Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

NI HI & THIT B GIA NHIT

1. GII THIU .........................................................................................1 2. CC LOI L HI .............................................................................2 3. NH GI L HI.............................................................................9 4. CC GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU............26 5. DANH SCH SNG LC CC GII PHP..................................32 6. BNG TNH V CC CNG C KHC .......................................36 7. TI LIU THAM KHO ..................................................................41
1. GII THIU
Phn ny trnh by ngn gn v L hi v cc thit b ph tr ti B phn L hi. L hi l mt thit b gip a nhit ca qu trnh t chy cho nc cho n khi nc c un nng hoc thnh hi. Nc nng hoc hi di tc ng ca p sut s truyn nhit sang mt quy trnh. Nc l tc nhn trung gian r tin v hu dng gip truyn nhit sang mt quy trnh. Khi nc c chuyn thnh hi, th tch s tng ln khong 1.600 ln, to ra mt lc mnh nh l thuc sng. V vy l hi l thit b phi c vn hnh vi tinh thn cn trng cao . H thng l hi bao gm: mt h thng nc cp, h thng hi v h thng nhin liu. H thng nc cp cp nc cho l hi v t ng iu chnh nhm p ng nhu cu hi. S dng nhiu van nn cn bo tr v sa cha. H thng hi thu gom v kim sot hi do l hi sn xut ra. Mt h thng ng ng dn hi ti v tr cn s dng. Qua h thng ny, p sut hi c iu chnh bng cc van v kim tra bng my o p sut hi. H thng nhin liu bao gm tt c cc thit b c s dng to ra nhit cn thit. Cc thit b cn dng trong h thng nhin liu ph thuc vo loi nhin liu s dng trong h thng nhin liu. Nc a vo l hi c chuyn thnh hi c gi l nc cp. Nc cp c hai ngun chnh l: (1) Nc ngng hay hi ngng tun hon t cc quy trnh v (2) nc qua x l (nc th qua x l) t bn ngoi b phn l hi v cc quy trnh ca nh my. nng cao hiu qu s dng l hi, mt thit b trao i nhit un nng s b nc cp s dng nhit thi t kh l.

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

STEAM TO PROCESS EXHAUST GAS

VENT

STACK DEAERATOR PUMPS

Econo mizer

VENT

BOILER
BURNER

Water Source BLOW DOWN SEPARATOR FUEL

CHEMICAL FEED SOFTENERS

BRINE

Hnh 1. Gin ca mt B phn L hi

2. CC LOI L HI
Phn ny gii thiu cc loi l hi khc nhau: L hi ng la, l hi ng nc, l hi trn b, l hi bung la tng si, l hi bung la tng si khng kh, l hi bung la tng si iu p, l hi bung la tng si tun hon, l hi t l, l hi s dng nhin liu phun, l hi s dng nhin liu thi v thit b gia nhit.

2.1 L hi ng la (Fire Tub Boiler)

Vi loi l hi ny, kh nng i qua cc ng v nc cp cho l hi pha trn s c chuyn thnh hi. L hi ng la thng c s dng vi cng sut hi tng i thp cho n p sut hi trung bnh. Do , s dng l hi dng ny l u th vi t l hi ln ti 12.000 kg/gi v p sut ln ti 18 kg/cm2. Cc l hi ny c th s dng vi du, ga hoc cc nhin liu lng. V cc l do kinh t, cc l hi ng la nm trong hng mc lp t trn gi (tc l nh sn xut s lp t) i vi tt Hnh 2. Mt ct ca mt L hi ng la c cc loi nhin liu. (Light Rail Transit Association)
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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

2.2 L hi ng nc (Water Tube Boiler)

l hi ng nc, nc cp qua cc ng i vo tang l hi. Nc c un nng bng kh chy v chuyn thnh hi khu vc ng hi trn tang l hi. L hi dng ny c la chn khi nhu cu hi cao i vi nh my pht in. Phn ln cc thit k l hi ng nc hin i c cng sut nm trong khong 4.500 120.000 kg/gi hi, p sut rt cao. Rt nhiu l hi dng ny nm trong hng mc lp t trn gi nu nh my s dng du v/hoc ga lm nhin liu. Hin cng c loi thit k l hi ng nc s dng nhin liu rn nhng vi loi ny, thit k trn gi khng thng dng bng.

Figure 3. Simple Diagram of Water Tube Boiler (YourDictionary.com)

L hi ng nc c cc c im sau: S thng gi cng bc, cm ng, v cn bng s gip nng cao hiu sut chy. Yu cu cht lng nc cao v cn phi c h thng x l nc. Ph hp vi cng sut nhit cao

2.3 L hi trn b (Package Boiler)

Loi l hi ny c tn gi nh vy v n l mt h thng trn b. Khi c lp t ti nh my, h thng ny ch cn hi, ng nc, cung cp nhin liu v ni in c th i vo hot ng. L hi trn b thng c dng v s vi cc ng la c thit k sao cho t c tc truyn nhit bc x v i lu cao nht.

Ra ng khi

M t du

Hnh 4. L hi trn b t du cp 3 in hnh L hi trn b c (Spirax Sarco) nhng c im sau: Bung t nh, tc truyn nhit cao dn n qu trnh ho hi nhanh hn. Qu trnh truyn nhit do i lu tt hn do c lp mt s lng ln cc ng truyn nhit c ng knh nh gip truyn nhit i lu tt.
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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit Hiu sut chy cao do c s dng h thng thng gi cng bc Qu trnh truyn nhit tt hn nh s ln kh i qua l hi Hiu sut nhit cao hn so vi cc loi l hi khc. Nhng l hi ny c phn loi da trn s ln s ln kh t nng i qua l hi. Bung t s l ln i qua thc nht, sau c th l hai hoc ba b ng la. Loi l hi ph bin nht ca loi ny l l hi bc 3 (3 ln kh i qua l hi) vi hai b ng t v vi kh thi i qua b phn pha sau l hi.

2.4 L hi bung la tng si (FBC)

L hi bung la tng si (FBC) gn y ni ln nh l mt la chn kh thi v c rt nhiu u im so vi h thng t truyn thng, n mang li rt nhiu li ch-thit k l hi gn nh, nhin liu linh hot, hiu sut chy cao hn v gim thi cc cht gy nhim c hi nh SOx v NOx. Nhin liu t ca nhng l hi loi ny gm c than, v tru, b ma, v cc cht thi nng nghip khc. L hi bung la tng si c cc mc cng sut rt khc nhau t 0,5 T/h cho ti hn100 T/h. Khi khng kh hoc ga c phn b u, i qua lp ht rn minh, nhng ht ny s khng b nh hng vn tc thp. Khi vn tc khng kh tng dn, dn n trng thi cc ht n b treo l lng trong khng kh ny gi l tng si. Khi vn tc khng kh tng thm s to ra bong bng, chuyn ng mnh, pha trn nhanh v to ra b mt nhin liu c. Lp vt liu vi nhng ht rn ny c xem nh l dung dch un si s to ra lp cht lng-tng si. Nu cc ht ct trng thi si c un ti nhit than c th bc chy, v than c cp lin tc vo, khi n lp nhin liu, than s bc chy tc th, v lp nhin liu t c nhit ng u. Qu trnh t chy tng si (FBC) din ra mc nhit 840OC n 950OC. V nhit ny thp hn nhit tan chy ca x rt nhiu, nn c th trnh c vn x nng chy v cc vn khc c lin quan. Nhit chy thp hn t c l do h s truyn nhit cao nh s pha trn nhanh tng si v s thot nhit hiu qu t lp nhin liu qua nhng ng truyn nhit trong lp nhin liu v thnh ca tng nhin liu. Vn tc kh c duy tr gia khong vn tc si ti thiu v vn tc cc ht nhin liu b cun theo. iu ny gip m bo s vn hnh n nh ca lp nhin liu v trnh vic cc ht b cun theo vo dng kh.

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

2.5 L hi bung la tng si khng kh (AFBC)

Phn ln cc l hi vn hnh dng ny l theo Qu trnh Chy tng si khng kh (AFBC). Qu trnh ny phc tp hn l b sung mt bung t tng si vo l hi v s truyn thng. Nhng h thng nh th ny c lp t tng t nh l hi ng nc. Than c p theo c 1 10 mm ph thuc vo loi than, loi nhin liu cp cho bung t. Khng kh kh quyn, ng vai tr l c kh t v kh tng si, c cp vo mt mc p sut, sau khi c un nng s b bng kh thi. Nhng ng trong tng nhin liu mang nc ng vai tr l thit b bay hi. Nhng sn phm kh ca qu trnh t i qua b phn qu nhit ca l hi, qua b phn tit kim, thit b thu hi bi v thit b un nng kh s b trc khi ra khng kh.

2.6 L hi bung la tng si iu p (PFBC)

loi l hi ny, mt my nn kh s cung cp kh s cp cng bc (FD) v bung t l mt ni p sut. Tc thot nhit trong tng si t l vi p sut ca tng si v do d, tng su s gip thot nhit nhiu. Nh vy, hiu sut chy v s hp th S2 trong tng nhin liu Hi c to ra trong hai ng, mt nm trong tng si v mt nm trn. Kh l nng c th chy tua bin s dng gas pht in. H thng PFBC c th c s dng trong ng pht (hi v in) hoc pht in chu trnh kt hp. Vic vn hnh chu trnh kt hp (tua bin dng gas v tua bin chy bng hi nc) s ci tin hiu sut chuyn i ton phn t 5 n 8 %.

2.7 L hi bung la tng si tun hon kh (CFBC)

Vi h thng tun hon, cc thng s ca tng nhin liu c duy tr thc y vic loi sch nhng ht rn trong tng nhin liu. Chng nng ln, pha trn trong dn ng ln v h xung theo cyclon phn li v quay tr li. Trong tng nhin liu, khng c ng sinh hi. Vic sinh hi v lm qu nhit hi din ra b phn i lu, thnh ng nc v u ra ca dn ng nng ln. Cc l hi bung la tng si tun hon kh thng kinh t hn so vi l hi bung la tng si khng kh khi p dng trong cc doanh nghip cng nghip cn s dng lng hi ln hn 75 100 T/h. Vi cc nh my c nhu cu ln hn, nh c im l t cao ca h thng l hi bung la tng si tun hon kh s cung cp khong trng ln hn s dng, cc ht nhin liu ln hn, v thi gian lu hp th Hnh 5. L hi CFBC t hiu sut chy v mc SO2 cao hn, vic p (Thermax Babcock & Wilcox Ltd, 2001) dng cc cng ngh kim sot mc NOx cng d dng hn so vi l hi bung la tng si khng kh .

2.8 L hi t ghi

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit Bung la c chia tu theo phng php cp nhin liu cho l v kiu ghi l. Cc loi chnh bao gm bung la ghi c nh v bung la ghi xch hoc ghi di ng. 2.8.1 Bung la ghi c nh Bung la ghi c nh s dng kt hp chy trn ghi l v chy trong khi ri. Than c a lin tc vo l trn lp than ang chy. Than nhn c nhit v tin hnh cc giai on ca qu trnh chy. Nhng ht than to hn (phn cc) ri trn ghi, chy vi mt lp than mng, chy nhanh. Phng php t ny rt linh hot vi nhng dao ng mc ti, v vic t chy to ra tc thi khi tc chy tng. V vy, bung la ghi c nh c a chung hn nhng loi bung la khc trong cc ng dng cng nghip.

