Thông Tin Di Đ NG

e tai: Nghie n cu phng phap chuyen giao mem trong he thong TTD DS/CDMA
SVTH: Ngo Vu Truyen Trang1

.Muc Luc
Li noi au .......................................................................................................... i
CHNG I: HE THONG THONG TIN TRAI PHO
1.1 Gii thieu chung ............................................................................................ 1
1.2 Cac loai he thong trai pho ............................................................................. 2
1.3 Qua trnh thc hien trai pho .......................................................................... 3
1.4 He thong trai pho chuoi trc tiep (DS/SS) .................................................... 4
1.4.1 He thong DS/SS-BPSK ......................................................................... 4
1.4.2 He thong DS/SS-QPSK......................................................................... 7
CHNG II: HE THONG THONG TIN DI ONG TO ONG CDMA IS-95
2.1 Gii thieu s lc ve he thong .................................................................... 11
2.2 Giao dien vo tuyen va truyen dan............................................................... 11
2.2.1 Cac kenh vat ly ................................................................................... 11
2.2.2 Cac kenh logic..................................................................................... 12
2.2.2.1 Kenh lu lng ........................................................................... 13
2.2.2.2 Kenh hoa tieu.............................................................................. 13
2.2.2.3 Kenh ong bo.............................................................................. 14
2.2.2.4 Kenh tm goi ............................................................................... 14
2.2.2.5 Kenh truy nhap ........................................................................... 15
2.2.3 Cau truc kenh CDMA ng xuong ................................................... 15
2.2.3.1 Cau truc kenh lu lng ng xuong........................................ 15
2.2.3.2 Kenh hoa tieu.............................................................................. 19
2.2.3.3 Kenh ong bo.............................................................................. 19
2.2.3.3 Kenh tm goi ............................................................................... 19
2.2.4 Cau truc kenh CDMA ng len ........................................................ 20
2.2.4.1 Kenh lu lng ng len .......................................................... 20
2.2.4.2 Kenh truy nhap ........................................................................... 22
2.3 Cau hnh mang thong tin di ong so CDMA............................................... 22
2.3.1 May thue bao di ong MS................................................................... 23
2.3.2 Tram goc BS........................................................................................ 23
DH Giao Thong Van Tai CS2 - 450 Le Van Viet - Quan 9 - tp.HCM
http://vien-thong.blogspot.com

2.3.3 Tong ai di ong MX.......................................................................... 25
2.3.4 Bo ang ky nh v thng tru HLR.................................................... 26
CHNG III: CHUYEN GIAO TRONG HE THONG THONG TIN DI
ONG TO ONG CDMA
3.1 S can thiet cua chuyen giao trong he thong thong tin di ong.................. 28
3.2 Tieu chuan khi thc hien chuyen giao ........................................................ 29
3.3 Khai niem chung ve chuyen giao................................................................ 29
3.4 Chuyen giao mem va mem hn .................................................................. 30
3.4.1 Chuyen giao mem............................................................................... 30
3.4.2 Chuyen giao mem hn ........................................................................ 31
3.4.3 Chuyen giao mem-mem hn............................................................... 32
3.4.4 Chuyen giao cng................................................................................ 32
3.5 Cac tap kenh hoa tieu.................................................................................. 33
3.5.1 Tap tch cc......................................................................................... 33
3.5.2 Tap ng c........................................................................................... 33
3.5.3 Tap gan................................................................................................ 33
3.5.4 Tap con lai........................................................................................... 33
3.6 Bao hieu trong chuyen giao......................................................................... 33
3.6.1 Ban tin o cng o trng cua pilot .................................................. 34
3.6.2 Ban tin hng dan chuyen giao........................................................... 35
3.6.3 Ban tin hoan thanh chuyen giao.......................................................... 36
3.6.4 Duy tr cac tap ..................................................................................... 36
3.7 Cac yeu cau trong chuyen giao ................................................................... 39
3.8 Bao hieu trong qua trnh chuyen giao ......................................................... 41
3.9 Anh hng cua chuyen giao mem va mem hn en dung lng he thong
CDMA ............................................................................................................... 42
3.9.1 Gii thieu............................................................................................. 42
3.9.2 Chuyen giao mem trong cac cell khong sector hoa ............................ 43
3.9.2.1 Giam dung lng ng xuong................................................... 44
3.9.2.2 o li dung lng ng xuong ................................................. 46

3.9.3 Chuyen giao mem trong cac cell c sector hoa .............................. 53
3.9.3.1 Suy giam dung lng ng xuong ............................................ 54
3.9.3.2 o li dung lng ng xuong ................................................. 55
3.9.4 Ket luan............................................................................................... 60
3.10 Thuat toan ieu khien cong suat trong chuyen giao mem........................ 61
3.10.1 Gii thieu........................................................................................... 61
3.10.2 Cai tien phng phap ieu khien cong suat trong chuyen giao........ 62
CHNG IV: CHUYEN GIAO MEM TRONG HE THONG THONG TIN
DI ONG CDMA IS-95
4.1 Gii thieu..................................................................................................... 66
4.2 Qua trnh quyet nh chuyen giao ............................................................... 66
4.3 Ca so tm.................................................................................................... 67
4.4 o cng o trng ..................................................................................... 68
4.5 Cac tham so chuyen giao............................................................................. 68
4.6 Cac ban tin chuyen giao .............................................................................. 69
4.7 Cac thu tuc chuyen giao .............................................................................. 71
4.7.1 Thu tuc ho tr chuyen giao mem cua MS(MASHO) .......................... 71
4.7.2 Ngng ong trong chuyen giao ......................................................... 72
4.8 X ly kenh lu lng................................................................................... 74
4.8.1 X ly kenh lu lng ng xuong..................................................... 74
4.8.2 X ly kenh lu lng ng len (Chuyen giao gia cac o)................ 75
4.8.3 X ly kenh lu lng ng len (Chuyen giao gia cac oan o)....... 75
4.9 Bao hieu trong chuyen giao he thong CDMA IS-95................................ 76
CHNG V: ANH GIA U NHC IEM CUA CHUYEN GIAO MEM
5.1 u nhc iem cua chuyen giao mem........................................................ 83
5.2 Anh hng cua tre va hien tng ping-pong trong chuyen giao cng........ 84
5.3 ieu khien cong suat va chuyen giao mem................................................ 86
5.4 Xu hung phat trien cua thuat toan chuyen giao mem............................... 87
Tai lieu tham khao
SVTH : Ngo Vu Truyen Trang 4
CHNG
1
HE THONG THONG TIN TRAI PHO

1.1 Gii Thieu Chung
Trong hau het cac he thong thong tin th pho tan c xem la mot tai nguyen thien
nhien vo cung quan trong. Viec bao ve va s dung tai nguyen nay a tr thanh mot
hoat ong quan trong v trc het pho tan vo tuyen co han nhng no lai co the tai s
dung. Y ngha cua viec tai s dung la cho la khi mot ngi ngng s dung th ngi
khac co the bat au s dung. Pho tan vo tuyen co han bi v oi vi mot cong nghe
cho trc th ta ch co the s dung mot dai tan nhat nh. Dai tan nay phai tuan thu
ay u cac khuyen ngh cua ITU. Do o vi xu hng phat trien cua cac nganh khoa
hoc ky thuat noi chung, nganh Vien Thong noi rieng th cac cong nghe luon khong
ngng m rong dai tan s dung, cac thuoc tnh truyen song c ban lam cho mot so tan
so tr nen hu dung hn va v the chung co gia tr hn cac tan so khac. Cac a c trng
cua song ien t trong dai tan 0.5-3 Ghz ac biet co gia tr oi vi nhieu dch vu co
nh va di ong.
Van e la cho cang co nhieu cong nghe va cac dch vu thong tin tranh nhau
chiem oat tng phan cua pho tan vo tuyen gia tr nay, ac biet t khi nhu cau ve pho
tan vo tuyen tang nhanh, chu yeu cho cac dch vu mi nh cac thong tin ca nhan PCS
(Personal Communication Services) va ien thoai to ong.
Do o viec quan ly pho tan la mot nhiem vu het sc phc tap bi v no co lien
quan ti cac dch vu va cong nghe. Trc ay van e nay c giai quyet bang cach
cap phat cac bang hay cac khoi pho tan cho cac dch vu khac nhau nh: thong tin
quang ba, di ong, cac dch vu ve tinh, iem en iem co nh va thong tin hang
khong. Gan ay xuat hien mot phng phap khac e giai quyet van e nay. Phng
phap nay da tren kha nang mot so phng phap ieu che co the s dung chung tan
so ma khong gay ra mc o nhieu ang ke. Phng phap nay goi la ieu che tra i pho
SS (Spread Spectrum), ac biet khi c s dung ket hp vi ky thuat a tham nhap
phan chia theo ma CDMA (Code Divided Multi Access) con c goi la ky thuat a
tham nhap trai pho SS-CDMA
ieu che trai pho co rat nhieu tnh nang hap dan, cac tnh nang quan trong nhat la:
Chong lai cac nhieu co tnh hoac vo tnh, ay la mot tnh nang quan trong cho
thong tin cac vung b nghen nh cac thanh pho.
Co kha nang loai tr hay giam bt anh hng cua truyen song nhieu tia gay tr
ngai rat ln trong thong tin o th.
Co kha nang dung chung bang tan vi ngi s dung khac nh cac ac trng
tn hieu giong tap am cua no.
c phep hoat ong khong can giay phep ba lnh vc: khoa hoc, cong
nghiep va y te vi cong suat en 1W cac bang tan sau: 902-928 Mhz; 2.4-
2.483 Ghz va 5.725-5.85 Ghz (theo tieu chuan cua FCC).
am bao mc o t hu nhat nh nh s dung cac ma trai pho gia ngau nhien
nen kho bat trom tn hieu.
1.2 Cac loai he thong trai pho
Mot he thong thong tin so c coi la SS (Spread-Spectrum) neu:
Tn hieu c phat chiem o rong bang tan ln hn o rong bang tan toi thieu
can thiet e phat thong tin.
Trai pho c thc hien bang mot ma oc lap vi so lieu.
Co ba kieu he thong SS c ban:
Chuoi trc tiep (DS-Direct Sequence).
Nhay tan (FH-Frequency Hopping).
Nhay thi gian (TH-Time Hopping).
Ngoai ra con co cac he thong lai ghep t cac he thong noi tren.
1.2.1 Trai pho trc tiep
He thong DS ( noi chnh xac la s ieu che cac day ma a c ieu che thanh
dang song ieu che trc tiep ) la he thong c biet nhieu nhat trong cac he thong
thong tin trai pho . Chung co dang tng oi n gian v chung khong co yeu cau tnh
on nh nhanh hoac toc o tong hp tan so cao . He thong DS a c ap dung oi
vi cosmetic space a dang nh o khoang ca ch JPL bi golomb ( thong tin so vi
ng dung khoang cach ),
Ngay nay ky thuat nay c ap dung cho cac thiet b o co nhieu chon la va nhieu
phep tnh cua day ma trong he thong thong tin , trong o lng hoac trong phong th
nghiem . Chi tiet hn ve DS se trnh bay chng sau
1.2.2 Trai pho nhay tan
Noi mot cach chnh xac th ieu che FH la s chuyen dch tan so cua nhieu tan
so c chon theo ma . No gan giong nh FSK ngoai viec dai chon loc tan so tang
len . FSK n gian s dung 2 tan so va phat tn hieu la
1
f khi co ky hieu va
2
f khi
khong co ky hieu .Mat khac th FH co the s dung vai nghn tan so . Trong cac he
thong thc te th s chon loc ngau nhien trong
20
2 tan so c phan bo co the c
chon nh to hp ma theo moi thong tin chuyen dch tan so .Trong FH khoang dch
gia cac tan so va so lng cac tan so co the chon c, c xac nh phu thuoc vao
cac yeu cau v tr oi vi viec lap at cho muc ch ac biet
+ ac tnh cua tn hieu
He thong FM c ban gom co bo tao ma va bo to hp tan so sao cho co the ap
ng c cho au ra ma hoa cua bo tao ma . Dang cua bo to hp tan so co cac ap
ng nhanh c s dung cho he thong trai pho . Neu ly tng th tan so ra t bo dch
tan co nh phai la tan so n nhng thc te th tan so khong mong muon nh la tan
so bang ben cung c tao ra cong them va o tan so d nh . Hnh 1.1 la pho tan so
cua bo dch tan .

