02/03/2013

Python (ngn ng lp trnh) Wikipedia ting Vit

Python (ngn ng lp trnh)

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Python l mt ngn ng lp trnh thng dch do Guido van Rossum to ra nm 1990. Python hon ton to kiu ng v dng c ch cp pht b nh t ng; do vy n tng t nh Perl, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, v Tcl. Python c pht trin trong mt d n m m (http://www.opensource.org/) , do t chc phi li nhun Python Software Foundation (http://www.python.org/psf/about/) qun l. Theo nh gi ca Eric S. Raymond, Python l ngn ng c hnh thc rt sng sa, cu trc r rng, thun tin cho ngi mi hc lp trnh. Cu trc ca Python cn cho php ngi s dng vit m lnh vi s ln g phm ti thiu, nh nhn nh ca chnh Guido van Rossum trong mt bi phng vn ng[1].

Python

Pht trin bi Python Software Foundation Bn mi nht 3.3.0 / 20 thng 2, 2011 H iu hnh a nn Th loi Giy php Ngn ng lp trnh Gip php ca Python Software Foundation (http://www.python.org/2.4.2/license.html) http://python.org

Website

Ban u, Python c pht trin chy trn nn Unix. Nhng ri theo thi gian, n bnh trng sang mi h iu hnh t MS-DOS n Mac OS, OS/2, Windows, Linux v cc h iu hnh khc thuc h Unix. Mc d s pht trin ca Python c s ng gp ca rt nhiu c nhn, nhng Guido van Rossum hin nay vn l tc gi ch yu ca Python. ng gi vai tr ch cht trong vic quyt nh hng pht trin ca Python.

Lch s
S pht trin Python n nay c th chia lm cc giai on: Python 1: bao gm cc bn pht hnh 1.x. Giai on ny, ko di t u n cui thp nin 1990. T nm 1990 n 1995, Guido lm vic ti CWI (Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica - Trung tm Ton-Tin hc ti Amsterdam, H Lan). V vy, cc phin bn Python u tin u do CWI pht hnh. Phin bn cui cng pht hnh ti CWI l 1.2. Vo nm 1995, Guido chuyn sang CNRI (Corporation for National Research Initiatives) Reston, Virginia. Ti y, ng pht hnh mt s phin bn khc. Python 1.6 l phin bn cui cng pht hnh ti CNRI. Sau bn pht hnh 1.6, Guido ri b CNRI lm vic vi cc lp trnh vin chuyn vit phn mm thng mi. Ti y, ng c tng s dng Python vi cc phn mm tun theo chun GPL. Sau , CNRI v FSF (Free Software Foundation - T chc phn mm t do) cng nhau hp tc lm bn quyn Python ph hp vi GPL. Cng nm , Guido c nhn Gii thng FSF v S pht trin Phn mm t do (Award for the Advancement of Free Software). Phin bn 1.6.1 ra i sau l phin bn u tin tun theo bn quyn GPL. Tuy nhin, bn ny hon ton ging bn 1.6, tr mt s sa li cn thit. Python 2: vo nm 2000, Guido v nhm pht trin Python di n BeOpen.com v thnh lp BeOpen PythonLabs team. Phin bn Python 2.0 c pht hnh ti y. Sau khi pht hnh Python 2.0, Guido v cc thnh vin PythonLabs gia nhp Digital Creations.
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Python 2.1 ra i k tha t Python 1.6.1 v Python 2.0. Bn quyn ca phin bn ny c i thnh Python Software Foundation License. T thi im ny tr i, Python thuc s hu ca Python Software Foundation (PSF), mt t chc phi li nhun c thnh lp theo mu Apache Software Foundation. Python 3, cn gi l Python 3000 hoc Py3K: Dng 3.x s khng hon ton tng thch vi dng 2.x, tuy vy c cng c h tr chuyn i t cc phin bn 2.x sang 3.x. Nguyn tc ch o pht trin Python 3.x l "b cch lm vic c nhm hn ch trng lp v mt chc nng ca Python". Trong PEP (Python Enhancement Proposal) c m t chi tit cc thay i trong Python ([2]). Cc c im mi ca Python 3.0 s c trnh by phn cui bi ny.