Hnh 6. Bung la ghi c nh (Department of Coal, 1985)

2.8.2 Bung la ghi xch hoc bung la ghi di ng

Than c cp vo phn cui ca ghi l ang chuyn ng. Khi ghi chuyn ng dc theo chiu di ca bung la, than chy, cn x ri xung pha di. S dng loi l ny, cn phi c mt s k nng, nht l khi thit lp ghi, van iu tit, v cc vch ngn m bo qu trnh t sch, khng cn cacbon cha chy trong x. Phu cp than chuyn ng dc theo phn cp than ca l. Thit b chn than c s dng iu chnh t l than cp vo l thng qua kim sot dy ca lp than. Kch c than phi u v nhng vin to s khng chy ht ti thi im chng n cui ghi.

Hnh 7. Bung la ghi di ng (i hc Missouri, 2004)

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

2.9 L hi s dng nhin liu phun

Hu ht cc nh my nhit in (than) u s dng l hi dng nhin liu phun, v rt nhiu l hi ng nc cng nghip cng s dng loi nhin liu phun ny. Cng ngh ny c nhn rng rt nhanh v hin c hng nghn nh my p dng, chim hn 90% cng sut t than. Than c nghin (pulverized) thnh bt mn sao cho di 2% c ng knh +300 micrometer (m) v 70-75 % nh Hnh 8: t chy theo phng tip tuyn nhin hn 75 microns, i vi than bitum. liu phun (ngun tham kho khng xc nh) Cng cn lu rng, bt qu mn s gy lng ph in s dng cho my nghin. Mt khc, bt to qu s khng chy ht trong bung t v dn ti tn tht do cha chy ht. Than nghin c phun cng vi mt phn kh t vo dy chuyn l hi thng qua mt s vi t. C th b sung kh cp 2 v 3. Qu trnh chy din ra nhit t 1300-1700 C, ph thuc nhiu vo loi than. Thi gian lu ca cc than trong l in hnh t khong 2 n 5 giy, v kch thc ht phi nh va hon tt qu trnh t, din ra trong khong thi gian ny. H thng kiu ny c rt nhiu u im nh kh nng chy vi cc loi than cht lng khc nhau, phn ng nhanh vi cc thay i mc ti, s dng nhit kh un nng s b cao, vv... Mt trong nhng h thng ph bin nht t than nghin l t theo phng tip tuyn s dng 4 gc to ra qu bng la gia l.

2.10 L hi s dng nhit thi

Bt c ni no c sn nhit thi nhit cao hoc trung bnh u c th lp t l hi s dng nhit thi mt cch kinh t. Khi nhu cu hi cao hn lng hi to ra t nhit thi, c th s dng l t nhin liu ph tr. Nu khng cn s dng hi trc tip c th s dng hi cho my pht tua bin chy bng hi pht in. L hi loi ny c s dng rng ri vi nhit thu hi t kh thi ca tua bin chy bng gas hoc cc ng c diezen. Hnh 9: Gin L hi s dng nhit thi (Nng nghip v thc phm nng nghip- Canada, 2001)
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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

2.11 Thit b gia nhit

Trong thi gian gn y, thit b gia nhit c ng dng rng ri gia nhit quy trnh gin tip. S dng du m-nhin liu lng c bn lm trung gian truyn nhit, nhng b sy ny cung cp nhit c th duy tr lin tc cho thit b s dng. H thng chy bao gm ghi c nh vi cc thit b thng kh c hc. Thit b gia nhit t du bao gm mt ng i, cu trc bc ba v c lp vi mt h thng vi phun p sut. Cht lu, hot ng nh l cht mang nhit, c gia nhit trong b sy v tun hon trong thit b s dng. Ti , cht lu truyn nhit cho quy trnh thng qua b trao i nhit v cht lu quay tr li b sy. Lu lng ca cht lu ti im s dng cui c iu chnh bng van iu chnh vn hnh bng kh, da trn nhit vn hnh. B sy hot ng mc la nh hay to ph thuc vo nhit du, thay i t l vi ti ca h thng.

Hnh 10. Cu to in hnh ca thit b gia nhit (Energy Machine India) u im ca loi thit b ny: Vn hnh theo chu trnh khp kn vi tn tht ti thiu so vi l hi s dng hi. Vn hnh h thng khng iu p ngay c khi nhit mc 250 0C so vi h thng hi tng t c p sut 40 kg/cm2. Thit lp kim sot t ng, gip vn hnh linh hot. Hiu sut nhit tt v h thng thit b ny khng b tn tht do x y, thi nc ngng, v hi gin p.

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit Tnh kinh t ca thit b gia nhit ph thuc vo cc ng dng c th v nn tng tham kho. Thit b gia nhit t than c hiu sut trong di 55-65 % c th so snh c vi hu ht cc l hi. Kt hp vi cc thit b thu hi nhit trong kh l s tng hiu sut nhit.

3. NH GI L HI
Phn ny trnh by v nh gi hot ng ca l hi (s dng cc phng php trc tip v gin tip bao gm mt s v d cch tnh ton hiu qu), x y v x l nc ca l hi.

3.1 nh gi hot ng ca l hi
Cc thng s hot ng ca l hi nh hiu sut v t l nc bc hi, gim theo thi gian do qu trnh t km, tc ngn b mt truyn nhit, hot ng v bo tr km. Ngay c vi mt l hi mi, nhng nguyn nhn nh cht lng nhin liu v cht lng nc i xung c th khin l hi hot ng km. Cn bng nhit s gip chng ta xc nh c nhng tn tht nhit c th v khng th trnh khi. Kim nh hiu sut l hi s gip chng ta tm ra s chnh lch gia hiu sut l hi cao nht v hiu sut l hi ca khu vc trc trc chng ta nhm ti c cc bin php ph hp. 3.1.1 Cn bng nhit Qu trnh t chy trong l hi c th c m t bng mt s dng nng lng. S ny cho thy cch thc nng lng u vo t nhin liu c chuyn thnh cc dng nng lng hu dng, nhit v dng nng lng tn tht. dy mi tn ca mt dng tng ng vi khi lng nng lng s dng trong dng .

Stack Gas

Stochiometric Excess Air Un burnt STEAM OUTPUT

FUEL INPUT

C n bng nng lng l cn bng gia tng nng lng u vo ca l hi vi nng lng u ra di nhng dng khc nhau. Hnh di y minh ho cho nhng tn tht khc nhau xy ra trong qu trnh to hi.

Hnh 11. S cn bng nng lng ca mt l hi

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Convection & Radiation & Radiation

Blow Down Blow Down

Ash and UnAsh and Unburnt parts of Fuel in Ash

Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

12,7 % 8,1 % 1,7 % 100,0 % Nhin liu

Tn tht nhit qua kh l Tn tht nhit do hi trong kh l Tn tht nhit do m trong nhin liu Tn tht nhit do m trong khng kh Tn tht nhit do x khng chy ht Tn tht nhit do bc x v cc tn tht khng tnh c khc
Nhit trong hi

BOILER

0,3 % 2,4 % 1,0 % 73,8%

Hnh 12. Nhng tn tht in hnh ca L hi t than

C th chia cc tn tht nng lng thnh tn tht c th v khng th trnh khi. Mc tiu ca nh gi SXSH v/hoc nh gi nng lng l nhm gim nhng tn tht c th trnh khi, tc l nng cao hiu qu s dng nng lng. C th trnh khi hoc gim bt nhng tn tht di y: Tn tht qua khi l: - Kh d (gim xung mc ti thiu c th tu theo cng ngh, vn hnh, vn hnh (kim sot), v bo tr ca l). - Nhit ca kh l (gim nh ti u ho bo tr (lm sch), ti; cng ngh l t v l hi tin tin hn). Tn tht qua nhin liu cha chy ht trong kh l v x (ti u ho vn hnh v bo tr, cng ngh l t tin tin hn). Tn tht qua x y (x l nc cp sch, tun hon nc ngng) Tn tht qua nc ngng (thu hi lng nc ngng ti a c th) Tn tht do bc x v i lu (gim nh bo n l hi tt)
3.1.2 Hiu sut l hi

Hiu sut nhit ca mt l hi c nh ngha l phn trm (nhit) nng lng u vo c s dng hiu qu nhm to ra hi C hai phng php nh gi hiu sut l hi: Phng php Trc tip: L phn nng lng t c t (nc v hi) so vi hm lng nng lng trong nhin liu ca l hi Phng php Gin tip: Hiu sut l s chnh lch gia tn tht v nng lng u vo

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit 3.1.3 Phng php trc tip xc nh hiu sut l hi Phng php lun

Phng php ny cn gi l phng php u vo-u ra v ch cn bit u ra hu ch (hi) v u vo nhit (nhin liu) nh gi hiu sut l hi. Chng ta s dng cng thc sau nh gi hiu sut: Hiu sut l hi () =
u ra nhit u vo nhit

x 100

Hiu sut l hi () =

Q x (hg hf) q x GCV

x 100

Cc thng s c quan trc tnh ton hiu sut l hi bng phng php trc tip bao gm: Khi lng hi c to ra mi gi (Q) theo kg/h. Khi lng nhin liu s dng mi gi (q) theo kg/h. p sut vn hnh (theo kg/cm2(g)) v nhit hi qu nhit (oC), nu c Nhit ca nc cp (oC) Loi nhin liu v nng sut to nhit ca nhin liu (GCV) theo kcal/kg nhin liu V trong hg Entanpi ca hi bo ho theo kcal/kg hi hf Entanpi ca nc cp theo kcal/kg nc
V d

Hy tnh hiu sut l hi bng phng php trc tip vi nhng s liu cho di y: Loi l hi: t than Lng hi (kh) to ra: 10 TPH p sut hi (ng h) / nhit : Khi lng than s dng: Nhit nc cp: GCV ca than: 10 kg/cm (g)/ 180 C 2.25 TPH 85 C 3200 kcal/kg 665 kcal/kg (bo ho) 85 kcal/kg x 100 = 80,56 %
0 2 0

Entanpi ca hi p sut 10 kg/cm : Entanpi ca nc cp: Hiu sut l hi () =

10 x (665 85) x 1000 2,25 x 3200 x 1000

u im ca phng php trc tip

Cng nhn trong nh my c th nh gi nhanh hiu sut l hi

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

Cch tnh ton cn s dng t thng s Cn s dng t thit b quan trc D dng so snh t l ho hi vi s liu nn
Nhc im ca phng php trc tip

Khng gip ngi vn hnh xc nh c ti sao hiu sut ca h thng li thp hn Khng tnh ton cc tn tht khc nhau theo cc mc hiu sut khc nhau