Pho FH ly tng trong mot chu ky co dang hnh vuong hoan toan va phan bo ong
eu trong cac kenh tan so truyen dan . Cac may phat trong ieu kien thc te can phai
c thiet ke sao cho cong suat phan bo ong eu trong tat ca cac kenh

Tn hieu FH thu c to hp vi tn hieu giong nh vay c tao ra ta i cho va c
quy nh bi mot bo lech tan nhat nh f
if
cua {f
1
+ f
2
, ... f
n
} x {f
1
+ f
IF
+ f
2
+ f
IF
, ...,
f
m
+ f
IF
} c tao ra trc trang thai ong bo cua ma co nh cua
May phat va may thu . Trong trng hp tn hieu khong trung khp vi tn hieu tao ra
tai cho nh la he thong DS th tn hieu tao ra tai cho va o rong bang khong can thiet
sau khi nhan tan so c chuyen oi thanh tn hieu ung vi tn hieu tao ra ta i cho
nh la he thong DS th tn hieu tao ra tai cho va o rong bang khong can thiet sau khi
nhan tan so c chuyen oi thanh tn hieu ung vi tn hieu tao ra ta i cho nh viec
cung thay oi gia tn hieu tao ra ta i cho va tn hieu khong mong muon . Tn hieu
khong ong bo vi bang tan nh tn hieu tao ra tai cho co o rong bang gap oi tai
tan so trung tam . Toan bo cong suat tn hieu khong mong muon ngoai bang c xoa
khoi tn hieu tan so trung tam nh bo tng quan . Dng nh la toan bo cong suat tn
hieu khong mong muon b xoa i v tn hieu tan so trung tan o bao gom mot phan
bang tan tn hieu tao ra tai cho

Hnh 1.1 : Ph tn hiu FH l tng
Kenh s dung tai thi iem T
Kenh chuyen dch
Nh a mieu ta trong he thong DS , hoa t ong cua he thong DS la ly tng theo quan
iem la xoa bo tn hieu gia va tai tao tn hieu mong muon . Nhng co nhieu s khac
nhau trong cac hoat ong cu the cua he thong .

o li x ly cua he thong FH cua kenh ben canh la :
(1-1)
No giong nh he thong DS . Neu khong co kenh ben canh th o x ly nh sau :

G = Tong s la chon tan so co the = N

ieu nay cung ap dung cho o li x ly oi vi kenh ben canh . V du , he thong FH
vi 1000 s la chon tan so co o li x ly la 30 dB . Gii han trong viec tnh toan
n gian o li x ly la s xuyen am gia cac kenh khong d nh . Nguon loi lam
giam o li x ly nay se c xem xet mot cach ay u trong trng hp kho to chc
kenh chnh xac do khuyech ai
+ Toc o dch tan
Toc o chuyen oi tan so toi thieu c ap dung cho he thong FH c xac nh
nh mot vai tham so nh sau :
(1) Loai thong tin truyen i va toc o truyen dan thong tin .
(2) Tong so o d c ap dung
(3) Khoang cach ti nguon giao thoa gan nhat

Viec truyen thong tin qua he thong FH co the s dung cac phng phap khac nhau
trong cac he thong khac nhau . Dang tn hieu so c s dung tham ch vi cac thong
tin bnh thng la cac tn hieu analog hoac so lieu c ma hoa . Trong trng hp o
, gia s rang toc o so c xac nh trc va FH c chon la moi trng truyen dan
.
He thong FH cung cap mot so lng ln cac tan so va so lng yeu cau phu
thuoc vao toc o loi cua he thong . V du , mot he thong co 1000 tan so se hoat ong
tot khi giao thoa hoac cac tap am khac phan bo ong eu tren toan bo cac tan so .
Cong suat tap am vi giao thoa thong tin co the ln gap 1000 lan so vi cong suat tan
so d nh v tap am c phan bo ong eu trong tat ca cac kenh ( Ngha la , gii
han giao thoa la 30 dB ). Trong trng hp o d lien quan en viec quyet nh bt
khi thiet b o giao thoa bang tan so n hep c s dung oi vi mot hoac nhieu
tan so tao ra toc o loi la 1.10
-3
Th no co the c chap nhan nh gia tr so lieu so . Toc o loi mong muon oi vi
he thong FH n gian khong truyen o d so lieu la J/N . ay , J bieu th cong sua t
giao thoa bang hoac ln hn cong suat tn hieu va N bieu th tong cac tan so co the
trong he thong . V he thong FH nh phan n gian von co toc o loi cao khi giao thoa
nho nen yeu cau phai co cac he thong truyen dan khac .

Toc o loi cua he thong FH co o d nh phan FSK (fa : co ky hieu , fb : khong co ky
hieu ) co the c coi nh la mot tong nh thc trien khai sau :

ay :
P Xac suat loi trong mot lan thc hien = J/N
J Tong cac kenh meo do gian oan
N Tong cac kenh trong FH
Q Xac suat khong loi
C Tong so chp ( tan so truyen dan tren mot bt thong tin )
R Tong so chp loi yeu cau e quyet nh loi bt

Quyet nh chp c nh ngha la e , khi cong suat gian tiep cua kenh khoang
trong troi hn cong suat cua kenh co ky hieu th no la tong ay u e tao ra quyet
nh khong mong muon

Neu 3 hoac nhieu tan so hn ( chip) c s dung cho moi bt truyen dan thong tin th
hoat co giao thoa tang rat ln . Trong trng hp quyet nh bt au thu c xac
nh la No th 2 phan 3 toc o xac suat loi kenh mong muon (J/N) cua thiet b o giao
thoa kenh n la :

khi q = 1 - p , 3p
2
q = 3(p
2
- p
3
) li
Trong 1000 kenh th p= 1/1000 va q=1-1/1000 = 0,999 . Do o toc o loi giam xuong
ti :

Toc o loi se tot hn so vi he thong n gian 1 chip tren mot bit . Kha nang tang o
d e giam toc o loi bt phu thuoc vao tham so cua he thong . Toc o loi bit giam
khi nhieu chip c truyen i tren mot bit . Toc o dch tan yeu cau la ty le vi o
rong bang xac nh hoac s tng quan cua bo tong hp tan so cho trc th trade
off gia s tang tong so chip/bit va s giam kha nang an nh tan so co the c xac
nh
Cac thao luan trc ay ch e cap en tan so ben canh trong he thong FH ma khong
noi en s chong lan cua khoang tan so . Nhng thc te khong co gii han nao chnh
xac nh vay va khoang tan so thu co the chong lan do cac bo thu s dung oi vi
nhieu thong ke . S chong lan nh vay co the lam giam o rong bang . Hnh 1.2(b)
mieu ta so lng kenh thch nghi vi viec tang gap oi o rong . Trung tam cua mot
kenh c nh v ta iem 0 cua kenh ben canh ( gia s vi viec thu song mang
khong ong bo ) . Mot v du ve gii han o rong bang RF khi gi toc o chp thap la
mot ky thuat c chap nhan oi vi he thong FH

. Mot van e can xem xet trong toc o chip la cac anh hng oi vi tn hieu co
khac pha vi cung tan so . Cac tn hieu nh vay c tao ra bi giao thoa a ng
hoac giao thoa d kien . Trong a so trng hp th tn hieu a ng thu c tai au
thu khong c s dung mot cach lien tuc v no qua nho so vi yeu cau . Nhng neu
tn hieu thu c t bo phat tan so do song giao thoa va c khuyec ai , c ieu
che cung vi tap am (phan t bu se c truyen i neu day ma c biet ) , no co
cong suat truyen dan tng ng vi tn hieu goc va anh hng giao thoa cua no se
tang len

, Hnh 1.2 : S gim bng thng do chng ln knh
e tranh c van e nay th FH nen co mot toc o dch tan sao cho co the
chuyen oi thanh tan so khac trong thi gian ap ng cua thiet b o giao thoa va to c
o dch tan yeu cau nen ln hn (T
r
- T
d
)
-1
. ay
r
T bieu th thi gian i t bo phat
FH ti bo phat d kien qua may o giao thoa va
d
T bieu th thi gian tre theo ng
thang moi lien quan cua chung c ch ra tren hnh 1.3


Hnh 1.3 : S khi giao thoa khi c trm lp
1.2.3 He thong trai pho dch thi gian:
Dch thi gian tng t nh ieu che xung . ngha la , day ma ong/m bo phat ,
thi gian ong m bo phat c chuyen oi thanh dang tn hieu gia ngau nhien theo
ma va at c 50% yeu to tac ong truyen dan trung bnh . S khac nhau nho so vi
he thong FH n gian la trong khi tan so truyen dan bien oi theo moi thi gian chip
ma trong he thong FH th s dch chuyen tan so ch xay ra trong trang thai dch
chuyen day ma trong he thong TH . Ta thay rang bo eu che rat n gian va bat ky
dang song cho phep ieu che xung theo ma eu co the s dung oi vi bo ieu che
TH

TH co the lam giam giao dien gia cac he thong trong he thong ghep kenh theo
thi gian va v muc ch nay ma s chnh xac ve thi gian c yeu cau trong he
thong nham toi thieu hoa o d gia cac may phat . Ma hoa nen c s dung mot
cach can than v s tng ong cac ac tnh neu s dung cung mot phng phap nh
he thong thong tin ma hoa khac .

Do he thong TH co the b anh hng de dang bi giao thoa nen can s dung he
thong to hp gia he thong nay vi he thong FH e loai tr giao thoa co kha nang
gay nen suy giam ln oi vi tan so n

Hnh 1.4 : H thng TH n gin

1.2.4 He thong lai ( hybrid )
+ FH/DS
He thong FH/DS s dung ieu che DS vi tan so trung tam c chuyen dch
mot cach nh ky . Pho tan cu a bo ieu che c minh hoa tren hnh 1.5 . Mot tn
hieu DS xuat hien mot cach tc thi vi o rong bang la mot phan trong o rong
bang cua rat nhieu cac tn hieu chong lan va tn hieu toan bo xuat hien nh la s
chuyen ong cua tn hieu DS ti o rong bang khac nh cac mau tn hieu FH . He
thong tong hp FH/DS c s dung v ly do sau ay :
1. Dung lng trai pho
2. a truy nhap va thiet b a ch phan tan
3. Ghep kenh

Hnh 1.5 : Ph tn s ca h thng tng hp FH/DS
. He thong ieu che tong hp co y ngha ac bet khi toc o nhp cua bo tao ma DS at
ti gia tr cc ai va gii han cua kenh FH . V du , trong trng hp o rong bang RF
yeu cau la 1 GHz th he thong yeu cau mot bo tao tc thi co toc o nhp la 1136
Mc/s va khi s dung he thong FH th yeu cau mot bo tron tan e tao ra tan so co
khoang cach 5 KHz . Tuy nhien , khi s dung he thong tong hp th yeu cau mot bo
tao ma tc thi 114 Mc/s va bo tron tan e tao ra 20 tan so
Bo phat tong hp FH/DS nh tren hnh 1.6 thc hien chc nang ieu che DS nh
bien oi tan so song mang ( song mang FH la tn hieu DS c ieu che ) khong
Tao ma
Bo phat xung
a ieu che
Cong 1
Tao ma Cong 0
Tach song Tach xung
Quyet nh Thong tin au ra
Thong tin au vao
giong nh bo ieu che DS n gian . Ngha la , co bo tao ma e cung cap cac ma vi
bo tron tan c s dung e cung cap cac dang nhay tan so va mot bo ieu che can
bang e ieu che DS

Hnh 1.6 : B iu ch tng hp FH/DS
S ong bo thc hien gia cac mau ma FH/DS bieu th rang phan mau DS a cho
c xac nh tai cung mot v tr tan so luc nao cung c truyen qua tan so nhat nh
Nhn chung th toc o ma cua DS phai nhanh hn toc o dch tan . Do so lng cac
kenh tan so c s dung hn nhieu so vi so lng cac chp ma nen tat ca cac kenh
tan so nam trong tong chieu dai ma se c s dung nhieu lan . Cac kenh c s
dung dang tn hieu gia ngau nhien nh trong trng hp cac ma

Bo tng quan c s dung e giai ieu che tn hieu a c ma hoa trc khi
thc hien giai ieu che bang tan goc tai au thu . Bo tng quan FH co mot bo tng
quan DS va tn hieu dao ong noi c nhan vi tat ca cac tn hieu thu c . Hnh
1.7 mieu ta mot bo thu FH/DS ien hnh . Bo tao tn hieu dao ong noi trong bo tng
quan giong nh bo ieu che phat tr hai iem sau :

1. Tan so trung tam cua tn hieu dao ong noi c co nh bang o lech tan so
trung gian (IF)
2. Ma DS khong b bien oi vi au vao bang goc


Hnh 1.7 : B thu tng hp FH/DS
Gia tr o li x ly dB cua he thong tong hp FH/DS co the c tnh bang tong cua
o li x ly cua hai loai ieu che trai pho o .
G
p(FH/DS)
= G
p(FH)
+ G
p(DS)
= 10log (so lng cac kenh ) + 10log (BW
DS
/R
info
)
Do o , gii han giao thoa tr nen ln hn so vi he thong FH hoac he thong DS n
gian

+ TH/FH
H thng iu ch TH/FH c p dng rng ri khi mun s dng nhiu thu bao c
khong cch v cng sut khc nhau ti cng mt thi im. Vi s lng vic xc nh
a ch l trung bnh th nn s dng mt h thng m n gin hn l mt h thng tri
ph c bit. Khuynh hng chung l to ra mt h thng chuyn mch in thoi v
tuyn c th chp nhn cc hot ng c bn ca h thng nh l s truy nhp ngu
nhin hoc s nh v cc a ch phn tn. cng l mt h thng c th gii quyt cc
vn lin quan n khong cch. Nh trn hnh 1.8 ta thy hai u pht v thu c
xc nh v my pht ng thng khc hot ng nh l mt ngun giao thoa khi
ng thng c thit lp. Hn na, s khc nhau v khong cch gia my pht
bn cnh v my pht thc hin thng tin c th gy ra nhiu vn .
H thng ny lm gim nh hng giao thoa chp nhn c ca h thng thng tin tri
ph xung ti vi .