c im
D hc, d c
Python c thit k tr thnh mt ngn ng d hc, m ngun d c, b cc trc quan, d hiu, th hin qua cc im sau: T kha Python tng cng s dng t kha ting Anh, hn ch cc k hiu v cu trc c php so vi cc ngn ng khc. Python l mt ngn ng phn bit kiu ch HOA, ch thng. Nh C/C++, cc t kha ca Python u dng ch thng. and assert break class def del elif for is rasie try while yield

from lambda return

else global not except if or finally in print

continue exec import pass

Khi lnh Trong cc ngn ng khc, khi lnh thng c nh du bng cp k hiu hoc t kha. V d, trong C/C++, cp ngoc nhn { }c dng bao bc mt khi lnh. Python, tri li, c mt cch rt c bit to khi lnh, l tht cc cu lnh trong khi vo su hn (v bn phi) so vi cc cu lnh ca khi lnh cha cha n. V d, gi s c on m sau trong C/C++:

1 #nld <ahh . icue mt.> 2 /.. . /. 3 dla=b*b4*a*c . et ;

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4 i (et >0 . f dla ) 5 { . 6 . / K ln mibtut k t {n} / hi h 7 . x =( b+sr(et) /( *a; 1 qtdla) 2 ) 8 . x =( b-sr(et) /( *a; 2 qtdla) 2 ) 9 . pit(Pun tihc hinhe pa be:n) rnf"hog rn o a gim hn it\"; 1. 0 pit(x =%;x =%" x,x) rnf"1 f 2 f, 1 2; 1. } 1

on m trn c th c vit li bng Python nh sau:

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 .

ipr mt mot ah #. .. dla=b*b4*a*c et i dla>0 f et : #K ln mi t voudn hi h , ht g x =( b+mt.qtdla)/( *a 1 ahsr(et) 2 ) x =( bmt.qtdla)/( *a 2 ahsr(et) 2 ) pit"hogtihc hinhe pa be: rn Pun rn o a gim hn it" pit"1=" x," " "2=" x rn x , 1 ; , x , 2

Ta c th s dng du tab hoc khong trng tht cc cu lnh vo.

Cc bn hin thc
Python c vit t nhng ngn ng khc, to ra nhng bn hin thc khc nhau. Bn hin thc Python chnh, cn gi l CPython, c vit bng C, v c phn phi km mt th vin chun ln c vit hn hp bng C v Python. CPython c th chy trn nhiu nn v kh chuyn trn nhiu nn khc. Di y l cc nn trn , CPython c th chy. Cc h iu hnh h Unix: AIX, Darwin, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, NetBSD, Linux, OpenBSD, Solaris, Cc h iu hnh dnh cho my desktop: Amiga, AROS, BeOS, Mac OS 9, Microsoft Windows, OS/2, RISC OS. Cc h thng nhng v cc h c bit: GP2X, My o Java, Nokia 770 Internet Tablet, Palm OS, PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable, Psion, QNX, Sharp Zaurus, Symbian OS, Windows CE/Pocket PC, Xbox/XBMC, VxWorks. Cc h my tnh ln v cc h khc: AS/400, OS/390, Plan 9 from Bell Labs, VMS, z/OS.
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Ngoi CPython, cn c hai hin thc Python khc: Jython cho mi trng Java v IronPython cho mi trng .NET v Mono.

Kh nng m rng
Python c th c m rng: nu ta bit s dng C, ta c th d dng vit v tch hp vo Python nhiu hm ty theo nhu cu. Cc hm ny s tr thnh hm xy dng sn (built-in) ca Python. Ta cng c th m rng chc nng ca trnh thng dch, hoc lin kt cc chng trnh Python vi cc th vin ch dng nh phn (nh cc th vin ha do nh sn xut thit b cung cp). Hn th na, ta cng c th lin kt trnh thng dch ca Python vi cc ng dng vit t C v s dng n nh l mt m rng hoc mt ngn ng dng lnh ph tr cho ng dng .

