The World of Wireless Communications

The World of The World of Wireless Communications Wireless Communications
Section 1
How Wireless Developed How Wireless Developed
MTS, IMTS
December, 2005
101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter
101 - 1
How Did We Reach This Point?

Radio has been around only the last 100 years (out of ~6000 years of written human history)
N
1680: Isaac Newtons idea of the spectrum 1830s: Basic Electricity 1890s: First demos of radio by experimenters
LF HF VHF UHF MW IR
UV XRAY
December, 2005
101 - 2
Telegraphy
Early electronic communication was carried only by wires and used only crude on-off signaling to laboriously spell out the message. 1837 Samuel Morse patented his telegraph 1844 First commercial telegraph systems operational 1857 First trans-atlantic cable put in service
Samuel F. B. Morse at the peak of his career
Submarine Cable Installation news sketch from the 1850s

December, 2005
Field Telegraphy during the US Civil War, 1860s

101 - 3
Telephony
In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carrying actual voices over wires. Initial telephone demonstrations sparked intense public interest and by the late 1890s, telephone service was available in most towns and cities across the USA
Alexander Graham Bell and his phone from 1876 demonstration

December, 2005
Telephone Line Installation Crew 1880s

101 - 4
Radio Milestones
1888: Heinrich Hertz, German physicist, gives lab demo of existance of electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies 1895: Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates a wireless radio telegraph over a 3-km path near his home it Italy 1897: the British fund Marconis development of reliable radio telegraphy over ranges of 100 kM 1902: Marconis successful trans-Atlantic demonstration 1902: Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates voice over radio Guglielmo Marconi 1906: Lee De Forest invents audion, triode vacuum tube radio pioneer, 1895
feasible now to make steady carriers, and to amplify signals
MTS, IMTS
1914: Radio became valuable military tool in World War I 1920s: Radio used for commercial broadcasting 1940s: first application of RADAR - English detection of incoming German planes during WW II 1950s: first public marriage of radio and telephony - MTS, Mobile Telephone System 1961: transistor developed: portable radio now practical 1961: IMTS - Improved Mobile Telephone Service Lee De Forest 1970s: Integrated circuit progress: MSI, LSI, VLSI, ASICs vacuum tube inventor 1979, 1983: AMPS cellular demo, commercial deployment
101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter 101 - 5
December, 2005
Frequencies Used by Wireless Systems Overview of the Radio Spectrum

AM LORAN Marine 3,000,000 i.e., 3x106 Hz CB 30,000,000 i.e., 3x10 Hz
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.2
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
2.4
3.0 MHz
Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur
4
VHF LOW Band
10
FM
12
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 MHz 7
VHF VHF TV 7-13
VHF TV 2-6
30
40
50
UHF
60
70
80 90 100
Cellular
120 140 160 180 200

GPS
300,000,000 i.e., 3x108 Hz DCS, PCS
240
300 MHz
UHF TV 14-69
0.3
0.4
0.5
0/6
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1.2
1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
3,000,000,000 i.e., 3x109 Hz
2.4
3.0 GHz
10
12
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 GHz 10
30,000,000,000 i.e., 3x10 Hz
Broadcasting
December, 2005
Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile Telephony Terrestrial Microwave Satellite

Cellular Telephones
Early attempts at mobile telephone systems were crude, expensive, and not reliable or private 1950s: Bell Systems MTS (Mobile Telephone Service) 1960s: Bell Systems IMTS (Improved Mobile Telephone Service) 1970s: Bell System proposed cellular concept, FCC approved reserved spectrum for cellular systems 1983: First Cellular systems placed in service 1992: Every city in the USA had at least one cellular system licensed
December, 2005
333 MSAs 300+ RSAs

Metropolitan Service Areas Rural Service Areas
The US was divided into more than 600 licensing areas. Two competing cellular companies are licensed in each area.
101 - 7
The Frequencies used for Cellular
Uplink Frequencies (Reverse Path)

824 835 845 849
Downlink Frequencies (Forward Path)

Frequency, MHz Paging, ESMR, etc.
846.5 869
870
880
890
894
A
825
B
891.5
Ownership and Licensing
Frequencies used by A Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Non-Wireline companies Frequencies used by B Cellular Operator Initial ownership by Wireline companies
December, 2005
101 - 8
More Radio Spectrum for Mobile Telephones

By 1994, US cellular systems were seriously overloaded and looking for more spectrum. The US government was looking for more revenue. The result: FCC auctioned 10 year-licenses for new cellular-like companies PCS - Personal Communications Services, implies additional calling features (calling number display, short message paging displays, data and computer connections thru phone, etc.) Not to be outdone, existing Cellular companies have begun marketing their services as PCS, pointing out that PCS means features, not a specific frequency band Most other countries have also set aside frequencies in addition to cellular to provide PCS
December, 2005 101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter 101 - 9
The PCS Spectrum - First Auctions: A & B

1850 1910
Frequency, MHz
1930
1990
A
0
D
300 400
E F
700 800 900
C
1200
E F
The PCS spectrum was divided into six blocks which were separately auctioned. The A and B blocks were auctioned in each of 51
Major Trading Areas (MTAs)
Major Trading Areas (MTAs) Auction completed 3Q95 Total Revenue: $7.2B
December, 2005
101 - 10
The PCS Spectrum: Blocks C, D, E, F

1850 1910
Frequency, MHz
1930
1990
A
0
D
300 400
E F
700 800 900
C
1200
E F
Areas (BTAs) Total Revenue: C: $10.2B D & E: ~$2 B Most of the C-block bidders have had difficulty getting construction financing; several are bankrupt
December, 2005
In 1996, Blocks C, D, E, and F were auctioned to companies in each of 493 Basic Trading
Basic Trading Areas (BTAs)
101 - 11
The Long-Range Picture