Hnh 1.8 : H thng thng tin 2 ng vi cc vn lin quan n khong cch
Do nh hng ca khong cch gy ra cho tn hiu thu khng th loi tr c ch vi vic
s l tn hiu n gin m mt khong thi gian truyn dn nht nh nn c xc nh
trnh hin tng chng ln cc tn hiu ti mt thi im.
+TH/DS
Nu phng php ghp knh theo m khng p ng cc yu cu giao din ng
truyn khi s dng h thng DS th h thng TH c s dng thay th cung cp mt
h thng TDM cho kh nng iu khin tn hiu. Yu cu s ng b nhanh i vi s
tng quan m gia cc u cui ca h thng DS, h thng TH c gii quyt cho
trng hp ny. Ngha l, u cui thu ca h thng DS nn c mt thi gian chnh xc
kch hot TDM, ng b chnh xc m to ra ti ch trong thi gian chip ca m PN.
Hn na, thit b iu khin ng/m chuyn mch c yu cu thm TH-TDM
vo h thng DS. Trong trng hp ny th kt cui ng/m chuyn mch c th c
trch ra mt cch d dng t b to m s dng to ra cc m tri ph v hn na thit
b iu khin ng/m c s dng tch cc trng thi ghi dch cu thnh b to m
v da trn cc kt qu, s lng n cng c s dng kch hot b pht c th c
thit lp mt cch n gin. Hnh 1.9 minh ho b pht v b thu TH/DS. B thu rt ging
nh b pht ngoi tr phn pha trc v mt phn ca b to tn hiu iu khin c s
dng kch hot trng thi ng/m ca tn hiu n truyn i. iu nhn c nh
chn trng thi b ghi dch sao cho b ghi dch ny c to mt cch lp li trong qu
trnh chn m i vi iu khin thi gian. Trong b to m di nht bc n th iu kin th
nht tn ti v iu ny c lp li vi chu k l m. Khi chn bc (n-r) v tch tt c cc
trng thi ca n th b to m c to tn hiu gi ngu nhin phn b di gp hai ln chu
k m. Nh trn th n biu th di b ghi dch v r ngha l bc ghi dch khng tch
c
Cng vy, vic to u ra v chu k to trung bnh c khong cch gi ngu nhin c th
c chn nh m trong chu k gi ngu nhin. Loi phn chia thc hin trong qu trnh
chu k gi ngu nhin ny c th c nhiu ngi s dng knh c nhiu truy nhp v
c chc nng tin b hn so vi giao din ghp knh theo m n gin.

Hnh 1.9 : S khi ca h thng TH/DS
Noi chung he thong DS/SS at c tra i pho bang cach nhan tn hieu nguon vi mot
tn hieu gia ngau nhien. He thong FH/SS at c trai pho bang cach nhay tan so
song mang tren mot tap cac tan so. Mau nhay tan co dang gia ngau nhien. he
thong TH/SS mot khoi bit so lieu c nen va c phat ngat quang trong mot hay
nhieu khe thi gian trong mot khung cha mot so lng ln cac khe thi gian. Mot
mau nhay thi gian se xac nh cac khe thi gian nao c s dung e truyen dan
trong moi khung.
Ky thuat SS la lam cho tn hieu phat giong nh tap am oi vi cac may thu khong
mong muon bang cach gay kho khan cho cac may thu nay trong viec tach va lay ra
c ban tin. e bien oi ban tin vao tn hieu ta tap am, ta s dung mot ma c coi
la ngau nhien e ma hoa cho ban tin. Ta muon ma nay giong ngau nhien nhat. Tuy
nhien may thu chu ch phai biet c ma nay, v no can tao ra chnh ma nay mot
cach chnh xac va ong bo vi ma c phat e lay ra ban tin (giai ma). V the ma
gia nh gia ngau nhien phai la xac nh nen ta phai s dung ma gia ngau nhien. Ma
ngau nhien phai c thiet ke e co o rong bang tan ln hn nhieu so vi o rong
bang tan cua ban tin. Ban tin tren c bien oi bi ma sao cho tn hieu nhan c co
o rong pho gan bang o rong pho cua tn hieu gia ngau nhien, co the coi s bien oi
nay nh mot qua trnh ma hoa. Qua trnh nay c goi la qua trnh trai pho. Ta noi
rang may phat ban tin c trai pho bi ma gia ngau nhien. May thu giai trai pho
cua tn hieu thu c e tra lai o rong pho cua ban tin.
Hien nay phan ln cac quan tam ve cac he thong SS la cac ng dung a tham nhap
ma o nhieu ngi s dung cung chia xe mot o rong bang tan truyen dan. he
thong DS/SS nhieu ngi s dung cung dung chung mot bang tan va phat tn hieu cua
ho ong thi. May thu s dung tn hieu gia ngau nhien chnh xac e lay ra tn hieu
mong muon bang cach giai tra i pho. Cac tn hieu khac xuat hien dang cac nhieu
pho rong cong suat thap t a tap am. cac he thong FH/SS va TH/SS. Moi ngi s
dung c an nh mot ma gia ngau nhien sao cho khong co cap may phat nao s
dung cung tan so hay cung khe thi gian, nh vay cac may phat se tranh c xung
ot.
Nh vay FH vaTH la cac kieu he thong tranh xung ot, trong khi o DS la kieu he
thong lay trung bnh.
1.3 Qua trnh thc hien trai pho
Gia s tn hieu tai may thu co dang nh sau:

+ +
k
n
n n n n
t n wt t d t A t Pn t r
1
) ( ) cos( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( (1.3)
Trong o moi thanh phan tng ng vi moi n se tng ng vi mot ngi s dung,
may thu tm lai tin tc bang cach nen pho tn hieu thu c, ieu nay c thc hien
tai bo tng quan vi chuoi PN tng ng, chuoi nay la duy nhat oi vi mot ngi s
dung va khac tat ca nhng ngi s dung khac. Ket qua cac tn hieu cua ngi s
dung khac xuat hien nh mot dang tap am.
Xet lng tap am tai may thu xet tai bo tng quan la:

+
1
1
0
k
n
n t
WN S N (1.4)
Tat ca cac loai nhieu con lai c goi la nhieu trang, ac trng la mat o pho tap
am cong suat.
S
n
: cong suat thu c t N ngi s dung
Khi k k-1, WN
0
<< S
n
, S
n
= const th

n t
kS N (1.4) , trong o k la so ngi dung
T ket qua tren ta can chu y:
Nhieu trong he thong trai pho tang tuyen tnh vi ngi s dung.
Qua trnh hoat ong cua he thong se chu anh hng khi co bat ky mot
ngi nao o tang cong suat.
Trong cac he thong thong tin vo tuyen th S
n
=S/N va trong he thong thong tin th
S
n
co lien he trc tiep vi ty so E
b
/N
0
.
R
S
E
n
b
(1.6)
trong o: E
b
la nang lng moi bit.
N
0
la mat o pho cong suat tap am.
S
n
: cong suat tn hieu thu c.
R: toc o bit.
W
kS
N
n
0
(1.7)
Do o
n
n b
kS
W
R
S
N
E
0
(1.8)

R
W
N
E
K
b
0
1
(1.7) vi const
R
W
G
E
b
/N
0
: gia tr cc tieu can thiet e co c mc tn hieu co the chap nhan c ta i
may thu va c cho bi ty le loi bit BER. Bieu thc tren ch ra rang dung lng cua
he thong CDMA phu thuoc vao chnh he so trai pho G va qua trnh tai may thu dung
lng nay b rang buoc bi mot ai lng linh hoat la cong suat.
1.4 He thong trai pho chuoi tr c tiep (DS/SS)
1.4.1 He thong DS/SS-BPSK
1.4.1.1 May phat DS/SS BPSK


Ta co the bieu dien so lieu hay ban tin nhan cac gia tr t1 nh sau :

k
T
k
kT t b t b ) ( ) ( (1.9)
trong o :
b
k
= t1 la bit so lieu th k va T la o rong cua mot bit so lieu (toc o so lieu la
1/T bit/s). Tn hieu b(t) c trai pho bang cac tn hieu PN, c(t) bang cach nhan hai tn
hieu nay vi nhau. Tn hieu nhan c b(t)c(t) sau o se ieu che cho song mang s
dung BPSK, cho ta tn hieu DS/SS-BPSK xac nh theo cong thc sau :
) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( ) ( + t f t c t Ab t s
c
(1.10)
trong o:
A : bien o
f
c
: tan so song mang
: pha cua song mang
Trong rat nhieu ng dung mot ban tin bang mot chu ky cua tn hieu PN, ngha la T
= NT
c
. Ta s dung gia thiet cho cac he thong DS/SS, ta co the thay rang tch cua
b(t)c(t) cung la mot tn hieu c so hai co bien o t1, co cung tan so vi tn hieu PN.
1.4.1.2 May thu DS/SS-BPSK
Muc ch cua may thu nay la lay ra ban tin b(t) (so lieu {b
i
}) t tn hieu thu c
bao gom tn hieu c phat cong vi tap am. Do ton tai tre truyen lan nen tn hieu
thu la:
) ( ] ) ( 2 cos[ ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
'
t n t f t c t Ab t n t s
c
+ + + (1.11)
trong o
Ban tin c so
hai b(t)
Tn hieu DS/SS-BPSK
S(t)=Ab(t)c(t)cos(2f
c
t + )
Tn hieu PN c so hai
c(t)
Song mang
Acos(2f
c
t + )
Bo ieu che (BPSK)
Hnh 1.10 S o may phat DS/SS-BPSK
n(t) : tap am cua kenh va au vao may thu. e giai thch qua trnh khoi phuc lai
ban tin ta gia thiet rang khong co tap am. Trc het tn hieu thu c trai pho e
giam bang tan rong vao bang tan hep. Sau o no c giai ieu che e nhan c tn
hieu bang goc. e giai trai pho tn hieu thu c nhan vi tn hieu (ong bo) PN c(t-
) c tao ra may thu, ta c :
) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( ) (
' 2
+ t f t c t Ab t W
c

) 2 cos( ) (
'
+ t f t Ab
c
(1.12)

V c(t) bang t1, trong o = - 2f
c
. Tn hieu nhan c la mot tn hieu bang hep
vi o rong bang tan la 2/T. e giai ieu che ta gia thiet rang may thu biet c pha
(va tan so f
c
) cung nh iem khi au cua tng bit. Mot bo giai ieu che bao gom
mot bo tng quan (Correlator) i sau la mot thiet b anh gia ngng. e tach ra bit
so lieu th I, bo tng quan tnh toan:
+
+
T t
t
c i
i
i
dt t f t w Z ) ' 2 cos( ) (
dt t f t b A
c
T t
t
i
i
) ' 2 ( 2 cos ) ( +
+
+ +
T t
t
c
i
i
dt t f t b
A
)] ' 2 4 cos( 1 )[ (
2
(1.13)
trong o :
t
i
= iT + la thi iem au cua bit th i. V b(t-) la +1 hoac -1 trong thi gian mot
bit. Thanh phan th nhat cua tch phan se cho ta T hoac T. Thanh phan th hai la
S(t)=Ab(t-)
c(t-)cos(2f
c
t +
)
Cos(2f
c
t +
+Tb ti
ti
dt (.)
Bo tao t/h
PN noi
ong ho
t/h PN
Khoi phuc SM
1 hay -1
W(t)
t
i
c(t-)
Hnh 1.11 S o may thu DS/SS-BPSK
Khoi phuc
HKH
thanh phan nhan oi tan so nen sau tch pha n gan bang 0. Vay ket qua cho z
i
= AT/2
hay AT/2. Cho ket qua nay qua thiet b anh gia ngng (hay bo so sanh) vi
ngung 0, ta c au ra c so hai 1 (logic 1) hay (logic 0). Ngoai thanh phan tn
hieu tAT/2, au ra cua bo tch phan cung co thanh phan tap am co the gay ra loi.
Tn hieu PN ong vai tro nh mot ma c biet trc ca may phat lan may
thu. V may thu chu ch biet trc ma nen no co the giai trai pho tn hieu SS e nhan
c ban tin. Mat khac mot may thu khong chu ch khong biet c ma, v the cac
ieu kien bnh thng no khong the giai ma ban tin.
Ta a gia thiet rang may thu biet trc mot so thong so sau: , t
i
, va f
c
. Thong
thng may thu biet c tan so song mang f
c
, nen no co the c tao ra bang cach
s dung mot bo dao ong noi. Neu co mot khac biet nao o gia tan so cua bo dao
ong noi va tan so song mang, th tan so gan vi f
c
co the c tao ra va co the theo
doi c tan so chnh xac bang mot mach vong hoi tiep, vong khoa pha chang han.
May thu phai nhan c cac thong so khac nh , t
i
va t tn hieu thu c. Qua
trnh nhan c c goi la qua trnh ong bo, thng c thc hien hai buc:
bat va bam. Qua trnh nhan c t
i
c goi la qua trnh khoi phuc ong ho (nh
thi) ky hieu STR (Symbol Timing Recovery). Con qua trnh nhan c (cung nh
f
c
) c goi la qua trnh khoi phuc song mang. Viec khoi phuc song mang va ong ho
la can thiet moi may thu thong tin so lieu ong bo. Khi T/T
c
= N (chu ky cua chuoi
PN), co the nhan c nh thi cua ky hieu t
i
mot khi a biet .
Ta hay khao sat mot cach ngan gon anh hng cua sai pha song mang va sai pha
ma may thu. Gia thiet rang may thu s dung cos(2f
c
t++) thay cho cos(2f
c
t +
) cho bo giai ieu che va s dung c(t-) lam tn hieu PN noi, ngha la song mang
co sai pha va tn hieu PN co sai pha t-, khi o Z
i
se la:

