Intelligent Transportation Systems

CCTV Surveillance Over IP

Baltimore Regional Traffic Signal Forum
December 14, 2005 Diederick VanDillen

Intelligent Transportation Systems USA Your Success is Our Goal

Presentation Outline
What is CCTV over IP? Sample Architectures CCTV over IP Components Advantages over Traditional CCTV Systems CCTV over IP Challenges Summary

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What is CCTV over IP (CCTVoIP)

Traditional analog CCTV (NTSC video) typically runs over coax cable, wireless, and fiber along dedicated point-to-point channels CCTV over IP sends information (video, status and control) as packet data onto an IP (Internet Protocol 10.1.1.1, 192.168.2.254) network which may already be used for other computer network purposes Data packets are interleaved with other traffic on the same medium and routed/switched to their destination using common networking hardware IP networks are typically run over copper TWP (Cat 5/6), fiber, and wireless 802.11a/b/g

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What is Digital and Compressed Video

Digital refers to the process of digitizing or sampling the CCTV analog video to transform an analog signal to a digital format Digital (uncompressed) 8-10bit video used by some CCTV fiber transceivers this is not IP video Compressed (or encoded) video removes some of the redundant information in order to reduce data rates
Lossless removes redundant information without affecting picture quality 45-90MB data rate Lossy results in some reduction in video quality (resolution, frame rate, color depth) over uncompressed image 56kbps to 10MBps

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Analog vs IP Cameras
NTSC (Analog) cameras
Still dominant in traffic industry Provide support for NTCIP

IP Cameras (i.e. Webcams)

Camera digitalizes and encodes image within camera IP output Typically consumer and security type cameras not suited for harsh environments

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CCTVoIP Distribution Architecture

Field

Analog Cameras
Analog

Matrix Switch

Analog Displays

TMC

Traffic Management System

Encoders

Network Video Server

Internet / Intranet WAN LAN Web Browsers

Digital IP

Distribution System

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CCTVoIP End-End Architecture

Analog Cameras
Field Traffic Management System

Encoders TMC WAN LAN

TMC

TMC Workstations

Network Video Server

Video Display Processor

Large Screen Displays

Internet / Intranet WAN LAN

Analog Digital IP

Web Browsers

Distribution System

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CCTVoIP Components - Encoder

Serial Control

Digital IP

Encoder
Analog Video

Digitizes and compresses analog video using standard encoding format (MJPEG, MPEG2, MPEG4) over IP Digitizes serial control channel over IP (i.e. terminal server) Functions as video server some have built in browsers Ethernet/IP interface compatible with any fiber, cable (Cat 5/6), or wireless IP (802.11) network

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CCTVoIP Components Encoder Formats

Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)
Encodes each picture separately (intra-frame) sends in a series to create motion (Motion JPEG) low latency High quality still images (snapshots) Web standard

Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG 2, 4)

Supports both inter-frame (motion compensation) and intra-frame encoding more efficient compression than MJPEG Better streaming and motion video performance at lower bandwidth

Encoders generally not interoperable - formats are standardized, but not the transport

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CCTVoIP Components Decoder

Hardware decoder
May be needed for displaying analog video Interface with legacy equipment or to workstations and display processors that do not support a software decoder

Software decoder more prevalent with improved processor capability Compatible with the Encoder
Encoding formats are standardized but not the IP transport most encoders are not interoperable Some interoperability testing has been done (TxDOT, SwR)

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CCTVoIP Components TMC Network

Typically a dedicated high bandwidth GigE (gigabit Ethernet) network Use of MPEG2, MPEG4 high resolution encoding formats Managed Ethernet switches do not use hubs Supporting Protocols
TCP/IP UDP (video) and TCP (control) transport Device management - SNMP Video multicast support IGMP Traffic priority if bandwidth/loading restrictions QoS Traffic separation if shared network - VLAN

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CCTVoIP Components TMC Workstation

High Performance workstation with large monitor to enable displaying 1-4 video streams simultaneously Video decoding in software is processor intensive Optionally decode in hardware using a dedicated decoder and video capture card for each workstation Software based video switching (point and click) routes encoded video to desired decoder port Software based camera control

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CCTVoIP Components Network Video Server

Distribution of video for external internet/intranet users with user authentication and access control Typically supports back-end video serving processes for a front-end web server Supports video multicasting to manage network loading Supports transcoding to translate between video encoding formats, or reduces frame rate of current format for external users Camera control arbitration Video record and playback

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CCTVoIP Components Video Display Processor

Manages the information display of large screen display systems and stand alone monitors Able to manage multiple different computer, data, and video input formats Some have ability to directly decode standard digital video encoded formats

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CCTVoIP Components Internet/Intranet

Typically characterized by limited or restricted bandwidth access (1.5 100MB) Supporting 100s-1000s of simultaneous users Shared network with limited or no multicast or priority support MJPEG or other Web video formats

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CCTVoIP Components Web Browser

Any authorized user with a web browser and access to the Network Video Server can access video and control point browser to http video server address
External agency users video and limited control Public viewing only

Does not require special application software minimizes administration Video quality adjusts to network bandwidth capability
Intranet users ~ 1-15 frames per second Internet users ~ <1 frame per second

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CCTVoIP Advantages over Traditional Systems

Improved system scalability
Adding cameras is similar to adding another computer to your network no additional TMC equipment Video switching is handled at the packet level by the network no more matrix switch expansion modules

Network convergence - CCTV can integrate with other Ethernet/IP field network devices (i.e. traffic controllers) over the same backbone no additional communications infrastructure required Reliability IP networks support alternate routing and redundant network links

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CCTVoIP Advantages over Traditional Systems

Open standards support
Encoding/Decoding formats are standardized open source software decoders exist, hardware decoder interoperability improving Ethernet/IP network transport Compatible with NTCIP

Software based control eliminates dedicated and proprietary hardware switch matrix, multiplexers, sequencers

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CCTVoIP Technical Challenges

Latency control response times can be greater consider encoder/decoder performance and network latency Lossy compression artifacts resolution (image pixelization and smearing) and frame rate
Greater at higher compression ratios Dependent upon image scene, size and motion

Network loading can have a negative effect on image quality or availability requires proper network design and monitoring

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CCTVoIP Institutional Challenges

Policy for supporting video over shared networks Maintenance demarcation points when using shared facilities Requires IT skills and tools for maintenance/support

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CCTVoIP Summary
CCTV security industry is migrating to IP Traditional analog systems may be more cost effective for smaller deployments CCTVoIP may be more cost effective for:
Systems with large number of field cameras Systems with existing Ethernet/IP infrastructure leverage existing hardware Multiple distributed control points or centers

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