PL/SQL (Embedded SQL)

Introduction Benefits Basic Constructs Anonymous blocks Procedures Functions Packages Triggers Cursors Dynamic SQL
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Introduction

Embedded SQL (PL/SQL, JAVA/ VB & DB) Database Server Level Programming
(PL/SQL, Transact-SQL, IBM DB2-Cobol, ProC, ProCobol)

Database Client Programming

Developer 9i, JDeveloper 9i, Java (J2EE), VB, .Net

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- Benefits

More powerful than pure SQL because it combines the power of SQL and

Iteration (loops) Selection (Ifs) Cursors Block Structures Stored Procedures etc.

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- Basic Constructs

Basic Structure Running a program Variables SELECT INTO Comments IFs LOOPs Output
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-- Basic Structure
DECLARE BEGIN

EXCEPTION

END;

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- OUTPUT
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON;

BEGIN END; /
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('This is my fist program');

Before executing code that contains DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE, must run (in a current session) at SQL prompt: set serveroutput on

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--- Basic Structure: Example

DECLARE v_id INTEGER; v_empno NUMBER; BEGIN v_id := 1234567; SELECT EMPNO INTO V_EMPNO FROM EMP WHERE empno = v_id; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Value is '||v_empno); EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No record exists'); / END;

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--- Basic Structure: Example

DECLARE v_id

INTEGER;

BEGIN v_id := 1234567; DELETE FROM EMP WHERE id = v_id; END; /

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-- Running a Program
DECLARE
BEGIN

EXCEPTION END;

/
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-- Variables

Common Data Types

NUMBER DATE INTEGER VARCHAR2 CHAR BOOLEAN

V_salary V_id V_dob V_name V_gender V_salary NUMBER(9,2); INTEGER; DATE; VARCHAR2(35); CHAR; emp.salary%TYPE;

Declaration

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-- SELECT INTO
DECLARE v_job v_sal v_empno BEGIN v_empno := 1234567; SELECT job, sal INTO v_job,v_sal FROM emp WHERE empno = v_empno; END; / emp.job%TYPE; emp.sal%TYPE; emp.empno%TYPE;

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-- Another Example
declare v_ename emp.ename%TYPE; v_sal emp.sal%TYPE; begin select ename, sal into v_ename, v_sal from emp where empno = '7844'; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('solution is:'||v_ename||'---'||v_sal); exception When others then DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('no record'); end; / Before executing code that contains DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE, must run at SQL prompt: set serveroutput on
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-- Comments
DECLARE /* This block will do so and so and so. */ v_job emp.job%TYPE; v_sal emp.sal%TYPE; v_empno emp.empno%TYPE; BEGIN v_empno := 1234567; -- The use of this sentence is so and so. -- The following SELECT INTO statement will do so and so. SELECT job, sal INTO v_job,v_sal FROM emp WHERE empno = v_empno; END; /

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-- IFs

IF END IF IF ELSE END IF IF ELSIF ELSE END IF

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--- IF END IF
DECLARE BEGIN v_commison := 7500; IF v_dept = 10 THEN v_commision := 5000; END IF; END; /

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--- IF ELSE END IF

DECLARE BEGIN

IF v_dept = 10 THEN v_commision := 5000; ELSE v_commision := 7500; END IF; END; /

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--- IF ELSIF ELSE END IF

DECLARE BEGIN IF v_dept = 10 THEN v_commision := 5000; ELSIF v_dept = 20 THEN v_commison := 5500; ELSIF v_dept = 30 THEN v_commison := 6200; ELSE v_commision := 7500; END IF; END; /

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-- LOOPs

LOOP EXIT WHEN END LOOP FOR LOOP END LOOP WHILE LOOP END LOOP

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--- LOOP EXIT WHEN END LOOP

DECLARE
v_deptno dept.deptno%TYPE := 50; v_counter integer := 1;

BEGIN

END; /

LOOP INSERT INTO dept(deptno) VALUES(v_deptno); v_counter := v_counter + 1; v_deptno := v_deptno + 10; EXIT WHEN v_counter > 5; END LOOP;

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--- FOR LOOP - END LOOP

DECLARE
v_deptno dept.deptno%TYPE := 50; v_counter integer;

BEGIN

END; /

FOR v_counter IN 1..5 LOOP INSERT INTO dept(deptno) VALUES(v_deptno); v_deptno := v_deptno + 10; END LOOP;

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--- WHILE LOOP - END LOOP

DECLARE
v_deptno dept.deptno%TYPE := 50; v_counter integer;

BEGIN

END; /

v_counter := 1; WHILE v_counter <= 5 LOOP INSERT INTO dept(deptno) VALUES(v_deptno); v_deptno := v_deptno + 10; END LOOP;

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 - OUTPUT
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON; DECLARE v_sum_sal v_deptno BEGIN SELECT SUM(sal) INTO v_sum_sal FROM emp WHERE deptno = v_deptno; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The sum is || TO_CHAR(v_sum_sal)); END; / emp.sal%TYPE; emp.deptno%TYPE := 10;

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- Anonymous Block
DECLARE v_id BEGIN v_id := 1234567; DELETE FROM EMP WHERE id = v_id; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No record exists'); / END;

INTEGER;

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-- Nesting Anonymous Blocks

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Exceptions
Examples are NO_DATA_FOUND OTHERS

To display details of oracle standard error message EXCEPTION

WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(Error detail is: ||SQLERRM)

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- Procedure

Is a block with a name The DECLARE key word is not used Parameters can be

IN OUT IN OUT

Is stored (USER_SOURCE)