+
+ + +
T t
t
c c i
i
i
dt t f t f t c t c t b A Z ) ' 2 cos( ) ' 2 cos( ) ' ( ) ( ) (

+

T t
t
i
i
dt t c t c t b
A
) cos( ) ' ( ) ( ) (
2

+
t
T t
t
i
i
dt t c t c
T
AT
) ' ( ) (
1
) cos(
2

) ' ( ) cos(
2
t
c
AT
(1.14)
trong o: dong th hai c rut ra t lap luan la tch phan cua thanh phan tan so
nhan oi bang 0. V the z
i
cc ai khi =0 va -=0. Neu ->T hay =/2 th
z
i
=0 va may thu vo dung. Khi-<T va </2 th z
i
giam ai lng, nh vay ty
so tn hieu tren tap am se nho hn gay ra xac xuat loi cao hn. Tuy nhien no van co
the hoat ong ung khi cac sai pha - va nho.
1.4.2 He thong DS/SS-QPSK
Cac kieu ieu che khac nh: khoa chuyen pha vuong goc (QPSK-Quadrature
Phase Shift Keying) va khoa chuyen cc tieu (MSK-Minimum Shift Keying) thng
c s dung cac he thong SS.
1.4.2.1 May phat DS/SS-QPSK

S o tren bao gom hai nhanh : mot nhanh ong pha va mot nhanh vuong goc.
Trong s o nay vi cung mot au vao so lieu ieu che cac tn hieu PN c
1
(t) va c
2
(t)
ca hai nhanh. Tn hieu DS/SS-QPSK co dang:
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1
t s t s t s +
) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( ) 2 sin( ) ( ) (
2 1
+ + + t f t c t Ab t f t c t Ab
c c

)) ( 2 cos( 2 t t f A
c
+ + (1.15)
trong o:
1
]
1

) ( ) (
) ( ) (
tan ) (
2
1 1
t b t c
t b t c
t
Vay tn hieu s(t) co the nhan bon trang thai pha khac nhau: +/4, +3/4, +5/4,
+7/4.
1.4.2.2 May thu DS/SS-QPSK

-Asin(2f
c
t + )
b(t)
Tn hieu DS/SS-QPSK
S(t)= S
1
(t) + S
2
(t)
Acos(2f
c
t + )
Hnh 1.12 S o may phat DS/SS - QPSK
Bo tao PN1
Bo tao PN2
Bo ieu che
(BPSK)
Bo ieu che
(BPSK)
Dch pha /2
S
1
(t)
S
2
(t)

Trong o cac thanh phan ong pha va vuong goc c giai trai pho oc lap vi
nhau bi c
1
(t) va c
2
(t).
Gia thiet rang tre la , tn hieu vao se la(neu bo qua tap am):
) 2 cos( ) ( ) ( ) 2 sin( ) ( ) ( ) (
'
2
'
1
+ + + t f t c t Ab t f t c t Ab t s
c c
(1.16)
trong o = - 2f
c
. Cac tn hieu trc bo cong la:
) 2 cos( ) 2 sin( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( sin ) (
' '
2 1
' 2
1
+ + + t f t f t c t c t Ab t f t Ab u
c c c

) 2 4 sin( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
)] 2 4 cos( 1 )[ (
2
'
2 1
'
+ + t f t c t c t b
A
t f t b
A
c c
(1.17)
) 2 cos( ) 2 sin( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( cos ) (
' '
2 1
' 2
2
+ + + t f t f t c t c t Ab t f t Ab u
c c c

) 2 4 sin( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
)] 2 4 cos( 1 )[ (
2
'
2 1
'
+ + + t f t c t c t b
A
t f t b
A
c c
(1.18)
Tong cua cac tn hieu tren c lay tch phan khoang thi gian mot bit. Ket qua
cho ta: z
i
= AT neu bit ban tin tng ng bang +1 hay z
i
= -AT neu bit ban tin tng
ng bang 1 v tat ca ca c thanh phan tan so 2f
c
co gia tr trung bnh bang 0. V the
au ra cua bo so sanh la +1 ( hay logic 1) khi bit ban tin la +1 va 1 (hay logic 0)
neu bit ban tin la 1.
Hai tn hieu PN c
1
(t) va c
2
(t) co the la hai tn hieu PN oc lap vi nhau hay chung
co the lay t cung mot tn hieu PN, chang han c(t). e minh hoa cho trung hp th
hai ta lay tn hieu c
1
(t) va c
2
(t) bang cach ta ch tn hieu c(t) thanh hai tn hieu: c
1
(t) s
dung cac chip le cua c(t) va c
2
(t) s dung cac chip chan cua c(t), trong o o lau cua
chip c
1
(t) va c
2
(t) gap oi o lau chip cua c(t). e minh hoa them ta gia thiet c
1
(t) =
c(t) va c
2
(t) b tre. Gia s T
c
la thi gian chip cua c
1
(t) va c
2
(t). o rong bang cua ca c
tn hieu c ieu che s
1
(t) va s
2
(t) cua hai nhanh se nh nhau va bang 2/T
c
. Lu y
rang s
1
(t) va s
2
(t) la trc giao va cung chiem cung o rong bang tan. V the o rong
S(t-t)
+Tb ti
ti
dt (.)
1 hay -1
C
1
(t-)
Hnh 1.13 S o may thu DS/SS - QPSK
-Sin(2f
c
t +
)
U
1
(t)
U(t)
Bo gia i /c QPSK
W
1
(t)
Cos(2f
c
t +
)
W
2
(t)
C
2
(t-)
U
2
(t)
bang tan cua s(t) cung giong nh o rong bang tan cua cac tn hieu s
1
(t) va s
2
(t) va
bang 2/T
c
. oi vi toc o so lieu 1/T o li x ly PG (progress Gian) bang T/T
c
.
Cac he thong DS/SS co the c s dung cac cau hnh khac nhau. Cac he thong
tren c s dung e phat mot tn hieu co toc o bit 1/T bit/s. PG va o rong bang
tan b chiem bi tn hieu DS/SS-QPSK phu thuoc vao cac toc o chip cua c
1
(t) va
c
2
(t). Ta cung co the s dung mot he thong DS/SS-QPSK e phat hai tn hieu so 1/T
bit/s bang cach e moi tn hieu ieu che mot nhanh. Mot dang khac ta co the s dung
mot he thong DS/SS-QPSK e phat mot tn hieu so co toc o bit gap oi: 2/T bit/s
bang cach chia tn hieu so thanh hai tn hieu co toc o bit 1/T bit/s va e chung ieu
che mot trong hai nhanh.
Ton tai cac nhan to ac trng cho hieu qua hoat ong cua DS/SS-QPSK nh: o
rong bang tan c s dung, PG tong va ty so tn hieu tren tap am SNR (Signal to
Noise Ratio) (thng c xac nh bang xac xuat loi bit). Khi so sanh DS/SS-QPSK
vi DS/SS-BPSK ta can gi mot trong cac thong so tren nh nhau trong ca hai he
thong va so sanh cac thong so con lai. Chang han mot tn hieu co the c phat i
he thong DS/SS-QPSK ch s dung mot na o rong bang tan so vi o rong bang tan
ma he thong DS/SS-BPSK oi hoi khi co cung PG va SNR. Tuy nhien neu cung mot
so lieu c phat i bi he thong DS/SS-QPSK co cung o rong bang tan va PG nh
he thong DS/SS-QPSK, th he thong DS/SS-QPSK co u viet ve SNR dan en xac
xuat loi thap hn. Mat khac mot he thong DS/SS-QPSK co the phat gap hai lan so
lieu so vi he thong DS/SS-BPSK khi s dung cung o rong bang tan va co cung PG
va SNR.
u iem cua ca c he thong DS/SS-QPSK so vi cac he thong DS/SS-BPSK c e
cap tren at c la nh tnh trc giao cua cac song mang sin(2f
c
t+) va
cos(2f
c
t+) cac nhanh ong pha va vuong goc. Nhc iem cua he thong
DS/SS-QPSK la phc tap hn he thong DS/SS-BPSK. Ngoai ra, neu cac song mang
c s dung e giai ieu che may thu khong thc s trc giao th se xay ra xuyen
am gia hai nhanh va se gay them s giam chat lng cua he thong. DS/SS-QPSK
c s dung he thong thong tin di ong IS-95 CDMA va he thong nh v toan cau
GPS (Global Positioning System).

May phat
) (t r
rf
) (t r
d

Cos(
c
w t )

m(t)

P(t) cos(
c
w t)
Users
data
Baseband
dened
May Thu
Kenh RF
CHNG
2
HE THONG
THONG TIN DI ONG DS/CDMA

2.1 Gii thieu s lc ve he thong
He thong trai pho DSSS la mot trong nhng cong nghe cua he thong trai pho
CDMA da tren trai pho trc tiep bang ma PN . La he thong c biet nhieu nhat
trong he thong thong tin trai pho . Chung la loai tng oi n gian v khong yeu cau
tnh on nh nhanh va toc o tong hp tan so cao . he thong DS/SS nhieu ngi s
dung cung dung chung mot bang tan va phat tn hieu cua ho ong thi. May thu s
dung tn hieu gia ngau nhien chnh xac e lay ra tn hieu mong muon bang cach giai
trai pho. Cac tn hieu khac xuat hien dang cac nhieu pho rong cong suat thap ta
tap am . He thong trai pho DS/SS c ng dung nhieu trong cac cong nghe CDMA
IS-95 , CDMA one , W-CDMA va cac loai CDMA 3G khac
2.2 He thong DS-CDMA

Hnh 2.1 the hien s o khoi cua mot he thong DS-CDMA . So lieu ngi s dung
cha ieu che ) (t d
u
co the la mot dong bt nh phan noi tiep ( trong trng hp mot
ngi s dung ) . Dong so lieu nay c ie u che bi ma p(t) co toc o cao hn . Qua
trnh ieu che se tang o rong bang tan cua tn hieu bang goc . Tn hieu trai pho bang
goc ) (t d
m
cuoi cung c ieu che vi song mang vo tuyen
c
w trc khi truyen tren
kenh truyen dan vo tuyen

) (t d
rf
) (t r
rf

Hnh 2.1 : S o khoi cua he thong DS-CDMA

Trong qua trnh truyen tren kenh truyen , tn hieu b gian doan bi nhieu a ng
, nhieu ngau nhien va cac tn hieu can nhieu khac cua kenh truyen , ky hieu la n(t) .
Tn hieu thu ) (t r
rf
sau o c gia i ieu che e thu c tn hieu trai pho bang goc
) (t r
m
. Khau x ly cuoi cung la khoi phuc lai tn hieu trai pho ban au ) (t r
d
.
Tn hieu bang goc ) (t r
m
thu c co the chia la m ba loai theo cac bo giai ieu
che tn hieu trai pho chung .Loai tn hieu th nhat la tn hieu cua ngi s dung can
thu . Loai th hai la tn hieu cua ngi s dung khac ( trong trng hp nhieu ngi
s dung ) , nhng tn hieu nay b bo giai ieu che loai bo ,ay la nhng tn hieu trc
giao vi tn hieu cua ngi s dung can thu . Loai tn hieu cuoi cung la tat ca cac tn
hieu khac nh : tap am , can nhieu Nhng tn hieu nay lam gian oan tn hieu can
thu

2.3 Trai pho
Trai pho la qua trnh ieu che vi muc ch phan bo nang lng tn hieu tren
bang tan rong ( rong hn nhieu so vi tn hieu cha ieu che ) . Trong he thong trai
pho trc tiep , chuoi gia ngau nhien PN c s dung e ieu che trc tiep tn hieu
nham at c tn hieu co bang tan rong nh tren hnh 2. 2.
ac tnh ngau nhien cua chuoi PN tao cho tn hieu trai pho co dang gan giong
tap am trang . Vi bang tan rong ,tn hieu trai pho co u iem nh sau :
Kha nang chong can nhieu ben ngoai va ton hao a ng
Kha nang chong nhieu bang tan hep
Kha nang tai s dung pho tan

) (t d
u
) (t d
m

Hnh 2.2 : Trai pho trc tiep

Cac nhieu bang hep, cac nhieu xung va ca c can nhieu khac ch co the lam gian
oan mot phan cua tn hieu trai pho. Do o, nhng can nhieu nay ch lam giam khong
ang ke ty so hieu tren nhieu SNR. Tn hieu trong he thong trai pho trc tiep co
dang nh nhieu nen oi vi nhng ngi s dung khac trong cung bang tan. Do vay
nhieu ngi s dung co the cung chia se mot pho tan va ho phan biet vi nhau bi
mot ma xac nh.

