left side of the book. RIGHT IS RIGHT (NOT LEFT) WHEN REFERRING TO BOOKS 64 Similarly when we are facing a watch and referring to a direction called clockwis e or anticlockwise movement, we are explicitly referring to the direction from vie wer / user point of view. The circularity of clockwise movement would be from top to right, (in same way a s cars steering is moved when turning to right). The opposite sense of rotation w ould be counterclockwise or anticlockwise. CLOCKWISE MOVEMENT (GENERALLY LEFT TO RIGHT) Assume that a watch has grown its own hands and legs and is behaving like a huma n being. What would be the clockwise movement ? WHAT IF CLOCKS HAD HANDS & LEGS AS WE HAVE (CLOCKWISE MOVEMENT WOULD BE REVERESED) 65 Clockwise movement would be, from TOP to LEFT (in same way as cars steering is mo ved when turning to left) and not TOP to RIGHT as is normally considered. (Anticlockwise movement would be opposite to that):

In strictest sense, the clockwise movement is a misnomer because we never consider watch having left / right side like us, but we refer it from our own point of v iew. Hence it can be called viewer-wise clock-movement. The left or right side of an object is dependant on whether they face in same direction or opposite direct ion as that of humans (user) while in use. User centric world view: 1. As the reader and the book or the TV or the photograph or the watch always fa ce each other when in use, there was perhaps no need to assign left or side to t hem but was always referred from users point of view. On the other hand, cars, bu ildings, trains, animals etc face in same direction as humans while in use, they have left and right side similar to humans. 2. All man made materials or even natural ones are referenced from user (humans) point of view because we are the ones who use them and we are the ones who requ ire communication in such languages which fundamentally is based on naming of ea ch and every possible aspect perceived by humans. ******** TEASER - 18 LOOSER CAN BE WINNER 66 The scoring system in Lawn Tennis goes through a tortuous four course steps. A player has to win first points, then games, then set and only then he wins a match. The winner always wins more games than the looser, (a) True (b) Fall THE EXPLANATION: Lawn Tennis is played with four tiers / steps of scoring system. A player has to win five (5) points first with a gap of two to win one game, the n he has to win six (6) games first with a gap of two to win one set and win max imum set out of five or three to win a match. In this system each set is like an independent match and have to be won separate ly. No weightage is given to the games won in previous set and it does not matte r whether previous set is won by 6 - 0 or 76, both have same value. In case of a score line of 0-6, 7-6, 7-6, 0-6, 7-6, the winner gets away with 9 fewer games than the looser. Out of a total possible 51 games in the match, the looser have won 30 (58%) and winner only 21 (42%) thanks to rules framed to favo r one with no breaks, barring tie breakers. 67 TENNIS MATCH: MOST TORTUOUS SCORING SYSTEM

Badminton is also played on same scoring system but with one tier fewer than Ten nis; Here, a player has to win points first, then sets and only then a match is won. Each set is like an independent match and have to be won separately and no weigh tage is given to points won in previous set whatever may be the margin. BADMINTON: LITTLE LESS TORTUOUS SCORING THAN TENNIS The scoring system in basket ball, on the other hand is the most simplest one. N o segments, no layering, no tier, you win more points you win match. Entire matc h is one entity. First part is not forgotten 68 and points won from the start get full weightage and is carried forward till the end of the match. A great tempo and excitement is generated from the word go and never a dull mome nt creeps throughout the match. BASKET BALL: SIMPLE SCORING SYSTEM Some Examples of Close Tennis Matches: Womens Events: 1. US Open Womens Final 1985 Hana Mandlikova def. M. Navratilova: 7-6, 1-6, 7-6. Or Martina Navratilova def. Hana Mandlikova : 18 - 15 Two-time US Open champion Martina Navratilova won a total of 18 games (6+6+6), w here as Hana Mandlikova won 15 games (7+1+7), 3 games less than the Martina, in the US Open final of 1985 but still Martina lost the match. The result would have been just opposite, had basket ball type scoring system wa s followed. Hana took her chance more 69 carefully and reserved energy for the crucial set where it mattered most. Had it been 5 setter Martina would have definitely won the match as she showed consist ency. 2. US Open Womens Final 1994 Arantxa Sanchez def. Steffi Graf: 1-6, 7-6, 6 - 4. Or Steffi Graf def Arantxa Sanchez : 16 - 14 Steffi Graf won a total of 16 games (6+6+4), 2 games more than the total of 14 g ames (1+7+6) won by Arantxa Sanchez Vicario in US Open 1994 but still she lost t he match. Had the points / games scored in previous set been carried forward til l the end of the match Steffi would have been a clear winner (16 - 14).