Trnh thng dch

Python l mt ngn ng lp trnh dng thng dch, do c u im tit kim thi gian pht trin ng dng v khng cn phi thc hin bin dch v lin kt. Trnh thng dch c th c s dng chy file script, hoc cng c th c s dng theo cch tng tc. ch tng tc, trnh thng dch Python tng t shell ca cc h iu hnh h Unix, ti , ta c th nhp vo tng biu thc ri g E t r v kt qu thc thi s c hin th ne, ngay lp tc. c im ny rt hu ch cho ngi mi hc, gip h nghin cu tnh nng ca ngn ng; hoc cc lp trnh vin chy th m lnh trong sut qu trnh pht trin phn mm. Ngoi ra, cng c th tn dng c im ny thc hin cc php tnh nh vi my tnh b ti.

Lnh v cu trc iu khin

Mi cu lnh trong Python nm trn mt dng m ngun. Ta khng cn phi kt thc cu lnh bng bt k k t g. Cng nh cc ngn ng khc, Python cng c cc cu trc iu khin. Chng bao gm: Cu trc r nhnh: cu trc i (c th s dng thm e i hoc e s ), dng thc thi c iu kin f lf le mt khi m c th. Cu trc lp, bao gm: Lnh w i e chy mt khi m c th cho n khi iu kin lp c gi tr f l e hl: as. Vng lp f r lp qua tng phn t ca mt dy, mi phn t s c a vo bin cc b o: s dng vi khi m trong vng lp. Python cng c t kha c a sdng khai bo lp (s dng trong lp trnh hng i tng) v ls lnh d fdng nh ngha hm. e

H thng kiu d liu

Python s dng h thng kiu duck typing, cn gi l latent typing (t ng xc nh kiu). C ngha l, Python khng kim tra cc rng buc v kiu d liu ti thi im dch, m l ti thi im thc thi. Khi thc thi, nu mt thao tc trn mt i tng b tht bi, th c ngha l i tng khng s dng mt kiu thch hp. Python cng l mt ngn ng nh kiu mnh. N cm mi thao tc khng hp l, v d cng mt con s vo chui k t.

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S dng Python, ta khng cn phi khai bo bin. Bin c xem l khai bo nu n c gn mt gi tr ln u tin. Cn c vo mi ln gn, Python s t ng xc nh kiu d liu ca bin. Python c mt s kiu d liu thng dng sau:
i t l n : s n, og

nguyn (trong phin bn 3.x long c nhp vo trong kiu int). di ca kiu s nguyn l ty , ch b gii hn bi b nh my tnh. f o t s thc la: c m l x s phc, chng hn 5 4 ope: +j l s : dy trong cc phn t ca n c th c thay i, chng hn [ , 2 ' ' - . ]. Kiu it 8 , b, 15 dy khc vi kiu mng (array) thng gp trong cc ngn ng lp trnh ch cc phn t ca dy khng nht thit c kiu ging nhau. Ngoi ra phn t ca dy cn c th l mt dy khc. t p e dy trong cc phn t ca n khng th thay i. ul: s r chui k t. Tng k t trong chui khng th thay i. Chui k t c t trong du nhy n, t: hoc nhy kp. d c : t in, cn gi l "hashtable": l mt cp cc d liu c gn theo kiu {t kha: gi tr}, it trong cc t kha trong mt t in nht thit phi khc nhau. Chng hn { : " y h n , 2 1 Pto" :
"acl} Psa" s t mt tp e:

khng xp theo th t, , mi phn t ch xut hin mt ln.

Ngoi ra, Python cn c nhiu kiu d liu khc. Xem thm trong phn "Cc kiu d liu" bn di.