2.4 Cac chuoi ma gia ngau nhien
Cac chuoi PN c s dung trong qua trnh tao tn hieu ngau nhien, ma hoa so
lieu va trai pho. Viec tao chuoi PN c s dung mot thanh ghi M bit vi cac ng
hoi tiep nh tren hnh 2.3 (trng hp M=5)
PN
Gen
| ) ( f D
m
|
Mod-2 add

(t)

clock
Hnh 2.3 : Bo tao chuoi PN chieu dai cc ai (M=5 , N=31)

Chieu dai chuoi so lieu au ra co the at cc ai(L
MAX
)
N=L
max
= 2
M-1

Cac chuoi PN co chieu dai cc ai c goi la cac chuoi ma tuyen tnh cc ai.
Nhng chuoi nay c s dung trong he thong trai pho. Chuoi PN co nhng ac trng
sau:
Can bang ma: so lng bit 1 va so lng bit 0 ch khac nhau 1 n v.
T tng quan: vi gia tr tn hieu 1, ham t tng quan cua chuoi PN nhan
gia tr bang -1 vi tat ca cac tn hieu co o sai pha ln hn 1bit. Vi tn hieu
khong co sai pha, ham t tng quan at gia tr bang N (chieu dai chuoi PN)
(xem hnh 2.4).
Cong moun 2: cong moun 2 cua mot chuoi PN vi phien ban dch bit cua
chuoi o se thu c ket qua la mot ban dch bit khac cua chnh chuoi o.

V

-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 (Chu ky2 bit PN)
Hinh 2.4 : Ham t tng quan lien tuc

Ham t tng quan lien tuc cua mot chuoi PN c nh ngha nh sau :
) (
CA
C =
c
T
1
c
NT
p(t) .p(t+ )dt
Trong o p(t) : - chuoi PN , mot ham bien thi gian vi cac gia tr t 1 ;
N so lng bt cua chuoi PN :
c
T - chu ky mot bt cua PN:
N.
c
T - o dai chuoi PN.
Viec ong bo trong may thu DSSS c thc hien bang cach tm gia tr cc ai cua
ham tng quan
CA
C (t) tai o tn hieu c ong bo hoan hao( =0).
2.5 ieu che trong he thong DS/SS trng hp mot ngi s dung
Trong phan nay, chung ta se phan tch trng hp n gian nhat cua viec ieu
che DS/SS: phat sinh va thu tn hieu cua mot ngi s dung duy nhat. Trong trng
hp nay, mot ma giai ngau nhien PN ieu che trc tiep dong so lieu nh phan
) (t d
u
.Bang tan cua tn hieu ieu che c m rong la do toc o bt cao cua ma PN.
He so tai pho (
s
F ) c nh ngha la ty so cu a toc o bt ma PN tren toc o bt cua
dong so lieu, hay ty so gia chu ky ) (
b
T cua dong so lieu tren chu ky ) (
c
T cua ma PN

S
F =
c
b
T
T

Viec ieu che co the thc hien theo hai cach tuy thuoc vao dang so lieu au vao
: neu tn hieu vao la tn hieu lng cc ( A) th viec ieu che se c thc hien bang
phep nhan tn hieu , neu tn hieu au vao la tn hieu nh phan (0,1) th ieu che thc
hien bang phep cong moul 2 . Thong thng , o dai chuoi ma ngau nhien PN
(N.
c
T ) ln hn hoac bang chu ky bt cua dong so lieu -
b
T .
2.6 Giai ieu che trong he thong DS/SS trng hp mot ngi s dung
Viec khoi phuc lai dong so lieu ban au yeu cau co ong bo gia ma PN ben
trong may thu vi ma PN cha trong tn hieu bang goc thu c - ) (t r
m
.Sau o thc
hien giai ieu che ( hay nen pho ) tn hieu thu c va cuoi cung la phat hien ca c bt
so lieu .Qua trnh ong bo ma se c phan tch chi tiet phan 0 , trong phan nay ta
gia thiet la ma PN c ong bo hoan hao .
Viec giai ieu che cua tn hieu trai pho trc tiep chuyen oi tn hieu ieu che
bang rong thanh tn hieu bang hep . Giai ieu che thc hien chc nang xac nh hay
chc nang loc .Chc nang xac nh c thc hien da tren gia tr tng quan ( tng
quan cheo ) cua tn hieu ) (t r
m
vi ma gia ngau nhien PN .
Hnh 2.5 the hien s o khoi n gian cua may thu DSSS , trong o bo tng
quan c s dung ben trong bo giai ieu che bang goc .Ham tng quan lien tuc (
ham tng quan CT ) c nh ngha nh sau :
) (
CN
C = dt t p t r
T
b
T
m
c
) ( ). (
1
+

Hnh 2.5 : Tng quan thc hie n tai bo giai ieu che bang goc cu a he thong
DS/SS
Chu ky tch phan
b
T la chu ky bt cua dong so lieu goc tng ng vi o dai cua
chuoi PN
) (t r
m
) (t r
d

Cos( t w
c
)

ieu che
bang goc
) (t r
m
) (t r
d

Cos( t w
c
) p(t)
dt
Gia s ng truyen l tng ( khong co can nhieu ) , tn hieu bang goc thu c
:
) ( ). ( . ) ( . ) ( t p t d A t d A t r
u m m

Trong o :
A bien o tn hieu
) (t d
m
- tn hieu nh phan bang goc a ieu che ;
) (t d
u
- tn hieu ban au cha ieu che
e n gian ta gia thiet A=1 va thc hien thu ong bo . Khi o ham tng quan
cheo CT se la :

s b u
c
b
b u
T
c
b u
T
u
c
T
m
c
CN
F T d
T
T
T d
dt t p
T
T d
dt t p t p t d
T
dt t p t r
T
C
b
b
b
. .
) (
1
.
) 0 ( ). ( ). (
1
) 0 ( ). (
1
) 0 (
2

+
+

Nh vay au ra cua bo tng quan la gia tr bt so lieu ban au nhan vi mot he
thong trai pho trong khoang thi gian
b
T . . T dang song au ra , ta co the de dang
khoi phuc tn hieu ban au bang cach phat hien dau tai au ra cua bo tng quan theo
chu ky
b
T . Bien o tn hieu ra khong cha thong tin , tuy nhien no the hien cng o
tn hieu co the c s dung e tnh SNR sau khi giai ieu che e tnh t loi bt tng
quan .
Trong thc te , tn hieu thu c b gian oan bi cac tn hieu can nhieu va ton hao
do cac ac tnh cua kenh truyen dan cao tan . Hieu ng nay lam cho tn hieu thu ) (t r
m

co mot sai so nhat nh . Tch phan sai so nay trong chu ky
b
T se thu c cong suat
nhieu nen . Mc cong suat nhieu nen khong anh hng nhieu en mc cong suat cua
tn hieu thu . Anh hng cua viec lech ong bo trong thc te co the lam giam tng
quan au ra . Ben o tng quan au ra b suy giam do no ch co the at trong trng
hp ong bo hoan hao . Viec mat ong bo nay lam giam mc cong suat tn hieu trong
khi cong suat nhieu khong thay oi . Do o lam giam SNR
2.7 a truy nhap phan chia theo ma
Trong phan nay , chung ta xem xet viec truyen so lieu cua nhieu ngi s dung
trong he thong CDMA DSSS . Nhieu s dung co the cung truyen va nhan tn hieu
tren cung pho tan . So lieu eu che cua moi ngi s dung c coi nh nhieu oi vi
ngi s dung khac . Viec phan biet so lie u cua moi ngi s dung c thc hien
bang cach s dung cac ma PN khac nhau e ieu che va trai pho tn hieu. Trong
trng hp ly tng K ma trc giao, K ngi s dung co the truy nhap ong thi.
Khai niem trc giao co ngha la gia tr tng quan cheo cua tn hieu ieu che trai pho
trc tiep cua mot trong K-1 ngi s dung khong mong muon vi ma trai pho PN cua
ngi can thu bang 0. Do vay ch co tn hieu mong muon co gia tr tng quan khac 0.
Van at ra la kho co the tm c mot bo ma nh phan trc giao trong moi trng
truyen dan khong ong bo cua nhieu ngi s dung. Ta xet mot v du n gian: gia tr
tng quan cheo cua hai t ma PN7 chp: (1110100) va (1100101) ham tng quan
cua hai t ma nay c the hien tren hnh 2.6.

Hnh 2.6 : Ham tng quan cheo cua hai t ma PN chieu dai 7 chp

Ham tng quan ch at gia -1tai 3 v tr (2,-2,-3) trong khi hai t ma c coi la
trc giao. Thong thng hai ngi s dung oc lap co the truyen dan khong ong
bodo vay khong the am bao la cac t ma trc giao va nh vay hai ng truyen dan
co the gay can nhieu cho nhau .ieu nay khong co ngha la viec truyen dan nhieu
ngi s dung khong the thc hien c. Ma trai lai nh a noi trong cac phan trc,
cac tn hieu cua cac ngi s dung khac co dang nh tap am trang va viec loai bo cac
tn hieu nay c thc hien nh c che tang ch x ly trong he thong thong tin trai
pho. Viec loai bo cac tn hieu can nhieu khong the thc hien mot cach triet e bang
cach s dung cac ma trc giao.
Tuy nhien trong trng hp truyen dan ong bo nhieu ngi s dung co the dung
nguyen ly trc giao. Trong trng hp nay, so lieu truyen dan cua moi ngi s dung
c ieu che va c ong goi trc khi truyen dan. Yeu cau oi vi cac ma tra i
pho la ca c ma nay phai trc giao ong bo. V du ve ham trc giao ong bo la ca c
ham sin va cos cung mot tan so: cac ham nay trc giao vi nhau vi ieu kien la
phai duy tr o sai pha 90
0
. oi vi cac t ma co o dai cho trc, co the ton tai mot
so ma trc giao ong thi e tao thanh mot khong gian ma K chieu s dung cho viec
truyen dan ng xuong tram goc. Cac ham Walsh la mot bo 2
M
ma trc giao ong
bo c tao ra t ca c bieu thc e quy ma tran Hadamard. Hnh 2.7 the hien 7 trong
so ma Walsh co chieu dai 16.
Tren hnh 2.7, t ma au tien la tn hieu DC , t ma 2,3 la cac tn hieu so tng t
nh tn hieu sin va cos tan so c ban ,t ma 4,5 tng t tn hieu sin va cos cac
song hai . T ma th 6 khong giong vi tn hieu sin hay cos .16 t ma Walsh trc giao
tng ho ( gia tr tng quan cheo tren 16 chp bang 0 )

Hinh 2.7 : 7 trong so 16 ma Walsh chieu dai 16 chp

Viec s dung ma trc giao khac nhau c thc hien e ieu che tn hieu cua
moi ngi s dung . Hnh 2.8 la s o n gian cua may phat CDMA . Thong thng
toc o cua ma trc giao bang toc o cua ma PN do vay cac ma trc giao thc hien
trai pho ngi s dung . Tuy nhien trong thc te , cac ma trc giao co ac tnh tng
quan rat toi do o khong the s dung cho viec ong bo may thu . v vay van phai s
dung ieu che PN .

) (
1
t w

) (
2
t w p(t) cos( t w
c
)

) (t w
k

Hnh 2.8 : V du mot may phat CDMA

2.8 Giai ieu che cac tn hieu CDMA
Ngi s dung 1
Ngi s dung 2
Ngi s dung k
Hnh 2.9 la s o n gian cua may thu CDMA . Cac ma Walsh va cac ma PN co
the c tron trc nh tren hnh 29 . Hnh 30 the hien cac dang song khi thc hen
giai ieu che cho ngi s dung th 3 trong v du tren hnh 2.8 .. Tuy nhien , cac tn
hieu au ra khong thay oi so vi dang phat ban au v tn hieu au ra cua bo tng
quan cua ngi s dung khac bang khong

) (t r
m
) (t r
d

Cos( ) t w
c
) (t w
k
p(t)
(a) (b)
Hnh 2.9 : Cac may thu CDMA trong tr ng hp nhieu ngi s dung
(a) Thc hien mot cach tr c tiep ;
(b) Thc hien tron trc cac ma Walsh va ma PN

Co hai van e quan trong khi thc hien giai ieu che :
o tuyen tnh cua bo tng quan e duy tr moi quan he trc giao cua tn
hieu . V du nh : am bao tch phan tn hieu cua nhng ngi s dung
khong mong muon bang 0 .
Dai ong cua bo tng quan e duy tr moi quan he trc giao cua tn hieu
cua mot ngi s dung co the thu c tn hieu co nhieu mc khac nhau

2.9 c tnh ca tn hiu DS
He thong DS ieu che song mang co day ma bang ieu che AM (xung), FM hay
ieu che pha hoac bien o, no tng t nh ieu che BPSK
0
180 . Ly do chon cac loai
ieu che nay khong the c giai thch mot ca ch ro rang nh dang c ban cua tn
hieu DS la loai ieu che hai pha n gian. o rong bang (t 0 en 0) cua vau chnh
gap oi toc o nhp cua day ma dung cho tn hieu ieu che va co cung o rong bang
nh toc o nhp cua vau ben. Ngha la , neu day ma cua song a ieu che co toc o
hoat ong la 5Mcps (chip/s) th o rong bang cua vau chnh la 10 Mhzva moi vau ben
co o rong bang la 5MHz.
Hnh 2.10 mieu ta bo ieu che DS 2 pha ien hnh. Day ma c a vao bo
ieu che can bang e co au ra la song mang RF ieu che hai pha. Qua trnh nay
c ch ra tren hnh 2.11 theo truc thi gian. Song mang co lech pha
0
180 gia pha 1
va pha 0 theo day ma. S khac nhau khong thanh van e trong a so cac loai he
thong ieu che 2 pha, nhng ieu che can bang ap dung oi vi cac loai ieu che
khac nh PAM (ieu bien xung ) la quan trong he thong DS nh mieu ta di ay.

dt

Cos( ) t w
c
p ) (t w
k

dt

Hnh 2.10 : ieu che loai DS (2 pha )

(1) Rat kho phat hien c cac song mang b triet neu khong co cac ky thuat phc
tap. Cac bo thu thong thng rat kho tach c song mang v mc song mang nam
ben di cua muc tap am khi ieu che ma.