3. Wimbledon Womens Final, 1993: Steffi Graf def. Jana Novotna: 7-6, 1-6, 6 - 4. Or Jana Novotna def Steffi Graf: 16 - 14 Steffi Graf won a total of 14 ( 7+1+6) games, 2 games less than Jana Novotna, wh o won a total of 16 (6+6+4) games in the entire match but still she lost match? The cumulative system would have produced just opposite result. Mens Events: 1. Wimbledon Mens Final, 2009: Roger Federer def. Andy Roddick: 5-7, 7-6, 7-6, 3-6, 16-14 Or Andy Roddick def. Roger Federer : 39 - 38 70 One of the longest and keenly contested match ever played at the Wimbledon. Insp ite of winning more games (39) than Roger (38), Andy lost the match, why? At lea st I am hugely disappointed. I thought Andy had upper hand and looked more sharp than the aging war horse Roger throughout the game. 2. Montreal Masters Mens Final, August 2007 Novak Djokovic def. Roger Federer: 7-6, 2-6, 7-6 Or Roger Federer def. Novak Djokovic 18 - 16 The serb, Djokovic beat Roddick, Nadal and Federer, the top 3, 2 & 1 of tennis at that time in a row, a big feat indeed. However he was very luck y in the final as he won title with a deficit of two games. The king Federer cou ld have easily won had it been five setter, I am sure, as he had already collect ed more breaks and more games than Novak. Tennis, curiously does not recognise p revious set. New set starts as a new match. Federer could not do any thing but l ook to next event. 3. ATP/WTA Miami Masters Event, 4th Round, April 2007 Guillermo Canas def. Roger Federer: 7-6, 2-6, 7-6.Or Roger Federer def. Guillermo Canas: 18 - 16 Roger Federer faced same situation here too. Guillermo Canas of Argentina, had s tunned him, 7-6, 6-2, 7-6 in the forth round of ATP/WTA Miami Masters Series eve nt in April 2007. Federer had said then that it was one of those matches where h e should have never lost. But did he loose? In fact he won more games, but thank s to weird rules that did him in. 4. US Open Men s Singles Fourth Round, 1987

71 J. Connors def. M. Pernfors: 1-6, 1-6, 7-5, 6 - 4, 6 - 2 Or M. Pernfors def. J. Connors: 23 - 21 This is considered to be one of the greatest come back match of the US Open tenn is where Connors made it to quarterfinals in spite of 2 set down. On a cumulativ e basis Pernfors won a total of 23 games (6+6+5+4+2), 2 games more than Connors who won a total of 21 games (1+1+7+6+6). Continuous scoring system, without any break between sets would have made Pernfor winner. 5. Wimbledon Mens Final, 2007: Roger Federer def. Rafael Nadal: 7-6, 4-6, 7-6, 2-6, 6 -2Or Rafael Nadal drew. Roger Federer: 26 26. Locked in the toughest test, Roger Federer finally overcame Rafael Nadal in a fi ve-set epic final to win his fifth consecutive championship at the All England C lub. However, the match could have gone either way. Both won equal number of gam es (26 each) but still Nadal was denied further chance. At this stage the match was equally balanced and should have ended in a draw. Na dal had more breaks and showed more consistency and should have been given more chances to prove his prowess, however, laws of the game, made by wise men had ot her things up the sleeves. 6. Wimbledon Mens Final 1992 A. Agassi def. G. Ivanisevic: 6 - 7, 6 - 4, 6 - 4, 1-6, 6-4. Or G. Ivanisevic drew. A. Agassi: 25 - 25. Goran blasted 37 aces and won a total of 25 games (7+4+4+6+4) equal to that won by Agassi (25 games) and still lost. The dual was a photo finish and needed an e xtraneous and crooked process of scoring system to decide the winner. 72 Why this discrepancy? In all above matches the looser has won more or equal number of games and showed better consistency but they still lost the match. The rules seem to favor the o pportunistic, cunning and to those who are conserving energy deliberately and ru thlessly pouncing on few chances coming their way. Unlike basket ball match, whe re tempo is maintained throughout the match, tennis is played in hiccups. Each s et is like a separate match and at times players deliberately slowdown to come b ack in next set and dullness creeps in. Had points been carried forward in a sea m less manner the boring moments would have been minimized and consistency would have been rewarded. So it is not necessary that winner always wins more games, it is the looser, may win more games but still shown the door. It is a shame ! We see a great ambiguity here. On one hand a lot of weightage and importance is attached to the distant past performance of a player while seeding them (so to g ive them unfair advantage), but the performance in the immediate past (previous set) is totally ignored and a new set begins afresh from scratch.