Commercial telegraphy gave birth to telephony, then died Telephony and Land Mobile Radio married, giving IMTS & Cellular IP networks developed, their usage and bandwidth are increasing 3G is the wedding of IP and Wireless!
Land Mobile Radio
HF, VHF, UHF, Trunked Extinction?
The Internet Voice over IP
IP Networks
Wireless Voice and IP Data

IMTS-Cellular-GSM-GPRS-WCDMA
Commercial Switched Telephony Commercial Telegraphy

50 60 70 80 90 10 20 30
Extinction!
Digital Switching
Extinction?
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
20
30
40
50
101 - 12
1800s
December, 2005
1900s
2000s
Major Wireless Players

Sprint PCS CDMA
The Largest Players, Areas, and Technologies Verizon (CDMA/EV-DO) Combination of GTE, Bell Atlantic, Vodaphone, Airtouch, Primeco (1900 & 800 MHz.) Cingular (GSM/UMTS) Combination of BellSouth, Southwestern Bell (1900 & 800 MHz.) AT&T Wireless Systems (GSM/UMTS) Combination of new PCS, McCaw Cellular, Primeco (1900 & 800 MHz.) Sprint PCS (CDMA/EV-DO) 1900 MHz. only Nextel (IDEN) Proprietary TDMA technology at 800 MHz. only T-Mobile (GSM) Combination of Western Wireless, OmniPoint, BellSouth, GTE, Powertel, Pacific Bell US Cellular (CDMA/EV-DO) 800 MHz. Alltel (CDMA/EV-DO) 800 MHz. Leap Wireless/Cricket Communications (CDMA) Low-cost -- fixed rate, unlimited minutes limited roaming, data in 2005/2006 (1900 MHz. Only)
101 - 13
AT&T Wireless IS-136
Primeco CDMA
Western Wireless Pacific Bell Aerial OmniPoint BellSouth Powertel
GSM
December, 2005
Global and US Wireless Users by Technology
TDMA 9%
Analog 3%
IDEN 5%
Analog 3% TDMA 19%
IDEN 8%
GSM 24%
CDMA 17%
GSM 66%
CDMA 46%
GSM is by far the dominant global technology CDMA is dominant in its home country, the USA The TDMA (IS-136) community is rapidly retiring TDMA and implementing GSM primary motivation is to provide GPRS and/or EDGE fast data
Global and US Wireless Snapshot 4Q 2003
Total Wireless Users GSM users CDMA users TDMA users IDEN users Analog users
Worldwide 1,320,000,000 100% 870,000,000 65.9% 224,000,000 17.0% 124,000,000 9.4% 68,000,000 5.2% 34,000,000 2.6%
USA 141,000,000 33,732,506 64,503,287 26,375,232 11,978,382 4,510,594
100% 23.9% 45.7% 18.6% 8.5% 3.2%
Total Worldwide Wireless customers surpassed total worldwide landline customers at year-end 2002, with 1,00,080,000 of each. 2/3 of worldwide wireless customers use the GSM technology CDMA is second-most-prevalent with 17.0% In the US, CDMA is the most prevalent technology at 45.7% Both CDMA and GSM are growing in the US most TDMA systems are phasing out and going to GSM
Section 2
Structure of a Wireless System Structure of a Wireless System

1 4 7 6 1 4 2 3 6 1 5 1 7 3 5 1 4 2 3 6 5 1 2 7 1
Frequency Reuse
December, 2005
101 - 16
Early Mobile Telephone Systems: MTS, IMTS
One giant base station covers the entire service area
Advantages: Simple system Disadvantages: Only one conversation per channel -- limited capacity!
Modern Cellular and PCS Systems
A wireless system utilizes a large number of low-power transmitters to create many cells.
Advantages: More cells allow the same channels to be reused in multiple areas, allowing more conversations and more capacity Mobiles can be made smaller with lower transmit power Disadvantages: more complicated system: handoffs required
Managing Handoffs
As a mobile travels through the service area, it passes from the coverage zone of one base station into the coverage of another Signal strength measurements by the mobile or the base station trigger the BSC and switch to hand off the call from base station to base station, avoiding dropped calls and interference Each wireless technology uses its own methods to implement the handoffs. CDMA can even simulcast to the mobile from multiple base stations to reduce fading effects (this is called soft handoff)
December, 2005
B A C
101 - 19
Structure of a Typical Wireless System

HLR Home Location Register (subscriber database)
HLR
SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
BASE STATIONS Voice Mail System SWITCH BASE STATION CONTROLLER
PSTN Local Carriers Long Distance Carriers
Mobile Telephone Switching Office

ATM Link to other CDMA Networks (Future)
December, 2005
101 - 20
The Heirarchy of Transmission Standards

170 OC-192s
on One Fiber Strand!!
64,512
OC-192 10 Gb/s OC-96 5 Gb/s OC-48 2.5 Gb/s OC-24 1.2 Gb/s OC-12 622 Mb/s OC-3 155 Mb/s
51.84 Mb/s = 28 DS-1 = 672 DS-0
32,256 16,128 8,064
North American Heirarchy in Copper Media