(2) Yeu cau nhieu congsuat cho viec truyen thong tin v cong suat phat ch c s
dung oi vi viec truyen tn hieu a ma.

(3) Hieu qua s dung cong suat phat trong trng hp s dung hang so duy tr o rong
bang va ln nhat v cac thanh phan tn hieu co mc gii han nhat nh. Trong he
PAM vi song mang c ieu che ma th pho cong suat
2
] / ) [(sin x x c tao ra hoac
yeu cau cong suat nh.

Hnh 2.11 a ra s o khoi cua mach thong tin DS ien hnh. Noi tng t nh mach
thong tin AM va FM co song mang ieu che ma. Thc che th khong ieu che song
mang trc tiep t tn hieu thong tin bang goc ma a qua thu tuc ieu che nh bo
em va tch luy bi day ma tc thi. ay song mang RF c xem nh la chu ky a
c ieu chee ieu che ma oi vi thu tuc ieu cheva giai ieu che n gian.

Tn hieu thu c khuyech ai va nhan vi ma ong bo lien quan tai au pha t va au
thu. Trong trng hp o,neu cac ma ta i a u phat va au thu c c ong bo th
song mang tach pha la ln hn
0
180 va song mang c khoi phuc.cac song mang
bang tan hep khoi phuc nay i qua bo loc bang thong c thiet ke sao cho ch cac
song mang a ieu che bang goc c i qua.
Cac song mang gia cung c i qua cung mot thu tuc nhan tan so nh hoat ong cua
pha thu ma tai ay tn hieu DS thu c se chuyen thanh bang tan song mang ban
au. Tn hieu thu ma khong c ong bo vi tan so lien quan cua au thu th c
cong vi bang tan lien quan va sau o trai ra.
Bo loc bang thon co the gii han hau het cac cong suat tn hieu gia v tn hieu au
vao khong ong bo se trai ra bang tan lien quan cua bo thu.

Hnh 2.11 : Dng sng v cu hnh ca h thng DS.
2.10 rng bng RF ca h thng DS
o rong bang RF cua he thong DS anh hng en hoat ong cua he thong mot
cach trc tiep. Neu bang la 2KHz th o li s ly c gii han la 20MHz. Trong lnh
vc ng dung oi hoi bao mat tn hieu th quan iem la chon va phai mot o rong
bang hep va cong suat phat tren 1Hz trong bang c dung nen la nho nhat. Do o
cac o rong bang rong c s dung. Cac o rong bang rong cung c yeu cau
trong trng hp o li x ly ln nhat la can thiet e ngan chan giao thoa.
Xem xet c ban trong he thong trai pho la van e rong bang he thong theo s cam
ng khong trc tiep vi he thong khac lam viec trong cung mot kenh hoac kenh ben
canh. Bat ky mot loai DS nao eu co nang lng mau ben cao mac du co mot s that
la mau ben khong cai thien chat lng truyen dan tn hieu. JTIDS (Joint Tactical
Information Distribution System )chap nhan mot loai ieu che DS ac biet goi la
MSK v bang tan c s dung chung giong nh he thong IFF ( Identification Friend
&Foe )va TACAN (Tactical air Navigation ).
Thc te th cac he thong nh vay lien quan chat che ti nhieu dang song c chap
nhan cho he thong DS e ieu khien mc nang lng trong mau ben. Bang 2.1 mieu
ta qua cac ac tnh cua cac dang song.

Dng sng
Mu chnh 0-
0
3dB BW
Mu bn th
1
Tc
BPSK 2 x nhp m
0,88 x nhp
m
-13 dB 6 dB/octate
PAM 2 x nhp m
0,88 x nhp
m
-13 dB 6 dB/octate
QPSK 2 x nhp m*
0,88 x nhp
m
-13 dB 6 dB/octate
MSK (in
hnh)
1,5 x nhp m
0,66 x nhp
m
-23 dB
12
dB/octate
Bng 2.1. So snh cc dng sng DS
M BPSK n yu cu 2 m cho tc chnh xc
Thc te la cac tn hieu DS 2 pha va 4 pha n gian vi pho [(sinx)
2
] / x co the c
giaithch nh sau. Neu chu ky cua xung hnh vuong cho trc la T va bien o la Ath
day Fourier c giai nh di ay khi A=0, TT/2:

(2-1)
Ro rang la cong thc 2.1 co dang sin x/x ngha la s phan bo ien ap cua tn hieu va
phan bo cong suat co dang [(sinx)
2
] / x .

S phan bo cong suat cua tn hieu DS 2pha va 4 pha a ra tren hnh 2.12 vi bien o
tng ng vi dai cua 2 mau ben th nhat tng ng vi 3 lan toc o ma. Trong
trng hp nay th 90% cong suat tong bao gom trong bang tng ng vi 2 lan toc o
ma, 93% tng ng vi 4 lanva 95% tng ng vi 6lan. Ngha la 10% cong suat cu a
tn hieu BPSKhay QPSK bao gom trong tan so bang ben. Nhng s suy giam cong
suat tn hieu khong thanh van e ch trong gii han bang sau. V cong sua t cua nhieu
ham ieu hoa bac cao bao gom ca tan so ba ng ben trong ieu che nen gii han bang
hep cua bang RF tao ra s gii han thi gian len va xuong cua bang ieu che.

Hnh 2.12: Phn b cng sut trong ph [ (sin x)/ x]
2

Mo i tng quan tam giac cua tn heu a ieu che vi mot gia tr nh nhon tr
thanh tron do gii han bang tan . Hnh 2.13 mieu ta chc nang tng quan cua tn
hieu DS va anh hng cua tn hieu bang tan en dang ng bao cua RF
Truyen dan QPSK la mot s o e gii han bang tan cao khi toc o ma cho trc
QPSK co the lam giam bang RF yeu cau en mot na nhng o li x ly giam i
nhieu . V du, e truyen thong tin 10Kb/s vi toc o ma 22,75 Mc/s th yeu cau o
rong bang la 20 MHZ e ieu che BPSK va o li x ly la 20Khz 10Kb/s =2000 .
Mat khac v QPSK yeu cau ch 10Mhz nen o li x ly giam 3dB do o 10Mhz
10Kb/s =1000 .Do o loai ieu che hay toc o ma nen c xac nh trong he thong
ap dung va toc o thong tin c ban , o li x ly va bang tan s dung cung nen c
can nhac . Gii han RF ong vai tro quan trong trong he thong o khoang cach s
dung DS . Nh a ch ra tren hnh 2.4, suy giam cha t lng cua chc nang tng quan
chu ton that khi ieu chnh chnh xac thi gian . Ngha la gii han bang lam giam
giai phap khoang cach cua he thong o khoang cach nham tang khoang cach o c

Hnh 2.13 : Gii hn rng bng RF
v nh hng ca n n cc tn hiu DS thng thng
2.11 Tang ch x ly
Trong hai phan trc ta a phan tch viec thc hien khoi phuc tn hieu ngi s
dung mong muon va loai bo tn hieu cua ngi s dung khac . Ngoai tn hieu cua cac
ngi s dung , trong phan nay chung ta xet en tn hieu khac la mot thanh phan cua
tn hieu thu .Nhng tn hieu nay co the chia thanh hai loa i : tn hieu can nhieu bang
rong va tn hieu can nhieu bang hep . Cac can nhieu bang hep co the la cac tn hieu
song mang khi truyen dan quang ba hoac ca c xung nhieu (jamming ) . Cac can nhieu
bang rong bao gom : cac nguon nhieu trang , cac tn hieu trai pho a ng va tn
hieu DS-CDMA khong ong bo . Trong trng hp can nhieu cua cac song mang
khac ( nhieu n tan ) , tien trnh tng quan thc hien tron tn hieu vi mot ma PN
va cuoi cung phan tch tn hieu tron . Bc ieu che PN trong tien trnh tng quan
thc hien ma hoa tn hieu sin mot cac ngau nhien va trai pho tn hieu o giong nh
viec truyen dan trong he thong DSSS . Tn hieu thu c co dang giong nh nhieu
bang rong trc khi thc hien tch phan . Bc tch phan lam quan bnh can nhieu ,
giam s bien thien cua chung hoac lam giam cong suat xoay chieu AC
Trong trng hp nhieu bang rong , bc ieu che PN co xu hng lam phang pho
tan tn hieu . Va cuoi cung lam giam cong suat AC cua tn hieu can nhieu . ca hai
trng hp , hieu ng quan bnh cua bo tng quan se lam giam cong sua t nhieu tong
va do o lam tang SNR ( gia s mc cong suat tn hieu cong suat c duy tr khong
oi ) mot lng go la tang ch x ly -
p
G .Ngi ta nh ngha tang ch x ly nh sau

p
G
i
o
SNR
SNR

Trong o, SN
o
R va SN
i
R tng ng la SNR au ra va au vaocua bo ting quan ;

p
G cung co the c nh ngha bang cong thc:

p
G
S
c
b
D
ss
F
T
T
BW
BW

Trong o, BW
D
va BW
SS
la bang thong cua so lieu trc va sau khi ieu che SS.

2.12 ong bo
Trong phan nay chung ta se phan tch viec nh thi cua ma PN tao ra ben trong
may thu DSSS vi ma PN trong tn hieu thu ( ). t r
m
Thong thng qua trnh ong bo
c thc hien trong hai pha. Trong pha au tien (pha bat ma aquistion ) co the at
c ong bo tho trong khoangthi gian mot chp (
c
T ). Tiep theo la pha bam ma
(tracking ). Pha bam thc hien ong bo tnh trong khoang thi gian ngan bang mot
phan cua
c
T va duy tr trang thaiong bo cho enkhi thc hien viec giai ieu che.

2.13 Pha bat ma
Viec ong bo phu thuoc rat nhieu vao ac tnh tng quan cua chuoi PN . Bam
ma c thc hien bang cach ieu chnh au ra cua bo tng quan e so sanh pha cac
chp ke tiep cho en khi phat hien vung gia tr tng quan at cc ai. Trong thc te,
co hai van e nay sinh la: chuoi PN b ieu che so va chuoi PN co the dai hn chu ky
bt so lieu (N.
c
T >
b
T ). Neu chieu dai chuoi PN bang chu ky bt -
b
T th bam ma co the
thc hien c bang cach phat hien cac nh am hoac dng. Neu khong co ieu che
so,gia s chuoi PN dai hn chu ky bt th viec thc hien tng quan lau hn trc khi
tm bien o nh. Khi ca hai ieu kien ong thi xay ra, th qua trnh phat hien nh
co the b anh hng hoac khong thc hien c. Khio,so lieu phai c giai ieu
che trc khi thc hien tng quan. Tuy nhien, giai ieu che ch thc hien c sau
khi a ong bo.Do vay, se ton tai mot nghch ly.
e giai quyet van e nay co the thc hien theo mot so cach khac nhau. Mot trong
so o la cach tnh mot phan gia tr tng quan co chieu dai
b
T va cong gia tr tuyet oi
thu c e at c gia tr tng quan toan bo.Theo cach nay ta co thethu c ung
gia tr nh. Tuy nhien cac gia tr tng quan khac khong bang -1 nh trong trng
hp ly tng (xem hnh 2.14)
Hnh 2.14 ,so sanh gia ham t tng quan lien tuc trong trng hp ly
tng va tong cua cac thanh phan oi vi cac dang song cho tren hnh A-24
Tren hnh 2.14 ta thay o d tr nhieu b giam. Do o se tang kha nang bat ma sai.
Mot giai phap khac c s dung trong he thong CDMA la danh mot kenh e truyen
tn hieu hoa tieu s dung cho ong bo. Tn hieu hoa tieu khong ieu che. Do vay tn
hieu nay co the tao ra a c tnh t tng quan ly tng. Thi gian bat
acq
la khoang
thi gian may thu at c ong bo theo ma PN. Thi gian bat phu thuoc nhieu vao
ky thuat thu.Co hai loai bo tng quan la:bo tng quan trt (slidingcorrelator) va
matchedfilter.

Hnh 2.14 : So sanh gia ham t tng quan lien tuc trong tr ng hp ly tng

2.14 Pha bam ma
ong bo ma c duy tr bang cach s dung hai bo tng quan bam trong cau
hnh hoi tiep goi la vong khoa tre(DLL). Mot bo tng quan bam (early) lay mau tn
hieu vao nhanh hn na chp so vi bo giai ieu cheso lieu (data).Bo tngquan bam
khac lay mau tn hieu vao cham hn mot na chip so vi bo giai ieu cheso lieu

fb
S

) (i r
m

) (i r
d

Hnh 2.15 Bo giai ieu che so trong mach vong khoa tre - DLL

Hnh 2.15.Bo giai ieu che so trong mach vong khoa tre-DDL
Tn hieu phan hoi c s dung e can bang au ra cua hai bo tng quan bam.
Xet gia tr cua ham tng quan lien tuc
CA
C ( ) va au ra cua ca c bo tng quan bam
theo ba trng hp: ma PN cua may thu nhanh pha hn so vi hieu vao, cung pha vi
tn hieu vao va cham pha hn tn hieu vao (xem hnh 2.16). Cac bo tng quan (sm
pha, cung pha, cham pha) thc hien tng quan theo ba pha chp ke tiep nhau cua tien
Bo tng quan
Sm pha
Bo tng quan
Tre pha
Bo tng quan
So lieu
Bo tao dao
ong ong ho
hieu au vao, cac pha nay lech nhau 0,5
c
T . Khi bien o au ra cua bo tng quan
sm va cham bang nhau, th bo tng quan so lieu se ong bo hoan hao vi tn hieu
vao,tn hieu ra se at gia tr nh.