Module
Python cho php chia chng trnh thnh cc module c th s dng li trong cc chng trnh khc. N cng cung cp sn mt tp hp cc modules chun m lp trnh vin c th s dng li trong chng trnh ca h. Cc module ny cung cp nhiu chc nng hu ch, nh cc hm truy xut tp tin, cc li gi h thng, tr gip lp trnh mng (socket),

a nng
Python l mt ngn ng lp trnh n gin nhng rt hiu qu. So vi Unix shell, Python h tr cc chng trnh ln hn v cung cp nhiu cu trc hn. So vi C, Python cung cp nhiu c ch kim tra li hn. N cng c sn nhiu kiu d liu cp cao, v d nh cc mng (array) linh hot v t in (dictionary) m ta s phi mt nhiu thi gian nu vit bng C. Python l mt ngn ng lp trnh cp cao c th p ng phn ln yu cu ca lp trnh vin: Python thch hp vi cc chng trnh ln hn c AWK v Perl. Python c s dng lp trnh Web. N c th c s dng nh mt ngn ng kch bn. Python c thit k c th nhng v phc v nh mt ngn ng kch bn tu bin v m rng cc ng dng ln hn. Python c tch hp sn nhiu cng c v c mt th vin chun phong ph, Python cho php ngi dng d dng to ra cc dch v Web, s dng cc thnh phn COM hay CORBA, h tr cc loi nh dng d liu Internet nh email, HTML, XML v cc ngn ng nh du khc. Python cng c cung cp cc th vin x l cc giao thc Internet thng dng nh HTTP, FTP, Python c kh nng giao tip n hu ht cc loi c s d liu, c kh nng x l vn bn, ti liu hiu qu,
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v c th lm vic tt vi cc cng ngh Web khc. Python c bit hiu qu trong lp trnh tnh ton khoa hc nh cc cng c Python Imaging Library, pyVTK, MayaVi 3D Visualization Toolkits, Numeric Python, ScientificPython, Python c th c s dng pht trin cc ng dng desktop. Lp trnh vin c th dng wxPython, PyQt, PyGtk pht trin cc ng dng giao din ha (GUI) cht lng cao. Python cn h tr cc nn tng pht trin phn mm khc nh MFC, Carbon, Delphi, X11, Motif, Tk, Fox, FLTK, Python cng c sn mt unit testing framework to ra cc cc b test (test suites).

Multiple paradigms (a bin ha)

Python l mt ngn ng a bin ha (multiple paradigms). C ngha l, thay v p buc mi ngi phi s dng duy nht mt phng php lp trnh, Python li cho php s dng nhiu phng php lp trnh khc nhau: hng i tng, c cu trc, chc nng, hoc ch hng n mt kha cnh. Python kiu kiu ng v s dng b thu gom rc qun l b nh. Mt c im quan trng na ca Python l gii php tn ng, kt ni tn bin v tn phng thc li vi nhau trong sut thc thi ca chng trnh.

S tng ng gia true v mt gi tr khc 0

Cng nh C/C++, bt k mt gi tr khc 0 no cng tng ng vi t u v ngc li, mt gi tr 0 tng re ng vi f l e Nh vy: as.

i a! 0 f = :
tng ng vi

i a f :

C php
Sau y l c php c bn nht ca ngn ng Python:

Ton t
+ - * / / (halmt) / ci rn %(hnd) p ~(o) nt &(n) ad |(r o) ^(o) xr < (etsit < lf hf) > (ih sit > rgt hf) = (g = bn) < = > = ! (hc = k) * ( t) * ly ha

Python s dng k php trung t thng gp trong cc ngn ng lp trnh khc.

Cc kiu d liu
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Kiu s

1355936(nu div hn -61 248362 s gyn ) 8.2 2 j 3+8 (p) j s hc

78E0 .4-4

Kiu chui (string)

"el" Hlo
Kiu b (tuple)

"tsm" I' e

'O"h rpid "K-e ele'

(,20 3 1 ., )
Kiu danh sch (list)

(, 1)

(Hlo,,) "el"1()

[.,-] 48 6
Kiu t in (dictionary)

[a,b] ''''

{Hni:Venm,"apog:Venm,"ohmn""ita "ao""ita" Hihn""ita" Hciih:Ven

Ch thch

1 #dn cth . g h hc

Lnh gn

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 .

tnb =b t in iu hc x=2. 38 y=- * 2 x * z =z =x+y 1 2 liho="el! oCa Hlo" i+ 1 = #tn b it 1nv g in hm

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In gi tr

1 pitb t . rn iu hc 2 pit( +8 /20 . rn 7 ) . 3 pit( +3)*( -6) . rn 2 j 4 j

Ni suy chui (string interpolation)

1 pit"el %"%"ol!) . rn Hlo s (wrd" 2 pit" =%"% . rn i d i 3 pit" =%2 adb=%3"%ab . rn a .f n .f (,)

Cu trc r nhnh
Dng 1:

i b_hc_in f iut_iuk: #ln .. h .