~45 Mb/s = 28 DS-1 = 672 DS-0
4,032 2,016 DS-0
Worldwide telecom rides on the standard signal formats shown at left Lower speeds are used on copper twisted pairs or coaxial cable Higher speeds are carried on fiber Multiplexers bundle and unbundle channels Channelized and unchannelized modes are provided
European Heirarchy in Copper Media
2.036 Mb/s
DS-3
OC-1
FIBER
1.544 Mb/s
DS-1/T-1
= 24 DS-0 64 kb/s
E-1
= 28+2 DS-0 64 kb/s
DS-0 December, 2005 101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter
DS-0 101 - 21
The Switch
Each call involves joining a circuit leading to one customer (usually on the radio side of the system) and a circuit leading to another person (usually out in the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) The device that makes the actual physical connection is called the switch The switch is also responsible for storing billing records, interpreting dialed phone numbers, routing calls, and implementing all calling features
Home Location Register (HLR)

The HLR (Home Location Register) is the official database of all customers on a wireless system It can be part of the switch, or held in a server at a central location where multiple switches can interrogate it Information held in the HLR: current account status/validity phones technical parameters whether the phone is presently turned on, and if so, the identity of switch which is presently serving the phone secret keys for authentication to avoid fraudulent use/cloning
Voice Mail System (VMS)

When a subscriber receives an incoming call but its phone is turned off or already on a call (without a call waiting feature), a voice mail system can store a message The subscriber is alerted the next time they turn on their phone Commercial voicemail systems offer scalable capacity up into many hundreds of hours of random-access private storage
December, 2005
101 - 24
The Base Station Controller (BSC)
The Base Station Controller (BSC) interfaces the Switch and the base stations Compresses speech signals for more efficient transmission over the scarce radio spectrum Controls the base stations and implements the handoff of calls from one base station to another as users drive across the system
December, 2005
101 - 25
Base Stations
Base Stations provide the radio connection between mobile users and the switch Sometimes called a cell Sometimes called BTS (short for Base Transceiver Station) One wireless system in a large metropolitan area may require hundreds of base stations to deliver unbroken coverage and provide sufficient capacity to handle all possible users
Whats A Sector? Why Sectorize

BTS
Omni
Sector Sector BTS
2-Sector!
Sector BTS Sector Sector
3-Sector!
December, 2005
A Base station may be set up in various configurations Omni for simplicity and low cost 2-sector to cover just a highway or transportation corridor, with little coverage off to the sides Two sectors (in CDMA systems) give more traffic-handling capability and more antenna gain than an omni base station 3-sector to cover an area with population in all directions Three sectors (in CDMA systems) give almost three-times the traffic-handling capability of an omni base station Sector antennas also give better coverage since they have more gain than omni antennas The sectors do not have to have equal widths and can be grown, shrunk, and aimed to balance the amounts of traffic they get
Whats A CDMA Carrier?

SPECTRUM USED BY A SINGLE-CARRIER CDMA SYSTEM
1
1850 MHZ
1
1865 MHZ 1930 MHZ
Phone transmit
BTS transmit
1945 MHZ
SPECTRUM USED BY AN ELEVEN-CARRIER CDMA SYSTEM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011
1850 MHZ
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011
1930 MHZ
Phone transmit
1865 MHZ
BTS transmit
1945 MHZ
A carrier is one pair of radio signals used to carry calls Phones transmit on one frequency, the BTS on another (this allows two-way duplex conversation and the ability to interrupt) A new CDMA system starts typically with just one carrier (call it F1} Each sector, using one carrier, can typically handle 20 to 45 simultaneous conversations If the system needs more capacity, there are two common solutions: Add another carrier (if there is enough spectrum to hold it); call if F2 Less expensive (no real estate) but now intercarrier handoffs get tricky at the borders; RF engineers & psychologists needed Add more base stations between the already-existing ones Expensive: needs more equipment AND more real estate The busiest CDMA systems today typically use five or six carriers. Some PCS operators have enough spectrum to hold eleven!
More Carriers in the Core, Less in the Country

F3 F2 F1
Watch Out! Tricky handoffs at the boundaries
At a BTS, each carrier uses its own set of radio transmitters and receivers and other equipment Transmitter combining and receiver multicoupling equipment can use one set of antennas for multiple carriers Multi-carrier operation is expensive but adding carriers is still less expensive than building new sites from the ground up Each BTS is built with only the number of carriers needed to adequately handle its traffic load More carriers for busy core sites, less for sleepy rural sites Special system configuration required to ensure mobiles use the right carrier In Idle mode: system messaging tells the mobile whats available During a Call: the system must arrange border handoffs as needed Mobiles are blind to other carriers; system must play matchmaker
Section 3
Multiple Access and Multiple Access and Wireless Technologies Wireless Technologies
December, 2005
101 - 30
What is Multiple Access?

Multiple Access is the simultaneous use of a communications system by more than one user Each users signal must be kept uniquely distinguishable from other users signals, to allow private communications on demand Users can be separated many ways: physically: on separate wires by arbitrarily defined channels established in frequency, time, or any other variable imaginable
December, 2005
Transmission Medium
101 - 31
Wireless Multiple Access Methods

FDMA
Power
T im e
Frequency Division Multiple Access

u eq Fr en cy
A users channel is a private frequency
Time Division Multiple Access TDMA

Power
Ti m e
A users channel is a specific frequency, but it only belongs to the user during certain time slots in a repeating sequence
F re e qu nc y
Code Division Multiple Access

Each users signal is a continuous unique code pattern buried within a shared signal, mingled with other users code patterns. If a users code pattern is known, the presence or absence of their signal can be detected, thus conveying information.
101 - 32
CDMA
Power
Tim
DE CO
e
ue req
nc
December, 2005
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access