) (
CA
C ) (
CA
C ) (
CA
C
L E
E E L L

c
T
c
T
c
T
c
T
c
T
a) Sm pha b) Cung pha c) Cham pha

Hnh 2.16 : Cac gia tr au ra cua cac bo tng quan sm pha va cham pha ng
Vi trang thai ong bo khac nhau :
(a) Ma PN cua may thu nhanh pha hn so vi tn hieu thu ;
(b) Cung pha vi tn hieu thu (c) Cham pha hn so vi tn hieu thu
c
T
CHNG
3
CHUYEN GIAO TRONG
HE THONG THONG TIN DI ONG DS/CDMA

3.1 S can thiet cua chuyen giao trong he thong thong tin di ong
He thong thong tin di ong DS/CDMA la he thong thong tin trai pho trc tiep ma
viec chuyen giao tong quat cung giong nh chuyen giao trong mang thong tin di ong
to ong, do cau truc mang la gom tap hp ca c cell co hnh luc giac lien ket vi nhau
tao thanh mot mang to ong. Trong moi cell co mot BTS at trung tam cua cell am
nhan viec phu song cho cac MS (Mobile Station) trong cell o. Do ac iem cua MS
trong thong tin di ong la MS luon luon di chuyen, v the khi MS cang gan tram goc
th chat lng tn hieu tot, nhng khi MS di chuyen cang ra gan bien cua cell th cha t
lng cuoc thoai cang giam xuong va dan dan cuoc thoai se b ngat. Do o, can phai
co mot ky thuat e chuyen cuoc thoai cua MS va ri khoi cell cu sang cell mi e
am bao tnh lien tuc cua cuoc thoai. Ky thuat nay goi la chuyen giao. Do ac tnh
ong cua MS nen ta thay chuyen giao la mot van e rat quan trong trong he thong
thong tin di ong to ong. Viec thc hien chuyen giao cang tot th xac suat rt cuoc goi
tai bien cua cac cell cang thap, cung co ngha la chat lng cuoc thoai cang cao. Neu
MS ri khoi vung phu song cua mot cell ma khong c chuyen giao tot th xac suat
rt cuoc goi la rat ln, ieu nay se anh hng en chat lng cua thong tin.
Tuy nhien, ngoai chuyen giao do MS di chuyen ra ngoai vung bien cua cell t c
chuyen giao v muc ch la e cuoc thoai c lien tuc (goi la chuyen giao giai cu),
con co cac loai chuyen giao cho cac muc ch sau:
Loai chuyen giao khong phai do tn hieu yeu, ma muc ch la e cai thien
chung ve nhieu. Ngi ta thay rang MS se toi thieu hoa cong suat phat neu no
thuoc cell co suy hao ng truyen toi thieu vi no. Neu cac MS eu toi thieu
hoa cong suat phat th mc nhieu chung cung toi thieu. Neu he thong khi ong
chuyen giao ch v toi u hoa ve nhieu, th o la chuyen giao kieng k nhieu
(Confinement Handover). S chuyen giao nay lam cho MS hoat ong thong tin
trong vung toi u nhat theo quan iem phong ve nhieu, mac du tn hieu trc
chuyen giao van u manh. V the, chuyen giao nay ch thc hien trong ieu
kien biet ro chat lng truyen dan tot sau khi chuyen giao.
Loai chuyen giao khac la chuyen giao lu thong (Traffic Handover). Do ieu
kien nao o ma dung lng cua mot cell tang ot ngot, khi o s ta c nghen se
xay ra. e giai quyet van e nay, ngi ta chuyen giao sang cell ke can v
thng vung bien cua cac cell se trung len nhau mot cach ang ke.
3.2 Tieu chuan khi thc hien chuyen giao
Tieu chuan chuyen giao phu thuoc vao loai chuyen giao, vao cell c d nh
chuyen giao en va ket qua chuyen giao c d kien, oi vi chuyen giao giai cu,
tieu chuan chuyen giao la:
Sai loi truyen dan
Suy hao ng truyen
Tre truyen dan
Trong qua trnh thong tin gia MS va BTS th cac thong tin ve chat lng truyen
dan, mc tn hieu se c MS o lng lien tuc mot cach nh ky. Sau o, da vao
cac yeu to tren a ra d oan ve suy hao ng truyen. MS truyen so lieu o lng
ve BTS mot en hai lan trong mot giay. oi vi chuyen giao kieng k nhieu, tieu
chuan la ket qua so sanh chat lng truyen dan vi cac cell ke can. Thng ch o
c suy hao truyen dan gia cac MS va BTS ng xuong ma thoi. oi vi
chuyen giao lu thong, tieu chuan la tai lu lng cua moi BTS do MSC va BSC biet
c. Co the tom tat cac thong so lam c s cho quyet nh chuyen giao la:
Cong suat phat cc ai cua MS, BTS ang phuc vu va BTS cua cac cell ke can.
So lieu o lng thi gian thc cua MS ve chat lng truyen dan ng xuong
(BER), mc tn hieu ang thu c cua kenh ang thong tin va mc tn hieu thu
c t cac cell ke can.
So lieu o lng thi gian thc cua BTS ve chat lng truyen dan ng len
(BER), mc tn hieu ang thu c kenh ang thong tin (ng len) va s
sm nh thi (Timming Advance).
Lu lng, dung lng va tai cua cell.
3.3 Khai niem chung ve chuye n giao
cac he thong thong tin di ong DS/ CDMA, chuyen giao xay ra khi cac MS ang
lam thu tuc tham nhap mang hoac ang co cuoc goi. Muc ch cua chuyen giao la
e am bao chat lng ng truyen khi MS ri xa tram goc ang phuc vu no. Khi
o, no phai chuyen lu lng sang mot kenh lu lng mi thuoc mot tram goc
lan can khac. Ton ta i hai dang chuyen giao mem (Soft Handover) va hai dang
chuyen giao cng (Hard Handover).
Chuyen giao gia cac o hay chuyen giao mem (Soft Handover).
Chuyen giao gia cac oan o (Intersector) hay chuyen giao mem hn (Softer
Handover).
Chuyen giao cng (Hard Handover) gia he thong CDMA nay en he thong
CDMA khac.
Chuyen giao cng (Hard Handover) gia he thong CDMA en he thong tng
t.
3.4 Chuyen giao mem (Soft handover) va me m hn (Softer Handover)
Chuyen giao mem va mem hn da tren nguyen tac ket noi noi trc khi cat (
make before break). Chuyen giao mem hay chuyen giao gia cac o la chuyen giao
c thc hien gia ca c o khac nhau. Chuyen giao mem hn hay chuyen giao chuyen
giao gia cac oan o la chuyen giao gia cac oan o cua cung mot o.

Trong chuyen giao mem, MS co the thong tin vi hai hay ba sector cua cac cell
khac nhau. Tram goc ang trc tiep ieu khien tien trnh cuoc goi c xem nh la
tram goc s cap. Tram goc s cap co the khi xng cac ban tin ieu khien hng i.
Cac tram goc khac khong trc tiep ieu khien tien trnh cuoc goi th c goi la ca c
tram goc th cap. Qua trnh chuyen giao mem ket thuc khi: hoac la tram goc s cap
hay tram goc th cap b rt. Neu tram goc s cap b rt, tram goc th cap se tr thanh
tram goc s cap mi cho cuoc goi nay. Chuyen giao mem gia ba cell se ket thuc khi
mot trong ba cell b rt au tien va qua trnh tr thanh chuyen giao gia hai cell. Cac
tram goc co lien quan phoi hp chuyen giao vi nhau bang cach trao oi thong tin cho
nhau bang bao hieu so 7 (SS7). Vi chuyen giao mem, tram di ong ong thi co the
trao oi thong tin vi hai hay nhieu tram goc. Tn hieu t cac tram goc nay co the
c ket hp vi nhau ng xuong e tang cng chat lng cua ng truyen.
ng len, thong thng cac tram goc noi tren tach tn hieu oc lap. Neu cac tn hieu
nay khac nhau, trung tam chuyen mach co the chon tn hieu tot nhat. Di ay, ta xet
qua trnh chuyen giao mem khi tram di ong thong tin ong thi vi hai tram goc.
Trong khi thiet lap ket noi, tram di ong phat hien va bam tram goc co cong suat
ln nhat. ong thi, tram di ong lien tuc giam sat cong suat cua ca c tram goc lan
can. Khi phat hien mot tram goc mi co cong suat u ln (so vi cong suat cua tram
Chuyen giao mem gia 3 cell Chuyen giao mem gia 2 cell
Hnh 3.1 Vung chuyen giao mem
goc ang bam), tram di ong se thong bao ieu nay cho tram goc ma no ang bam.
Tram goc nay se thong bao cho trung tam chuyen mach e cho phep tram goc th hai
phat va thu lu lng t tram di ong. ng xuong may thu RAKE giai ieu che
ca hai tn hieu ca hai ngon cua RAKE va ket hp chung mot cach nhat quan co
ieu chnh tre. ng len moi tram goc giai ieu che va giai ma khung tieng (hay
goi so lieu) oc lap roi gi chung en trung tam chuyen mach e chon cac khung
nay. Viec chuyen oi xay ra t t. O th hai c t t a vao s dung, bat au khi
chuyen sang o lan can. Khi tn hieu t tram goc th nhat tr nen qua yeu so vi tram
goc th hai en noi khong the giai ieu che va giai ma c, tram goc th nhat se b
loai tren c s o cng o trng hay chnh bi tram goc nay. chuyen giao mem,
oi vi moi khung cho trc, viec chon o tot hn c thc hien ma khong can cho
phep o mi hay huy bo o cu nh chuyen giao cng. Trong thc te, e tranh viec xay
ra chuyen giao thng xuyen, o th hai ch c cho phep khi cng o tn hieu cua
no kha ln (6dB chang han) so vi o th nhat. ieu nay lam cho hieu nang bien
gii o giam.
Li ch cua chuyen giao mem la qua trnh thong tin tren kenh lu lng hng i
va hng ve. He so thu phai u ln e am bao thu c v cong suat phat thap c
yeu cau tren kenh lu lng hng i va hng ve. ieu nay co y ngha la tong nhieu
cua he thong giam va ket qua la dung lng cua he thong tang len ong ngha vi
chat lng cuoc thoai tot hn. Ngoai ra, cong suat phat thap t MS cung lam tang tuoi
tho va thi gian lam viec cua pin. Trong chuyen giao mem, neu mot tram di ong thu
c tn hieu ieu khien cong suat tang t mot tram goc va thu c tn hieu ieu
khien cong suat giam t mot tram goc khac th MS se giam cong suat phat cu a no.
e thc hien ieu nay co hieu qua th phai am bao co mot tuyen lien ket thong tin
tin cay t tram goc th hai.
3.4.2 Chuyen giao mem hn (Softer Handover)
Chuyen giao mem hn la chuyen giao gia cac oan o trong cung mot cell khi
tram MS thong tin vi hai sector cua cung mot cell. May thu tai tram goc se ket hp
cac khung thoai tot nhat t cac anten re quat cua hai sector thanh mot khung n.
..

3.4.3 Chuyen giao mem mem hn (Soft-Softer Handover)
hn
Chuyen giao mem mem hn khi MS thong tin vi hai sector trong cung mot cell
khac. Cac tai nguyen mang yeu cau cho loai chuyen giao nay bao gom tai nguyen
chuyen giao mem gia hai cell A va B cong vi tai nguyen phuc vu cho chuyen giao
mem hn cua cell B.

3.4.4 Chuyen giao cng
Chuyen giao cng c thc hien khi can chuyen sang mot kenh tan so mi, la loai
chuyen giao c thc hien da tren nguyen tac cat trc noi sau (Break before
Make) tc la lien ket vi kenh lu lng cu b cat bo trc khi no c noi en kenh
lu lng mi. Chuyen giao cng co cac loai sau:
Chuyen giao cng gia cac tram goc hoac cac sector s dung song mang khac
nhau.
Thay oi t kenh hoa tieu nay en kenh hoa tieu khac ma au tien no khong
c chuyen giao mem en kenh hoa tieu mi.
Thay oi viec an nh bu khung lu lng CDMA co o dai 20ms. iem ba t au
cua khung trong mot kenh lu lng rieng biet co the la 0 hoac no cung co the
c bu vi o dai ln hn 20ms. Cac kenh CDMA c an nh viec bu
khung khac nhau e tranh viec tac nghen. Viec bu khung cho mot kenh lu
lng se c bao cho MS. Ca hai hng i va hng ve eu s dung ky thuat
bu khung nay. Mot s thay oi trong viec bu khung se pha v lien ket. Trong
suot qua trnh chuyen giao mem, tram goc mi phai ch nh viec bu khung cho
MS, ma ieu nay c an nh bi tram goc. Khi viec bu khung khong thc
hien c phai tien hanh chuyen giao cng.
Ngoai ra, chuyen giao cng con c thc hien gia cac he thong CDMA hoac
chuyen giao gia he thong CDMA vi he thong tng t.
Nhc iem chnh cua loai chuyen giao nay la xac suat rt cuoc thoai trong qua
trnh chuyen giao cao, chat lng cuoc thoai thap.