******** TEASER - 19 SERVING FIRST Andy (A) and Sandy (S) are facing each other in a tennis match where Andy (A) is serving first in first set; i What will be the score if Andy retains his service and breaks 1st service of Sandy (S) in the 1st set ? (a) 6 4 (b) 6 3 ii What will be the score if Sandy retains his service and breaks 1st service of Andy in the 1st set ? (a) 4 6 (b) 3 6 73 THE EXPLANATION: Andy (A) is serving first in 1st set. (a) Andy (A) retains his service ( ) and breaks (X) the 1st service of Sandy (S) and wins first set, Table a Service Games Result Score A S

1 1 0 2 X 2 0 3 3 0 4 3 1 5 4 1 6 4 2 7 5 2 8 5 3 9 6 3 TOTAL 5 4 9 9 (5+4) (b) Sandy (S) retains his service ( ) and breaks (X) the 1st service of Andy (A) and wins first set, 74 Table b Service Games Result

Score A S 1 X 0 1 2 0 2 3 1 2 4 1 3 5 2 3 6 2 4 7 3 4 8 3 5 9 4 5 10 4 6 Total 5 5 10 10 ( 5+5 ) When A breaks 1st service of S (Table - a), the maximum gap created between A an

d S is of the order of 3 games where as when S breaks 1st service of A (Table-b) the maximum gap is of the order 2 games only. Here A and S do exactly same thin g but A achieves a gap of 3 games to 2 of S without doing any thing extra. It can have a psychological impact on the performance of S. When A breaks 1st se rvice of S, he wins set at 6 3 and plays a total of 9 games (Table-a) where as w hen S breaks 1st service of A, he wins set at 4 6 and plays a total of 10 games, one game more than A (Table-b). By breaking only once in the whole set A gets a way by playing only 9 games (serves five time to four of S), where as for exactl y same number of break S is required to play 10 games for none of his fault, why this discrimination ? (c) Now, what happens if score line is: 6 1 in favor of A (Table-c) or 1 6 in favor of S (Table-d) 75 Table - c Service Games Result Score A S 1 1 0 2 1 1 3 2 1 4 X 3 1 5 4 1 6 X

5 1 7 6 1 Total 4 3 7 7 (4+3) Table d Service Games Result Score A S 1 1 0 2 1 1 3 X 1 2 4 1 3 5 X 1 4 6 1 5 7

X 1 6 Total 4 3 7 7 (4+3) The total number of games played (in both cases) (Table - a & b) 2nd, odd gets are seven (1 to 7) with 4 odd numbers (1st, 3rd & 5th) and 3 even numbers ( 4th & 6th). By virtue of serving first, A shall get an opportunity to serve numbers (4 times) and S shall have opportunity to serve even numbers. So A 4 serves and S gets 3 serves. Therefore, for same score line (6

1) A is required to break serve of S only two times (Table-c) where as S toils t o break A three times (Table-d). 76 Why this inequality ? In all above cases, it is very obvious that A is enjoying a certain amount of ad vantage over S only because he is serving first. In todays hyper sports and inten se competitive era even a hair line gap advantage may have impact on the final r esult, especially if winner and loser are of same caliber. What is the solution: Equality ? : Each player must be given equal number of services in each set and in each match , so that equal opportunity level is achieved. Each set / match can be played in two stages. 1st stage to be of 4 serves in total (2 each continuously). Whosoever win maximu m points with a gap of 4 wins the set else set goes to 2nd stage. 2nd stage would consist of maximum of six Steps (S-1 to S-6). Each player will b e given one service alternatively at each step. One who wins maximum points with a difference of four (4) at any step wins the set. In case of a tie at the end of 6th step, either the set is terminated, irrespect ive of points difference and points in each set are added at the end of match an d winner is decided on the basis of maximum points won cumulatively in a match. Alternatively set can continue till a difference of 4 points is achieved. Set it

