Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Exact Trigonometric Constants: Fermat Number
Exact Trigonometric Constants: Fermat Number
Fermat number
This article is incomplete in at least two senses. First, it is always possible to apply a half-angle formula and find an exact expression for the cosine of one-half the The primary solution angles on the unit circle are at multiples of 30 and 45 degrees. smallest angle on the list. Second, this article exploits only the first two of five known Fermat primes: 3 and 5; and the trigonometric functions of other angles, such as 2/7, 2/9 (= 40), and 2/13 (as well as the other constructible polygons, 2/17, 2/257, or 2/65537) are soluble by radicals. In practice, all values of sine, cosine, and tangent not found in this article are approximated using the techniques described at Generating trigonometric tables.
Table of constants
Values outside the [0, 45] angle range are trivially derived from these values, using circle axis reflection symmetry. (See Trigonometric identity.)
0: fundamental
3: 60-sided polygon
6: 30-sided polygon
9: 20-sided polygon
15: dodecagon
18: decagon
21: sum 9 + 12
22.5: octagon
24: sum 12 + 12
27: sum 12 + 15
30: hexagon
33: sum 15 + 18
36: pentagon
39: sum 18 + 21
42: sum 21 + 21
45: square
60: triangle
where
Notes
Uses for constants
As an example of the use of these constants, consider a dodecahedron with the following volume, where a is the length of an edge:
Using
Derivation triangles
The derivation of sine, cosine, and tangent constants into radial forms is based upon the constructibility of right triangles. Here right triangles made from symmetry sections of regular polygons are used to calculate fundamental trigonometric ratios. Each right triangle represents three points in a regular polygon: a vertex, an edge center containing that vertex, and the polygon center. An n-gon can be divided into 2n right triangles with angles of {180/n, 90180/n, 90} degrees, for n in 3, 4, 5, ... Constructibility of 3, 4, 5, and 15-sided polygons are the basis, and angle bisectors allow multiples of two to also be derived. Constructible 32n-sided regular polygons, for n in 0, 1, 2, 3, ... 30-60-90 triangle: triangle (3-sided) 60-30-90 triangle: hexagon (6-sided) 75-15-90 triangle: dodecagon (12-sided) 82.5-7.5-90 triangle: icosikaitetragon (24-sided) 86.25-3.75-90 triangle: tetracontakaioctagon (48-sided)
Regular polygon (N-sided) and its fundamental right triangle. Angle: a=180/n
Exact trigonometric constants ... 42n-sided 45-45-90 triangle: square (4-sided) 67.5-22.5-90 triangle: octagon (8-sided) 78.75-11.25-90 triangle: hexakaidecagon (16-sided) ... 52n-sided 54-36-90 triangle: pentagon (5-sided) 72-18-90 triangle: decagon (10-sided) 81-9-90 triangle: icosagon (20-sided) 85.5-4.5-90 triangle: tetracontagon (40-sided) 87.75-2.25-90 triangle: octacontagon (80-sided) ... 152n-sided 78-12-90 triangle: pentakaidecagon (15-sided) 84-6-90 triangle: tricontagon (30-sided) 87-3-90 triangle: hexacontagon (60-sided) 88.5-1.5-90 triangle: hectoicosagon (120-sided) 89.25-0.75-90 triangle: dihectotetracontagon (240-sided) ... (Higher constructible regular polygons don't make whole degree angles: 17, 51, 85, 255, 257...) Nonconstructible (with whole or half degree angles) No finite radical expressions involving real numbers for these triangle edge ratios are possible, therefore its multiples of two are also not possible. 92n-sided 70-20-90 triangle: enneagon (9-sided) 80-10-90 triangle: octakaidecagon (18-sided) 85-5-90 triangle: triacontakaihexagon (36-sided) 87.5-2.5-90 triangle: heptacontakaidigon (72-sided) ... 452n-sided 86-4-90 triangle: tetracontakaipentagon (45-sided) 88-2-90 triangle: enneacontagon (90-sided) 89-1-90 triangle: hectaoctacontagon (180-sided) 89.5-0.5-90 triangle: trihectohexacontagon (360-sided) ...