Dng 2:

i b_hc_in f iut_iuk: #ln .. h . es: le #ln .. h .

Dng 3:

i b_hc_in1 f iut_iuk_:

#ln ..(ct h nub_hc_in1l h . hc in iut_iuk_

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ei b_hc_in2 lf iut_iuk_:

#ln ..(ct h nub_hc_in1l s h . hc in iut_iuk_ es: le

#ln ..(ct h nuttc ccb t h . hc in iu hc iu

Cu trc lp

1 wieb_hcn: . hl iut_g 2 . #ln .. h .

1 frp_i dy . o hnt n : 2 . #ln .. h .

1 L=[H Ni,"a Pog,"PH CiMn" . "a o" Hi hn" T o h ih] 2 frtahh i L . o hnPo n : 3 . pittahh rn hnPo 4 . 5 frii rne1) . o n ag(0: 6 . piti rn

Hm

1 dftnhm(hmb_,ta_in2 ta_inn: . e _ ta_in1 hmb_, hmb_) 2 . #ln .. h . 3 . rtr gthm eun i_r_

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ihhogx: 1 dfbnPun() . e 2 . rtr xx eun *

Hm vi tham s mc nh:

1 dflyhax n2: . e uTu(, =) 2 . "" t vis m mcn l 2" "Ly ha h "" 3 . rtr x* eun *n 4 . 5 pitlyha3 . rn uTu() #9 6 pitlyha23 #8 . rn uTu(,)

Lp

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1. 0 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4

casTnLp1 ls __: #.. . casTnLp2TnLp1: ls __(__) "" 2k t lp1" "Lp ha "" x=3 #b thv calp in hn in # dfpn_hcsl,ta_in: e hgt(ef hmb) #.. . #k to hi a=TnLp2) __( pitax rn . pitapn_hcm #ml gtgncota b rn .hgt() i r h hm in

List Comprehension

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List Comprehension l dng c php c bit (syntactic sugar) (mi c t Python 2.x) cho php thao tc trn ton b dy (list) m khng cn vit r vng lp. Chng hn yl mt dy m mi phn t ca n bng bnh phng ca tng phn t trong dy x :

y=[i* frx i x x*2 o i n ] X l ngoi l ty r: culn _h ecp L_: xet oiLi tgboli hn

Tc thc hin
L mt ngn ng thng dch, Python c tc thc hin chm hn nhiu ln so vi cc ngn ng bin dch nh Fortran, C, v.v... Trong s cc ngn ng thng dch, Python c nh gi nhanh hn Ruby v Tcl, nhng chm hn Lua[3].

Cc c im mi trong Python 3.x

Ni dung phn ny c trch t ti liu[4] ca Guido van Rossum. Phn ny khng lit k y tt c cc c im; chi tit xin xem ti liu ni trn.

Mt s thay i cn lu nht
Lnh p i ttr thnh hm p i t Theo sau p i t )ta cn nh g vo cp ngoc ( : rn rn. rn( )

pit"el" rn(Hlo) pit23 rn(+)

Tr li kt qu khng cn l list trong mt s trng hp.
d c . e s ) d c . t m ( , d c . a u s )kt qu cho itky(, ities) itvle( m pv f l e tr li cc iterator. a itr r n eby gi c ag

ra cc "view" thay v list.

