HWA CHONG INSTITUTION

MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT PAGE 1

2011 GCE A Level H2 Maths Solution Paper 1

1
Note that
( )( )
2
2
2
1 3
1 2 4
0
2 1 2
x
x x
x x x x
| |
+ +
|
+ +
\ .
= <
+ +

Since the numerator is
2
1 3 3
0
2 4 4
x
| |
+ + > >
|
\ .
for all real
values of x , we can divide
2
1 3
2 4
x
| |
+ +
|
\ .
on both sides of
the inequality to reduce the inequality to
( )( )
1
0
2 1 x x
<
+
.

( )( )
1
0
2 1 x x
<
+
is equivalent to ( )( ) 2 1 0 x x + < .
The critical points are 2 x = and 1 x = .

From a number-line diagram:




Therefore the answer is 2 1 x < < .
Remark: Students, in this case,
should demonstrate the initiative
to show that
2
1 x x + + is positive
by means of, say, completing the
square method.

Note: Even though the question
does not permit the use of a
calculator, we can still use the
graphic calculator, if time
permits, to give us an idea where
our answer lies in (highlighted):


2(i) Substitute the points given in equation into the equation
( )
2
f x ax bx c = + + :
Point ( ) 1.5, 4.5 : ( ) ( )
2
1.5 1.5 4.5 a b c + + =
Point ( ) 2.1, 3.2 : ( ) ( )
2
2.1 2.1 3.2 a b c + + =
Point ( ) 3.4, 4.1 : ( ) ( )
2
3.4 3.4 4.1 a b c + + =
Using graphic calculator,
0.215, 0.490, 3.281 a b c = = = (all to 3 d.p)
Using the Polysmlt APPS in the
TI84 Plus calculator:







HWA CHONG INSTITUTION
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT PAGE 2

2(ii)
For ( ) f x to be an increasing function, ( ) f ' 0 x > .
That is, 2 0 ax b + > .
Using the values of 0.2149, 0.4901 a b = = ,
we have 0.4298 0.4901 0 x > 1.140 x > .
Thus the set of values is { } : 1.14 x x e > .
Remark: Note the use of set
notation to write the final answer.
3(i)
From
2
x t = and
2
y
t
= , we have
d
2
d
x
t
t
= and
2
d 2
d
y
t t

= .
Thus
3
d d d 1
d d d
y y t
x t x t

= = .
At
2
2
, p
p
| |
|
\ .
which means t p = ,
3
d 1
d
y
x p

= .
Therefore, equation of tangent is
( )
2
3
2 1
y x p
p p

= .
This would simplify to
3
1 3
y x
p p

= + .
Note: Usually if the question is
presented with a parametric
setting, we should work directly
on the parametric equations
given. On the other hand, it is not
difficult to obtain the equivalent
Cartesian form for the equation of
the curve:
2
4
y
x
= . Thus, working
with this Cartesian equation
provides an alternative way to
solving the question.
3(ii) At Q, 0 y = .
From the equation of the tangent obtained earlier,
2
3
1 3
0 3 x x p
p p

= + = . Thus
( )
2
3 , 0 Q p = .
At R , 0 x = .
Apply this information to the equation of the tangent,
( )
3
1 3 3
0 y y
p p p

= + = . Thus
3
0, R
p
| |
=
|
\ .
.

3(iii)
The mid-point of QR is
( )
2
1 1 3
3 0 , 0
2 2
R p
p
| |
| |
= + +
|
|
\ .
\ .

2
3 3
,
2 2
p
p
| |
=
|
\ .
.
As p varies,
2
3
2
x p = and
3
2
y
p
= vary as well and
their variation is connected by the Cartesian equation
given as
2
2
3 3 27
2 2 8
x x
y y
| |
= =
|
\ .
or equivalent to
2
27
8
y
x
= .

4(i) Quoting the standard series from MF 15 for
2 4
cos 1 ...
2! 4!
x x
x = + :
( )
6
2 4
6
g cos 1 ...
2! 4!
x x
x x
| |
= = +
|
\ .

Note: To expand
2
2 4
...
2 24
x x
| |
+
|
\ .
, one way is to
stick to the fundamentals of
carrying out expansion:
HWA CHONG INSTITUTION
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT PAGE 3

6
2 4
1 ...
2 24
x x
| |
| |
= + +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .

2
2 4 2 4
6 6
1 ... ... ...
1 2 2 24 2 24
x x x x
| | | |
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
2 4 4
1 6 ... 15 ... ...
2 24 4
x x x
| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ . \ .

2 4
1 3 4 ... x x = + +
2
2 4
2 4 2 4
...
2 24
... ...
2 24 2 24
x x
x x x x
| |
+
|
\ .
| || |
= + +
| |
\ .\ .

4(ii)(a)
( )
2 4
0 0
g d 1 3 4 d
a a
x x x x x ~ +
} }
3 5
0
4
5
a
x x x
(
= +
(


3 5
4
5
a a a = + .

Substitute
1
4
a t = ,
( )
1
3 5
4
0
1 1 4 1
g d
4 4 5 4
x x
t
t t t
| | | |
~ +
| |
\ . \ .
}
0.540 = .
Note: If exact answer is not
needed, graphic calculator is a
quick way to get the result:

4(ii)(b)
Direct from graphic calculator, ( )
1
4
0
g d 0.475 x x
t
=
}

correct to 3 s.f.

The value of
1
4
a t = is approximately 0.785 which
happens to be at a point where the two graphs
2 4
1 3 4 y x x = + and ( ) g y x = have departed from each
other significantly (see the sketch below. The one in bold
is the trigonometric graph):


Thus the result in (a) is not a very good approximation.
Note: Simply explaining
1
4
a t =
is not close to zero may not be
enough to fully answer this
question. This is because phrases
such as not close to zero are
very subjective or ambiguous.
They are also too general to be
applicable to every approximation
problem in some cases, the
substitution value used may not
be close to zero, yet the final
approximation may turn out to be
very accurate.
5(i)




x
y
(0, 2)
(2, 0) (2, 0)
HWA CHONG INSTITUTION
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT PAGE 4



5(ii)
The equation
( ) ( ) f f x x = holds only when 0 2 x s s
(compare the two graphs in (i)).
Thus the set of values of x is { } : 0 2 x x e s s .
Note: We can also write the set of
values as | |
0, 2 .
5(iii)
( ) ( )
1
1
1
f d 2 2 1 1
2
x x

| |
= +
|
\ .
}
3 = ----- (*)

To evaluate ( )
1
f d
a
x x
}
, first note that when 2 a = ,
Using the formula for area of triangle,
( ) ( )
2
1 1
1 1
f d f d 1 1 3
2 2
a
x x x x = = = <
} }
.
Thus, we know 2 a > :


Hence, ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2
1
1 1 1 1
f d 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
a
x x a a a = + = +
}

Equate this result to (*):
( )
2 1 1
2 3 2 5
2 2
a a + = = .
Since 2 a > , therefore 2 5 a = + .

Note 1:
( )
1
1
f d x x

}
is interpreted,
in this case, as the area of two
trapeziums. We may also evaluate
this integral directly:
( )
1 1
1 0
f d 2 2 d x x x x

=
} }
.

Note 2:
( ) f 2 x x =
( )
2 , 2
2 , 2
x x
x x
>
=

<

Thus, in view of direct
integration,
( )
( )
1
2
1 2
f d
2 d 2 d .
a
a
x x
x x x x = +
}
} }

This provides an alternative way
to evaluate ( )
1
f d
a
x x
}
.
6(i)
1 1
LHS sin sin
2 2
1 1
sin cos cos sin
2 2
1 1
sin cos cos sin
2 2
r r
r r
r r
u u
u u u u
u u u u
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
= +
|
\ .
| |

|
\ .

1 1
cos sin cos sin
2 2
r r u u u u
| |
=
|
\ .

1
2cos sin
2
ru u = . (Proved!)

Note: We could have applied the
factor formula directly to simplify
1 1
sin sin
2 2
r r u u
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
.
However, as the question
demanded a certain approach to
simplifying this result, we have to
follow the questions instruction.
x
y
(2, 0)
(0, 2)
x
y
2
(0, 2)

1
a


HWA CHONG INSTITUTION
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT PAGE 5

6(ii)
1
1 1 1
cos sin sin
1
2 2
2sin
2
n
r
r r r u u u
u =
| |
| | | |
= +
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .

3 1
sin sin
2 2
5 3
sin sin
2 2
1
7 5
sin sin
1
2sin 2 2
2
1 1
sin sin
2 2
n n
u u
u u
u u
u
u u
| |

|
|
|

|
|
=
|

|
|
|
| | | | |
+
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .

1 1 1
sin sin
1
2 2
2sin
2
n u u
u
| |
| |
= +
| |
\ .
\ .