3.1.4 Phng php xc nh hiu sut l hi gin tip

Phng php lun

Cc tiu chun tham kho Kim nh L hi ti nh my s dng phng php gin tip l Tiu chun Anh, BS 845:1987 v Tiu chun M ASME PTC-4-1 Power Test Code Steam Generating Units. Phng php gin tip cn c gi l phng php tn tht nhit. C th tnh ton hiu su bng cch ly 100 tr i phn trm ca tt c cc nhit tn tht nh sau: Hiu sut l hi (n) = 100 - (i + ii + iii + iv + v + vi + vii) Trong , cc tn tht trn nguyn tc l hi l tn tht nhit do: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Kh l kh Nc bay hi c to thnh do c H2 trong nhin liu Bay hi ca nc trong nhin liu m c trong kh chy Nhin liu cha chy ht trong tro Nhin liu cha chy ht trong x Bc x v nhng tn tht khc cha tnh c

Tn tht do m trong nhin liu v do t chy H2 ph thuc vo nhin liu v khng th kim sot thng qua thit k. Nhng s liu cn dng trong tnh ton hiu sut l hi s dng phng php gin tip l: Thnh phn nhin liu (H2, O2, S, C, hm m, nng x) % O2 hoc CO2 trong kh l Nhit kh l theo oC (Tf) Nhit mi trng xung quanh theo oC (Ta) v m ca khng kh theo kg/kg khng kh kh GCV ca nhin liu theo kcal/kg % cht t trong x (trong trng hp nhin liu rn) GCV ca x theo kcal/kg (trong trng hp nhin liu rn) Di y l quy trnh chi tit tnh ton hiu sut l hi s dng phng php gin tip. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi ph trch v vn nng lng trong doanh nghip thng thch cch tnh ton n gin hn

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

Bc 1: Tnh ton nhu cu khng kh trn l thuyt = [(11.43 x C) + {34.5 x (H2 O2/8)} + (4.32 x S)]/100 kg/kg nhin liu Bc 2: Tnh ton phn trm kh d cung cp (EA) = % O2 ------------(21 - % O2 ) x 100

Bc 3: Tnh ton lng khng kh thc t cp/ kg nhin liu (AAS) = {1 + EA/100} x khng kh trn l thuyt Bc 4: c tnh tt c cc tn tht nhit i. % nhit tn tht do kh l kh = m x Cp x (Tf-Ta) x 100 ---------------------------GCV nhin liu Trong , m = khi lng kh l kh theo kg/kg nhin liu m = (khi lng sn phm kh ca qu trnh t/kg nhin liu) + (khi lng N2 trong nhin liu trn 1 kg) + (s lng N2 trong lng khng kh trn thc t cp). Cp = Nhit lng ring ca kh l (0,23 kcal/kg ) ii. % nhit tn tht do nc bay hi to thnh do c H2 trong nhin liu = 9 x H2 {584+Cp (Tf-Ta)} x 100 -------------------------------------GCV nhin liu Trong ,H2 = % H2 trong 1 kg nhin liu Cp = nhit lng ring ca hi qu nhit(0,45 kcal/kg) iii. % nhit tn tht do m trong nhin liu bay hi = M{584+ Cp (Tf-Ta)} x 100 --------------------------------GCV nhin liu Trong , M % m trong 1kg nhin liu Cp Nhit lng ring ca hi qu nhit (0,45 kcal/kg) iv. % nhit tn tht do m trong khng kh = AAS x h s m x Cp (Tf-Ta)} x 100 --------------------------------------------------GCV nhin liu
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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

Trong , Cp Nhit lng ring ca hi qu nhit (0,45 kcal/kg) v. % nhit tn tht do nhin liu khng chy ht trong tro = Tng lng x thu c/kg of nhin liu t chy x GCV tro x 100 ----------------------------------------------------------------------GCV nhin liu vi. % nhit tn tht do nhin liu khng chy ht trong x = Tng lng x thu c/kg of nhin liu t chy x GCV x x 100 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------GCV nhin liu vii. % nhit tn tht do bc x v cc tn tht khng tnh c khc

Rt kh nh gi tn tht do bc x v i lu v phn x ca cc b mt khc nhau, phng v kiu dng kh, vv Vi l hi tng i nh, cng sut 10 MW, cc tn tht do bc x v cc tn tht khng tnh c s vo khong 1-2% nng sut to nhit, trong khi vi l hi 500 MW, gi tr ny in hnh l khong t 0,2 % - 1 %. C th gi nh mc tn tht ny tu theo iu kin b mt. Bc 5: Tnh ton hiu sut l hi v t l ho hi l hi Hiu sut l hi (n) = 100 - (i + ii + iii + iv + v + vi + vii) T l ho hi = Nhit s dng to ra hi/ Nhit b sung vo hi T l ho hi c ngha l s kg hi to ra t mi kg nhin liu s dng. Cc v d in hnh: L hi t than: 6 (tc l 1 kg of than c th to ra 6 kg hi) L hi t du: 13 (tc l 1 kg du c th to ra 13 kg hi) Tuy nhin, T l ho hi s ph thuc vo loi l hi, nng sut to nhit ca nhin liu v cc hiu sut tng ng.
V d

Loi l hi: Phn tch thnh phn du

t du C: H2: S: O2: 84 % 12,0 % 3,0 % 1% 10200 kcal/kg 7% 11 %

GCV ca du: % of Oxy: % CO2:

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

Nhit kh l(Tf): Nhit mi trng xung quanh (Ta): m ca khng kh:

220 0C 27 0C 0,018 kg/kg of dry air

Bc -1: Tnh ton nhu cu khng kh theo l thuyt = [(11,43 x C) + [{34,5 x (H2 O2/8)} + (4,32 x S)]/100 kg/kg du = [(11,43 x 84) + [{34,5 x (12 1/8)} + (4,32 x 3)]/100 kg/kg du = 13.82 kg khng kh/kg du Bc -2: Tnh ton the % kh d cp (EA) Kh d cung cp (EA) = (O2 x 100)/(21-O2) = (7 x 100)/(21-7) = 50 % Bc 3: Tnh ton khi lng kh cp thc t/ kg nhin liu (AAS) AAS/kg nhin liu = [1 + EA/100] x khng kh trn l thuyt (AAS) = [1 + 50/100] x 13,82 = 1,5 x 13,82 = 20,74 kg khng kh/kg du

Bc 4: c tnh ton b tn tht nhit i. % nhit tn tht qua kh lkh = m x Cp x (Tf Ta ) x 100 ----------------------------GCV nhin liu

m = khi lng CO2 + khi lng SO2 + khi lng N2 + khi lng O2 0,84 x 44 m = ----------- + 12 0,03 x 64 20,74 x 77 ---------- + ----------32 100 (0,07 x 32)

m = 21,35 kg / kg du =
=

21,35 x 0,23 x (220 27) ------------------------------- x 100 10200 9,29 %

Cng c th s dng mt phng php n gin hn: % nhit tn tht qua kh lkh
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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

m x Cp x (Tf Ta ) x 100 ----------------------------GCV nhin liu

m (tng khi lng kh l) = = = khi lng kh cp thc t+ khi lng nhin liu cp 20,19 + 1 = 21,19 21,19 x 0,23 x (220-27) ------------------------------- x 100 10200 9,22 %

= ii.

Tn tht nhit do nc bc hi to thnh do H2 c trong nhin liu = 9 x H2 {584+0,45 (Tf Ta )} --------------------------------GCV nhin liu 9 x 12 {584+0,45(220-27)} -------------------------------10200 7,10 %

trong H2 = % H2 trong nhin liu

= = iii.

Tn tht nhit do m trong khng kh = = = AAS x m x 0,45 x ((Tf Ta ) x 100 ------------------------------------------------GCV nhin liu [20,74 x 0,018 x 0,45 x (220-27) x 100]/10200 0,317 %

iv.

Tn tht nhit do bc x v cc tn tht cha tnh c khc Vi l hi nh, c tnh tn tht ny vo khong 2 %

Bc 5: Tnh ton hiu sut l hi v T l ho hi l hi Hiu sut l hi (n) = 100 - (i + ii + iii + iv + v + vi + vii) i. ii. iii. Nhit tn tht qua kh l kh : 9,29 % Nhit tn tht do nc bay hi c to thnh do c H2 trong nhin liu: 7,10 % Nhit tn tht do m trong khng kh : 0,317 %

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

iv.

Nhit tn tht do bc x v cc tn tht khc cha tnh c = 100- [9,29+7,10+0,317+2]

= 100 17,024 = 83 % (xp x)

:2%

T l ho hi = Nhit s dng to ra hi/Nhit b sung vo hi = 10200 x 0,83 / (660-60) = 14,11 (so vi 13 l hi t than in hnh)
u im ca phng php gin tip

C th t c cn bng nng lng v khi lng hon tt cho mi dng ring, gip xc nh gii php ci thin hiu sut l hi d dng hn
Nhc im ca phng php gin tip

Tn thi gian Cn s dng thit b trong phng th nghim phn tch

3.2 X y l hi
Khi nc c un si v to ra hi, bt c cht rn ho tan no trong nc s ng li trong l hi. Nu trong nc cp c nhiu cht rn a vo l hi, chng s c c li v c th cui cng s vt qu kh nng ho tan v ng cn. Khi mc c c vt qu mt gii hn nht nh s gy ra hin tng si bt v lm hn ch qu trnh sinh hi. Nhng cht ny cng lm hnh thnh lp cn trong l hi v pht sinh nhng im qu nhit cc b trong l hi v gy ra cc trc trc ca ng ng hi. V th cn phi kim sot nng cht rn l lng v ho tan trong nc. gim nng cht rn, ngi ta tin hnh x y, mt lng nc nht nh s c x ra ngoi v l hi s c b phn t ng b li lng nc x y ny. Vic x y l cn thit bo v cc b mt trao i nhit trong l hi. Nhng nu x y khng hp l s dn n tn tht mt lng nhit ln.
Ly mu nc l hi

Mt mu nc ca l hi s ch hu dng khi n i din cho cc iu kin trong l hi. V vy, mu ly t ng thu, c gn bn ngoi b phn kim sot mc nc, hoc gn vi ng ni ly nc cp s rt khng chnh xc. Mu ly t v l hi khng an ton v chnh xc v nc di p sut v mt t l nht nh s chuyn thnh hi. Do , nng cht rn ho tan (TDS) c o trong mu thay v trong b. Da trn nhng kt qu phn tch mu ny, ngi ta rt hay x y nhiu hn mc bnh thng. Dung dch c s dng thit b lm mt mu ly nc t l hi. Thit b lm my mu l b trao i nhit nh s dng nc lm mt mu ly c, loi b lng nc chuyn thnh hi v nng cao chnh xc, an ton ca mu. Vi mt s h thng t ng, thit bi cm
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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

ng gn trc tip trn v ca l hi quan trc mc TDS lin tc. Mt l do na ca vic p dng h thng kim sot TDS t ng l trnh nh hng ca s bin ng ti hi, t l thu hi nc ngng, v cht lng nc cp qua x l i vi kt qu mu.
3.2.1 S dng tnh dn lm ch s nh gi cht lng nc ca l hi

V o TDS trong h thng l hi rt mt mi v tn thi gian, ngi ta s dng o dn quan trc lng TDS c trong l hi. dn tng ln cho thy s nhim bn ca nc trong l hi. Phng php truyn thng x y l hi tu thuc vo hai kiu x: gin on v lin tc.
X y gin on

