Trng thcs yn ng

Sng kin kinh nghim

Chng minh bt ng thc c iu kin
bng phng php t n ph
L mnh h
Nm hc 2008-2009
1
i. t vn
Trong qu trnh dy hc Ton, vic bi dng hc sinh gii l mt nhim v
quan trng. hc sinh nm c kin thc c bn v nng cao mt cch vng chc
v sng to th cn phi t chc bi dng theo chuyn v phng php ring.
Chng minh bt ng thc l mt ni dung kh i vi hc sinh THCS, v th dy hc
sinh chng minh bt ng thc theo tng phng php l iu cn thit. Khi hc sinh
nm c tng phng php th ng trc mt bi ton chng minh bt ng thc
s d dng tm c li gii, hn th na cn c th pht trin v m rng bi ton,
tm c ng dng ca bi ton va gii c vo bi ton khc.
Trong chuyn ny ti a ra phng php minh bt ng thc c iu kin
bng cch t n ph.
II. iu kin bi ton l ng thc
Bi 1 Cho a + b = 6 Chng minh: a
4
+ b
4
> 162
Gii
Do a + b = 6 nn c th t

=
+ =
m b
m a
3
3
vi m tu
Ta c :
a
4
+ b
4
= (3 + m)
4
+ (3 - m)
4
4 3 2 2 3 4 4 3 2 2 3 4
3 4 3 6 3 4 3 3 4 3 6 3 4 3 m m . m . m . m m . m . m . .
.
+ + + + + + + =
=
162 2 108 162
4 2
> + + m m
vi mi m. ng thc xy ra khi m = 0 hay a = b = 3
Suy ra PCM
Bi 2 Cho a + b = 4 chng minh: a
4
+ b
4
> 32
Gii: Do a + b = 4 nn c th t

=
+ =
m b
m a
2
2
vi m tu
Ta c : a
4
+ b
4
= (2 + m )
4
+ (2- m)
4
= 32 + 48m
2
+2m
4
> 32 vi mi m . ng
thc xy ra khi m =0 hay a = b = 2 . Ta suy ra PCM.
Nhn xt 1. Nu gi thit cho a + b = c ta nn t n ph tng ng nh
trn vi
2

=
+ =
m
c
b
m
c
a
2
2
vi m tu
Bi 3 Cho x + y + z = 3
Chng mnh rng: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+xy +yz +zx > 6
Gii Do x + y + z = 3 nn ta t

=
+ =
+ =
b a z
b y
a x
1
1
1
vi a,b tu
Thay vo v tri ca bt ng thc cn chng minh ta c:
x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+xy +yz +zx
= (1 + a)
2
+ (1 + b )
2
+ (1 - a - b)
2
+ (1+ a) (1 + b) + (1+b) (1- a -b) + (1- a - b)(1+ a)
= 6 + a
2
+ ab + b
2
= 6
4
3
2
6
2
2
> +
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
b b
a vi mi a , b.
Du bng xy ra khi a=b =0 hay x =y =z =1 suy ra PCM .
Nhn xt 2. Nu gi thit cho: x + y + z = k Th ta nn t:

=
+ =
+ =
n m
k
z
n
k
y
m
k
x
3
3
3
hoc

+ =
+ =
+ =
c
k
z
b
k
y
a
k
x
3
3
3
vi a +b +c = 0
Hai cch t ny u c th vn dng cho bi ton trn .
Bi 4 Cho a + b + c + d =1. Chng minh rng (a + c) ( b + d ) + 2ac +2bd s
2
1
Gii Do a + b +c + d =1 nn ta c th t :
z y d ; z y c ; z x b ; z x a = + = + = + + =
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
vi x,y,z tu . Thay vo v tri ca bt ng thc cn chng minh ta c:
(a+ c) (b+ d) +2ac+2bd
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.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+ + = z y z x z y z x y x y x
4
1
4
1
2
4
1
4
1
2
2
1
2
1
3
, )
2
1
4
2
1
2 2
s = z y x
Vi mi x, y, z .
Du bng xy ra khi x - y = z = 0 hay a = c v b = d suy ra PCM.
Nhn xt 3. Nu gi thit cho a + b + c + d = k . Ta c th t theo 2
cch :

=
+ =
+ =
+ + =
z y
k
d
z y
k
c
z x
k
b
z x
k
a
4
4
4
4
hoc

+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
q
k
d
p
k
c
n
k
b
m
k
a
4
4
4
4
vi m + n + p + q = 0
Bi 5 Cho a + b = c + d chng minh rng.
a) a
2
+ d
2
+ cd > 3ab; b) a
2
+ b
2
+ ab > 3cd
Gii
Phn a, b tng t nhau, ta chng minh phn a.
Do a +b = c + d nn ta t