self can be converted into a match beyond a certain point. 1) 1st STAGE: Total: 4 services (2 each with no gap). 77 SCORE/ RESULT PLAYER STAGE SERVICE Go to WIN A S 2nd STAGE 1 1st 2 4-0 3-1 2-2 STAGE 3 4 2) 2nd STAGE: 2nd stage consists of maximum 12 services SCORE / RESULT PLAYER STAGE SERVICE Go to WIN A S 2nd STAGE 1 1st 2

STAGE 3 4-0 3-1 2-2 4 Go to NEXT WIN SERVE 5 S-1 5-1 4-2 3-3 6 7 S-2 6-2 5-3 4-4 8 9 E S-3 7-3 6-4 5-5 G 10 AT 11 Sd S-4 n 8-4

7-5 6-6 2 12 13 S-5 9-5 8-6 7-7 14 15 S-6 10-6 9-7 8-8 16 78 In each set there will be seven (7) opportunity (one in 1st stage & six in 2nd s tage) to win the set early. If each set ends in 1st stage itself, match will be over very quickly. It would indicate that the looser is not of equal caliber and match deserves to end fast. Alternatively, games or points won in each set can be added together at the end of match and who so ever wins maximum points, in whole match (cumulative) with a difference of 4 shall win the match. ******** TEASER - 20 CURSE OF CURVE Consider there are two humanoid robots K1 and K2. Both have exactly identical capabilities, both run at same speed from start to finish. Now both are competing with each other for 800 m race (cycle) together (pack running) in an indoor stadium with circular / oval track. Who will win? (a) One of them (K1 / K2)

(b) Both 79 THE EXPLANATION: Game at micro-second scale: In modern day sporting events, the electronic gadgets, like 3rd umpire in cricke t or stretched photographs in sprinting are used extensively in order to extract the hair line gap to decide who is in or who is out. This micro-second precisio n level is rigorously applied in all games and even one hundredth (1/100) of a s econd or one tenth of an inch is not spared in separating winner from looser. CLOSE FINISH: REQUIRE MACHINE SCRUTINY But what is startling is that same precision of microscopic level analysis is se ldom applied to the game in entirety to see whether factors other than individua l efforts are influencing the results. There are many events where extraneous factors other than individual effort appe ar to be influencing the result. One such area is track & field event where trac ks are designed in such a way that each lane is different from other and each tr ack is curved at every turn. Although variation in lane qualities may appear min iscule at human scale but can get magnified many time at sub-second (microscopic ) scale. The lanes in 100 m sprint events are all straight and parallel hence are exactly identical, however, in 400 m oval (circular) track, the conditions are not exac tly same for all lanes. 80 FULL CIRCULAR AND SEMI-CIRCULAR TRACKS The total length of an individual lane (circumference) in case of round track (a n extreme case) can be shown as follows: L = PR2 Where: L = Length of individual lane (say Lane-1) P = 22 / 7 (Constant) R = Radius of individual lane Or in case of an oval track (semi circular track) the formula for total track le ngth would be as follows;

L = Z + PR2 Where: L = Length of individual lane (Lane-1) P = 22 / 7 (Constant) R = Radius of individual lane Z = Straight part of the track Now, take for example lane one (L-1) and lane two (L-2) are having radius R1 & R 2 of 50 feet & 54 feet respectively, (assuming a 81 minimum lane width of 5 feet) the length of individual lanes would be as follows , (Z being constant for both lane): L1 = P(R1)2 = 22/7 x 502 = 7857 feet L2 = P(R2)2 = 22/7 x 542 = 9165 feet The ratio: L1 / L2 = 7857 / 9165 = 0.86 Or (R1)2 / (R2)2 = 54 / 52 = 0.86