X y gin on c thc hin thng qua vic vn hnh bng tay mt van gn vo ng x ti im thp nht ca v l hi gim cc thng s (TDS hoc dn, pH, nng Silica v pht pht) trong gii hn nh trc sao cho cht lng hi khng b nh hng. Kiu x y ny cng l mt phng php hiu qu nhm loi b cht rn ri ra khi dung dch v nm trn ng la v mt trong ca v l hi. Trong x y gin on, ng ng c ng knh rng c m trong mt thi gian ngn, ph thuc vo nguyn tc chung nh mi ca mt ln trong vng 2 pht. X y gin on cn c mt lng nc cp vo l hi tng ln nhiu trong mt thi gian ngn, do c th s cn cc my bm nc cp ln hn so vi x y lin tc. Mc TDS cng s thay i, do gy ra nhng dao ng trong mc nc ca l hi do thay i kch thc bng v phn phi hi i km vi nhng thay i v nng cht rn. ng thi, mt lng ln nhit b tn tht trong qu trnh x y gin on.
X y lin tc

C mt dng nh nc cp c c gin on v u n, c thay bng mt dng nc cp lin tc v t t. iu ny m bo tinh khit ca hi v TDS mt mc ti hi cho trc. Khi van x y c thit lp vi cc iu kin cho trc, khng cn ngi vn hnh phi can thip thng xuyn. Mc d mt lng nhit ln b a ra khi l hi, vn c cc gii php thu hi nhit bng cch s dng b gin p v to ra hi gin p. C th s dng hi gin p un s b nc cp l hi. Cch x y ny ph bin vi cc l hi p sut cao. Phn x y ca l hi gin p vn cn cha mt lng nhit ln v mt phn ng k trong s ny c th c thu hi nh s dng b trao i nhit gia nhit nc cp qua x l mt. H thng thu hi nhit x y c minh ho di y gip chit hi gin p v phn nng lng ca nc x y. C th p dng h thng ny vi loi l hi mi kch thc v thng th nhng u t cho gii php ny c thu hi ch trong vng vi thng.

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

Hnh 13.Gin thu hi nhit t nc x y l hi (Spirax Sarco)

3.2.2 Tnh ton x y

C th s dng cng thc di y tnh ton khi lng x y cn thit kim sot nng cht rn trong nc ca l hi: X y (%) = TDS nc cp qua x l x % nc cp qua x l Lng TDS ti a cho php trong nc l hi

Nu gii hn ti a cho php ca TDS nh trong l hi trn b l 3000 ppm, % nc cp qua x l l 10 % v TDS c trong nc cp qua x l l 300 ppm, th % x y cho nh sau: = 300 x 10 / 3000 =1% Nu t l ho hi l 3000 kg/h th t l x y cn l: = 3000 x 1 / 100 = 30 kg/h
3.2.3 Li ch ca vic kim sot mc x y

Kim sot tt mc x y ca l hi s gip gim ng k chi ph vn hnh v x l, bao gm: Gim chi ph x l s b Gim tiu th nc cp qua x l Rt ngn thi gian dng hot ng bo tr Tng tui th ca l hi
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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

Gim tiu th ho cht x l

3.3 X l nc cp cho l hi
Sn xut ra hi vi cht lng theo yu cu ph thuc vo vic kim sot x l nc m bo mc tinh khit ca hi, cc ht rn v n mn. L hi l b thu gom ca h thng l hi. y l ni nhn tt c nhng cht bn ca qu trnh trc. Hot ng ca l hi, hiu sut v tui th s dng l sn phm trc tip ca vic la chn v kim sot nc cp s dng trong l hi. Khi nc cp vo l hi, nhit bay hi v p sut s khin cc thnh phn ca nc hot ng khc i. Phn ln cc thnh phn trong nc c th ho tan. Tuy nhin, do c nhit v p sut, phn ln cc thnh phn c th ho tan li chuyn thnh cht rn dng ht, c lc di dng tinh th v c lc di dng v nh hnh. Khi vt qu ngng ho tan ca cc thnh t trong nc, s xy ra cn bm. Nc l hi khng c c cn bm nhm m bo hot ng truyn nhit hiu qu, v khng c kim loi l hi n mn.
3.3.1 Kim sot cn bm

Cn bm c th dn n cng ca nc cp v cc tc nhn n mn ca h thng nc ngng v nc cp. cng ca nc cp c th do h thng lm mm nc khng hiu qu. Cn bm v n mn s gy ra tn tht nng lng v lm hng cc ng l hi, cn tr qu trnh sn xut hi. Cc cn bm ng vai tr l yu t cch nhit, lm chm qu trnh truyn nhit. Cn bm nhiu trong l hi lm chm qu trnh truyn nhit, gim ng k hiu sut l hi. Cc loi cn bm khc nhau gy ra cc nh hng khc nhau n hiu sut l hi. Kh nng cch nhit ca cn bm lm tng nhit kim loi l hi v lm hng ng do qu nhit.
3.3.2 Cc tp cht gy nn cn bm

Ha cht quan trng nht trong nc nh hng n vic to thnh cn bm trong l hi l mui can xi v magie, c gi l mui cng. CaCO3 v MgCO3 ho tan trong nc to ra dung dch kim v nhng mui ny lm mui kim cng. Chng phn hu di tc ng ca nhit, gii phng CO2 v to thnh bn mm, x ra ngoi. Chng c gi l cng tm thi c th loi b bng cch un ln. Canxi sulfat v magie sulfat, clorua v nitrat, vvkhi tan trong nc l trung ho v mt ho hc v c xem l cng phi kim. y l cc ho cht cng vnh cu v to thnh lp cn cng trn b mt l hi, rt kh loi b. Nhng ho cht phi kim ra khi dung dch do kh nng ho tan gim khi nhit tng, theo nng do bay hi trong l hi, hoc do thay i ho cht sang mt hp cht km tan hn..
3.3.3 Silic oxit

S c mt ca silic oxit trong nc l hi c th tng ln, to ra cn silic oxit cng. N cng c th kt hp vi cc mui magie to thnh magie silicat v canxi silicat, vi dn nhit

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

rt thp. Silic oxit s lm tng cn trong cnh tua bin, sau khi c a vo di dng git nc nh git trong hi hoc di dng d bay hi trong hi p sut cao. C hai dng x l nc l hi l x l nc bn ngoi v x l nc bn trong.
3.3.4 X l nc bn trong

X l nc bn trong l cch thm ho cht vo l hi ngn ng cn. Cc cht to thnh cn bm c chuyn thnh dng bn v thi ra ngoi qua x y. Phng php ny ch dng vi l hi s dng nc cp c cng v p sut thp, nng TDS trong nc va phi, v khi khi lng nc x l t. Nu nhng iu kin trn khng c p ng, phi x y mc cao c th x ht bn. Nh vy s khng kinh t v c tn tht nhit v nc. Cc ngun nc khc nhau cn cc loi ho cht khc nhau. Cch ny s dng natri cacbonat, natri aluminat, natri phosphat, natri sunfit, v cc hp cht c ngun gc thc vt hoc v c. Cc ho cht chuyn dng ph hp vi cc iu kin nc khc nhau hin c sn Cn tham kho kin chuyn gia la chn ho cht ph hp nht cho mi trng hp. . A Chng ti khng xut ch x l nc bn trong.

3.3.5 X l nc bn ngoi
X l nc bn ngoi l cch nhm loi b cc cht rn l lng, cht rn ho tan (c bit l cc ion magie v canxi l cc cht chnh gy ra ng cn l hi) v cc kh ho tan (O2 v CO2). Cc qu trnh x l nc bn ngoi hin c l: Trao i ion Loi b khng kh (c hc v ho hc) Thm thu ngc Kh khong Trc khi p dng bt k quy trnh no trong s cc quy trnh trn, cn loi b cht rn l lng v mu ca nc th, v nhng yu t ny c th lm bn cc nha trao i s dng trong cc phn x l tip theo. Cc phng php x l s b gm c phng php lng lc s dng b lng hoc thit b lc b sung cht lm ng v cht keo t. Ngoi ra, c th s dng phng php lc ct p sut vi kh phun loi b CO2 v st, loi b cc mui kim loi ra khi nc ging khoan. Giai on u tin ca x l l kh mui cng v mui khng cng. Nu ch kh mui cng gi l lm mm, cn loi b ton b mui ra khi dung dch gi l kh khong. Cc qu trnh x l nc bn ngoi c m t di y:
Quy trnh trao i ion (dy chuyn lm mm)

Trong quy trnh trao i ion, nc c a qua mt lp zeolit t nhin hoc nha thng kh cng m khng to thnh cht kt ta no. Kiu n

Phn ng lm mm: Na2R + Ca(HCO3)2 CaR + 2 Na(HCO3) Phn ng hon nguyn CaR + 2 NaCl Na2R + CaCl2

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

gin nht l trao i c bn, trong cc ion canxi v magie trao i vi cc ion natri. Sau khi bo ho, ta t c hon nguyn vi NaCl. Mui natri l mui tan, khng ng cn l hi. V trao i c bn ch thay th canxi v magie vi natri, n khng lm gim nng TDS v cht lng x y. Phng php ny cng khng lm gim tnh kim. Kh khong l phng php loi b hon ton tt c cc mui. C th t c iu bng cch s dng nha trao i cc cation trao i cation trong nc th vi cc ion hyr, to ra HCl, H2SO4 v H2CO3. H2CO3 c kh trong mt b kh vi kh thi qua nc axt. Theo , nc i qua bnh cha anion, trao i cc anion vi axt v c (v.d. H2SO4), to ra nc. Cn hon nguyn anion v cation theo nh k, s dng in hnh l cc axt v c (hon nguyn anion) v xt (hon nguyn cation). La chn nha trao i cc anion chun s gip loi b silic oxit. C th s dng cc quy trnh trao i ion kh khong ton phn, nu cn, nh vi cc l hi ca nh my in ln.
Loi b khng kh

phng php loi b khng kh, cc kh ho tan nh O2 v CO2 c loi b bng cch un s b nc cp trc khi a vo l hi. Tt c cc loi nc t nhin u cha kh ho tan. Mt s kh nht nh nh nh O2 v CO2 lm tng n mn nhiu. Khi un trong l hi, CO2 v O2 c gii phng di dng kh, kt hp vi H2O to thnh H2CO3. loi b O2 v CO2 v cc kh khc trong nc cp l hi l rt quan trng i vi tui th ca thit b l cng nh s an ton khi vn hnh. H2CO3 n mn kim loi, gim tui th ca thit b v ng. N cng lm tan st (Fe), khi quay tr li l hi, cht ny s kt ta, to cn bm l hi v ng. Cn st khng ch lm gim tui th ca thit b m cn tng lng nng lng cn s dng truyn nhit. Loi b khng kh c th lm bng c hc, ho hc hoc c hai.
Loi b khng kh c hc