=
+ =
x b d
x a c
vi x tu
Ta c , ) , ) , ) , )
2 2
2 2
c d cd a x b x a x b x + + = + + + +
ab ab
x x
b a 3 3
4
3
2
2
2
> + +
|
.
|

\
|
+ = a,b,x
Du bng xy ra khi x = a - b +
2
x
= 0 hay a = b = c = d
Vy a
2
+ d
2
+cd 3ab vi a,b,c,d tho mn a + b = c + d
Bi 6 Cho a + b + c + d = 2 CMR a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
> 1
Gii
V a + b + c + d = 2 nn t
1 1 1 1
; ; ;
2 2 2 2
a x c z b y d t = + = + = + = + Vi : x + y + z + t = 0
Ta c: = + + +
2 2 2 2
d c b a
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4
x y z t
| | | | | | | |
+ + + + + + +
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ .
4
= t t z z y y x x + + + + + + + + + + +
2 2 2 2
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
, ) , ) t z y x t z y x + + + + + + + +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + + =
2 2 2 2
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
0 1
2 2 2 2
> + + + + = t z y x
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z = t Khi a = b = c = d =
2
1
Nhn xt 4 . Nu cho iu kin l k a ... a a a a
n
= + + + + +
4 3 2 1
CMR:
n
k
a ... a a a a
n
2
2 2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
> + + + + +
Ta nn t , x
n
k
a
1 1
+ = , x
n
k
a
2 2
+ = , x
n
k
a
3 3
+ = ,
n n
k
a x
n
= + .
IIi. Cc bi ton c iu kin l ng thc kt hp bt ng
thc
Bi 7 Cho x + y =3 v y > 2 . Chng minh rng:
a) x
3
+ y
3
> 9; b) 2x
4
+ y
4
> 18
Gii Do y > 2 nn t y =2 + t > 0 vi t > 0
Do x +y = 3 nn t y = 2 + t th x = 1 - t
Thay x = 1 - t v y = 2 + t vo v tri ta c:
x
3
+ y
3
= (1 -t )
3
+ ( t + 2)
3
= 9 +9 t +9t
2
> 9 v t > 0
Du bng xy ra khi t = 0 hay x = 1 v y = 2 suy ra PCM
b) 2x
4
+ y
4
=2 (1 - t)
4
+ ( 2 + t)
4
=18 +24t + 36 t
2
+ 3t
4
> 18 v t > 0
Du = xy ra khi t = 0 hay x =1 v y =2 Suy ra PCM
Nhn xt 5. Vi iu kin x + y = k v y l (hay x n) th nn t
y = 1 + m vi m 0 ( hay x = n - m vi m 0)
T suy ra x = k - l - m (hay y = k - n - m)
suy ra

+ =
=
m l y
m l k x
hay

=
=
m n k y
m n x
Ri thay cc n vo cc v bt ng thc cn chng minh.
5
Bi 8 Cho x < 2 v x + y > 5. Chng minh rng: 5x
2
+ 2y
2
+ 8y > 62
Gii
Do x < 2 v x + y > 5 nn ta t

+ = +
=
k y x
t x
5
2
vi t,k > 0 Suy ra

+ + =
=
k t y
t x
3
2
Thay vo v tri ca bt ng thc ta c
5x
2
+2y
2
+8y = 5 (2 - t )
2
+ 2(3 + k + t )
2
+8 (3 + k + t)
= 62 + 2 (k + t )
2
+5t
2
+20 k > 62 k , t suy ra PCM .
Bi 9 Cho a + b > 8 v b > 3. Chng minh rng 27a
2
+10 b
3
> 945
Gii Do a + b > 8 v b > 3 nn ta t

+ = +
+ =
k b a
t b
8
3
vi k,t > 0
Suy ra

+ =
+ =
t b
t k a
3
5
Thay vo v tri ca BT ta c:
27a
2
+10b
3
, ) , ) = + + + =
3 2
3 10 5 27 t t k , ) 945 10 90 270 27 945
3 2 2
> + + + + = t t k t k
V t,k >0 Suy ra PCM
Nhn xt 6.
Nu iu kin cho l

s
> +
v x
u y x
Ta nn t

=
+ = +
m v x
n u y x
Vi m,n 0 t suy ra

=
+ + =
m v x
n u v m y
Thay vo BT suy ra PCM
Nu iu kin cho l

>
> +
l b
k b a
Th ta t

+ =
+ = +
n l b
m k b a
vi n,m 0 suy ra

+ =
+ =
n l b
n l m k a
Thay vo BT suy ra PCM
Bi 10 Cho a + b + c > 3 . Chng minh rng a
4
+b
4
+c
4
> a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
Gii Do a + b + c > 3 nn ta t

