PHNG

PHP BO
TON
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3/9/13

I. Nguyn tc ca
phng php

Da vo nh lut bo ton nguyn t: Trong

cc phn ng ha hc, cc nguyn t lun lun
c bo ton.
C th hiu nh lut nh sau: tng s mol
nguyn t ca mt nguyn t A trc phn ng
ha hc lun bng tng s mol nguyn t ca
mt nguyn t A sau phn ng.
Ch : nh lut c xem nh nguyn nhn
ca nh lut bo ton khi lng.
3/9/13

II. Vn dng phng

php bo ton
nguyn
t

trong
gi

i
Cc dng ton thng s dng bo ton
nguyn
tont:
- Nguyn t ca nguyn t tn ti trong

nhiu hp cht trong cng mt hn hp

hoc dung dch... th khi lng ca
nguyn t (hay ion) bng tng khi
lng ca nguyn t ca nguyn t
trong cc dng tn ti.

- Tnh ton khi lng sn phm sau

3/9/13
m
t qu trnh phn ng th ch cn

II.1. Khi lng

nguyn t ca nguyn
t ban u bng tng
khi lng cc dng
tn ti ca nguyn t

trong
h n
p nhit

Th
ng gp trong
phh
n
ng
nhm
c kh oxitdung
st v std
c
nhiu
ho
chotrong
ch.
trng thi oxi ha nn thng tn ti
trong nhiu hp cht.

3/9/13

FeO: a(mol)

Fe 2O 3: b(mol)

Chng hn: hn
h p A
b kh bi CO cho hn hp cht rn B
gm

Fe2O3 (cn d): x mol

Fe3O4

: y mol

FeO (cn d) : z mol

Fe
Khi ta c:
3/9/13

: t mol

n Fe(trongA) = n Fe(trongB)

hay a +2b = 2x +

V d 1: Kh ht m (g) Fe3O4 bng kh CO thu

c hn hp A gm FeO v Fe. A tan va trong
300ml dung dch H2SO4 1M to dung dch B. Tnh m
v khi lng mui sunfat thu c khi c cn B.
A. 23,2g v 45,6g
C. 2,32g v 4,56g
Cch gii:

B. 23,2g v 54,6g
D. 69,6g v 45,6g

Fe3O4
FeSO4
x mol

(FeO,

Fe)

n Fe(trongFeSO 4 ) = n SO 2 = 0,3(mol)
4

p dng LBTNT
Fe:

n Fe ( trongFe3

=
O
4 )

n Fe( trongFeS

3x = 0,3 x = 0,1 (mol)

m B3/9/13
= m FeSO4 = 0,3 152 = 45, 6(g)

Chn p n

V d 2: Kh 39,2g mt hn hp A gm Fe2O3 v
FeO bng kh CO thu c hn hp B gm FeO v Fe.
B tan va trong 2,5 lt dung dch H2SO4 0,2M cho ra
4,48 lt kh (ktc). Tnh khi lng Fe2O3 v FeO trong
hn hp A.
A. 32g Fe2O3; 7,2g FeO B. 16g Fe2O3; 23,2g
FeO
C. 18g Fe2O3; 21,2g FeO D. 20g Fe2O3; 19,2g
Cch
FeO gii:
Fe2O3 : x(mol)

160x + 72y = 39,2

FeO : y(mol)

(1)
Gi hn hp
A
Hn hp B + H2SO4: FeO + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2O (
Fe

(3) 3/9/13

+ H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2

m Fe 2O 3 0,2x
= 160 =32(g)
m; FeO 0,1
= x72=7,2(g)

n H 2 SO4 = 0, 2x2,5 = 0,5(mol);

4,48
n H 2 = =0,2(mol)
n F e (3) 0,= 2 m o l;
22,4
n FeO = n H2 SO4 n Fe(3) 0,
= 5 0,2 0, 3(mol)
=
p dng LBTNT Fe trong hai hn hp A v B ta c:
2x + y = 0,5

(4)

x
=
0,
2

T (1), (4)
m F e2 O 3 = 0, 2 x1 6 0 =3 2 (g )

y = 0,1
m FeO = 0,1x 72 = 7, 2(g )
3/9/13
. Vy
p n ng l A.

II.2. Cht tham gia

tri qua mt s giai
Vdn
3:
Ha
nh
o
ph
ntanhon
ng ton
ht
op
A gm 0,1 mol Fe v 0,2 mol Cu vo
s
n
ph

m
mt lng va dung dch H2SO4
98% (c , nng) thu c kh SO2
(ktc) v dung dch B.Cho ddB tc
dng vi NaOH d, c kt ta C,
nung C n khi lng khng i
c hn hp cht rn E. Cho E tc
dng vi lng d CO, un nng thu
3/9/13
c hn hp cht rn F. Khi lng

Cch gii

F e
h h A
C u

F e2 (S O4 )3N a O H
ddB

C u S 4O

F e ( O FHe2 )3 tO3
C 0
C u (OC Hu2 O) t
0

p dng LBTNT, ta c:

m hhA = m hhF = 0,1x56 +0, 2x64 18,

= 4(
Chn p n B.
Nhn xt: vi dng ton ny, HS thng vit phng
trnh phn ng, cn bng sau tnh ton theo phng
trnh ha hc. Nhng vi HS nm vng nh lut BTNT
th gii quyt bi ton ch trong vi giy.
3/9/13

V d 4: [4] i t 120 gam qung pirit st (cha 80%

l FeS2) s iu ch c (hiu sut 100%) mt lng
H2SO4 l:
A. 196g
B. 147g
C. 156,8g
D. 245g
Cch gii: sn xut H2SO4 i t qung pirit st
phi qua nhiu giai on, song trong tnh ton vi gi s
hiu sut 100% cho mi qu trnh, c th p dng
LBTNT i vi nguyn t S:

FeS2 2H 2SO 4
120g

196g

120x80
= 96g xg
100

Lng H2SO4 iu ch c x = 96x196 = 156,8(g)

120

3/9/13

p n ng l C.