FDMA
Power
T im e
ue eq Fr
nc
1 4 7 6 1 4 2 3 6 1 5 1 7 3 5 1 4 2 3 6 5 1 2 7 1
FDMA is the oldest and most familiar method of radio communication used since 1890 in broadcasting, twoway radio, and cellular systems Each user has a private frequency for the duration of their call Distant users are far enough that they cause no interference When the call is finished, the channel is released and available for a new call FDMA is the method used in the original cellular systems AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
December, 2005
101 - 33
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access

TDMA
Power
Ti m e
TDMA
Each user has a specific frequency but only during an assigned time slot. The frequency is used by other users during other time slots, like a condominium at a beach resort UNITED STATES VERSIONS: IS-54: The original TDMA format, intended for use within existing AMPS systems IS-136: Enhanced TDMA with special control channels to allow short message service, battery life extension, other features 6 timeslots, three users occupy in rotation INTERNATIONAL VERSION GSM: Groupe Special Mobile Developed in Europe, used in roughly 50% of all wireless systems worldwide 8 timeslots, 7 or 8 users occupy in rotation
101 - 34
F re
e qu
nc
1 4 7 6 1 4 2 3 6 1 5 1 7 3 5 1 4 2 3 6 5 1 2 7 1
December, 2005
GSM Technology Migration Path to 3G

Generation Technology Signal Bandwidth, #Users Data Capabilities 1G various analog various 2G GSM 200 kHz. 7.5 avg. 2.5G or 3? 3G 3G
UMTS UTRA GPRS EDGE WCDMA 3.84 MHz. 200 kHz. 200 kHz. up to 200+ Many fast data voice users Pkt. users many users and data 9-160 Kb/s 384 Kb/s (conditions mobile user determine) 2Mb/s static user
various
none
Features: Incremental Progress
various
Europes first Digital wireless
Integrated Packet IP 8PSK for voice/data access 3x Faster (Future rates Multiple data rates to 12 MBPS attached than GPRS using adv. users modulation?)
December, 2005
101 - 35
TDMA IS-136 Technology Migration Path to 3G
the familiar GSM path!

Generation Technology Signal Bandwidth, #Users Data Capabilities 1G AMPS 30 kHz. 1 None, 2.4K by modem 2G CDPD 2G TDMA IS-54 IS-136 2G GSM 200 kHz. 7.5 avg. 2.5G or 3? 3G 3G UMTS UTRA GPRS EDGE WCDMA 3.84 MHz. 200 kHz. 200 kHz. up to 200+ Many fast data voice users Pkt. users many users and data 9-160 Kb/s 384 Kb/s (conditions mobile user determine) 2Mb/s static user
30 kHz. 30 kHz. Many 3 users Pkt Usrs 19.2 kbps US Packet Data Svc. none
none
First System, Features: Incremental Capacity & Progress Handoffs
USAs first Digital wireless
Integrated Packet IP Europes 8PSK for voice/data access first 3x Faster (Future rates Multiple Digital data rates to 12 MBPS attached wireless than GPRS using adv. users modulation?)
December, 2005
101 - 36
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

CDMA
Power
Tim
DE CO
e
ue req
nc
CDMA
CDMA Each users signal is a continuous unique code pattern buried within a shared signal, mingled with other users code patterns. If a users code pattern is known, the presence or absence of their signal can be detected, thus conveying information. All CDMA users occupy the same frequency at the same time! Time and frequency are not used as discriminators CDMA interference comes mainly from nearby users CDMA operates by using CODING to discriminate between users Each user is a small voice in a roaring crowd - but with a uniquely recoverable code
December, 2005
101 - 37
Claude Shannon:
The Einstein of Information Theory
The core idea that makes CDMA possible was first explained by Claude Shannon, a Bell Labs research mathematician Shannon's work relates amount of information carried, channel bandwidth, signal-to-noise-ratio, and detection error probability It shows the theoretical upper limit attainable
In 1948 Claude Shannon published his landmark paper on information theory, A Mathematical Theory of Communication. He observed that "the fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point." His paper so clearly established the foundations of information theory that his framework and terminology are standard today. Shannon died Feb. 24, 2001, at age 84.
December, 2005
SHANNONS CAPACITY EQUATION C = B log2 [

1+ S N
B = bandwidth in Hertz C = channel capacity in bits/second S = signal power N = noise power

101 - 38
The CDMA Migration Path to 3G

CDMAone Generation Technology Spectrum Signal Bandwidth, #Users 1G AMPS
RL FL
CDMA2000 / IS-2000 2.5G? 3G 3G 3G IS-2000: IS-2000: 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DO 1xEV-DV Rev. 0 Rev. A 1xRTT 3xRTT 1xTreme IS-856 IS-856
RL FL RL FL RL FL RL FL RL FL
2G
2G
IS-95A/ IS-95B J-Std008

RL FL RL FL
1250 kHz. F: 3x 1250k 30 kHz. 1250 kHz. 1250 kHz. R: 3687k 50-80 voice 120-210 per 1 20-35 25-40 3 carriers and data 14.4K 64K 153K 307K 230K
Enhanced Access Channel Structure
1250 kHz. 59 active users
1250 kHz. 1250 kHz. 59 active Many packet users users 3.1 Mb/s DL 1.8 Mb/s UL Higher data rates on dataonly CDMA carrier 5 Mb/s
None, Data Capabilities 2.4K by modem Features: Incremental Progress

First System, Capacity & Handoffs
2.4 Mb/s DL 1.0 Mb/s 153 Kb/s

UL
First CDMA, Capacity, Quality
Improve d Access Smarter Handoffs
Faster data rates on shared 3-carrier bundle
High data rates on data-only CDMA carrier
High data rates on Data-Voice shared CDMA carrier
December, 2005
101 - 39
How CDMA Works