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-- Creating or Replacing a Procedure

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE pname( BEGIN ) IS

EXCEPTION

END; /
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 -- Creating or Replacing a Procedure

SET SERVEROUTPUT ON; CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE proc_test(p_empno IN VARCHAR2) IS v_job v_sal BEGIN SELECT job, sal INTO v_job,v_sal FROM emp WHERE empno = p_empno; DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('job is '||v_job); EXCEPTION WHEN OTHERS THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('ERROR...'); END; / EMP.job%TYPE; EMP.sal%TYPE;

SQL> Show errors SQL> execute proc_test(5893);

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-- Invoking a Procedure
DECLARE BEGIN proc_test(23); END; / Or SQL> exec proc_test(1123)
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Another Example
SQL> ed Wrote file afiedt.buf 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12* SQL> create or replace procedure test_proc is v_id INTEGER; v_empno emp.empno%TYPE; BEGIN v_id := 1234567; select empno into v_empno FROM EMP WHERE empno = v_id; EXCEPTION WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('No record exists'); END; /

Procedure created. SQL> exec test_proc No record exists PL/SQL procedure successfully completed. SQL> show errors (to see errors for procedures, functions)

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- Function

Is a block with a name Returns one value only. The DECLARE key word is not used Parameters can only be IN Is stored

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-- Creating or Replacing a Function

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION fname( RETURN datatype IS BEGIN )

EXECPTION END; /
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 -- Creating or Replacing a Function

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION sum_dept_sal(p_deptno IN NUMBER) RETURN emp.sal%TYPE IS
v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE;

BEGIN
SELECT SUM(sal) INTO v_sum_sal FROM emp WHERE deptno = p_deptno; RETURN v_sum_sal; END; /
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-- Invoking a Function
SET SERVEROUTPUT ON; DECLARE v_sal emp.sal%TYPE; BEGIN v_sal := sum_dept_sal(10); DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(TO_CHAR(v_sal)); END; /

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Example, passing parameters

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Exercise

Write down a procedure that displays all records (all columns) from EMP table. Make sure program should restricted to fix number of records of this table. Display Date and TIME portions of column that has data type DATE. Write down a procedure that can insert large number of records entered at the time of its execution. You can use EMP table and appending counter with some columns values
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- Packages

Package

Package Specification Package Body

Invoking Package subprogram

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-- Package Specification
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE emp_info is
v_count INTEGER;

PROCEDURE insert_record( p_empno IN NUMBER , p_ename IN VARCHAR2 , p_job IN VARCHAR2 , p_sal IN NUMBER , p_comm IN NUMBER , p_deptno IN VARCHAR2); PROCEDURE delete_record(p_empno IN NUMBER); FUNCTION sum_dept_sal( p_deptno IN dept.deptno%TYPE) RETURN is dept.sal%TYPE; END emp_info; /

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-- Package Body
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY emp_info is` PROCEDURE insert_record(p_empno IN NUMBER,p_ename IN VARCHAR2, p_job IN VARCHAR2,p_sal IN NUMBER, p_comm IN NUMBER,p_deptno IN VARCHAR2) IS BEGIN INSERT INTO EMP(empno,ename,job,sal,comm,deptno) VALUES(p_empno,p_ename,p_job,p_sal,p_comm,p_deptno); END insert_record; PROCEDURE delete_record(p_empno IN NUMBER) IS BEGIN DELETE FROM EMP WHERE empno=p_empno; END delete_record; FUNCTION sum_dept_sal(p_deptno IN NUMBER) RETURN emp.sal%TYPE IS v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT SUM(sal) INTO v_sum_sal FROM emp WHERE deptno = p_deptno; RETURN v_sum_sal; END; END emp_info; --end of package body /

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-- Invoking Package Subprogram

DECLARE v_sum_sal emp.sal%TYPE; BEGIN v_sum_sal := emp_info.sum_dept_sal(10); emp_info.delete_record(1234567); END; /

Or SQL> exec

emp_info.insert_record(,)

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- Triggers

Is a stored subprogram associated with a table. Are fired by an event Are mainly used for

Security Enforce complex integrity constraint Prevent invalid transaction Event logging
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-- Creating or Replacing Triggers

CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER del_emp( p_empno emp.empno%TYPE) BEFORE DELETE ON emp FOR EACH ROW BEGIN INSERT INTO emp_audit VALUES(p_empno, USER, sysdate); END; /

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 -- Trigger with function usage Example

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 --Exercise
Write a trigger for the following: When a record is added or deleted from an employee table, DEPT.NoOfEmp column gets updated accordingly to number of employees in EMP table corresponding to department number.

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- Cursors

Is a pointer to a row. Its is mainly used with tables which return more than one row. It is handled implicitly and explicitly.

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 - Cusrors
CURSOR c_emp IS SELECT empno, ename, job FROM emp WHERE deptno = 20;
7369 7566 7788 7876 7906 Smith Jones SCOTT Adams FORD Clerk Manager Analyst Clerk Analyst current row

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 - Cursors
DECLARE CURSOR c_emp IS SELECT empno, ename, job FROM emp WHERE deptno = 20; BEGIN FOR v_c IN c_emp LOOP DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(v_c.ename); END LOOP; end; /

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- Example

Given a table with first three columns are composite keys. Write a PL/SQL program using cursor to update cat_template1 with LONG column cat_template. Assuming this tables contains more than 40,000 records.
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 - Examples solution

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Dynamic SQL
begin execute immediate 'create table tt(id number(3))'; end; /

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