Therefore Lane-2 is dissimilar to Lane-1 (1: 0.86) in terms of total distance (e nd to end). In case of 400 m or longer race, any discrepancy due to this would g et multiplied. The degree of curvature or circularity for each lane can be determined by the ra tio between total length of lane (circumference) and total length of maximum num ber of straight dashes one can make within the limits of an individual lane. C1 = D1 / L1 Where C1 = Degree of curvature of Lane-1 D1 = Total length of straight dash in Lane-1 L1 = Total length / circumference of Lane-1 (PR12 ) 82 THE OUTER-MOST CIRCULAR TRACK HAS THE LONGEST STRAIGHT DASHES Lane-3 has 5 straight dashes (SD) of equal length (5SD) Lane-2 has 4 straight dash of equal length and one is 1/3 (4SD+1/3SD). Lane-1 has 3 straight dashes of equal length and one is (3SD+1/2SD). There are three areas of concern in case of oval / circular tracks; 1. The lanes are not 100% equal in terms of total lengths. 2. The lanes are not 100% equal in terms of curvature. 3. The ratio between curvature and straight portions of track are not 100% equal between the lanes. If two lanes are equal in terms of all characteristics, the ratio shouldbe alway s 1:1 (100%) between lanes as happens in case of 100 msprint event. Therefore an ything less or more than 100% wouldmean un-equality among lanes, which when subj ected tomicroscopic level would magnify many times. Who would win K1 or K2 The races are generally run in packs or individually along single lane. Pack or bunch running involves body touching and constant 83 fight for inner circle where as independent running does not involve body touchi ng. PACK RUNNING AND SINGLE LANE RUNNING In case of pack or bunch running, as long both, K1 and K2 run on straight portio n of the track, they will be running side-by-side without body touching, however the moment they enter into curved portion, the one on inside track (say K2), be

ing nearer would occupy the inner circle and would forge ahead of K1 simply beca use inner side of the curve has less distance. K1, being towards outside, would immediately fall back, as he has to cover longer distance and would remain behin d, thereafter till end and finish second. Therefore only one (K1) would win the race. RUNNING AROUND BENT PART OF A TRACK On the other hand, independent running, although does not involve body touching and fight for inner circle, one has to tackle the curvature of the track to main tain the speed and body tilt. 84 The impact on races: the impact of circular track on results can be summarized a s follows: (i) Body Tilt Effect: The inner most lane has maximum curvature and outer most the least. To overcome lane curvature athletes tilt their body inside proportionate to their speed and curvature so as to avoid falling out of lane due to centrifugal force. Since cur vature is variable for each lane the body tilt varies from lane to lane, maximum in inside lane and vice versa. The variable tilting affects the speed and momen tum and ultimately the result. BODY TILTING WHILE NEGOTIATING A BEND (ii) Cumulative Effect: The tracks are generally laid in an oval shape where the ratio of straight porti on to curved portion of track varies from stadium to stadium. The speed is maxim um in straight portion and minimum in curved portion. In case of small indoor st adium, if one is allotted inner lane, he may have to pass through curved portion more frequently than the one allotted outer most lane. Any amount of variations among lanes, however negligible it may be, can turn int o a snow ball on a cumulative basis, especially in events where participants are r equired to run multiple times through same lane. 85 (iii) Scale Effect: The impact of curvature may appear miniscule at human scale but can get magnifie d many times at micro-second level. The impact can be seen more easily in the ev ents such as motorcycle / formula car race where participants need to maintain h igh speed over a long and tortuous track. BODY TILT AT BENDS INCREASES WHEN HIGH SPEED IS MAINTAINED It is evident wide from above that the participants are not provided equal runni ng conditions at same standard of precision as their results are subjected to. A thletes have every right to demand identical conditions on a microscopic scale. The glaring examples: The result of 400 m hurdle in 1984 Los Angeles Olympics for bronze medal was sub

