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BI TP LN L THUYT TH PHN L THUYT

Cu 1: Trnh by y nh ngha v cc v d v ng chu trnh, ch
trng c bit v ng chu trnh Euler v Hamilton? - nh ngha ng i: Cho V0 v Vn l hai nh ca th . Mt ng i t V0 n Vn c chiu di n l mt dy c (n+1) nh v n cnh bt u t nh V 0 v kt thc ti Vn. ( v0,e1,v1,e2,,vn-1,en,vn ) ei ni vi-1 vi vi. C th vi = vj (i#j) + ng i t v0 n vn c th c nh hng nht nh c gi l ng nh hng. + Mt ng i t v0 c gi l s cp nu nh vi # vj vi i # j. + ng nh hng c gi l nh hng s cp nu mt nh ch i qua mt ln - nh ngha chu trnh :Chu trnh (mch) l ng c nh hng c di khc khng v khng i qua mt cnh qu mt ln. + Chu trnh (mch) c gi l s cp t v0 n vn khng i qu 1 ln ngoi tr v. - nh ngha ng Euler : Mt ng c gi l ng Euler i t v n w nu nh ng cha tt c cc nh v cc cnh ca th - nh ngha chu trnh Euler :Mt chu trnh c gi l chu trnh Euler l mt chu trnh cha tt c cc nh ca th - nh l 1: th G c chu trnh Euler nu v ch nu G c tt c cc bc l chn khc khng. - nh l 2: th G c ng Euler t v n w (vw) nu v ch nu G lin thng v c ng hai nh bc l

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- nh ngha chu trnh Hamilton : L mt chu trnh s cp v cha tt c cc nh ca th + th n nh c chu trnh Hamilton th phi c n cnh * Lu : Nu th c chu trnh Hamilton th cc nh nm trong chu trnh iu l bc hai - ng Halminton : nu ta hy i mt cnh trong chu trnh Halmiton th s nhn dc mt ng Halmiton..

V d :
Cho qun m i trn bn c vua sao cho n i qua mi ng mt ln (bi ton m i tun). - Cc V d v ng chu trnh Euler v Hamilton:

th

trn c chu trnh Euler nhng Halminton.

khng c chu trnh

th trn va khng c chu trnh Euler va khng c chu trnh Halminton.

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th trn va c chu trnh Euler va c chu trnh Halminton.

th ny c chu trnh Halminton nhng khng c chu trnh Euler - nh l 3: Cho mt th y Kn vi n l v n 3 th th G c (n-1)/2 chu trnh Hamilton tng i mt khng giao nhau - nh l 4: Cho G l mt th n gin c nh n ln hn bc 3 nu (v) n/2 vi mi nh v G th G c chu trnh Hamilton

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Mt s nhn xt: 1. th c nh c bc 1 th khng c chu trnh Hamilton. 2. th c cc nh u c bc 2. Nu c nh no c bc bng 2 th mi chu trnh Hamilton (nu c) phi i qua hai cnh k vi nh ny. 3. Nu trong th c nh c ba nh bc 2 k vi n th th khng c chu trnh Hamilton. 4. Nu nh a c hai nh k bc 2 l b v c th mi cnh (a, x), x {b, c} s khng thuc bt k chu trnh Hamilton no. 5. th c ng i v hng < a1 , a2 , ... , ak >. Vi ch s k < n v cc nh trn ng i (tr a1 v ak) u c bc 2 th cnh (a1, ak) s khng thuc bt k chu trnh Hamilton no. 6. th hai phn G = (V1,V2, F) vi | V1 | | V2 | s khng c mt chu trnh Hamilton no

Cu 2 : Th no l ma trn lin kt, ma trn k , ma trn ti ca th v ngc

li? - Ma trn lin kt : Cho th G c n nh v 1 , v 2 ,v n . Ma trn lin kt ca G vi th t cc nh
1

v1, v 2 ,v n l ma trn vung nxn. [mij]n X n ; mij l s cnh ni vi vi vj.