n /(5 2m)
Geometrical method Applying Ptolemy's theorem to the cyclic quadrilateral ABCD defined by four successive vertices of the pentagon, we can find that:
which is the reciprocal 1/ of the golden ratio. Crd is the Chord function,
Thus
Chord(36) = a/b = 1/f, from Ptolemy's theorem
(Alternatively, without using Ptolemy's theorem, label as X the intersection of AC and BD, and note by considering angles that triangle AXB is isosceles, so AX=AB=a. Triangles AXD and CXB are similar, because AD is parallel to BC. So XC=a(a/b). But AX+XC=AC, so a+a2/b=b. Solving this gives a/b=1/, as above). Similarly
so
Algebraic method The multiple angle formulas for functions of , where and
, can be solved for the functions of . The multiple angle formulas are: , . When or , we let . or
One solution is zero, and the resulting 4th degree equation can be solved as a quadratic in When or , we again let , which factors into: . or and solve for :
n /20
9 is 45-36, and 27 is 4518; so we use the subtraction formulas for sine and cosine.
n /30
6 is 36-30, 12 is 3018, 24 is 5430, and 42 is 6018; so we use the subtraction formulas for sine and cosine.
n /60
3 is 1815, 21 is 3615, 33 is 18+15, and 39 is 5415, so we use the subtraction (or addition) formulas for sine and cosine.
are rational, with the appropriate choice of the four signs, then
For example,
10
References
Weisstein, Eric W., "Constructible polygon [1]" from MathWorld. Weisstein, Eric W., "Trigonometry angles [2]" from MathWorld. /3 (60) [3] /6 (30) [4] /12 (15) [5] /24 (7.5) [6] /4 (45) [7] /8 (22.5) [8] /16 (11.25) [9] /32 (5.625) [10] /5 (36) [11] /10 (18) [12] /20 (9) [13] /7 [14] /14 /9 (20) [15] /18 (10) [16] /11 [17] /13 [18] /15 (12) [19] /30 (6) [20] /17 [21] /19 /23 [22] Bracken, Paul; Cizek, Jiri (2002). "Evaluation of quantum mechanical perturbation sums in terms of quadratic surds and their use in approximation of zeta(3)/pi^3". Int. J. Quantum Chemistry 90 (1): 4253. doi:10.1002/qua.1803. Conway, John H.; Radin, Charles; Radun, Lorenzo (1998). "On angles whose squared trigonometric functions are rational". arXiv:math-ph/9812019. Conway, John H.; Radin, Charles; Radun, Lorenzo (1999). "On angles whose squared trigonometric functions are rational". Disc. Comput. Geom. 22 (3): 321332. doi:10.1007/PL00009463. MR1706614. Girstmair, Kurt (1997). "Some linear relations between values of trigonometric functions at k*pi/n". Acta Arithmetica 81: 387398. MR1472818. Gurak, S. (2006). "On the minimal polynomial of gauss periods for prime powers". Mathematics of Computation 75 (256): 20212035. Bibcode2006MaCom..75.2021G. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-06-01885-0. MR2240647. Servi, L. D. (2003). "Nested square roots of 2". Am. Math. Monthly 110 (4): 326330. doi:10.2307/3647881. JSTOR3647881. MR1984573.
External links
Constructible Regular Polygons [23] Naming polygons [24]
References
[1] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ ConstructiblePolygon. html [2] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAngles. html [3] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi3. html [4] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi6. html [5] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi12. html [6] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi24. html [7] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi4. html [8] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi8. html [9] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi16. html [10] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi32. html [11] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi5. html [12] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi10. html [13] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi20. html [14] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi7. html [15] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi9. html [16] http:/ / mathworld. wolfram. com/ TrigonometryAnglesPi18. html
11
12
License
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/