International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 3 Issue.

2

||Issn 2250-3005(online)|| ||February|| 2013 Page 1



Some Fixed Point Theorems for Expansion Mappings
1,
A.S.Saluja,
2,
Alkesh Kumar Dhakde
3,
Devkrishna Magarde
1,
Department of Mathematics J.H.Govt.P.G.College Betul (M.P.)
2,
IES Group of institutions Bhopal (M.P.)


Abstract
In The Present Paper We Shall Establish Some Fixed Point Theorems For Expansion Mappings In Complete Metric
Spaces. Our Results Are Generalization Of Some Well Known Results.

Keywords: Fixed Point, Complete Metric spaces, Expansion mappings.

1. Introdution & Preliminary:
This paper is divided into two parts
Section I: Some fixed point theorems for expansion mappings in complete metric spaces.
Section II: Some fixed point theorems for expansion mappings in complete 2-Metric spaces before starting main result some
definitions.
Definition 2.1: (Metric spaces) A metric space is an ordered pair ( ) d X, where X is a set and d a function on X X
with the properties of a metric, namely:
1. ( ) 0 , > y x d . (non-negative) ,
2. ( ) ( ) x y d y x d , , = (symmetry),
3. ( ) 0 , = y x d if and only if y x = (identity of indiscernible)
4. The triangle inequality holds:
( ) ( ) ( ) X in , , all for , , , , z y x y z d z x d y x d + s
Example 2.1: Let ( ) { } numbers real of set the , ), ......... , , (
3 2 1
R R x x x x x x R or E
i n
n
n
e = = and let d be defined
as follows:
If ( ) ( ) ( ) y x d y x y x d y y y y y
p
p
n
p
i i n
, | | , then ........ , ,
1
1
3 2 1
= |
.
|

\
|
= =

where p is a fixed number in| ) , 0 .
The fact that d is metric follows from the well-known Minkowski inequality. Also another metric on S considered above
can be defined as follows

( ) { } ( ) y x d y x y x d
i i
i
, | | sup ,

= =

Example 2.2: Let S be the set of all sequence of real numbers ( )

=
1 i
x x such that for some fixed
| )
i
p
i
y y x p = e

if case In this | | , , 0
1
is another point in S , we define
( ) ( ) ( ) y x d y x y x d
q
p
p
i i
, | | ,
1
= =

, and from Minkowski inequality it follows that this is a metric space on S .
Example 2.3: For R y x e , , define ( ) ( ) d R y x y x d , Then . | | , = is a metric space .In general, for
( ) ( )
n
n n
R y y y x x x x x e = = ....... , , y y and ........ , ,
3 2 1 3 2 1
, define

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
. .......... ,
n n
y x y x y x y x d + + + =

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Then ( ) d R
n
, is a metric space .As this d is usually used, we called it the usual metric.
Definition 2.2: (Convergent sequence in metric space)
A sequence in metric space ( ) d X, is convergent to X xe if ( ) 0 , lim

x x d
n n

Definition 2.3: (Cauchy sequence in Metric space) Let ( ) d X M , = be a metric space, let { }
n
x be a sequence if and only
if ( ) c c c < > e - > e
m n
x x d N n m N n m N R , : , : , : : 0 :
Definition 2.4: (Complete Metric space) A metric space ( ) d X, is complete if every Cauchy sequence is convergent.
Definition 2.5: A 2-metric space is a space X in which for each triple of points z y x , , there exists a real function
( ) z y x d , , such that:
( ) 0 , , , , points distinct of pair each To ] [
1
= z y x d z y x M
| | ( ) 0 , ,
2
= z y x d M When at least two of z y x , , are equal
( ) ( ) ( ) y z x d x z y d z y x d M , , , , , , ] [
3
= =

] [
4
M ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) X. in , , , all for , , , , , , , , v z y x z y v d z v x d v y x d z y x d + + s

Definition 2.6: A sequence { }
n
x

in a 2-metric space ( ) d X, is said to be convergent at x

if
( ) X z z x x d
n
n
in all for 0 , ,
lim
=

.
Definition 2.7: A sequence { }
n
x

in a 2-metric space ( ) d X, is said to be Cauchy sequence if ( ) 0 , ,
lim
,
=

z x x d
n
n m
for all
z in X .
Definition 2.8: A 2-metric space ( ) d X, is said to be complete if every Cauchy sequence in X is convergent.