Loi b khng kh c hc loi b cc kh ho tan thng c s dng trc khi thm cht ty oxy. Loi b khng kh c hc da trn quy lut vt l ca Charles v Henry. Mt cch tm tt, nhng quy lut ny ch ra rng c th loi b O2 v CO2 bng cch gia nhit cho nc cp l hi, nh lm gim nng O2 v CO2 nc cp. Phng php oi b khng kh c hc s dng kinh t nht ti im si ca nc p sut ca thit b loi b khng kh. Thit b loi b khng kh c hc c
Thot Nc cp ni hi Vi phun

Hi B phn lc hi (Khay)

B phn lu tr

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Hnh 14. Loi b khng kh c hc Ngun tham kho: Hi ng Nng sut quc

Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

loi chn khng v loi p sut. Thit b loi b khng kh chn khng hot ng mc p sut kh quyn di y, ti khong 82 C, v c th gim hm lng O2 trong nc xung di 0,02 mg/l. Cn s dng bm chn khng hoc bm hi duy tr chn khng. Thit b loi b khng kh p sut hot ng bng cch a hi vo nc cp qua van kim sot p sut duy tr p sut vn hnh mong mun, v vy, nhit mc ti thiu 105oC. Hi lm tng nhit nc gii phng O2 v CO2 ra khi h thng. Thit b ny c th gim hm lng O2 xung 0,005 mg/l. Khi c hi p sut thp d, c th la chn p sut vn hnh tn dng hi d, nh , nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca nhin liu. Trong h thng l hi, hi c a chung dng cho loi b khng kh v: Hi c bit khng c O2 v CO2 Hi lun sn c Hi gip gia nhit cn thit phn ng hon tt
o

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit Loi b khng kh ho hc

Mc d cc thit b loi b khng kh c hc gip gim O2 xung mc rt thp (0,005 mg/l), nhng mt lng O2 rt nh cng c th gy ra tc hi n mn h thng. Do , cc kinh nghim vn hnh hp l cho thy cn phi loi b nt phn C rt nh vi cht loi b O2 nh natri sulfit hoc hidrazin. Natri sulfit phn ng vi O2 to thnh natri sulfat, gip tng TDS trong nc l hi v tng cht lng nc cp qua x l v yu cu x y. Hidrazin phn ng vi O2 to thnh nit v nc. Cch loi b ny lun c s dng vi l hi p sut cao khi lng cht rn trong nc l hi thp, v khng lm tng lng TDS trong nc.
Thm thu ngc

Thm thu ngc da trn nguyn tc l khi cc dung dch vi nng khc nhau c tch ring bi mng bn thm, nc dung dch nng thp hn s i qua mng bn thm ho tan vi dung dch c nng cao hn. Nu dung dch c nng cao hn c iu p, quy trnh s ngc li v nc t dung dch c nng cao hn chy ngc v nc dung dch nng thp hn. Chng ta gi l thm thu ngc.

Dung dch s dng ln n im ny Cc mc dung dch khc nhau l p sut thm thu Dung dch c c hn Dung dch long hn Dng nc Mng bn thm

Bn cht ca mng bn thm cho php nc thm qua t t hn so vi khong tan. V nc dung dch long hn s ho tan vi nc dung dch m c hn, nc i qua mng s to ra s chnh lch ng k gia hai dung dch. S chnh lch p sut ny l thc o s chnh lch nng gia hai dung dch v c coi l mc chnh lch p sut thm thu.

Pressure

Dung dch c hn

Dung dch long hn

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

Khi p dng p sut vo dung dch m c c p sut cao hn cao hn mc chnh lch p sut thm thu, hng ca nc i qua mng s ngc li v quy trnh thm thm ngc c thit lp. C ngha l, kh nng ca mng i vi nc thm qua khng thay i, ch c hng ca dng nc thay i.

p sut

Nc cp
Dung dch m c hn

Nc lc

Dng m c

Dng nc Mng bn thm

S nc cp v nc c c (dng thi) minh ho h thng thm thu ngc vn hnh lin tc. Cht lng nc c x l ph thuc vo nng ca dung dch pha c p sut cao v chnh lch p sut qua mng. Quy trnh ny ph hp vi cc loi nc c TDS rt cao, nh nc bin.
3.3.6 Cht lng nc cp v l hi xut

Cc tp cht c trong nc ca l hi ph thuc vo cht lng nc cp khng c x l, qu trnh x l c s dng v quy trnh vn hnh l hi. Trn nguyn tc chung, p sut vn hnh ca l hi cng cao, mc nhy cm ca l hi vi cc tp cht cng ln.

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

CC GII HN NC CP XUT (IS 10392, 1982) H s Tng lng st (ti a) ppm Tng lng ng(ti a) ppm Tng lng silic oxit (ti a) ppm Oxy (ti a) ppm Hidrazin d ppm pH 25 C cng, ppm
0

Cho ti 20 kg/cm2 0,05 0,01 1,0 0,02 8,8-9,2 1,0

21 - 39 kg/cm2 0,02 0,01 0,3 0,02 8,8-9,2 0,5

40- 59 kg/cm2 0,01 0,01 0,1 0,01 -0,02-0,04 8,2-9,2 -

CC GII HN NI HI XUT (IS 10392, 1982) H s TDS, ppm Tng lng cht rn ho tan st ppm dn in ring ti 25 C (mho) Phosphat d ppm pH ti 25 C Silic oxit (ti a) ppm
0 o

Cho ti 20 kg/cm2 3000-3500 500 1000 20-40 10-10,5 25

21 - 39 kg/cm2 1500-2500 200 400 20-40 10-10,5 15

40 - 59 kg/cm2 500-1500 150 300 15-25 9,8-10,2 10

4. CC GII PHP S DNG NNG LNG HIU QU

Phn ny bao gm cc gii php s dng nng lng hiu qu lin quan n qu trnh t chy, truyn nhit, cc tn tht c th trnh khi, tiu th in ph tr, cht lng nc, v x y. Tn tht nng lng v cc gii php s dng nng lng hiu qu trong l hi c th lin quan n qu trnh t chy, truyn nhit, cc tn tht c th trnh khi, tiu th in ph tr cao, cht lng nc v x y. Cc gii php s dng nng lng hiu qu trong h thng l hi c th lin quan n: 1. Kim sot nhit khi l 2. un s b nc cp s dng b tit kim 3. Sy s b kh t 4. Gim thiu qu trnh t chy khng hon tt 5. Kim sot kh d 6. Trnh tn tht nhit do bc x v i lu 7. Kim sot x y t ng 8. Gim tn tht do cn v mui 9. Gim p sut hi ca l hi 10. S dng thit b kim sot tc v cp cho qut, bm v qut y 11. Kim sot mc ti ca l hi 12. Lp lch trnh hot ng ca l hi chun 13. Thay l hi Nhng gii php ny c gii thch trong nhng phn tip theo.
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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

4.1 Kim sot nhit khi l

Nhit kh l nn cng thp cng tt. Tuy nhin, nhit ny khng nn thp ti mc hi nc ng x ngng t thnh ng. iu ny quan trng vi nhng nhin liu c hm lng lu hunh cao v nhit thp s dn n n mn do lu hunh b ng sng . Nhit kh l cao hn mc 200C cho thy tim nng thu hi nhit thi. Nhit cao nh vy cng cho thy c cn bm trong thit b truyn/thu hi nhit, v vy cn tin hnh x y sm lm sch nc/hi.

4.2 un nng s b nc cp s dng thit b trao i nhit

Thng thng, kh thi ca l hi dng v s 3 bc c nhit khong 200 n 300 oC. Do , c tim nng thu hi nhit t kh l. Nhit kh l thi t l hi thng c duy tr mc ti thiu 200oC, lu hunh oxit trong kh l khng b ngng t v gy ra n mn b mt truyn nhit. Khi s dng nng lng sch nh kh t nhin, LPG hoc du, li ch kinh t t thu hi nhit s cao hn v nhit kh l c th c duy tr mc di 200 oC. Tim nng tit kim nng lng ph thuc vao loi l hi v nhin liu s dng. Vi l hi dng v s c in hnh, vi nhit kh l thi ra l 260 oC, c th s dng thit b Economizer (b hm nc) gim xung 200 oC, tng nhit nc cp 15 oC. Hiu sut nhit ton phn c th s tng 3 %. Vi l hi dng v s 3 bc s dng kh thin nhin tin tin, nhit kh l thi 140 oC, s dng thit b trao i nhit ngng t s gim nhit xung cn 65 oC, tng hiu sut nhit ln 5 %.

4.3 Sy nng s b khng kh cp cho l

Sy nng s b khng kh cp l l la chn thay th cho un nng s b nc. tng hiu sut nhit ln 1 %, cn tng nhit kh chy ln 20 oC. Phn ln cc l t du v gas s dng trong dy chuyn l hi l c thit k khng ph hp vi nhit sy kh s b cao. Cc l t hin i c th chu c nhit sy kh s b cao hn nhiu, v vy nn s dng thit b ny nh l b trao i nhit kh thi nh l gii php thay th cho thit b economizer, khi khng gian hoc nhit thu hi nc cp cao p ng c yu cu.

4.4 Qu trnh chy khng hon tt

Qu trnh chy khng hon tt c th l do thiu khng kh hoc tha nhin liu hoc vic phn b nhin liu khng hp l. C th thy r khi qu trnh chy khng hon tt nu quan st mu hoc khi v cn iu chnh ngay. Vi trng hp h thng t du hoc ga, CO hoc khi (ch xy ra vi h thng t du) vi mc kh d bnh thng hoc cao s cho thy cc trc trc ca h thng. Mt nguyn nhn thng thy ca qu trnh t chy khng hon tt l t l pha trn nhin liu v khng kh l t sai. Du chy km c th l do nht khng chun, u t b tc, hin tng cacbon ho u t v s xung cp ca thit b khuych tn. Vi l t than, cacbon cha chy c th dn n tn tht rt ln. iu ny xy ra khi c carbon trong x v tng thm lng nhit cp cho l hi ln hn 2%. Kch thc than khng
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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

ng u cng c th l mt nguyn nhn khin qu trnh chy khng hon tt. bung la ghi xch, nhng ht than to s chy ht, cn nhng ht nh v mn s lm tc ng thng kh, gy ra phn phi khng kh khng u. Vi nhng bung la phun, vic iu chnh gi v h thng chy qu ln c th nh hng n s tn tht cacbon. Tng lng ht mn trong than nghin cng c th gy tn tht cacbon.