Nhn xt:
i vi dng ton tnh ton t thc t sn xut:
cht phn ng khng ch tri qua m l c mt
chui cc phn ng th vic p dng LBTNT
cho mt nguyn t (chnh) s d dng cho vic
tnh ton hn.

3/9/13

III. Mt s bi tp
tng t c gii
theo phng php
BTNT
Bi
tp 1: [1] Ha tan a gam hh gm FeO v
Fe3O4 ht 300ml ddHCl 2M c ddX. Cho X
tc dng vi mt lng ddNH3 d c kt ta.
Nung kt ta trong khng kh n khi lng
khng i c a +1,2 g cht rn. Phn trm
khi lng ca FeO trong hh trn l:
A. 28,4% B. 24,6% C. 38,3% D. 40,2%
3/9/13

Hng dn:
0
FeO
ddNH 3d Fe(OH) 2 t trongkk
HCl FeCl 2

Fe3O 4
FeCl 3
Fe(OH) 3

Fe 2O3

V trong hh ban u c mt lng Fe2O3 v coi Fe3O4

= FeO. Fe2O3) nn ch xt s chuyn ha qu trnh: 2FeO
Fe2O3
tng khi lng ca Fe2O3 so vi hh u l khi lng oxi
m FeO ly to Fe2O3

nO cn =1, 2 = 0, 075(mol)

16

FeO : x(mol)
Gi hh

nFeO = 0,15
(mol)

x + y =0,15
Fe3 O4 (FeO.Fe2 O3 ) : y(mol)

nHCl
mol)

T (1), (2)

3/9/13

0,6 nO trong oxit = 0,3 x + 4y = 0,3

x(mol)
= 0,1

m FeO = 38,3%

y = 0,05

(2)

Bi tp 2: [12] Cho 21,52g hhX gm kim loi M c

ha tr 2 v mui nitrat ca kim loi y vo 1 bnh kn v
nung cho n khi mui nitrat b nhit phn hon ton.
Cht rn thu c sau phn ng c chia lm 2 phn
bng nhau:
- Phn 1: phn ng va vi 2/3 lit dd HNO3 0,38M
cho ra kh NO.
- Phn 2: phn ng va ht vi 0,3l dd H2SO4 0,2M
li 1 cht rn khng tan. Xc nh kim loi M, khi
lng M v nitrat kim loi M trong hn hp X.
A. Cu; 12,8g Cu; 8,72g Cu(NO3)2
B. Cu; 10,24g Cu; 11,28g Cu(NO3)2
C. Zn; 68g Cu; 14,72g Zn(NO3)2
D. Zn; 10,2g Cu; 11,32g Zn(NO3)2
3/9/13

Hng dn:
HhX gm kim loi M v M(NO3)2.
Khi nung:
1
t0
M (NO3 )2 MO + 2NO2 + O2

1
M+ O
2 MO
2

Cht rn cn li gm MO v M d (v khi cho cht rn phn

ng vi HNO3 c kh thot ra). Gi M : x(mol)
trong 1/2 cht r

MO : y(mol)
Phn 1:

H2O

3M + 8HNO3 3M(NO3 ) 2 + 2NO + 4H2 O

x
8/3x
M + 2HNO3 M(NO3)2 +
y
2y

8
2
0, 76
x + 2 y = .0, 38 =
3/9/13n HNO3 =
3
3
3

(3)

Phn 2: tc dng vi H2SO4long to ra cht rn

(M) nn M ng sau H trong dy Bktop
MO + H2SO4 MSO4 +
y
x = 0,05(mol)

n MO = n H2 SO4 = yy = 0, 06(mol)
V bnh kn nn O2 dng cho phn ng (2) l O2 to
ra t phn ng (1):
n MO(1) = n MO(2) = n M ( NO
3 2 )

n MO(1)

n+MO(2)

2n=M ( NO
3 2 )

0,12
=

n M(NO 3 ) 2 = 0,12(mol)

p dng LBTNT: nM (trong X) = nM (cht

rn)
nM u =
nM u + 0,06 = nM (trong MO) + nM
d
0,16(mol)

m X = mM + mM (3 N2O )
0,16
= M 0, 0 6 (M
+
1 2 4 ) 2+1, 5 2
M
=
6 4 (C
mC u 0,1
= 6 .6 4 1 0, 24
= (g ); m3C 2u ( N O )
21, 5 2 1 0,= 24 1 1, 28(g
)
3/9/13

Bi tp 4: [10] Dng a gam Al kh ht 0,8g Fe2O3.

Sn phm sau phn ng tc dng vi lng d dd
NaOH to 0,336l kh (ktc). Gi tr ca a l:
A. 1,08g B.0,56g C. 0,54g
D. 0,45g

Bi tp 5: [7] Cho oxit st X ha tan hon ton trong

dd HCl thu c dd Y cha 1,625g mui st clorua. Cho
ddY tc dng ht vi ddAgNO3 thu c 4,3025g AgCl.
X c cng thc phn t l:
A. Fe2O3
B. Fe2O3 C. FeO D. FeO2

3/9/13