jected to a very high degree of magnification and nothing was spared in denying PT Usha of India a bronze. It was amazing that she was made to loose by one hund redth of a second (1/100 second). She literally lost by a whisker. The scale of stretching of time and space was a mazing and unbelievable. The time difference is so small (1/100 second) that it still amazes even today and creates 86 doubt whether it was her deficiency or track design deficiency that cost her bro nze. There can be no doubt that the result would have been definitely different (plus or minus) if she had been allotted another lane than she was running in. SPRINT QUEEN P.T. USHA OF INDIA Similarly, Milkha Singh of India, was denied bronze medal in 400 m race in 1960 Rome Olympics by a wafer thin margin of 1/10 seconds, although he had broken the Olympic records. FLYING SIKH MILKHA SINGH OF INDIA 87 There may be hundreds of such close cases where doubts would always remain in th e minds whether failure was due to extraneous causes. These cases should be put to modern tests involving computer software analysis to see if results were infl uenced by factors other than individual efforts, such as lane variation, especia lly over long races. What is the solution: 1. The dissimilarity among the lanes in a circular track is very obvious, in ter ms of variable curvature, variable total distance and variable straight to curve d ratio. 2. The first and k & field design of results so as those who loose foremost requirement is to thoroughly analyse the existing trac at microscopic level with respect to its effect on the outcome to eliminate any doubt in the minds of participants, especially by whiskers.

3. In order to achieve identical lane properties, track designs as indicated bel ow can be tried: a. ASHTAMIUM (8): 8 Shaped Track Design. In an ancient Hindu Sanskrit language eight (8) is referred to as Ashtami, hence name Ashtamium. Each individual lane is curved at two ends and the product of sum total impact o f degree of curvature, elevation, undulation or any other element is always cons tant for each lane. Each lane is of same length of 200 m.

 The lanes do not cross on same level but cross one over the other like an over b ridge so as to avoid clashing of athletes. The races are always run in 200 m or in multiple of 200 m. 88 There is no need to run in packs as several tracks can be accommodated in a sing le stadium. ASHTAMIUM: NEW TRACK DESIGN b. SWIMMING POOL TYPE RACE TRACK Another variation could be similar to that of swimming pool type where all tracks are parallel and straight. Each individual runs in his own track to and fro (by touching the end of each lane). SWIMMING POOL TYPE TRACK DESIGN TRACKS ARE ALL STARIGHT AND PARALLEL ******* 89 TEASER - 21 WHITE ALWAYS WINS Two computers C1 & C2, with identical capabilities are pitted against each other in a game of chess. If C1 starts with white pieces first and both make no mistakes, who will win match in a best of 5 (five) games ? (a) C1 (b) C2 (c) End in a draw THE EXPLANATION: Theoretically, the game should end in a draw as both have equal capabilities and both make no mistakes. However, simple commonsense logic proves it otherwise. The game of chess in its present form is highly complicated. There is multiplici ty of pieces and there are tens of moves and whole game thrives on mistakes comm itted by opponents.

It is a well known fact that in the game of chess, the balance is tilted in favo r of white. This aspect is very difficult to see in complicated and long winding moves. Therefore in order to analyse game of a chess in a transparent and convi ncing manner, the chess board and pieces can be scaled down to: a) 36 squares (6 x 6) with 24 pieces or to b) 16 squares (4 x 4) with 8 pieces. 90 36 SQUARES 16 SQUARES 24 PIECES 8 PIECES The simplified version will have less complicated moves and will be easily under standable even to a layman. This is required to see and magnify the inherent fla ws in a game of chess. In the strip down version the positions and movements of each piece remain same. As the number of moves become very less and short it becomes easy to foresee fut ure best moves. Any body can easily understand the move and see himself whether game ends in a draw or in favor of either of one. Let us imagine that C1 with wh ite and C2 with black pieces play the game: (a) First move by white: White Queen to B3 (b) First move by black: Black Queen to B2. 91 (c) Second move by white: White rook to D1 (Game is over) In this simplified game, it is very evident that C1 (white) attacks from the wor d go and is always one step ahead of C2 (black). It is evident here that C1 (white), getting the first opportunity to move always goes for best move and inflicts maximum damage and if no mistake is done, as wo uld happen in case of competing machines, C2 (black) would never win. C1 (white) would en-cash best move and will go for a kill. C2 (black) is left with no opti on but to be content with second best move and is always busy defending C1(white ) and never gets to attack The game of chess is unique in the way that it is like a battle field where ever y move kills pieces (soldiers) and reduces opponents ability to fight from the wo rd go. Unlike many other sports where both opponents are allowed to fight at sam e time, in chess opponents are allowed to hit alternatively and white getting fi rst opportunity it unleashes best move. Black is left with second best move and always remains behind white. Black receives the first lethal blow and never reco vers thereafter. 92 For that matter any one who starts (attacks) first in any game has some advantag e, but in chess white starting first, has 100% advantage. ******** TEASER - 22 HONEY COMB