Every sector, every base station all transmit on the same frequency. Whats different about each sector is its own unique timing delay of the PN Short Code. This allows mobiles to hear just the sector(s) they want. Inside the signal of any sector, each of its users is contained in a different Walsh Code. All mobiles transmit on their own frequency, 45 or 80 MHz. lower than the base station transmit frequency. Whats different about each mobile is its own unique timing delay of the PN long code. This allows a base station to pick out this mobile from among all the rest. Long PN Code Long PN Code Long PN Code Long PN Code
At unique timing offset At unique timing offset At unique timing offset At unique timing offset
User User User User User User
>> a Walsh Code >> a Walsh Code >> a Walsh Code >> a Walsh Code >> a Walsh Code >> a Walsh Code
Short PN Code
at unique timing offset
December, 2005
101 - 40
What a CDMA Base Station Sector Transmits

SWITCH & ACCESS MANAGER
MESSAGES traffic traffic traffic traffic MESSAGE traffic traffic traffic traffic
BASE STATION
with packet pipes scrambled Different by users Walsh Codes Different Long Codes PILOT
DATA SCRAMBLING DATA SCRAMBLING DATA SCRAMBLING DATA SCRAMBLING DATA SCRAMBLING DATA SCRAMBLING DATA SCRAMBLING DATA SCRAMBLING DATA SCRAMBLING DATA SCRAMBLING
SHORT PN CODE
Special Offset
F1
MOBILE
Receiver RF Section
RF from everywhere
I Q
PAGING TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC SYNC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC
+ + + + + + + + + + +
Analog Summing Bus QPSK RF Modulation
SHORT PN CODE Filter

this sector only
WALSH CODE Filter

this user only
T1
Decoding, DeScrambling
Forward Link CDMA signal includes channels of many users Each users signal bits are scrambled for privacy and randomness Each users signal is mixed with a unique Walsh code at the BTS The entire signal of the sector is mixed with the Short PN code, but it has a unique timing delay (PN offset) different from any other nearby sector The mobile decodes in the opposite order to extract its proper channel
1 Sector, 1 Carrier
Actual Live-Air 2G CDMA Signal
PILOT Walsh Code 0
PAGING Walsh Code 1
SYNC Walsh Code 32
Various Peoples TRAFFIC CHANNELS
December, 2005
101 - 42
What A Base Station Sector Receives

SWITCH & ACCESS MANAGER
BASE STATION
F1
with packet pipes Different Long Code Offsets to match mobiles
MOBILE
Xmtr. RF Section SHORT PN 0 I&Q LONG PN CODE
WALSH Symbol Encoding Data Protection
Packet Handlers
traffic traffic traffic traffic
TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC
All mobiles transmit on the reverse link Each mobile has its own long code PN offset which keeps its signal unique At the BTS, a channel element recovers the signal from one mobile and extracts the symbols and bits it is transmitting The bits are transmitted as a packet over the T-1 to the switch, where they are de-vocoded into DS-0 format and passed through the switch to the user
Distribution Bus
traffic traffic traffic traffic
ACCESS TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC TRAFFIC
BTS RF Receiver
T1
CDMA 2000: Story of Two Hotels

IS-95
PILOT SYNC ACCESS TRAFFIC
BTS
PAGING TRAFFIC
1xRTT
F-Pilot F-Sync PAGING F-BCH F-QPCH F-CPCCH R-Pilot R-ACH or R-EACH R-CCCH R-TRAFFIC R-FCH R-DCCH
BTS
F-CACH F-CCCH F-TRAFFIC F-FCH F-DCCH F-SCH
F-SCH
R-SCH
A sector on an IS-95 CDMA BTS runs like a discount hotel today There's a Sign outside, a covered entranceway, Lobby Only Two kinds of rooms: one king bed or two doubles There are no meeting rooms or ballrooms New 1xRTT CDMA BTS sectors are like a convention resort! Twice as big in square feet Sign, Entranceway, Lobby Restaurants, Bars, Nightclub Guest rooms: one king bed or two doubles, maybe suites Meeting Rooms with adjustable walls -- for use as Classrooms, Auditorium, Ballrooms, Banquets, Parties, Meetings
101 - 44
December, 2005
Summing Up Original IS-95 CDMA Channels

FORWARD CHANNELS REVERSE CHANNELS
W0: PILOT W32: SYNC ACCESS
BTS
W1: PAGING Wn: TRAFFIC
TRAFFIC
Existing IS-95A/JStd-008 CDMA uses the channels above for call setup and traffic channels all call processing transactions use these channels traffic channels are 9600 bps (rate set 1) or 14400 bps (rate set 2) IS-2000 CDMA is backward-compatible with IS-95, but offers additional radio configurations and additional kinds of possible channels These additional modes are called Radio Configurations IS-95 Rate Set 1 and 2 are IS-2000 Radio Configurations 1 & 2
The Channels at Phase One 1xRTT Launch

FORWARD CHANNELS
How many 1 Possible: 1 1 to 7 0 to 8 0 to 3 0 to 4
REVERSE CHANNELS
Same coding as IS-95B, Backward compatible Same coding as IS-95B, Backward compatible Same coding as IS-95B, Backward compatible Broadcast Channel Quick Paging Channel Common Power Control Channel Common Assignment Channel Common Control Channels Forward Traffic Channels Fundamental Channel Dedicated Control Channel Supplemental Reverse Fundamental Channel (IS95B comp.) Dedicated Control Channel Reverse Supplemental Channel Includes Power Control Subchannel Access Channel (IS-95B compatible) Enhanced Access Channel Common Control Channel
F-Pilot F-Sync PAGING F-BCH F-QPCH F-CPCCH F-CACH F-CCCH F-TRAFFIC F-FCH F-DCCH
R-Pilot 1 R-ACH or R-EACH