B D

V d: Cho th G:

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T th G c ma trn lin kt l A A B C D E 0 1 1 0 0 B 1 0 1 1 1 C 1 1 0 1 1 D 0 1 1 0 1 E 0 1 1 1 0

- Ma trn k ca th : cho G l th n nh, khng c cnh song song. Ma trn vung cp n. Anxn = [Aij] c n dng n ct ng vi i, j.th Aijc xc nh nh sau : 1 Nu c cnh gia nh i v nh j Aij= 0 Ngc li

V d:
A A B 1 C D E 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 B 0 1 1 C 0 0 1 D 1 E 0 0

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<*> Ch : Ch c th n gin nhn vo ma trn k ta tnh c bc cc nh. Khi th c cnh song song th ta khng tnh c ma trn k Cho A l ma trn k ca th n gin th phn t hng th i v ct th j ca ma trn An (tch ca ma trn ) l s cc ng i c chiu di n t im i n j - Ma trn ti : cho G l th c n nh v1, v2, ..vn v c m cnh e1,e2,e3 em. Ma trn An xm c n hng ng vi n nh , m ct ng vi m cnh c gi tr nh sau : 1 Nu cnh ei ti vj Aij= 0 Ngc li

V d:
V1 E2 E4 E1 E5 V2 E6 V3

E3
V4

V5

E1 V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 1 0 0 1 0

E2 1 0 0 0 1

E3 0 1 0 1 0

E4 0 1 0 0 1

E5 0 0 1 0 1

E6 0 1 1 0 0
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- Tm ng chu trnh khi bit ma trn lin kt,ma trn k,ma trn ti.

Ma trn k :

a a 0 b A= d 1 1 c 0 e 0 [A4] de = 6 .

b 1 0 1 0 1

c 0 1 0 1 1

d 1 0 1 0 0

e 0 1 1 0 0 A4 = c d e a b

a 9 3 11 1 6

b 3 15 7 11 8

c 11

d 1

e 6 8 8 6 8

7 11 15 3 3 8 9 6

Vy c 6 ng i c di 4 t d e. (d,a,b,c,e) ; (d,a,d,c,e) ; (d,c,d,c,e) ;(d,c,b,c,e) ;(d,c,e,c,c,e) ;(d,a,b,a,d,c,e) - Ma trn ti : Tm ng i ngn nht qua 2 nh ca mt th c trng s

- Tm ng i t a n f: a , b , c , f ; f khng thuc T
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Cu 3 : Th no l th phng , cch nhn bit th phng?

- nh ngha: th c gi l th phng nu ta c th v n trn mt phng sao cho cc cnh ca n khng ct nhau ngoi nh. V d th K4 l phng, v c th v n trn mt phng sao cho cc cnh ca n khng ct nhau ngoi nh

Mt iu ng lu nu th l phng th lun c th v n trn mt phng vi cc cnh ni l cc on thng khng ct nhau ngoi nh * Cch nhn bit th phng : nhn bit xem mt th c phi l th phng c th s dng nh l Kuratovski : Ta gi mt php chia cnh (u,v) ca th l vic loi b cnh ny khi th v thm vo th mt nh mi w cng vi hai cnh (u,w), (w, u) . Hai th G(V,E) v H=(W,F) c gi l ng cu nu chng c th thu c t cng mt th no nh php chia cnh. - nh l 2 (Kuratovski). th l phng khi v ch khi n khng cha th con ng cu vi K3,3 hoc K5.

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V d :

Cu 4 : Cc hiu bit v th ng cu, cy t do, cy c gc v cy nh

phn ng cu? 1 . th ng cu : Hai th G1 v G2 c gi l ng cu vi nhau nu c mt song nh f : t tp nh ca G1 n tp nh ca G2. 1 song nh f : t tp cc nh cua G1 n tp cc nh ca G2.1 song nh G: t tp cc cnh ca G1tp cc cnh ca G2. Sao cho e ti 2 nh v, w trong G1 nu cnh g(e) ti f(v), f(w) trong G2.
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Hai th G1 , G2 l ng cu, nu v ch nu hai ma trn k tng ng