tc dng nh x a g , v khng tr li list. rne

So snh
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Khng cn hm c p v c p a b c th c thay bng ( > b - ( < b m, m(, ) a ) a ) S nguyn Kiu l n c i tn thnh i t og n. 1 2cho ta kt qu l s thc ch khng phi s nguyn. / Khng cn hng s s s m x n y.ait Kiu bt phn c k hiu bng 0 thay v 0 chng hn 0 2 . o , o6 Phn bit vn bn - d liu nh phn thay v Unicode - chui 8-bit Tt c chui vn bn u di dng Unicode, nhng chui Unicode m ha li l dng d liu nh phn. Dng mc nh l UTF-8. Khng th vit u a s r n " biu din chui nh trong cc phin bn 2.x " tig

Cc thay i v c php
C php mi Cc tham bin ch chp nhn keyword: Cc tham bin pha sau * r sphi c gi theo dng keyword. ag T kha mi n n o a . Mun khai bo mt bin x vi c phm vi nh hng rng hn, nhng cha n olcl mc ton cc, ta dng n n o a x olcl . Gn gi tr vo cc phn t tuple mt cch thng minh, chng hn c th vit ( , * e t b = a rs, ) r n e 5 c c a = 0 b = [ , , ] c = 4 ag() ; 123; . Dictionary comprehension, chng hn { : v f r k v i s u f thay v d c ( t f ) k o , n tf} itsuf. Kiu nh phn, chng hn b 1 0 1 100. C php c thay i
rie[iut [rmb_hc] as b_hc fo iut] ecp ln a b xet h s in

S dng metaclass trong i tng:

casCmtcasM: ls (eals=) ps as
Cch dng bin _ m t c a s _khng cn c h tr. _eals_ C php b loi b Khng cn du ` , thay v , dng r p . ` er Khng cn so snh < (dng ! ). > = Khng cn cc lp kiu classic.

Tham kho
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1. 2. 3. 4.

^ Bi phng vn Guido van Rossum [1] (http://www.artima.com/intv/speed.html) . ^ Ti liu PEP: [2] (http://www.python.org/peps/pep-3000.html) ^ The Computer Language Benchmark Game[3] (http://shootout.alioth.debian.org/) ^ What's new in Python 3.0[4] (http://docs.python.org/3.0/whatsnew/3.0.html)

Lin kt ngoi
Python.org (http://www.python.org/) Trang ch chnh thc Python Wiki (http://wiki.python.org/moin) Ti liu Python (http://www.python.org/doc/) Python Cheese Shop (http://cheeseshop.python.org/) Kho ng phn mm vit bng Python; trc y gi l Python Package Index (PyPI) [5] (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Python_Continuation_gamedev.pdf#file) Ti liu ting Vit hng dn lp trnh game vi Python

Cc ngn ng lp trnh chnh (xem thm) (b sung (http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Template:Cc_ngn_ng_lp_trnh_chnh&action=edit) )

Dng cho k ngh: ABAP | Ada | ASP | ASP.NET | AWK | Bash | Assembly | C | C++ | C# | D | Delphi | Erlang | Groovy | DHTML | Fortran | Java | JavaScript | Lisp | Lua | Lotus Notes | Objective-C | OCaml | Perl | PHP | PL/SQL | Python | Ruby | SAS | sed | Smalltalk | Tcl | sh | Visual Basic | VBScript | VBA | VB.NET | Scheme | HTML | XML Dng ging dy: Alice | C | C++ | Eiffel | DHTML | Fortran | Haskell | Java | JavaScript | Logo | ML | Oz | Prolog | Scheme | Visual Basic | Visual FoxPro | C gi tr lch s: ABC | ALGOL | APL | BASIC | Clipper | COBOL | Hope | MUMPS | Pascal | PL/I | PowerBuilder | Simula

Ly t http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Python_(ngn_ng_lp_trnh)&oldid=10353099 Th loi: Ngn ng lp trnh Ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng Ngn ng lp trnh to kiu ng Ngn ng vn lnh Ngn ng lp trnh Python Phn mm t do D n dng Subversion Trang ny c sa i ln cui lc 08:10, ngy 25 thng 2 nm 2013. Vn bn c pht hnh theo Giy php Creative Commons Ghi cng/Chia s tng t; c th p dng iu khon b sung. Xem iu khon S dng bit thm chi tit. Wikipedia l thng hiu ng k ca Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., mt t chc phi li nhun.

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