good as possible before a lecturer or editor gets to see them!

Do nothing (for a day or two)

Set your work aside for a period of time dont hit Save on the first draft then start again straight away on the second pass. Youll come to the work afresh if you leave it alone for a while. As Michael said in Write First, Edit Later: Let your writing sit for a while. It may make more sense if you sleep on it. Or, it may make less sense after you have slept on it. At least youll know which. For essays, try to allow at least a day. Short stories can sometimes need longer your mind will carry on mulling over the ideas whilst youre doing other things. And many novelists advise putting your novel aside for at least a month before starting the revision process.

Revision
Read over your whole piece quite quickly. Circle any typos and mistakes that you spot, but concentrate on overall flow. If its an essay, check for any gaps in logic or any sides of the argument you might have missed. If its a short story, do any passages drag or go too fast? Print out the first draft, and read through the whole thing, concentrating on the overall flow of the piece. Circle any typos or mistakes that you notice, but focus on the big picture.

If its an essay, are there any logical missteps, points youve not backed up, or angles to the argument that youve missed? If its fiction, do any scenes drag or go too fast, and are there any plot holes or inconsistencies of characterisation?

This is the stage to sort out any big problems. I often rewrite the whole thing (especially when working on fiction), starting afresh with a blank document on the computer. If youre better than me at getting it right first time, you may not need to do that but you could find yourself cutting out whole paragraphs, adding in new material, and changing the direction of the piece. After youve done this, you might want to ask a friend, classmate or colleague to read the piece. Tell them not to look for tiny errors like typos or clumsy sentences at this stage: ask whether they think its broadly OK, or if they have any reservations about the overall direction of the article or story.

Editing and proofreading

Once youve sorted out the big picture, you can start fixing any individual sentences and words. Again, its a good idea to print out the document and do this on paper: I find I miss errors on screen (especially typos which are valid words, such as theyre for their).

Look out for:

Typos and misspellings (a good tip here is to read backwards! Youll go much more slowly, focussing on every individual word). Clumsy sentences and confusing or misleading phrasing (try reading your work aloud). Unnecessary words (check for the ones in Five Words You Can Cut). Commonly misused or confused words (theres a whole list of these in the Misused Words category).

If youre not 100% sure about a spelling, double-check with a dictionary: try Merriam-Webster for clear, succinct definitions. When you cant quite find the right word, using a thesaurus can help (again, Merriam-Webster is good). Do you have a great tip for revising and editing your work? Or do you have a horror story about an occasion when you handed in a first draft with a glaring error..? Share your experiences in the comments below!

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14 Responses to How to Revise, Edit and Proofread Your Writing

1. meghnak on September 3, 2008 11:56 am

Do Nothing Sleep on your writing A wonderful step. I am surely going to try all these tips during my next revision. I think when I come back to my writing with a fresh

mind, I myself can spot the many mistakes I have made, which otherwise would have got unnoticed. Thank you for sharing.
2. Peter Garner on September 3, 2008 12:09 pm

Good advice all of it. Regarding the tip to try reading your work aloud, most modern computers now allow you to select text and have the computer read it back to you. On newer Macs (running Leopard) in particular, the system voice is extremely lifelike. I find this to be an excellent proofing tool that is especially useful in situations where you might not have time to print out the document (i.e., tight deadlines or forum posts).
3. rich on September 3, 2008 2:11 pm

Simple but effective tip: if you are using a word processor, change the font style/size and put the document in reading mode, (if available). It will almost feel as if someone else has written the work, which gives you that distance that is so important for revision/proof-reading.
4. Blogging Millionare on September 3, 2008 3:38 pm

Not enough people proofread and end up looking like asses. Ive done it enough to know not to do it.
5. Doug DePrenger on September 3, 2008 5:19 pm

The sleep on it for a day or so step works wonders. I have used that for years. Coming back to an article a month later is good, but usually impractical. I look forward to your tips every day. Doug
6. Rarst on September 3, 2008 9:34 pm

I mostly use Wiktionary to look up words. Probably not very deep but fast and with clear layout. It is also pretty good and newish tech terminology.
7. blutea on September 4, 2008 6:56 am

This is exactly what Ive been looking for. Im working on a short story right now and was worried about my editing style. I tend to start my second draft right on top of my first (just in red ink instead of black). I dont think Ive ever re-read an entire first draft, just looking for small errors, without re-writing entire sections. I skip the small edits altogether and head straight for the complete overhaul! Its probably why I hate editing so much, or why I usually edit as I go. These are some really helpful, and soon to be applied tips. Thanks!

8. Bobby Ozuna on September 4, 2008 3:50 pm

I think your information here is wonderful and very helpful. I have found that by first writing my stories freehand, I allow FULL creative disclosureholding nothing back from the story or my minds ability to create good raw fiction. The first real draft of the story is the first typed section or chapter. I work on one chapter (freehand) while typing the previous chaptersthis allows me to build on the story as I create new material. I do not go back and begin the proofing or editing until the story is done. The initial focus for me is ALWAYS the storybecause whats the point in editing and proofing a boring story, right? When I finish the initial draftthats when the real work begins and I have volunteer proof-readerspeople who focus on grammar, some on punctuation, others on story flow, plot, etcand each of them work one chapter with me, offering me their insight and I finalize the revisionALWAYS reading the story out LOUD so I can hear it I have found this help the grueling proof-reading stage become quite an enjoyable and building experience. Bobby Ozuna Drawing StoriesWith Words
9. PreciseEdit on September 4, 2008 9:18 pm

Proofreading: Read aloud, slowly, carefully, from the start of each line to its end, pausing on each punctuation mark. Then do it again. Then do it again. (3 passes should be sufficient to catch everything you are going to catch.) Then get someone else to read aloud your writing. Even after 15 years in the editing business, I still do thisbecause it works.
10. Alice on September 5, 2008 2:28 am

I was sort of emotionally drained after work on one short story, so I left it for a week or two before working on it again. After that, I got down the second draft and found it to be quite an improvement. Well, time flies when you procrastinate, so I just started on the third draft. To my horror, it was practically a series of infodumps, as well as contradicting every style guide known to man.

I didnt expect the story to be such a problem, because its a short crossover with the two least intelligent cartoons Ive ever watched. I didnt want it to be anything intellectual and magnificent. But no matter what you are writing, whether its supposed to be bad or not, it wont be enjoyable if the final draft looks like it was slapped together. Oh, I took your advice for circling typos Ive been highlighting typos in red on the first readthrough, and general problem paragraphs in the second. Then the third readthrough is when Im on Microsoft Word, editing out said sentences as I read. Then I repeat the entire process.
11. Teri on March 15, 2009 5:44 am

you forgot the procrastinate part! i finished the first draft of my second book before thanksgiving (its march!)and in january i printed it outand today i started reading itand instead of *continuing* to read it, i am online looking up what other people do at this stage! anyway, i find that a useful thing is to keep several sheets of blank paper handy as you read through to note important character traits/plot things that you must be consistent in hitting/repeating. i know ive got a mention of, say, bombings on page 15 and 23 and then 75 and 150 and 300 oops, i see that if this is supposed to be a major plot thing, i need to layer it in more consistently between 23 and 75, etc. etc.
12. Juanita Cage on February 14, 2012 5:35 pm

The first real draft of the story is the first typed section or chapter. I work on one chapter (freehand) while typing the previous chaptersthis allows me to build on the story as I create new material. I do not go back and begin the proofing or editing until the story is done. The initial focus for me is ALWAYS the storybecause whats the point in editing and proofing a boring story, right?

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