2. Basic Theorems
In 1975, Fisher [4], proved the following results:
Theorem (A): Let T be a self mapping of a metric spaces X such that,
( ) ( ) ( ) | | X y x Ty y d Tx x d Ty Tx d e + > , , ,
2
1
, , T is an identity mappings.
Theorem (B): Let X be a compact metric space and X X T : satisfies 4. (A) and
r
T X y x y x Then . , and e = has
a fixed point for some positive integer r , and T is invertible.
In 1984 the first known result for expansion mappings was proved by Wang, Li, Gao and Iseki [13].
Theorem (C): Let T be a self map of complete metric space X into itself and if there is a constant 1 > o such
that, ( ) ( ) X y x y x d Ty Tx d e > , all for , , o .
Then T has a unique fixed point in X .
Theorem (D): If there exist non negative real numbers 1 and 1 < > + + o | o such that
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { } , , , , , , , min , X y x y x d Ty y d Tx x d Ty Tx d e > o
T is continuous on X onto itself, and then T has a fixed point.
Theorem (F): If there exist non negative real numbers 1 > o such that ( ) ( ) X x Tx x d x T Tx d e > , ,
2
o , T is onto and
continuous then T has a fixed point.
In 1988, Park and Rhoades [8] shows that the above theorems are consequence of a theorem of Park [7] .In 1991, Rhoades
[10] generalized the result of Iseki and others for pair of mappings.
Theorem (G): If there exist non negative real numbers 1 > o and T , S be surjective self-map on a complete metric space
( ) d X, such that;
( ) ( ) X x y x d Sy Tx d e > , , o , Then T and S have a unique common fixed point.
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In 1989 Taniguchi [12] extended some results of Iseki .Later, the results of expansion mappings were extended to 2-metric
spaces, introduced by Sharma, Sharma and Iseki [11] for contractive mappings. Many other Mathematicians worked on this
way.
Rhoades [10] summarized contractive mapping of different types and discussed on their fixed point theorems. He considered
many types of mappings and analyzed the relationship amongst them, where ( ) Ty Tx d , is governed by,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Tx y d Ty x d Ty y d Tx x d y x d Tx y d Ty x d Ty y d Tx x d y x d , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
Many other mathematicians like Wang,Gao , Isekey [13] , Popa [9] , Jain and Jain [5] , Jain and Yadav [6] worked on
expansion mappings Recently , Agrawal and Chouhan [1,2] , Bhardwaj , Rajput and Yadava [1] worked for common fixed
point for expansion mapping.
Our object in this paper is, to obtain some result on fixed point theorems of expansion types maps on complete metric space.
Now In Section I, We will find Some Fixed Point Theorems For Expansion Mappings In Complete Metric Spaces.

3. Main Results
Theorem (3.1): Let X denotes the complete metric space with metric d and f is a mapping of X into itself .If there
exist non negative reals 1 2 2 with 1 , , , > + + + > o | o o | o such that
( )
( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) y x d fx y d fy x d fy y d fx x d
y x d
fx x d fy y d
fy fx d , , , , ,
, 1
, , 1
, o | o + + + + +
+
+
>
For each X y x e , with y x = and f is onto then f has a fixed point.
Proof: Let X x e
0
.since f is onto, there is an element
1
x satisfying ( )
0
1
1
x f x