1
R-CCCH 0 or 1 R-TRAFFIC R-FCH 1 R-DCCH 0 or 1 R-SCH 0 to 2
BTS
0 to 7 0 to 7
Users: 0 to many 1 0 or 1 0 to 7 0 to 2
F-SCH IS-95B only Channels IS-95B only F-SCH

Supplemental Channels RC3,4,5
CDMA2000 1xRTT has a rich variety of traffic channels for voice and fast date There are also optional additional control channels for more effective operation
See Course 332 for more details.
101 - 46
December, 2005
Spreading Rates & Radio Configurations

Spreading Rate
Forward Link
Required. IS-95B Compatible No CDMA2000 coding features
Radio Configuration
Data Rates
Data Rates
Radio Configuration
Reverse Link
Required. IS-95B Compatible No CDMA2000 coding features Compatible with IS-95B RS2 No CDMA2000 coding features Quarter rate convolutional or Turbo coding; Half rate convolutional or Turbo coding; base rate 9600 Quarter rate convolutional or Turbo Coding, base rate 14400
RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC5 RC6 RC7 RC8 RC9
9600
9600
RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC5
SR1 1xRTT
1 carrier 1.2288 MCPS
Compatible with IS-95B RS2 No CDMA2000 coding features Quarter-rate convolutional or Turbo Coding, base rate 9600 Half-rate convolutional or Turbo Coding, base rate 9600 Quarter-rate convolutional or Turbo Coding, base rate 14400
14400 9600 153600 9600 307200 14400 230400 9600 307200 9600 614400 14400 460800 14400 1036800
14400
9600 153600 307200 14400 230400 9600 307200 614400 14400 460800 1036800
SR3 3xRTT
Fwd: 3 carriers 1.2288 MCPS Rev: 3.6864 MCPS
1/6 rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600 Required. 1/3 rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600 or 1/3 rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 14400 or 1/3 rate convolutional or Turbo encoder, base rate 14400
Required. or 1/3 convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600
RC6
or convolutional or Turbo encoding, base rate 14400
December, 2005
101 - 47
Section 4
Call Processing Examples Call Processing Examples
MTS, IMTS
December, 2005
101 - 48
Delivering an Incoming Wireless Call
Someone dials a mobile subscribers number System checks database for current location of mobile, and pages this area
database is kept up-to-date by process called registration
1
Database (HLR)
Mobile, are you listening?
Mobile recognizes page and sends back acknowledgment to the strongest cell System assigns a voice channel to the mobile
System sends voice channel assignment to mobile on control channel mobile acknowledges and jumps to the assigned voice channel
Mobile Selects Strongest
Cell pilot strength Ring Ring Ring
3,4
Phone rings and mobile subscriber answers call
Hi Mom!
conversation begins
CDMA Incoming Call Delivery Scenario

General Page Message Page Response Message (PROBING)
BTS
Base Station Acknowledgment Order Channel Assignment Message Continuous frames of all 000s Traffic Channel Preamble: Frames of 000s Access Channel
Paging Channel
Forward Traffic Channel
Base Station Acknowledgment Order Mobile Station Acknowledgment Order Service Connect Message Service Connect Complete Message The Call is now officially Established!
Reverse Traffic Channel
December, 2005
101 - 50
CDMA Handoff Process

The handset pilot searcher notices energy from another sector or BTS, meeting any of these criteria: New Pilot Stronger Ec/Io than T_Add Candidate Pilot just got T_Comp better than an ac tive Old Pilot stayed below T_Drop for T_Tdrop time
BTS
Pilot Strength Measurement Message Base Station Acknowledgment Order
Forward Traffic Channel
Selector arranges channel elements/Walsh codes in requested sectors and begins using them, too.
Extended Handoff Direction Message Mobile Station Acknowledgment Order

Handset verifies which assigned PNs it can now hear.
Reverse Traffic Channel
Handoff Completion Message Base Station Acknowledgment Order Neighbor List Update Messasge Mobile Station Acknowledgment Order The new Handoff condition is now officially Established!
Section 5
Fast Data: 1xEV-DO Fast Data: 1xEV-DO
MTS, IMTS
December, 2005
101 - 52
1xEV-DO
1xEV-DO is 1x Evolution, Data Only Its main purpose is high speed data up to 2.4 Mb/s fwd. The EV-DO signal carries only packet data, and does not have any circuitswitched steady channels like regular CDMA phones use However, it is possible to do VOIP (voice over IP) as a stream of packets over EV-DO A 1xEV-DO carrier must have its own frequency, like any CDMA carrier The same base station RF amplifiers and antennas can simultaneously carry CDMA and EV-DO signals The EV-DO signal carries information to users in 1/600 second installments called slots Each slot belongs to one user but many users can be receiving their data simultaneously in streams of intermixed slots Current EV-DO Rev. 0 subscribers typically get 400-600 kb/s fwd., 150 kb/s reverse (limited mainly by backhaul constraints) 1xEV-DO Rev. A (late 2006) promises 3.1 Mb/s fwd., 1.8 Mb/s rev., and even lower latency for VOIP/PTT/Multimedia applications
1xEV-DO is a Fat Pipe with Fast Switching