4.5 Kim sot kh d

Bng di y a ra khi lng trn l thuyt kh cn t vi cc loi nhin liu khc nhau. Trong tt c cc trng hp thc t, cn mt lng kh d m bo qu trnh chy ho tt, cho php c sai s trong qu trnh t v m bo cc iu kin kh l thch hp i vi mt s loi nhin liu. Lng kh d ti u cho hiu sut cao nht ca l hi l khi tng lng tn tht do qu trnh chy khng hon tt v tn tht do nhit thi qua kh l c gim thiu. Mc kh d ny c th dao ng tu thuc thit k l, loi l, nhin liu v cc bin s ca quy trnh. Mc kh d ny c th c xc nh thng qua cc kim nh vi cc t l nhin liu kh khc nhau.
CC S LIU QU TRNH CHY TRN L THUYT CC NHIN LIU NI HI PH BIN (Hi ng Nng sut quc gia, kinh nghim thc t) Nhin liu kg khng kh CO2 % trong kh l t c trn cn/kg nhin liu thc t Nhin liu rn B ma Coal (bitum) Than non V tru G Nhin liu lng Du t LSHS 3,3 10,7 8,5 4,5 5,7 13,8 14,1 10-12 10-13 9 -13 14-15 11,13 9-14 9-14

CC MC KH D IN HNH VI CC LOI NHIN LIU KHC NHAU (Hi ng Nng sut quc gia, kinh nghim thc t) Nhin liu Than nghin Cc loi l t hoc bung t L nc lm mt hon ton loi b x hoc tro kh L nc lm mt mt phn loi b tro kh Than Bung la ghi c nh Bung la ghi di ng nc lm mt L ghi xch v l ghi di ng Bung la nhin liu cp di Du nhin liu Kh t nhin G L t du L t a nhin liu v ngn la bng L t p sut cao Dng Dutch (10-23 % qua ghi l) v dng Hofft Kh d (% theo khi lng) 15-20 15-40 30-60 30-60 15-50 20-50 15-20 20-30 5-7 20-25

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

B ma Dch en Tt c cc l L thu hi kh v qu trnh bt ho soda 25-35 30-40

Kim sot kh d mc ti u lun gip gim tn tht qua khi l; c mi 1 % kh d gim s gip tng hiu sut khong 0,6 % . Hin nay c cc phng php khc nhau nhm kim sot kh d: S dng thit b phn tch Oxy cm tay v ng h o l lng kh ghi cc thng s nh k gip hng dn ngi vn hnh iu chnh lu lng kh nhm t c vn hnh ti u. C th gim kh d ln ti 20% . Ph bin nht l thit b phn tch Oxy lin tc vi ng h o lu lng kh c gn bn trong c thng s, t ngi vn hnh c th iu chnh lu lng kh. So vi h thng trc, thit b ny c th gip gim c thm 10-15 % . Thit b phn tch Oxy lin tc tng t c thit b van iu tit iu khin t xa, t cc thng s s c sn trong bung iu khin. Nh vy ngui vn hnh c th kim sot t xa nhiu h thng t cng lc. Thit b phc tp nht l h thng iu khin van iu tit t ng c chi ph rt cao, ch ph hp vi nhng h thng ln.

4.6 Gim thiu tn tht nhit do bc x v i lu

B mt bn ngoi ca l hi dng v s nng hn xung quanh. Do , b mt ny s b tn tht nhit ra xung quanh, tu thuc vo din tch b mt v s chnh lch nhit gia b mt v xung quanh. Tn tht nhit l hi dng v s thng l tn tht nng lng c nh, khng ph thuc vo u ra ca l hi. Cc l hi thit k hin i, mc tn tht ny c th ch l 1.5 % tng nng sut to nhit mc cao nht, nhng s tng ln khong 6 %, nu l hi ch vn hnh mc 25 % u ra. Sa cha hoc tng cng bo n s gip gim tn tht nhit qua thnh v ng l hi.

4.7 Kim sot x y t ng

X y lin tc khng c kim sot s rt lng ph. V vy nn lp t thit b kim sot x y t ng, tng ng vi dn ca nc l hi v pH. Mi 10% x y l hi 15kg/cm2 s dn n tn tht hiu sut l 3 %.

4.8 Gim tn tht do cn v mui

l hi t than v du, mui bm vo ng, l yu t cch nhit, cn tr trao i nhit. Cn loi b mui mt cch thng xuyn. Nhit khi l tng c th l do mui bm nhiu qu. Cn bm cng gy ra nhng nh hng nh vy vi nc. Nhit kh l thi cao vi mc kh d bnh thng cho thy hot ng truyn nhit km. Hot ng truyn nhit km c th do mui kh hoc cn bm. Vi cn bm nc cn xem xt li quy trnh x l nc v lm sch ng. c tnh, nhit kh l c tng 22oC s gy ra tn tht nhit c tnh khong 1 %.

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

Cn thng xuyn kim tra v ghi li nhit kh l v ch s ny phn nh lng mui bm . Khi nhit kh l vt qu nhit ca l hi mi c lm sch khong 20 oC cng l lc phi loi b mui. Do , chng ti xut lp t nhit k theo thang ti ni t ng khi quan trc nhit kh thi. c tnh, lp mui dy 3 mm s lm tng mc tiu th nng lng ln 2,5 % do nhit kh l tng. C th phi ngng dy chuyn theo nh k lm sch b mt l bc x, ng, thit b Economizerv sy kh loi b nhng mui bm kh chu ny.

4.9 Gim p sut l hi

y l mt cch hiu qu gip gim tiu th nhin liu, nu c th, xung khong t 1 n 2 %. p sut hi thp hn s gim nhit hi bo ho v khng thu hi nhit khi l, nhit ca khi l cng gim xung mc tng t. Hi thng c to thnh mc p sut/nhit cao nht ca mt quy trnh nht nh. Trong mt s trng hp, quy trnh khng vn hnh lin tc, v c nhng lc c th gim p sut l. Nhng cng cn nh rng, vic gim p sut l hi s gim th tch ring ca hi trong l, v loi khng kh ra khi u ra ca l hi mt cch hiu qu, mang theo nc. Cn b ph trch nng lng ca cng ty cn xem xt nhng tc dng ca vic gim p sut mt cch cn thn, trc khi xut thc hin. Nn gim p sut theo tng giai on, v khng nn gim nhiu hn 20 %.

4.10 Thit b kim sot tc v cp lp cho qut, qut thi v my bm

Thit b kim sot tc v cp l mt cch hiu qu gip tit kim nng lng. Nhn chung, kim sot kh b nh hng bi cc van iu tit ca qut ht cng bc. Mc d nhng van iu tit l cch kim sot rt n gin, nhng chng thiu chnh xc, c cc c tnh kim sot km ch ti im u v im cui ca khong vn hnh. Nhn chung, nu l hi c mc ti thay i, nn xem xt kh nng thay van iu tit bng thit b kim sot tc v cp.

4.11 Kim sot ti l hi

Hiu sut ti a ca l hi khng t c mc y ti, m l mc 2/3 y ti. Nu ti l hi gim xung na, hiu sut cng c xu hng gim. sn lng bng khng, hiu sut ca l hi bng khng, v nhin liu t s ch to ra tn tht. Nhng h s nh hng n hiu sut l hi bao gm: Khi gim ti, gi tr lu lng kh l qua cc ng cng gim. Khi lu lng kh gim vi cng mt din tch truyn nhit s lm gim mt cht nhit kh l, lm gim tn tht nhit. di mc na ti, cc thit b chy cn thm kh d t chy ht nhin liu. V th, tn tht nhit tng. Ni chung, hiu sut l hi c th gim ng k xung di mc 25 % ti v nn trnh vn hnh l hi di mc ny cng t cng tt.

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

4.12 Lch trnh vn hnh l hi chun

V l hi t hiu sut ti u khi hot ng mc 65-85 % y ti, nhn chung, vn hnh t l hi mc ti cao hn s hiu qu hn l vn hnh nhiu l hi mc ti thp.

4.13 Thay th l hi
Tim nng tit kim nh thay th l hi ph thuc vo thay i ca hiu sut ton phn d kin. V mt ti chnh, gii php thay l hi s rt hp dn nu l hi ang s dng c nhng yu t sau: C v khng hiu qu Khng th s dng nhin liu thay th r tin hn. Kch c qu to hoc qu nh so vi cc yu cu hin ti c thit k khng ph hp vi cc iu kin ti l tng Nghin cu tnh kh thi cn xem xt tt c cc kh nng c sn nhin liu lu di v k hoch pht trin ca cng ty. Cn tnh n cc yu t ti chnh v k thut. V nhng dy chuyn l hi truyn thng c tui th hn 25 nm, cn nghin cu k trc khi tin hnh thay th.

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

5. DANH SCH SNG LC CC GII PHP

Phn ny bao gm cc gii php thng dng nht gip nng cao hiu sut l hi.

5.1 Nhng cng vic v kim tra nh k bn ngoi l hi

S dng cc vng m m bo kn kh cc ca vo. Cc mi ni ca h thng ng hi phi kn v bo n nu cn. V ngoi v cc b phn ca l hi phi c bo n hiu qu. Liu lp bo n hin ti c hiu qu khng? Nu l hi, ng v cc xy lanh nc nng c bo n t mt s nm trc th by gi lp bo n ny l qu mng, mc d bn ngoi nhn vn tt. Nn nh, khi bo n chi ph nng lng thp hn by gi nhiu. C th s cn tng dy. Vo cui k lm vic, cc l hi nn c ng kn hon ton, cc b mt bn trong nn c thng kh t nhin vo ma h hoc gn kn hon ton vi khay cha cc ht lm kh (ch p dng cho cc l hi c thi gian ngh gia cc k lm vic)

5.2 L hi: cc yu t ph p dng cho l hi nc nng v hi nc

Thng xuyn kim tra mc ng cn hoc bn trong l hi hoc TDS ca nc l hi mi ca, nhng khng nhiu hn mt ln mi ngy. Cc tp cht trong nc l hi c c trong l v nng c gii hn ph thuc vo loi l hi v ti. Nn gim thiu x y l hi, nhng phi ng nht vi t trng nc ph hp. Tn thu nhit t nc x y. Vi l hi hi, vic x l nc c ph hp trnh to bt v nc mi gy qu ti nc v ho cht cp cho h thng hi? Vi l hi hi: thit b kim sot mc nc t ng c c kim tra nh k khng? Vic s dng cc ng ni trong c th c bit gy nguy him. Cc r r kh xung quanh ca kim tra l hi hoc gia l hi v ng khi c c kim tra nh k khng? Cc r r kh xung quanh ca kim tra l hi c th lm gim hiu sut v cc r r kh gia l hi v ng khi c th lm gim lung khng kh sn c, kch thch hnh thnh nc ngng, n mn v mui. Nn s dng cc thit b phn tch kh l kim tra cc iu kin ca qu trnh chy t nht hai ln mi k hot ng v iu chnh t l nhin liu/khng kh nu cn. Cc thit b kim sot hot ng thc t v phng nga phi c dn nhn thch hp v kim tra thng xuyn. Cc van kho phi c ci t ch vn hnh bng tay v c chung bo ng. Nn c cc im kim tra hoc cc ng h c nh gn vo l hi t du o nhit /p sut vn hnh. Vi cc l hi t du hoc kh, nu cc ng dy cp ca h thng tt (ng) trong trng hp c chy hoc qu nhit chy ngang qua li i th chng phi c t khong cch cao hn u ngi. H thng ngng hot ng khn cp nn c t ti ca ra ca nh t l hi. gim n mn, cn thc hin cc bc gim thiu thi gian nhit ca nc tt xung qu im sng, nht l vi cc l hi t du hoc than. Nhng nh my s dng nhiu nhin liu thng c ring thit b cn v c th kim tra trc tip khi nhin liu c mang n. Nu khng c thit b ny, thng thong bn c yu cu nh cung cp nhin liu th cn cn cng cng (hoc cn nh nh my nm gn ) kim tra? Vi cc nh cung cp nhin liu lng, bn c kim tra que thm ca xe khng?
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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