= .similarly we can write
( ) ( ) ......... 3 , 2 , 1 ,
1
1
= =

n x f x
n n

From the hypothesis
( ) ( )
1 1
, ,
+
=
n n n n
fx fx d x x d


( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
, , , , ,
, 1
, , 1
+ + + + +
+
+ +
+ + + + +
+
+
>
n n n n n n n n n n
n n
n n n n
x x d fx x d fx x d fx x d fx x d
x x d
fx x d fx x d
o | o
( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( )
1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
, , , , ,
, 1
, , 1
+ + +
+
+
+ + + + +
+
+
>
n n n n n n n n n n
n n
n n n n
x x d x x d x x d x x d x x d
x x d
x x d x x d
o | o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
, , 1
+
+ + >
n n n n
x x d x x d o | | o

( ) ( )
1 1
,
1
,
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

s
n n n n
x x d x x d
o |
| o

Therefore { }
n
x converges to ( ) x f y X x
1
Let . in

e for infinitely many n , n x x

n
some for = .
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
, , ,
+ +
= =
n n n
fx fy d fy fx d x x d

( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) y x d fx y d fy x d fy y d fx x d
y x d
fx x d fy y d
n n n n n
n
n n
, , , , ,
, 1
, , 1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1
+ + + + +
+
+ +
+ + + + +
+
+
> o | o

( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) y x d x y d x x d x y d x x d
y x d
x x d x y d
n n n n n
n
n n
, , , , ,
, 1
, , 1
1 1 1
1
1
+ + +
+
+
+ + + + +
+
+
> o | o

Since ( ) x x d
n
, as n we have ( ) ( ) 0 , ,
1 1
= =
+ +
x x d x x d
n n n

Therefore ( ) y x y x d = = when 0 , .
( ) x x f y e i = = .

This completes the proof of the theorem.
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Theorem (3.2): Let X denotes the complete metric space with metric d and S and T is a mapping of X into itself .If
there exists non negative reals 1 , , , > o | o with 1 2 2 > + + + o | o such that
( )
( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) y x d Sx y d Ty x d Ty y d Sx x d
y x d
Sx x d Ty y d
Ty Sx d , , , , ,
, 1
, , 1
, o | o + + + + +
+
+
>
For each y x X y x = with in , and S & T has a fixed point.
Proof: Let
0
x be an arbitrary point in X . Since S & T maps itself there exist points X in ,
2 1
x x such that
( ) ( )
1
1
2 0
1
1
, x T x x S x

= =
Continuing the process, we get a sequence { } X x
n
in such that

( ) ( )
2 2 1 2
1
2
1
1 2
&
+ +

+
= =
n n n n
x x T x S x

We see that if
1 2 2 +
=
n n
x x for some n then
n
x
2
is a common fixed point of S & T .
Therefore we suppose that 0 all for
1 2 2
> =
+
n x x
n n

From the hypothesis
( ) ( )
2 2 1 2 1 2 2
, ,
+ + +
=
n n n n
Tx Sx d x x d

( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | | ( )
2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
, , ,
, ,
, 1
, , 1
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
>
n n n n n n
n n n n
n n
n n n n
x x d Sx x d Tx x d
Tx x d Sx x d
x x d
Sx x d Tx x d
o
| o

( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( )
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
, , , , , ,
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + >
n n n n n n n n n n n n
x x d x x d x x d x x d x x d x x d o | o
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 1 2 1 2 2
, , 1
+ + +
+ + >
n n n n
x x d x x d o | | o

( ) ( )
1 2 2 2 2 1 2
,
1
,
+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

s
n n n n
x x d x x d
o |
| o

Where 1
1
<
+ +

=
o |
| o
k .similarly it can be shown that
( ) ( )
1 2 2 2 2 1 2
, ,
+ + +
s
n n n n
x x kd x x d

Therefore, for all n ,

( ) ( )
1 2 1
, ,
+ + +
s
n n n n
x x kd x x d

( ) ( )
1 0
1
, ....... x x d k
n+
s s
Now, for any n m > ,

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
m m n n n n m n
x x d x x d x x d x x d , ...... , , ,
1 2 1 1 + + +
+ + + s

( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( )
0 1
1 1
, .......... x x d k k k
m n n +
+ + + s
( )
0 1
,
1
x x d
k
k
n

s
Which shows that { }
n
x is a Cauchy sequence in X and so it has a limit z .Since X is complete metric space, we have
X z e , there exist X w v e , such that ( ) ( ) z w z v S = = T ,
From the hypothesis we have
( ) ( ) Tw Sx d z x d
n n
, ,
1 2 2 +
=


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( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | | ( ) w x d Sx w d Tw x d
Tw w d Sx x d
w x d
Sx x d Tw w d
n n n
n n
n
n n
, , ,
, ,
, 1
, , 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
+ + +
+ +
+
+ +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
>
o
| o


( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) w x d x w d Tw x d Tw w d x x d
w x d
x x d z w d
n n n n n
n
n n
, , , , ,
, 1
, , 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 2
2 1 2
+ + +
+
+
+ + + + +
+
+
> o | o

Since ( ) n z x d
n
as , we have ( ) ( ) 0 , ,
1 2 2 1 2
= =
+ +
z x d x x d
n n n

Therefore z w =

z Tw Sw = = i.e
This completes the proof of the theorem.
Section II: Some Fixed Point Theorems In 2-Metric Spaces For Expansion Mappings
Theorem 3.3: Let X denotes the complete 2-metric space with metric d and f is a mapping of X into itself. If there
exist non negative reals 1 , , , > o | o with 1 2 2 > + + + o | o such that
( )
( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
( ) a y x d
a f x y d a f y x d a f y y d a f x x d
a y x d
a f x x d a f y y d
a f y f x d
, ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , 1
, , , , 1
, ,
o
| o
+
+ + + +
+
+
>

For each f y x X y x and with in , = is onto then f has a fixed point.
Proof: Let X x e
0
.since f is onto, there is an element ( )
0
1
1
x f x

= .similarly we can write
( ) ......... 3 , 2 , 1
1
1
= =

n x f x
n n

From the hypothesis
( ) ( ) a fx fx d a x x d
n n n n
, , , ,
1 1 +
=

( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
( ) a x x d
a f x x d a f x x d a f x x d a f x x d
a x x d
a f x x d a f x x d
n n
n n n n n n n n
n n
n n n n
, ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , 1
, , , , 1
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1
+
+ + + +
+
+ +
+
+ + + +
+
+
>
o
| o
( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
( ) a x x d
a x x d a x x d a x x d a x x d
a x x d
a x x d a x x d
n n
n n n n n n n n
n n
n n n n
, ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , 1
, , , , 1
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1
+
+ +
+
+
+
+ + + +
+
+
>
o
| o

( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) a x x d a x x d a x x d a x x d a x x d a x x d
n n n n n n n n n n n n
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
1 1 1 1 1 1 + + +
+ + + + + > o | o

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a x x d a x x d
n n n n
, , , , 1
1 1 +
+ + > o | | o

( ) ( ) a x x d a x x d
n n n n
, ,
1
, ,
1 1 +
+ +

s
o |
| o

Therefore { }
n
x converges to X x in .Let ( ) x f y
1
e for infinitely many n x x n
n
such for , =
( ) ( ) ( ) a fx fy d a fy fx d a x x d
n n n
, , , , , ,
1 1 + +
= =

( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
( ) a y x d
a fx y d a fy x d a fy y d a fx x d
a y x d
a fx x d a fy y d
n
n n n n
n
n n
, ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , 1
, , , , 1
1
1 1 1 1
1
1 1
+
+ + + +
+
+ +
+
+ + + +
+
+
>
o
| o

( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | | ( ) a y x d a x y d a x x d a x y d a x x d
a y x d
a x x d a x y d
n n n n n
n
n n
, , , , , , , , , ,
, , 1
, , , , 1
1 1 1
1
1
+ + +
+
+
+ + + + +
+
+
> o | o
Since ( ) n a x x d
n
as , , we have ( ) ( ) 0 , , , ,
1 1
= =
+ +
a x x d a x x d
n n n