Note:
1
sin
2
u does not vary as r
varies. This is why it could be
brought out of the sigma notation.
6(iii)
Let
n
P denote the statement
1
1 1 1
sin cos cos
1
2 2
2sin
2
n
r
r n u u u
u =
| |
| |
= +
| |
\ .
\ .

for every
positive integer n .

When 1 n = ,
1
1
LHS sin sin
r
ru u
=
= =

.
1 1 3
RHS cos cos
1
2 2
2sin
2
u u
u
| |
=
|
\ .

1 3 1
cos cos
1
2 2
2sin
2
u u
u
| |
=
|
\ .

3 1 3 1
1 2 2 2 2
2sin sin
1
2 2
2sin
2
u u u u
u
| | | | | |
+
| | |

\ . \ .
|
=
|
|
\ .

1
sin sin sin
1
2
sin
2
u
u u
u
| |
= =
|
\ .
.
Thus
1
P is true.

Next, assume
k
P is true for some positive integer k .
That is,
1
1 1 1
sin cos cos
1
2 2
2sin
2
k
r
r k u u u
u =
| |
| |
= +
| |
\ .
\ .

.















Note 1: In the proving of
1
P , we
have used the factor formula
cos cos
2sin sin .
2 2
A B
A B A B

+ | | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

The above formula is more
convenient to use if we could
arrange our terms such that
A B > .







HWA CHONG INSTITUTION
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT PAGE 6

Finally, to prove
1 k
P
+
is true. That is, to prove
1
1
1 1 3
sin cos cos
1
2 2
2sin
2
k
r
r k u u u
u
+
=
| |
| |
= +
| |
\ .
\ .

:
( )
1
1 1
LHS sin sin sin 1
k k
r r
r r k u u u
+
= =
= = + +


( )
1 1 1
cos cos sin 1
1
2 2
2sin
2
k k u u u
u
| |
| |
= + + +
| |
\ .
\ .

( )
1 1 1 1
cos cos 2sin 1 sin
1
2 2 2
2sin
2
k k u u u u
u
| |
| |
= + + +
| |
\ .
\ .

1 1
cos cos
2 2
1
1
1 1
2sin
cos 1 cos 1
2
2 2
k
k k
u u
u
u u
| |
| |
+
| |
\ .
|
=
|
| |
| | | |
+ + +
|
| | |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .

1 1
cos cos
2 2 1
1
3 1
2sin
cos cos
2
2 2
k
k k
u u
u
u u
| |
| |
+
| |
\ .
|
=
|
| | | |
+ + +
|
| |
\ . \ .
\ .

1 1 3
cos cos RHS
1
2 2
2sin
2
k u u
u
| |
| |
= + =
| |
\ .
\ .

Thus
1 k
P
+
is also true.
In conclusion, since
1
P is true and
k
P is true implies
1 k
P
+

is also true, therefore, by mathematical induction,
n
P is
true for every integer n .
















Note 2: We are applying the
factor formula here but in a
reverse order:
2sin sin
2 2
cos cos
A B A B
A B
+ | | | |

| |
\ . \ .
=



7(i)
Given : 1: 2 OP PA= , therefore
1
3
OP = a.
Given : 3: 2 OQ QB = , therefore
3
5
OQ = b.
Thus
( )
1 1 3
2 6 10
OM OP OQ = + = + a b.

Area of triangle OMP
1
2
OM OP =
1 1 3 1
2 6 10 3
| |
= +
|
\ .
a b a
1 1 1 3 1
2 6 3 10 3
= + a a b a














Note 1: 0 = a a

HWA CHONG INSTITUTION
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT PAGE 7

1 1
2 10
= b a
1
20
= a b
1
20
k =

Note 2: = a b b a and thus
= a b b a .
7(ii)(a)
Since a is a unit vector, 1 = a .
Thus ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 6 3 1 p p p + + =
2
49 1 p =
1
7
p = (reject
1
7
p = since p is a positive constant)

7(ii)(b)
Since a is a unit vector, a b can be interpreted as the
length of projection of b onto a .

7(ii)(c)
2 1 2 1 9
6 1 6 1 7
3 2 3 2 8
p
p p p
p
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | |
= = =
| | | | |
| | | | |

\ . \ . \ . \ . \ .
a b
9
1
7
7
8
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .


8(i)
2
1
d
100
v
v
}
2 2
1 1 10
d ln
20 10 10
v
v c
v v
+
= = +

}
where c
is an arbitrary constant.
Note: This problem can also be
solved by means of partial
fractions, but direct application of
formula found in MF15 is much
easier.
8(ii)(a)
From
2
2
d d 100
10 0.1
d d 10
v v v
v
t t

= =
2
1 1
d d
10 100
v t
v
=

} }

1 10 1
ln
20 10 10
v
t c
v
+
= +

10
ln 2 20
10
v
t c
v
+
= +

2 20
10
e
10
t c
v
v
+
+
=

2
10
e
10
t
v
A
v
+
=

, where
20
e
c
A= is an arbitrary
constant.
Given that 0 v = when 0 t = , therefore
0
10 0
e
10 0
A
+
=

which forces A to take 1.
Thus
1 10
ln
2 10
v
t
v
+ | |
=
|

\ .
----- (*)
When 5 v = ,
2
10 5 1
e ln3
10 5 2
t
t
+
= =

seconds.





Note: The arbitrary constant can
be placed either side of the
equation.








Note: The answer for expressing
t in terms of v can also be
written as
1 10
ln
2 10
v
t
v
+
=

.
However, this form will pose a
(great) problem in the next
question when we need to remove
the modulus to find v .

HWA CHONG INSTITUTION
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT PAGE 8

8(ii)(b)
When 1 t = ,
1 10
1 ln
2 10
v
v
+ | |
=
|

\ .

10
ln 2
10
v
v
+ | |
=
|

\ .

2
10
e
10
v
v
+
=

( )
2
2
10 e 1
e 1
v

=
+


8(ii)(c)
From the equation,
1 10
ln
2 10
v
t
v
+ | |
=
|

\ .
, we can observe that
t becomes a large value only when v is very near to 10.
Thus, the speed of the stone for large values of t will be
smaller than and very close to 10 metres per second.
Note: It is necessary that
0 10 v < < because of the
equation (*) in 8(ii)(a).
9(i) The context describes an arithmetic progression at work,
with first term 256 a = and common difference 7 d = .
On the tenth day, ( )
10
10 1 T a d = +
( ) 256 9 7 193 = + = metres.
Next, find n such that ( ) 1 10
n
T a n d = + < .
That is, ( )( ) 256 1 7 10 n + <
1
36
7
n > .
This means we take 37 n = which gives
37
4 T = metres
of drilling on the 37
th
day.

Thus, the total depth being drilled is given by
37
S
( )
37
256 4 4810
2
= + = metres.











Note: We can also use another
A.P sum formula to work out this
part: ( ) ( )
2 1
2
n
n
S a n d = +
9(ii) This context describes a geometric progression at work,
with first term 256 a = and common ratio
8
9
r = .
There is in fact no theoretical maximum total depth, but
this maximum will always fall short to the sum to infinity
given by
1
a
S
r
=

.
To exceed 99% of this total, we construct
( )
1
0.99
1
n
n
a r
S S
r

= >

1 0.99
n
r >
8
0.01
9
n
| |
<
|
\ .

ln 0.01
8
ln
9
n >
| |
|
\ .
39.1 n >
For number of completed days, we take 40 as the
answer.
Remark: We could have easily
computed the value of S to be
2304 by substituting a and r .
However, this question is easier
to work with if we just stick to the
unevaluated form
1
a
S
r
=

.








Note:
8
ln
9
| |
|
\ .
is a negative
number, and thus the inequality
sign changes at the second last
step.
HWA CHONG INSTITUTION
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT PAGE 9

10(i)
Given
2
8i z = , we can write it as
2
2 2
8e
k
z
t
t
| |
+
|
\ .
=
1
2 i i
2 2 4
8e 2 2e
k k
z
t t
t t
| | | |
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
= = , where 0, 1 k = .
Explicitly,
3
i i
4 4
2 2e or 2 2e z
t t
=
1 i 1 i
2 2 or 2 2
2 2
z
+ | | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

1 2
, 2 2i or 2 2i z z = +
Note 1: An alternative method to
solve such (quadratic) equation is
by letting i z a b = + and
substitute it into the equation
2
8i z = , and do compare real
and imaginary parts to find a and
b .