Honey bees make hexagonal cells / combs, because? (a) Round combs are out of fashion (b) Bees know no other comb making (c) For economy and geometric reasons THE EXPLANATION: The honeybee, one of man s oldest friend is a social insect living in large colo nies. The central feature of the bee hive is its nest the honeycomb and this mar vel of engineering consists of panels of sixsided cells (cylindrical cells) made of beeswax. Beeswax is produced 93 from glands on the underside of the worker bees which they take with their mouth s into the honeycomb. The cells within the comb are used to raise young ones and store honey and pollen. There can be two classes of cylindrical cells: (a) Class one are those types of cylindrical cells when packed together fit perf ectly with each other. They are hexagonal (six sided), trigonal (three sided) an d tetragonal (four sided) cells. CLASS ONE TYPE OF CELLS (b) Class Two are those types of cylindrical cells when packed together do not f it with each other and leave gaps in between. They can be pentagonal (five sided ), octagonal (eight sided) or round cells (infinite sided) and so on. CLASS TWO TYPE OF CELLS 94 Why Hexagonal cylindrical cells: 1. When round cells or cylinders are packed together on a plane, six cells remai n in touch with the central one at a time. Geometrically the best fit or the max imum cells that can be packed in a minimum space would always produce a hexagona l (six) mesh. ROUND CELLS PACKED TOGETHER 2. Round cylindrical individual cells are most suitable for keeping young ones, as larva and young ones also have round shape and fit 100%. However, two deficie ncy occur when round cells are packed together The round cells leave plenty of unused inter-cellular space. This adds up to the total required area for a unit hive. The wall of individual cells have minimal contact with each other hence separate and independent walls for each cell is required to be made every time a new cel l is made. This adds up to the total wall length required to be constructed in a unit hive. ROUND CYLINDERS PACKED TOGETHER

95 3. The square and triangular shaped cells, although produce a perfect fit, are a lso not favored because; Since, larvae are round in shape, plenty of intra-cellular space are left unused at the corners within cells. The unused portions within cells add up to the total space in a hive, hence less number of cells would fit in a unit space. The unused intra-cellular space, increases the net volume of individual cell and also increases the length of wall, hence more material and more labor for bees. ROUND AND TRIGONAL SHAPED CELLS PACKED TOGETHER 4. The hexagonal cells (cylindrical) are favored as it minimizes the above menti oned shortcomings in a bee hive: The hexagonal cylindrical cells, when packed together has 100% wall contact and leave no inter-cellular gaps therefore cells occupy less space in unit hive. Hexagonal cells share cell wall equally, thereby minimizing total length of wall in a unit hive. Round eggs or larvae closely fit in a hexagonal cell and wastage of intra-cellul ar gaps are minimal. 96 HEXAGONAL CELLS PACKED TOGETHER 5. Take for example a plateful of oranges of same sizes and round shape. Maximum six (hexa) oranges can remain in contact with a single central orange in a pack . When they are squeezed tightly together, round shaped oranges convert to hexag onal oranges automatically without any change in individual orange volume. The i nter-orange space vanishes and the walls (peels) become common. SPHERICAL OBJECTS (ORANGES) PLACED TOGETHER AND WHEN SQUEEZED TIGHTLY 6. Similarly, when finger tips of both hands are joined opposite to each other o n a plane (left below) gaps remain between finger tips as they are round shaped. However, when fingers are pressed towards each other the gaps vanish and the fi nger tips attain half hexagon shape. 97 FINGERS PUT TOGETHER LEAVE GAPS BUT

WHEN SQUEEZED TIGHTLY GAPS VANISH AND HAEXAGONAL OUTLINE EMERGES These examples show that hexagonal honey combs are based on fundamental geometri c and economic reasons. Perhaps science of geometry was inherent in nature befor e humans understood and perfected it. ******** 98 99 TURN PAGE FOR ANSWERS 100 THE TEASERS THE ANSWERS 01 b 02 b 03 b 04 b 05 c 06 a 07 b 08 b 09 a

10 c 11 b 12 b 13 a 14 b 15 a 16 b 17 a 18 b (i) - b 19 (ii) - a 20 a 21 a 22 c 101