( ) y x a y x d = = 0 , , Therefore
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( ) x x f y = = i.e .
Theorem 3.4: Let X denotes the complete metric space with metric d and T S & is a mappings of X into itself .If
there exists non negative reals 1 , , , > o | o with 1 2 2 > + + + o | o such that
( )
( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
( ) a y, x, d
, , , , , , , ,
, , 1
, , , , 1
, ,
o
| o
+
+ + + +
+
+
> a Sx y d a Ty x d a Ty y d a Sx x d
a y x d
a Sx x d a Ty y d
a Ty Sx d

For each T & S and with X in , y x y x = has a fixed point.
Proof: Let
0
x be an arbitrary point in X . Since T S & maps into itself there exist points X x x in ,
2 1
such that
( )
0
1
1
x S x

= ( )
1
1
2
x T x

=
Continuing the process, we get a sequence { }
n
x in C such that

( ) ( )
1 2 2 2 2 1 2
2 2 1 2
1
2
1
1 2

&
+ + +
+ +

+
= =
= =
n n n n
n n n n
x Tx x Sx
x x T x S x

We see that if
1 2 2 +
=
n n
x x for some n then
n
x
2
is a common fixed point of T S & .
Therefore we suppose that
1 2 2 +
=
n n
x x for all 0 > n
From the hypothesis
( ) ( ) a Tx Sx d a x x d
n n n n
, , , ,
2 2 1 2 1 2 2 + + +
=

( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | | ( ) a x x d a Sx x d a Tx x d
a Tx x d a Sx x d
a x x d
a Sx x d a Tx x d
n n n n n n
n n n n
n n
n n n n
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , 1
, , , , 1
2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
+ + + + + +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
>
o
| o

( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | | ( ) a x x d a x x d a x x d
a x x d a x x d
a x x d
a x x d a x x d
n n n n n n
n n n n
n n
n n n n
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , 1
, , , , 1
2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 2 2 2 1 2
2 2 1 2
2 1 2 1 2 2 2
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+
+
>
o
| o

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) a x x d a x x d
n n n n
, , , , 1
2 2 1 2 1 2 2 + + +
+ + > o | | o
( ) ( ) a x x d a x x d
n n n n
, ,
1
, ,
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 + + +
+ +

s
o |
| o


1
1
where <
+ +

=
| o
| o
k

( ) ( ) a x x kd a x x d
n n n n
, , , ,
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 + + +
s

( ) ( ) a x x kd a x x d
n n n n
, , , , Similarly
2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 + + + +
s
( ) ( ) a x x kd a x x d
n n n n
, , , , obtain we Therefore
1 2 1 + + +
s
Which shows that { }
n
x is a Cauchy sequence in X and so it has a limit is complete metric space, we have X e ,
there exists X w v e , such that ( ) ( ) = = w T v S ,
From the hypothesis we have
( ) ( ) a Tw Sx d a x d
n n
, , , ,
1 2 2 +
=

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( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | | ( ) a w x d a Sx w d a Tw x d
a Tw w d a Sx x d
a w x d
a Sx w d a Tw w d
n n n
n n
n
n
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , 1
, , , , 1
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
+ + +
+ +
+
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+
>
o
| o

( ) | | ( )
( )
( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) | | ( ) a w x d a x w d a Tw x d
a Tw w d a x x d
a w x d
a x w d a w d
n n n
n n
n
n
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , 1
, , , , 1
1 2 2 1 2
2 1 2
1 2
2
+ +
+
+
+ + +
+ +
+
+
>
o
|

o

Since ( ) n a x d
n
as , ,
2
we have ( ) ( ) 0 , , , ,
1 2 2 1 2
= =
+ +
a w x d a x x d
n n n
. ( ) 0 , , Therefore = a w d
implies i.e = = = Tw Sw w
This completes the proof of the theorem.

References
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