1xEV-DO compared to regular CDMA IS-95 and 1xRTT many simultaneous users, each has steady forward and reverse traffic channels transmissions arranged, requested, confirmed by layer-3 messages with some delay 1xEV-DO -- Very Different: Forward Link goes to one user at a time like TDMA! users are rapidly time-multiplexed, in 1/600 second slots -- each receives his fair share of available sector time instant preference is given to a user with ideal receiving conditions, to maximize average throughput transmissions are arranged and requested via steady MAC-layer walsh streams very immediate!
December, 2005
IS-95 AND 1xRTT

Many users simultaneous forward and reverse traffic channels
PILOT SYNC PAGING F-FCH1 F-FCH2 F-FCH3 F-SCH W0 W32 W1 W17 W25 W41 W3
BTS
F-FCH4 W53
ATs
1xEV-DO
AP
(Access Terminals)
(Access Point)
1xEV-DO Forward Link
AP
101 - 54
Power Management of 1xEV-DO vs. 1xRTT

IS-95: VARIABLE POWER
POWER MANAGEMENT IS-95 and 1xRTT: sectors adjust each users channel power to maintain a preset target FER 1xEV-DO IS-856: sectors always operate at maximum power sector output is timemultiplexed, with only one user served at any instant The transmission data rate is set to the maximum speed the user can receive at that moment
December, 2005
TO MAINTAIN USER FER

Maximum Sector Transmit Power 8 7 5 2 5 4 User 1 PAGING SYNC PILOT 3
power
time
1xEV-DO: MAX POWER ALWAYS,

DATA RATE OPTIMIZED
power
time 101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter 101 - 55
Section 6
Wireless System Growth Wireless System Growth and Performance Optimization and Performance Optimization
MTS, IMTS
December, 2005
101 - 56
Keeping Up with User Demand

300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 MOU
Daily Total System MOU

Daily Total System MOU
Date
As a wireless system grows, the operator must carefully track the traffic loading on every element of the network. New equipment must be ordered and installed before the system is overrun with excessive demand. In some cases, additional base stations are required. The figure above shows the traffic growth on a typical PCS system from the initial commercial launch through the first summer of operation.
A Game of Avoiding Extremes

The traffic engineer must walk a fine line between two problems: Overdimensioning too much cost insufficient resources to construct traffic revenue is too low to support costs very poor economic efficiency! Underdimensioning blocking poor technical performance (interference) capacity for billable revenue is low revenue is low due to poor quality users unhappy, cancel service very poor economic efficiency!
December, 2005
101 - 58
Principles of Traffic Engineering

Blocking Probability / Grade of Service
Blocking is inability to get a circuit when one is needed Probability of Blocking is the likelihood that blocking will happen In principle, blocking can occur anywhere in a wireless system: not enough radios, the cell is full not enough paths between cell site and switch not enough paths through the switching complex not enough trunks from switch to PSTN Blocking probability is usually Typical Wireless System expressed as a percentage Design Blocking Probabilities using a shorthand notation: PSTN Office P.02 is 2% probability, etc. Blocking probability sometimes P.005 is called Grade Of Service Cell DMS-MTX Most blocking in cellular systems P.02 occurs at the radio level. P.02 is a common goal at the P.001 P.005 radio level in a system
Cell
Cell
December, 2005
101 - 59
Wireless System Performance Optimization

Key Performance Indicators and Objectives Dropped Calls, Access Failures, system BER, FER Handoff Activity Levels Capacity and Blocking Success comes from managing resources Handoff Thresholds properly set Neighbor lists well-optimized RF Coverage: holes vs. excessive overlap PN or Frequency Planning Hardware defects: watch statistics for clues
December, 2005
101 - 60
Section 7
The Role of Field Tools The Role of Field Tools
MTS, IMTS
December, 2005
101 - 61
The Department Store Chain with a Problem

Wireless Systems are large and complex, like a large business such as a department store chain Assessing performance from the inside is difficult due to the complexity of the process and the isolation of upper management and directors from day-to-day street-level customer experiences To find out how things really are going, savvy management will commission test shoppers to find out how customers are treated and identify the problems which are driving customers away In a wireless system, the test shoppers are field data collection and analysis tools such as those provided by Grayson Wireless, Agilent, and others
December, 2005
101 - 62
Field Tools to Optimize System Performance

Field Tools: Mobile Handsets (debug modes) Graysons Wireless Measurement Instrument and Inspector hardware platform: multiple receivers, detector/decoders data capture, display, and real-time analysis of call flow data Post-processing Tools more detailed display, analysis, and processing Spectrum Monitoring Tools Service Comparison Tools
December, 2005
101 - 63
Field Tools Provide Insight into Problems

