Dystocia

Dystocia literally means difficult labor and it is characterized by abnormally slow progress of labor It is the consequence of four distinct abnormalities that may exist singly or combination

Categories of dystocia
Abnormal of the powers(uterine contractility and maternal expulsive effort) Abnormalities of passenger(the fetus) Abnormalities of the passage(the birth canal)

Abnormalities of the Powers Hypotonic uterine contraction Disorder lies in that uterine contractions safer, shorter, and less often than usual. The general state of the patient is usually good, and not much pain.

 Hypertonic uterine contraction muscle tone is usual, the abnormality lies in the strength of his Incoordinate uterine action. Increased muscle tone, well beyond his, and the contractions did not take place as usual because there is no synchronization between the contraction of its parts.

Abnormalites of the Passenger

Malposition and malpresentation Fetal malpresentations are abnormalities of fetal position, presentation, attitude, or lie. They collectively constitute the most common cause of fetal dystocia, occurring in approximately 5% of all labors.

Abnormalities of the Passage Causes: bony abnormalities (pelvic dystocia). soft tissue obstruction of the birth canal. abnormal placental location. Pelvic dystocia, is the most common cause of passage abnormalities. The etiology and diagnosis of pelvic abnormalities begins with the shape, classification, and clinical assessment of the adult female pelvis.. Ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and xrays have been used to investigate pelvic size and shape for evidence of pelvic contraction obstructing the normal progress of labor.