Vi dy chuyn l hi, cn m bo s dng nhin liu ph hp. Vi nhin liu rn, kch c hoc th phm ph hp l rt quan trng, x v hm lng m phi tun theo thit k ban u ca dy chuyn. Vi nhin liu du, cn m bo l nht ph hp vi l t, v cn kim tra nhit ca du nhin liu. Vic quan trc s dng nhin liu cn thc hin cng chnh xc cng tt. o lng nhin liu tn phi st thc t. Vi l hi t du, kim tra v sa cha cc b phn. Nn thng xuyn thay i vi t v lm sch cn thn phng trnh thit hi cho b u t. Nn xem xt li quy trnh sa cha v bo tr, c bit l vi nhng thit b l, thit b kim sot v thit b quan trc. Thng xuyn lm sch b mt truyn nhit duy tr hiu sut mc cao nht c th. m bo rng nhn vin vn hnh l hi thng thuc quy trnh vn hnh, c bit l vi cc thit b kim sot mi. Bn bao gi xem xt kh nng thu hi nhit t kh thi ca l hi? Cc b trao i nhit hin i hin c sn ph hp vi hu ht cc loi v kch c l hi. Bn c kim tra r r cc van nc cp qua x l ca b cp v b gia nhit, bo n hoc tn tht nc qua nc thi khng? C th nh sn xut s bo n dy chuyn hi t u. Liu bo n ny c ph hp vi chi ph nhin liu hin nay? Kim tra dy ti u. Khi lng hi sn sinh nhiu, hy u t lp t ng h hi. o sn lng hi v u vo ca nhin liu. T l hi vi nhin liu l cch o hiu sut l hi chnh. S dng h thng quan trc c: s cho thy cc du hiu xung cp. Cn thng xuyn kim tra cht lng v tinh khit ca nc cp. Thnh thong kim tra ng h hi v theo thi gian, do n mn u th hoc l o, chng b xung cp. Cn lu l ng h hi ch c chnh xc p sut hi c hiu chnh. C th phi hiu chnh li. Kim tra r r cc ng, mi ni, by hi, c nhng ch khng tip cn c. Nhng ng khng s dng nn tch ring v nhng ng tha nn loi b. c ai c ch nh vn hnh v kim tra tng quan sau khi lp t? Cng vic ny nn c nu r trong bn m t cng vic ca ngi . Hin c cc ti liu c bn di dng bn ve, ch dn vn hnh v chi tit bo tr cung cp cho nhn vin khng? C s nht k ghi li cc d liu v bo tr thc hin, cc thng s kh l thc t, mc tiu th nhin liu hng tun hoc hng thng v cc nhn xt khng? m bo rng p sut hi khng cao hn yu cu. Khi ti lng ban m t hn ban ngy, xem xt kh nng iu chnh p sut dao ng trong di rng hn vo ban m nhm gim tn sut tt b t hoc hn ch tc t ti a ca l. Xem xt nhu cu bo tr cc l hi trong iu kin d phng-thng gy tn tht nhit khng tnh n. Cc l hi trong ch ch cn c tch ring kh v cht lng. S dng nht k vn hnh ca phng t l hi so snh cc kt qu hot ng vi mc tiu. Khi kim tra qu trnh chy, vv vi cc thit b cm tay, m bo l vic kim tra thc hin u n v cc iu kin ti c ghi li trong nht k: % of CO2 ch la ti a/na ti, vv kim tra dy chuyn nhm m bo l dao ng ti ln khng do vn hnh cc thit b trong phng t l hi sai gy ra, v d nh tt/bt kim sot tip liu, sa cha hng hc ca h thng tip liu. H thng nc nng c c pha thm ph gia chng n mn v c kim tra hng nm xem nng c cn thch hp khng? m bo rng ph gia ny KHNG c a

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

vo b gia nhit nc nng sinh hot v chng s lm nhim bn nc ra cc vi b nc. Thu hi ton b nc ngng nhng ni c th v s tit kim c nng lng kh ln.

5.3 Khu vc l hi v khu vc dy chuyn

M ca thng kh v thng xuyn lm sch v kim tra khu vc c ca m m bo thng thong. Khng s dng bung thit b lm kho cha, ly kh hay sy kh. Vic bo dng bm v cc van t ng c tun theo ch dn ca nh sn xut khng? Cc bm ang hot ng v ch ch c c thay i nhau mi thng mt ln? Nh my c lp cc van cch ly bm? cc bn ca bm c lp im kim tra p sut/ nhit hoc cc ch s khc khng? V bm c lp thit b thot kh khng? Cc b phn chuyn ng c c bo v khng? m bo thng xuyn kim tra chnh xc ca cc thit b. Kim tra bng mt thng cc vt r cc ng v van. Kim tra xem cc thit b an ton c hot ng hiu qu khng. Kim tra cc tip xc in c sch v an ton khng. m bo rng cc v thit b v cc np an ton ng v tr. Kim tra cc u cm, m bo rng chng sch, khng tc v khng tip xc vi cc iu kin xu, v d nh u cm nhit khng c tip xc vi nh mt tri trc tip hoc t gn ng nng hoc dy chuyn ca quy trnh. m bo rng ch nhng ngi c phn s mi c s dng cc thit b iu khin. Mi b phn ca dy chuyn cn vn hnh khi cn v nn c kim sot t ng. Thit b iu khin thi gian v tt nht l ton b dy chuyn, nn c t ng ho. Vi nhng lp t nhiu l hi, cch ly cc l hi khng nm trong nhu cu sn sng hot ng, nn tch bit vi pha nc v nu c th, c kh. m bo rng cc l hi ny khng th b chy. Tch ring h thng hi (c bo v) gip gim tn tht nhit. Vi nhng lp t nhiu l hi Vi nhng h thng gm nhiu l hi, nn lp t thit b kim sot t ng ti ca l hi sao cho s l hi hot ng p ng nhu cu hi ca h thng. Nn gim nhit d vn hnh l hi nhng ch c th bng nhng thit b bn ngoi l hi v vi l hi vn hnh trong di nhit khng i bnh thng.

5.4 Nc v hi
Nc cp cho l hi phi p ng c cc tiu chun do nh sn xut a ra. Nc phi sch, khng mu v khng ln tp cht l lng. cng ti a: 0,25 ppm CaCO3. pH: 8-10 lm chm hot tnh v n mn. pH nh hn 7 s lm tng tc n mn do tnh axit. O2 ho tan nh hn 0,02 mg/l. O2 xut hin cng SO2 gy hin tng n mn. CO2: Nn c duy tr mc rt thp. CO2 xut hin cng O2 gy hin tng n mn, c bit l vi ng v cc hp kim cha ng. Nc khng c cha du.

5.5 Nc l hi
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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

Nc phi c tnh kimtrong vng 150 ppm CaCO3 v trn 50 ppm CaCO3, pH= 8,3 Tnh kim nn nh hn 120. Tng cht rn nn duy tr di mc gi tr vt qu mc nhim bn ca hi, trnh to ra cn bm trn cc ng dn hi chnh v thit b gia nhit. Phosphat khng nn vt qu 25 ppm P2 O5. Nc cp qua x l ch c cha mt lng rt nh silic oxit. Lng silic oxit phi t hn 40 ppm nc l hi v 0,02 ppm hi, di dng SiO2. Nu lng ny ln hn, chng s bm cnh tua bin.
Cc nng trong nc l hi ti a theo xut ca Hip hi Cc nh sn xut l hi M. p sut hi l hi (ata) Nng nc l hi ti a (ppm) 0-20 3500 20-30 3000 30-40 2500 40-50 2000 50-60 1500 60-70 1250 70-100 1000

Cn lp t dy chuyn x l nc thi thch hp nhm m bo tinh khit ca nc v cn thu xp liu lng ho cht kim sot cht lng nc. p dng x y nu nng vt qu gii hn cho php theo quy nh ca nh sn xut. Tnh kim khng c vt qu 20 % tng nng . L hi phi c duy tr mc nc thch hp. Thng thng lp t hai ng h m bo iu ny. Ngi vn hnh cn tin hnh x nh thng xuyn mi ca, hoc t nht mi ngy mt ln khi l hi sn xut hi di 24h/ngy.

5.6 Quy trnh x y (BD)

Quy trnh x y theo truyn thng v c s dng nh sau: 1. ng kho nc 2. M van x (lu l hi thot ra t do) 3. ng van x 4. ng van hi 5. M van nc 6. M van x (lu l nc thot ra t do) 7. ng van x 8. M van hi 9. M v ng van x x ln cui. Nc u tin chy ra i din cho nc l hi. Nu nc khng mu, cn tm hiu nguyn nhn.

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

6. BNG TNH V CC CNG C KHC

Phn ny bao gm cc bng tnh v hot ng ca l hi, bng thu thp s liu, phn tch nhin liu) v cc cng c khc (Danh sch kim tra hot ng ca l hi; Cc nguyn tc chung; nhng vic nn v khng nn lm)

6.1 Bng tnh

Bng tnh l hi 1. HOT NG CA L HI STT Tham kho thng s Phn tch tuyt i n v c

Carbon Hydro Oxy Sulphur Nit m X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 GCV nhin liu Oxy trong kh l Nhit kh l (Tf) Nhit mi trng xung quanh (Ta) m trong khng kh Chy trong x GCV x Kh d cp (EA) (O2 x 100)/(21 O2) Nhu cu khng kh trn l thuyt (TAR) [11 x C + {34,5 x (H2 O2/8)} + 4,32 x S]/100 Lng kh cp thc t {1 + EA/100} x khng kh trn l thuyt % tn tht nhit do kh l kh {k x (Tf Ta)} / % CO2 Trong , k (hng s Seigert) = 0,65 vi than = 0,56 vi du

% % % % % % % KCal/kg %
0 0

C C

Kg/kg kh kh % KCal/kg % kg/kg nhin liu kg/kg nhin liu %

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit STT Tham kho thng s n v c

13

= 0,40 cho NG % tn tht nhit do bay hi nc to thnh do c H2 trong nhin liu [9 x H2 {584 + 0,45(Tf Ta)}]/ GCV nhin liu % tn tht nhit do bay hi t m trong nhin liu [M x {584 + 0,45 x (Tf Ta)}] / GCV nhin liu % tn tht nhit do m trong khng kh {AAS x m x 0,45 (Tf Ta) x 100} / GCV nhin liu % tn tht nhit do chy trong x {x x (100 chy trong x) x GCV of x x 100} / GCV nhin liu Tng lng tn tht Hiu sut

14

15

16

17 18

% %

Bng tnh l hi 2: BNG THU THP S LIU STT Tham kho thng s n v c

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Loi l hi Cht lng hi sn sinh p sut hi Nhit hi Nhin liu s dng (Than/Du/Gas, vv) Lng nhin liu s dng GCV nhin liu Nhit nc cp Oxy trong kh l Nhit kh l (Tf) Nhit mi trng xung quanh(Ta) m khng kh Chy trong x GCV x TPH kCal/kg
0

TPH Kg/cm2 (g)

0

%
0 0

C C

Kg/kg kh kh % KCal/kg

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit Bng tnh l hi 3: BNG PHN TCH NHIN LIU STT Tham kho thng s Phn tch tuyt i n v c

Carbon Hydro Oxy Sulphur Nit m X 2 GCV nhin liu

% % % % % % % KCal/kg

6.2 Danh sch kim tra nh k l hi

System BD v x l nc H thng nc cp Hng ngy Kim tra cc van BD khng r. BD khng d Kim tra v khc phc lng nc l hi khng n nh. Tm nguyn nhn khin mc nc khng n nh, cht nhim, hot ng sai chc nng, vv... Kim tra nhit hai im khc nhau Kim tra nh k l hi Hng tun Hng thng m bo khng b ng cn Dng cc bm cp nc kim tra cc thit b kim sot v th dng nhin liu khng Hng nm Thit b thu nc ngng, bm h thng loi b khng kh

Kh l

o nhit v so snh thnh phn cc im t v iu chnh van xut.