* Cch nhn bit : Hai th ng cu vi nhau th phi c cng s cnh, s nh. S nh bc k bng hay s chu trnh s cp c nh bc k. Ta xy dng mt song nh tp nh ca th G1 v tp nh ca th G2. Kim tra xem mi cp cnh ca G1 c nh l cnh ca G2, nu c th ng cu, nu khng th khng ng cu. V d :

f(a) = A , f(b) = B , f(c) = C , f(d) = D, f(e) = E. (a , e ) = x1 G1 (b , c ) = x3 G1 (c , d ) = x4 G1 (a , b ) = x2 G1 (d , e ) = x5 G1 2 . Cy t do v cy c gc : - Cy t do l mt th n gin tha mn mi cp nh trong T c duy nht mt ng ni (A , E) = y1 G2 (B , C) = y3 G2 (C , D) = y4 G2 (A , B) = y2 G2 (D , E) = y5 G2

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- Cy c gc l mt cy c hng trn chn mt nh l gc v cc cnh c nh hng sao cho vi mi nh, lun lun c mt ng c hng t gc i n nh .

Cho T l mt cy c r v0 , gi s x , y, z l cc nh trong T v v0 , v1 ... vn l li i n gin trong T ( i qua cc nh) a. vn 1 l cha vn b. v0...vn -1 l tin bi ca vn c. vn l con ca vn 1 d. Nu x l tin bi ca y th y l hu th ca x e. Nu x v y l con ca z , ta bo x ,y l anh em. f. Nu x khng c con ta gi x l nh treo (l). g. Nu x khng l nh treo, ta gi x l nh phn h.Cy con ca T ly gc ti x l mt th vi tp cc nh V , tp cc cnh E vi cc hu th ca x v E={ ee} l mt cnh ca ng i n gin t x n mt nh trong V * Nhn xt : Cho T l mt cy , ta c : T lin thng T khng c chu trnh ( v c duy nht mt ng ni)

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T1

T2

Vi cy t do T trn, chn nh a lm gc thnh cy c gc. 3. Cy nh phn ng cu : Nu T l cy t do th nh ngha 2 cy ng cu nh nh ngha v th ng cu. Nu cy c r th thm iu kin : nh ca r cy T1 l r cy T2.

Cu 5 : Trnh by cc hiu bit v cy, cy m-phn c sp th t v cy nh

phn ? 1/ Cy : Cy t do l mt th n gin tha mn mi cp nh n T c duy nht mt ng ni. Cho T l mt cy c r v0 , gi s x , y, z l cc nh trong T v v 0 , v1 ... vn l li i n gin trong T ( i qua cc nh) a. vn 1 l cha vn b. v0...vn -1 l tin bi ca vn c. vn l con ca vn 1 d. Nu x l tin bi ca y th y l hu th ca x e. Nu x v y l con ca z , ta bo x ,y l anh em.
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V d :

2/ Cy m- phn : - nh ngha :Cho mt cy c gc T. Nu s con ti a ca mt nh tring T l m v c t nht mt nh c ng m con th T gi l mt cy m phn. Nu mi nh trong T u c ng m con th T gi l mt cy m-phn y

V d :

- nh l : 1.Mt cy m- phn y c i nh trong th c mi +1 nh. 2.Mt cy m- phn c chiu cao l h th c nhiu nht l mh l. 3. Mt cy m - phn c l l th c chiu cao h >=[logml]. 4. Mt cy m phn y v cn bng c l l th c chiu cao h=[logml]
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- nh ngha : Cy nh phn l mt dng quan trng nht ca cy c r.Mt nh trong cy nh phn nhiu nht l hai con v mi con c ch nh l con bn tri hay con bn phi. Cy nh phn y l cy nh phn m trong mi nh phi c hai con hoc khng c con no.

V d :

- nh l 1 : Nu T l cy nh phn y c i nh phn th T c i+1 nh treo v 2i+1 nh tt c. - nh l 2 : Nu cy nh phn c chiu cao h v c t nh treo th ta c : lgt h

Cu 6 : Cy bao trm ?
- nh ngha : Cho mt th v hng G.Mt cy T gi l mt cy bao trm ca G nu T l mt th con cha mi nh ca G. - nh l : th G c cy bao trm nu v ch nu G lin thng

V d : Cho th lin thng G , G l cy bao trm ca G.

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