+ =
+ =
+ =
z c
y b
x a
1
1
1
vi x + y + z > 0
6
Xt hiu
= + +
3 3 3 4 4 4
c b a c b a
, ) , ) , ) , ) , ) , )
4 4 4 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 x y z x y z + + + + + + + +
=
, ) 0
4
3 3 3
2
3
2
3
2
3
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
>
+ +
+ |
.
|

\
|
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ + + +
+
z y x z
z
y
y
x
x z y x
Vy
3 3 3 4 4 4
c b a c b a + + > + +
Du''= '' xy ra khi x = y = z hay a = b = c = 1
IV. cc bi ton c iu kin phc tp
Bi 11 Cho a
3
+ b
3
< 2 . Chng minh rng a + b < 2
Gii Phng php phn chng
Gi s 2 > + b a ta t

+ =
+ =
y b
x a
1
1
vi 0 > + y x
Ta c: , ) , ) , ) , )
3 3 2 2
3 3
3 3
3 3 2 1 1 y x y x y x y x b a + + + + + + = + + + = +
= , ) , ) , ), ) 2 3 3 2
2 2 2 2
> + + + + + + + y xy x y x y x y x
V 0 > + y x suy ra 2
3 3
> + b a . Tri vi gi thit.Vy a + b < 2
Bi 12 Cho a
4
+ b
4
< a
3
+ b
3
Chng minh rng: a + b < 2
Gii Phng php phn chng:
Gi s 2 > + b a . t

+ =
+ =
y b
x a
1
1
vi 0 > + y x
Xt hiu: , ) , ) , ) , )
3 3 4 4
3 3 4 4
1 1 1 1 y x y x b a b a + + + + + = +
, ) , ) , )
3 3 2 2
3 3 y x y x y x + + + + + =
, ) , ) , ), ) 0 3 3
2 2 2 2
> + + + + + + = y xy x y x y x y x y ; x
hay
4 4 3 3
0 a b a b + > vi a + b > 2 th: a
4
+ b
4
> a
3
+ b
3
. Tri vi gi thit.
Vy a + b < 2
Bi 13 Cho a,b,c l 3 s dng. Chng minh
2
3
>
+
+
+
+
+ b a
c
c a
b
c b
a
Gii
t x = b + c ; y = c + a ; z = a + b Khi :
, , ,
2 2 2 2
x y z x y z x y z x y z
a b c a b c
+ + + + + +
+ + = = = =
Cho nn
7
, )
2 2 2
1
1 1 1
2
1
3
2
1 3
2 2 2 3
2 2
a b c x y z x y z x y z
b c c a a b x y z
y z x z x y
x x y y z z
y x z x z y
x y x z y z
+ + + +
+ + = + +
+ + +
| |
= + + + + + +
|
\ .
( | | | |
| |
= + + + + + >
( | | |
\ .
\ . \ .
> + + =
(p dng BT Csi ). Du bng xy ra khi x = y = z, hay a = b = c
Bi 14
Cho u,v l cc s dng v u+v=1. Chng minh rng
2
25 1 1
2 2
>
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|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+
v
v
u
u
Gii
t a = u +
u
1
v
v
v b
1
+ = .
Ta c a> 0, b> 0 v
2
2
|
.
|

\
|
+ b a
<
2
2 2
b a +
(1)
V
, )
4 4
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
b a b a b ab a b a b a
=
+ +
=
+

|
.
|

\
|
+
< 0
p dng bt ng thc (1) ta c:
4
25
2
4 1
2
1
1
2
1 1
2
1 1
1 1
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
>
(
(
(

+
=
(
(
(

+ + +
=
(
(
(

+ + +
>
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+
uv
v u
v u
v
v
u
u
v
v
u
u
b a
v uvs
2
1
2
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ v u
do 4
1
>
uv
Du ng thc xy ra khi u = v =
2
1
Bi 15 Cho ab 0 = . Chng minh rng: 0 4 3
2
2
2
2
> +
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
a
b
b
a
a
b
b
a
Gii t x =
a
b
b
a
+ ta c 2
2
2
2
2
2
+ + =
a
b
b
a
x 2
2
2
2
2
2
= + x
a
b
b
a
Bt ng thc tr thnh: 0 4 3 2
2
> + x x
0 2 3
2
> + x x , ), ) 0 2 1 > x x
8
Nu ab< 0th ta c 0 2
2 2
> + + b ab a ab b a 2
2 2
> + .
Chia c hai v cho ab ta c 2
2 2
s
+
ab
b a
Vy x 2 s
Trong c hai trng hp th , ), ) 0 2 1 > x x
Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b
V. Kt lun
Vi phng php thc hin vic bi dng nh trn, hc sinh nm c phng php
chng minh mt bt ng thc bng phng php t n ph mt cch vng chc.
Hc sinh hnh dung ra ng li tin n li gii nhanh hn, chnh xc hn. Hn th
na cn c kh nng m rng bi ton v pht trin bi ton mi.
__________________________
Ngi vit
L Mnh H