Note 2:
1 2
and z z are not a pair
of complex conjugate roots.
10(ii)
Given ( )
2
4 4 2i 0 w w + + + = , we use the quadratic
formula to get
( )
2
4 4 4 4 2i
1
2 8i
2 2
w
+
= = .
Applying the result in (i),
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2 2i or 2 2 2i
2 2
w= + + +
1 i or 3 i w = +
Note: An equivalent method is by
completing the square for w:
( )
2
2 2i w+ =
( )
2
4 2 8i w + = .
10(iii)
Suppose
1 2 1 2
2 2i, 2 2i, 3 i, 1 i. z z w w = + = = + =
Loci in (a) and (b) are both perpendicular bisectors:





Note: The locus described in (a)
passes through the origin and
2
w ,
while locus described in (b)
should pass through the midpoint
of
1
w and
2
w which is on the real
axis.
10(iv) These two loci happen to be parallel to each other (both
gradients are 1), thus they do not intersect. This means
they do not have points in common.
Note: If two lines do not intersect
in a plane, the only reason is
because they are parallel. The fact
the gradient is 1 can be observed
from locus (a) passing through
origin and
2
1 i w = .
Re
Im






HWA CHONG INSTITUTION
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT PAGE 10

11(i)
Two vectors parallel to p are
4 2 6
1 5 4
3 2 5
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .
and
4 4 0
1 3 2
3 2 1
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .
. Thus
6 0 6
4 2 6
5 1 12
| | | | | |
| | |
=
| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .
and a
normal vector of p can be taken as
1
1
2
| |
|
|
|
\ .
.
Thus, a scalar product form of p is given as
1 4 1
1 1 1 3
2 3 2
| | | | | |
| | |
= =
| | |
| | |

\ . \ . \ .
r .
Let
x
y
z
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
r , and we have
1
1 3
2
x
y
z
| | | |
| |
=
| |
| |
\ . \ .
. Hence in
Cartesian form, the equation is 2 3 x y z + + = .
Note: To find a Cartesian
equation of the plane, finding the
scalar form first, then converting
the Cartesian form is a common
method.
11(ii) Convert equations of both lines to vector form:
1
1 2
: 2 4
3 1
l
| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |

\ . \ .
r and
2
2 1
: 1 5
3
l
k

| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |
\ . \ .
r where
and are real parameters.
Since the two lines intersect,
1 2 2 1
2 4 1 5
3 1 3 k

| | | | | | | |
| | | |
+ = +
| | | |
| | | |

\ . \ . \ . \ .

1 2 2 ..... (1)
2 4 1 5 ..... (2)
3 3 ..... (3) k



+ = +

= +

+ = +

Solving (1) and (2) gives 1, 1 = = .
Substitute these values into (3) to get 7 k = .
Remark: Do a quick verification
by substituting the values of
, and k back into the
equations of the lines to check
that these values are correct.
11(iii)
Let
1 2
2 4
3 1

| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |

\ . \ .
r which is a vector representing any
point on
1
l .
Denote
1
: 1 3
2
p
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
r ----- (1)
Note 1: This part depends heavily
on the value of k found in (ii).
Thus, it is important to ensure
that the value of k in (ii) is found
correctly.





HWA CHONG INSTITUTION
MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT PAGE 11

Substitute this vector into the LHS of (1):
1 2 1 1 1 2 1
2 4 1 2 1 4 1
3 1 2 3 2 1 2

| |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|
| | | | | | |
+ = +
|
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|

\ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ . \ .
\ .

( ) 3 0 3 RHS of (1) = + = =
Thus
1
l lies on p .
To find the intersection of
2
l and p , substitute
2 1
1 5
3 7

| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |

\ . \ .
r into
1
1 3
2
| |
|
=
|
|
\ .
r and we have
2 1 1
1 5 1 3
3 7 2

| | | | | | | |
|
| | |
+ =
|
| | |
| | |
|

\ . \ . \ .
\ .

2 1 1 1
1 1 5 1 3
3 2 7 2

| | | | | | | |
| | | |
+ =
| | | |
| | | |

\ . \ . \ . \ .

5 8 3
1

=
=

Use this value on
2 1
1 5
3 7

| | | |
| |
= +
| |
| |

\ . \ .
r to obtain
1
6
4
| |
|
=
|
|

\ .
r .
Thus, the coordinates of intersection point is ( ) 1, 6, 4 .


























Note 2: The coordinates of a
point are always given in row
vector form.
11(iv)
Using the direction vectors of
2
l and p , and apply the
scalar product formula, with u as the angle between
2
l
and p :
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
5 1 1 5 7 1 1 2 cos 90
7 2
u
| | | |
| |
= + + + +
| |
| |

\ . \ .

( )
8
cos 90
450
u =
22.2 u = (to 1 d.p)