Tng t hng tun. So snh vi thng s c c trc . Kim tra mc hp l ca ca trn ng cp kh vo. Lm sch ng cp Tng t hng tun

Tng t tham kho s liu ghi hng tun.

Cp khng kh cho qu trnh chy

L t

Kim tra b phn iu khin xem cso hot ng bnh thng khng. C th cn phi lm sch vi ln trong mt ngy.

Lm sch l t, kim tra cc linh kin lp rp, kim tra cc khe nh la ca l t cng in cc. Quan st ngn la v cc c tnh ca n. Kim tra r r

Ging cng vic hng tun. Lm sch v tu sa li

Cc c tnh vn hnh l hi Van x Kim tra ti lng vt tri l nguyn

Thay v tu sa li

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

Kim tra nh k l hi Hng tun

System

Hng ngy nhn gy ra mc dao ng ln v p sut

Hng thng

Hng nm

H thng nhin liu

Giong m

Kim tra cc bm, ng h p sut, ng ng. Lm sch. Kim tra h hng. Kim tra r r v kh nng nn ca cc vng m

Lm sch v tu sa li h thng

R r khng kh b mt b phn nc v b phn t R r kh Lp chu la b phn nhin liu H thng in Cc van thu lc v hi

Lm sch b mt theo ch nh ca nh sn xut hng nm Kim tra cc vt r xung quanh cc ca m Sa cha Lm sch cc tm pha ngoi Kim tra cc tm bn trong Lm sch cc thit b, khc phc r r du v khng kh Lm sch, sa cha cc ca v im tip xc, vv Sa cha cc hng hc v kim tra m bo s vn hnh bnh thng

6.3 Cc quy tc chung (Rules of Thumb)

Gim 5 % kh d s tng hiu sut l hi ln 1 % (hoc gim oxy d trong khi l 1 % s tng hiu sut l hi ln 1 %). Gim 22 C nhit kh l s tng hiu sut l hi ln 1 %. Tng nhit nc cp ln 6 C nh s dng B hm (thit b thu hi nc ngng gip tit kim 1 % tiu th nhin liu l hi. Tng nhit khng kh cho qu trnh t ln 20 C sy s b t nhit thi thu hi, s gip tit kim 1 % nhin liu. Mi l c ng knh 3 mm trn ng ng cha 7 kg/cm2 hi s lm lng ph 32.650 lt du nhin liu mi nm. 100 m ng hi trn vi ng knh 150 mm cha 8 kg/cm2 hi bo ho s lm lng ph 25 000 lt du t mi nm. C th gim 70 % tn tht nhit nh s dng mt lp bng nha c ng knh 45 mm trn b mt ca dung dch nng/nc ngng nhit 90 C. Lp mng kh dy 0,25 mm c tr khng tng t i vi truyn nhit nhng thnh ng ng dy 330 mm. Lp mui bm dy 3 mm trn b mt truyn nhit c th lm tng tiu th nhin liu ln 2,5 % Lp cn bm dy 1 mm nc s tng tiu th nhin liu ln 5 - 8 %.

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

6.4 Nhng vic cn v khng nn lm l hi

Nhng vic cn v khng nn lm l hi Lm Khng lm 1. Khng chm la uc ngay sau tt la 1. Thng xuyn lm sch mui qut thi 2. Lm sch thit b o nc mi ca mt ln 2. Khng x nc khi khng cn thit 3. Kim tra van an ton, mi tun mt ln 3. Khng m cc ca l khi khng cn 4. X y mi ca theo yu cu thit. 4. Khng thng xuyn dng cc van an 5. ng kn tt c cc ca l 6. Kim sot cc dng kh l ton (Kim sot vn hnh) 7. Lm sch, x phu ng x tro mi ca 5. Khng phu cha x tro qu ti. 8. Theo di khi l v kim sot la chy 6. Khng tng tc chy ln qu gii hn 9. Kim tra b phn cp nhin liu t ng 7. Khng cp nc th 8. Khng vn hnh l hi mt cch ty bng cch thng thong dng cp nc tin trong mt thi gian ngn. 10. nh k kim tra cc r r 9. Khng vn hnh l hi qu ti trn thc 11. Kim tra hot ng ca cc van, van iu t 10. Khng mc nc qu cao hoc qu tit, vv... mi tun mt ln 12. Tra du m cho tt c cc thit b c kh thp. 11. Khng vn hnh qut thi mui l hi chng lm vic tt. 13. Gi v sinh cc bng cu dao v thit b mc cao ti 12. Khng i hng qut ID khi ang vn iu khin. 14. Gi sch khu vc, khng c bi hnh. 13. Khng quan st trc tip la trong l, s t cc phng tin cha chy v tr dng knh bo h lun lun sn sng.T chc din tp 14. Trnh lp nhin liu qu dy PCCC mi thng mt ln. 15. Khng cc nhn vin/k thut vin 15. S nht k phi c in y 16. i hng qut FD nu qut ID i cha qua o to vn hnh l hi 16. Khng xem thng cc du hiu bt hng. 17. Kim tra hoc hiu chnh thit b o CO2 thng (m thanh thay i, hot ng hoc O2 ba thng mt ln thay i, kh iu khin), iu tra 18. nh k kim tra cc by hi nguyn nhn 19. Cn kim tra cht lng ca hi, nc 17. Khng b qua bo tr hng nm mi ngy mt ln hoc mi ca mt ln nu 18. Khng mi l hi 19. Khng hi to thnh trong c th. 20. Kim tra cht lng nhin liu mi tun economizer (b hm nc) (theo di mt ln nhit .) 21. M cc van x gia nhit ph trong qu 20. Khng ghi l b trng (ri nhin liu trnh khi ng. u) 22. M cc van kh khi khi ng v khi tt. 21. Khng vn hnh l hi vi ng nc b r r.

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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

7. TI LIU THAM KHO

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Heat recovery for Canadian food and beverage industries. 2001. www.agr.gc.ca/cal/epub/5181e/5181-0007_e.html Considine, Douglas M. Energy Technology Handbook. McGraw Hill Inc, New York. 1977. Department of Coal Publications, Government of India. Fluidised Bed Coal-Fired Boilers Department of Coal, India, prepared by National Productivity Council. Coal Improved Techniques for Efficiency. 1985 Elonka, Jackson M., and Alex Higgins, Steam Boiler Room Questions & Answers, Third Edition Energy Machine, India. Energy Machine Products, Thermic Fluid Heater: Flowtherm series. www.warmstream.co.in/prod-em-thermic-fluid-heaters.html Gunn, D., and Horton, R. Industrial Boilers, Longman Scientific & Technical, New York India Energy Bus Project, Industrial Heat Generation and Distribution. NIFES Training Manual Issued for CEC IS 10392, 1982 Jackson, J. James, Steam Boiler Operation. Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey. 1980. Light Rail Transit Association, Trams for Bath. D.C. Power stations Boilers. www.bathtram.org/tfb/tT111.htm National Coal Board. Fluidised Combustion of Coal. London National Productivity Council. Efficient Operation of Boilers Pincus, Leo I. Practical Boiler Water Treatment. McGraw Hill Inc., New York. 1962. Sentry Equipment Corp. Continuous Blowdown Heat Recovery Systems for boilers rated 35 to 250 PSIG. Installation, Operating and Maintenance Instructions. SD 170, Rev. 4, 2/6. www.sentry-equip.com/PDF%20files/Blowdown%201730%20Rev.%204.PDF. 2006. Shields, Carl D. Boilers. McGraw Hill Book Company, U.S, 1961. Spirax Sarco. Module 3 of Spirax Sarcos web based Learning Centre. www.spiraxsarco.com/learn Technical Papers, Boiler Congress - 2000 Seminar, 11 & 12 January 2000 TERI, GTZ and EMC . Steam Generation, Distribution and Utilisation Thermax Babcock & Wilcox Limited. CFBC Boilers. 2001. www.tbwindia.com/boiler/cfbc_system.asp University of Missouri, Colombia. Energy Management Energizing Mizzou. 2004. www.cf.missouri.edu/energy/ YourDictionary.com. Water tube boiler. 2004 www.yourdictionary.com/images/ahd/jpg/A4boiler.jpg. Websites: www.eren.doe.gov www.oit.doe.gov/bestpractices www.pcra.org
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Thit b nhit: L hi v thit b gia nhit

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Copyright:
Copyright United Nations Environment Programme (year 2006) This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission from the United Nations Environment Programme.

Bn quyn
Copyright Chng trnh mi trng lin hp quc (nm 2006) n bn ny c th ti xut bn ton b hoc mt phn v cho bt k mc ch gio dc hay phi li nhun no m khng c s cho php c bit t ngi gi bn quyn vi iu kin phi nu ngun ca n bn. NEP mong rng s nhn dc bn sao ca bt k n bn no c s dng n bn ny nh ngun thng tin. Khng s dng n bn ny bn li hay cho bt k mc ch thng mi no khc m khng c s cho php trc t Chng trnh Mi trng ca Lin hp quc

Disclaimer:
This energy equipment module was prepared as part of the project "Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction from Industry in Asia and the Pacific" (GERIAP) by the National Productivity Council, India. While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually correct and properly referenced, UNEP does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication, including its translation into other languages than English. This is the translated version from the chapter in English, and does not constitute an official United Nations publication.

Khuyn co:
Mun thit b nng lng ny c thc hin l mt phn ca d n Gim Pht Thi Kh Nh Knh t Hot ng Cng Nghip Khu vc Chu v Thi Bnh Dng (GERIAP) bi y ban Nng sut Quc gia n . Mc d c gng nhiu m bo ni dung ca bo co ny l chnh xc v ph hp tham kho, UNEP khng c trch nhim v tnh chnh xc hay hon thin ca ni dung v s khng chu trch nhim v bt k mt mt hay thit hi m c th lin quan trc tip hay gin tip cho vic s dng hay da vo ni dung ca bo co ny gy ra, bao gm c bn dch sang cc th ting khc ngoi ting Anh. y l bn dch t chng bng ting Anh v khng l n bn chnh thc ca Lin hp quc.

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