When a commercial air flight crashes, NTSB investigators devote superhuman effort to recovering the flight recorders Flight Data Recorder shows the technical settings during the event Cockpit Voice Recorder reveals sounds and crew conversation during the event Wireless field tools provide the same functions Temporal Analyzers provide signal data during the event Message Log Files capture the messaging between the phone and the system leading up to the failure These resources usually give enough solid clues to identify the cause of the problem
December, 2005
Reconstructing Failed Call Events
BTS
101 - 64
Appendix
Recommended References Recommended References Books -- Websites Books Websites
December, 2005
101 - 65
Wireless Bibliography
3G Wireless Demystified by Lawrence Harte, Richard Levine, and Roman Kitka 488pp. Paperback, 2001 McGraw Hill, ISSBN 0-07-136301-7 $50. For both nontechnical and technical readers. An excellent starting point for understanding all the major technologies and the whole 3G movement. Comfortable plain-language explanations of all the 2G and 3G air interfaces, yet including very succinct, complete, and rigorously correct technical details. You will still want to read books at a deeper technical level in your chosen technology, and may sometimes turn to the applicable standards for finer details, but this book will give you what you wont find elsewhere -- how everything relates in the big picture, and probably everything you care to know about technologies other than your own. Wireless Telecom FAQs by Clint Smith, 2001 McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-07-134102-1. Succint, lucid explanations of telecom terms in both wireless and landline technologies. Includes cellular architecture, AMPS, GSM, TDMA, iDEN, CDMA. Very thorough coverage; an excellent reference for new technical people or anyone wishing for clear explanations of wireless terms. "Wireless Network Evolution 2G to 3G" by Vijay K. Garg. 764pp. 2002 Prentice-Hall, Inc. ISBN 0-13-028077-1. $80. Excellent technical tutorial and reference. The most complete and comprehensive technical detail seen in a single text on all these technologies: IS-95 2G CDMA, CDMA2000 3G CDMA, UMTS/WCDMA, Bluetooth, WLAN standards (802.11a, b, WILAN). Includes good foundation information on CDMA air interface traffic capacity, CDMA system design and optimization, and wireless IP operations. Excellent level of operational detail for IS-95 systems operating today as well as thorough explanations of 2.5G and 3G enhancements.
Web Links and Downloadable Resources

Scott Baxter: http://www.howcdmaworks.com Latest versions of all courses are downloadable. Category - Username - Password Intro - (none required) - (none required) RF/CDMA/Performance - shannon - hertz 3G - generation - third Grayson - telecom - allen Agilent - nitro - viper Dr. Ernest Simos Space2000: http://www.cdmaonline.com/ and http://www.3Gonline.com/ CDG: http://www.cdg.org (check out the digivents multimedia viewable sessions) The IS-95 and IS-2000 CDMA trade marketing webside, CDMA cheerleaders. GSM: http://www.gsmworld.com The GSM Association website. Worldwide GSM marketing cheerleaders but also includes some excellent GSM and GPRS technical overview whitepapers and documents; latest user figures. UWCC: http://www.uwcc.com The IS-136 TDMA trade marketing website, TDMA cheerleaders. RCR News: http://www.rcrnews.com Wireless Industry trade publication - regulatory, technical, business, marketing news. Subscribers can access text archives of past articles; very handy in researching events. Wireless Week: http://www.wirelessweek.com Wireless Industry trade publication - regulatory, technical, business, marketing news.
December, 2005
101 - 67
More Web Links

3GPP: http://www.3gpp.org/ The operators harmonization group concerned mainly with ETSI-related standards 3GPP2: http://www.3gpp2.org/ The operators harmonization group concerned mainly with IS-95-derived CDMA standards ITU: http://www.itu.int/imt/ ETSI: http://www.etsi.fr/ UMTS forum: http://www.umts-forum.org/ GSM MoU: http://www.gsmworld.com/ TIA: http://www.tiaonline.org/ T1: http://www.t1.org/ ARIB: http://www.arib.or.jp/arib/english/index.html TTC: http://www.ttc.or.jp/ TTA: http://www.tta.or.kr/ ETRI: http://www.etri.re.kr/ RAST: http://www.rast.etsi.fi/

The World of Wireless Communications

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The World of The World of Wireless Communications Wireless Communications

How Wireless Developed How Wireless Developed

101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter

How Did We Reach This Point?

101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter

Samuel F. B. Morse at the peak of his career

Submarine Cable Installation news sketch from the 1850s

Field Telegraphy during the US Civil War, 1860s

101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter

Alexander Graham Bell and his phone from 1876 demonstration

Telephone Line Installation Crew 1880s

101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter

Frequencies Used by Wireless Systems Overview of the Radio Spectrum

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

Short Wave -- International Broadcast -- Amateur

120 140 160 180 200

300,000,000 i.e., 3x108 Hz DCS, PCS

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0

3,000,000,000 i.e., 3x109 Hz

Land-Mobile Aeronautical Mobile Telephony Terrestrial Microwave Satellite

333 MSAs 300+ RSAs

101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter

The Frequencies used for Cellular

Uplink Frequencies (Reverse Path)

Downlink Frequencies (Forward Path)

Ownership and Licensing

101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter

More Radio Spectrum for Mobile Telephones

The PCS Spectrum - First Auctions: A & B

Major Trading Areas (MTAs)

101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter

The PCS Spectrum: Blocks C, D, E, F

Basic Trading Areas (BTAs)

101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter

The Long-Range Picture

The Internet Voice over IP

Wireless Voice and IP Data

Commercial Switched Telephony Commercial Telegraphy

Major Wireless Players

AT&T Wireless IS-136

101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter

Global and US Wireless Users by Technology

Analog 3% TDMA 19%

Global and US Wireless Snapshot 4Q 2003

USA 141,000,000 33,732,506 64,503,287 26,375,232 11,978,382 4,510,594

100% 23.9% 45.7% 18.6% 8.5% 3.2%

Structure of a Wireless System Structure of a Wireless System

101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter

Early Mobile Telephone Systems: MTS, IMTS

One giant base station covers the entire service area

Modern Cellular and PCS Systems

101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter

Structure of a Typical Wireless System

BASE STATIONS Voice Mail System SWITCH BASE STATION CONTROLLER

PSTN Local Carriers Long Distance Carriers

Mobile Telephone Switching Office

101v3.0 Introduction to Wireless 2005 Scott Baxter

The Heirarchy of Transmission Standards

32,256 16,128 8,064

North American Heirarchy in Copper Media

4,032 2,016 DS-0