3.5 Cac tap kenh hoa tieu
Cell A
Cell B
Moi kenh hoa tieu cua moi tram goc c phan biet vi nhau bi ch so dch va tan
so c an nh cho no. Cac kenh hoa tie u nay lien ket vi cac kenh lu lng
CDMA ng xuong (BTS en MS). Moi kenh hoa tieu cac tan so khac nhau eu
co khoang dch thi gian nh nhau. Tram di ong tm kenh hoa tieu nh s lech nh
thi cua chuoi PN la boi so nguyen cua thi gian tan so c biet (64 chips gia ca c
kenh hoa tieu ke can). Chang han kenh co ch so dch la 15 th se co thi gian dch la
15*64=960 PN chips. Tat ca ca c kenh hoa tieu trong cung mot tap th co cung tan so.
Cac kenh hoa tieu c chia thanh 4 nhom sau:
3.5.1 Tap tch cc
Tap tch cc cha cac kenh hoa tieu lien ket vi ca c kenh lu lng ng xuong
(ham Walsh) c an nh cho tram di ong. Do MS s dung ba bo giai ieu che nen
kch thc tap tch cc bang gia tr ln nhat cua ba kenh hoa tieu. Tram goc thong
bao cho tram di ong noi dung cua tap tch cc bang ban tin an nh kenh hoac ban
tin hng dan chuyen giao (HDM Handoff Direction Message).
3.5.2 Tap ng c
Tap nay cha cac kenh hoa tieu hien thi khong nam trong tap tch cc. Tuy nhien,
cac kenh nay c thu vi cng o tn hieu u ln e am bao cac kenh lu lng
ng xuong co the giai ieu che thanh cong. Kch thc ln nhat cua tap ng c la 6
kenh hoa tieu.
3.5.3 Tap ke can
Tap nay cha cac kenh hoa tieu hien thi khong nam trong tap tch cc va tap ng
c, va co the tham gia vao qua trnh chuyen giao. Danh sach ban au cua cac kenh ke
can c gi en tram di ong ban tin thong so he thong tren kenh nhan tin. Kch
thc ln nhat cua tap gan la 20 kenh hoa tieu.
3.5.4 Tap con lai
Tap nay cha tat ca cac kenh hoa tieu trong he thong, tr cac kenh cua tap tch
cc, tap ng c va tap ke can.
3.6 Bao hieu trong chuyen giao
he thong thong tin di ong DS/CDMA th trong qua trnh lien lac (thong tin) gia
MS va BS th MS luon thc hien viec do tm cac pilot cua cac tram lan can cung nh
cng o trng cua chung. Khi MS tm c mot pilot co cng o trng u manh
e thay the cho kenh hoa tieu ma MS ang dung ma pilot nay khong lien quan g en
bat ky cac kenh lu lng ng xuong nao ang c an nh en MS. Khi o se
xay ra cac ban tin sau:
Sau khi tm c mot pilot mi th MS se gi mot ban tin o cng o trng cua
pilot nay, ke ca pilot ang phuc vu cho MS, en tram goc. Tram goc nay se
liet ke tat ca ca c pilot nhan c t MS. Ban tin nay la ban tin au tien trong
qua trnh chuyen giao.
Tram goc an nh mot kenh lu lng ng xuong ket hp vi kenh pilot o va
gi mot ban tin hng dan chuyen giao en MS. Ban tin hng dan chuyen
giao liet ke cac kenh lu lng ng xuong. MS nhan c ban tin hng dan
chuyen giao vi cac kenh lu lng ng xuong nhng ch co mot kenh c
giai ieu che.
Sau khi thc hien xong chuyen giao th MS se gi mot ban tin hoan thanh
chuyen giao ve tram goc tren kenh lu lng mi e xac nhan rang MS a thu
thanh cong kenh lu lng mi hng ve.
3.6.1 Ban tin o cng o trng cua pilot
Cac tham so tm pilot va cac nguyen tac e truyen dan ban tin o cng o pilot
c trnh bay trong cac tap cua cac pilot nh sau:
3.6.1.1 Tm pilot
MS thc hien qua trnh tm kiem kenh hoa tieu trong mot khoang thi gian cho
trc c xac nh bang so chip cua chuoi gia ngau nhien PN c goi la ca so tm.
Khi tm mot kenh hoa tieu, MS khong the gii han c thi gian dch chnh xac cua
chuoi nhau nhien PN do hien tng fading nhieu tia. Cac dch thi cua chuoi ngau
nhien PN lien quan en phan xa nhieu tia se dch thi gian cua tia i thang vai chip,
tc la tia phan xa en muon hn so vi tia i thang vai chip. MS se xac nh tam cu a
ca so tm cho moi kenh hoa tieu cua tap gan va tap con lai xung quanh dch nh
thi cua chuoi hoa tieu s dung chuan thi gian cua MS.
MS s dung ba ca so tm sau e do tm tn hieu hoa tieu:
SRCHWINA: la ca so tm ma MS dung e do tm cac kenh hoa tieu cua
tap tch cc va tap ng c. Ca so nay c thiet lap theo moi trng truyen.
No phai u rong e bat c ta t ca cac thanh phan tn hieu a ng co the
co en t tram goc va ong thi no cung phai u nho e am bao qua trnh
do mat t thi gian nhat.
SRCHWINN: la ca so tm ma MS s dung e do tm cac kenh hoa tieu
cua tap gan. Kch thc cua ca so nay th ln hn ca so SRCHWINA.
Ca so nay phai u rong e khong ch bat c tat ca cac tn hieu phan xa co
the co en t tram goc ang phuc vu ma con e bat cac tia phan xa en t
cac tram goc lan can. Trong trng hp nay, ta can tnh toan s khac biet
gia cac tia phan xa t cac tram goc. Kch thc ln nhat cua ca so nay
c gii han bi khoang cach gia hai tram goc ke can.
SRCHWINR: la c a so ma MS s dung e do tm kenh hoa tieu cua tap
con lai. Yeu cau ve kch thc cua c a so nay la rong t nhat phai bang ca
so SRCHWINN. Tham so nay se c gi tren kenh nhan tin e cho tram
goc can c vao o quyet nh chuyen giao va chon mot kenh lu lng ng
xuong phu hp.
3.6.1.2 Cac nguyen tac truyen ban tin o cng o pilot
MS se thc hien o cng o pilot cua cac tram lan can e khi cng o tn hieu
pilot cua tram goc ma no ang lien lac gia m en mc ngng hoac khi no xac nh
c mot pilot co cng o u manh th MS se gi ban tin o cng o kenh nay en
tram goc. Tram goc se lap danh sach cac ke nh pilot ma MS gi theo kenh lu lng
hng len. Nhng ch co mot pilot theo kenh lu lng hng xuong mi c giai
ieu che. MS se gi mot ban tin o cng o pilot khi :
Cng o cua mot pilot thuoc tap gan hay tap xa c xac nh vt tren mc
ngng T-ADD.
Cng o cua mot pilot thuoc tap ng c c xac nh tren T-ADD va mot
ban tin o cng o pilot cha thong tin nay a khong c gi sau khi MS
nhan c ban tin hng dan chuyen giao.
Cng o cua mot pilot thuoc tap ng c ln hn cng o cua mot pilot thuoc
tap tch cc mot gia tr T-COMP va mot ban tin o cng o pilot cha thong
tin nay a khong c gi sau khi MS nhan c ban tin hng dan chuyen
giao.
e tranh tnh trang MS ang gi ban tin o cng o pilot e loai bo pilot o, ma
cng o cua pilot nay ang tang dan, th MS se duy tr mot thi gian giam chuyen
giao cho moi pilot thuoc tap tch c va tap ng c. ong ho giam chuyen giao bat au
khi cng o cua pilot tng ng tr nen thap hn T-DROP va no se reset lai neu
cng o cua pilot tng ng vt tren gia tr T-DROP.
Thi gian giam chuyen giao cua mot pilot thuoc tap tch cc a het va mot ban
tin o cng o pilot mang thong tin nay a khong c gi sau khi MS nhan
c ban tin hng dan chuyen giao.
3.6.2 Ban tin hng dan chuyen giao
Sau khi xem xet ban tin o, tram goc hien thi co the quyet nh hng dan tram
di ong chiem kenh hoa tieu mi ( trong khi van duy tr thong tin mi vi kenh hoa
tieu tam thi ). Khi nay tram goc gi ban tin hng dan chuyen giao en tram di
ong. Ban tin nay gom:
1/ So trnh t cua ban tin hng dan chuyen giao.
2/ An nh tan so cua kenh lu lng ng xuong cho MS.
3/ Tap tch cc bay gi cha ca cac hoa tieu mi lan hoa tieu cu ( dch thi PN ).
4/ Kenh ma ( ma Walsh ) lien ket vi moi kenh hoa tieu trong tap tch cc .
5/ Kch thc ca so tm kiem cho tap tch cc va tap ng c .
6/ Ngng phat hien kenh hoa tieu ( T-ADD ).
7/ Ngng giam kenh hoa tieu ( T-DROP ).
8/ Gia tr cua ong ho giam chuyen giao ( T-TDROP ).
9/ Ngng so sanh gia tap tch cc va tap ng c ( T-COMP ).

3.6.3 Ban tin hoan thanh chuyen giao
Mot khi tram di ong a nhan c ban tin hng dan chuyen giao t tram goc cu
(hien thi), no chiem tram goc mi trong khi van duy tr thong tin vi tram goc hien
thi. Bay gi tap tch cc cha ca tram hie n thi lan tram mi. Sau khi chiem tram
goc mi, tram di ong gi ban tin hoan thanh chuyen giao en ca hai tram goc. Vao
thi iem nay tram di ong ang chuyen giao mem. Ban tin hoan thanh chuyen
giao cha ca tap tin mi (cac dch thi PN cu va mi ). Ban tin nay c gi en ca
hai tram.
3.6.4 Duy tr cac tap
3.6.4.1 M au
Tram di ong se lien tuc theo doi cng o trng cua tat ca ca c hoa tieu trong he
thong. Sau o trang thai cua tng hoa tieu se c so sanh vi cac ngng hoa tieu
khac ( T-ADD , T-DROP , T-TDROP , T-COMP ket thuc thi gian cua ong ho ). Khi
nay mot kenh hoa tieu se chuyen vao tap nay hay tap khac tuy thuoc cng o tn
hieu cua no so vi cac ngng noi tren.
3.6.4.2 Trnh t tm
Moi kenh hoa tieu trong tap ng c ch c tm sau a khi tm tat ca cac kenh hoa
tieu trong tap tch cc. Mot kenh hoa tieu trong tap ke can ch c tm sau khi a tm
tat ca cac hoa tieu trong tap ng c. Mot hoa tieu trong tap con lai ch c tm sau
khi a tm tat ca cac hoa tieu trong tap ke can.
3.6.4.3 Tap tch cc
Khi MS c cap phat kenh lu lng lan au th khi nay tap tch cc ch cha 1
pilot ( pilot lien ket vi kenh lu lng ng xuong c cap phat ). Khi MS x l
ban tin hng dan chuyen giao no se thay the tap tch cc bang mot danh sach cac
hoa tieu trong ban tin. Tap tch cc co the cha en 6 hoa tieu .
Qua trnh duy tr ca c tap c mo ta theo s o sau

Age = Max Age
PcPa > T-Comp
Cha het T-Tdrop
Ta p tch cc
Pa
Ta p ke can
Pn
Ta p con lai
Pr
Pr > T-Add
Ta p ng c
Pc
b.
Ta p ng c
Pc
Ta p tch cc
Pa
Ta p ke can
Pn
Ta p con lai
Pr
a.
Pc-Pa>T-Comp
Ta p tch cc
Pa
Ta p ke can
Pn
Ta p con lai
Pr
Ta p ng c
Pc
Het T-Tdrop cua
Pc
c.
Age = 0
Ta p ng c
Pc
Ta p tch cc
Pa
Ta p con lai
Pr
Ta p ke can
Pn
d.
Ta p ng c
Pc
Ta p tch cc
Pa
Ta p con lai
Pr
T-Tdrop a het
T-Tdrop a het
hay vt qua kch
thc tap
Ta p ke can
Pn
e.
Vt qua kch thc tap
hay Age > Age Max
Ta p ng c
Pc
Ta p tch cc
Pa
Ta p con lai
Pr
Ta p ke can
Pn
f.
Pn-Pa > T-Comp
Pn > T-Add
yes
Ban tin hng da n chuyen giao ch a Px
Px va o ta p
tch cc
Px va o ta p
ng c
Px va o ta p
ke can
Px va o ta p
ke can
Px va o ta p
con la i
yes
yes
yes
No
No
No
No
g.
Hnh 3.4: Duy tr cac tap
Pn > T-Add
3.6.4.4 Tap ng c
Khi tram di ong c cap phat kenh ku lng lan au th tap ng c khong cha
mot kenh hoa tieu nao ca. Mot kenh hoa tieu se c bo sung hay loai bo khoi tap
ng c tuy thuoc vao trong cac s kien sau :
Khi MS x l ban tin hng dan chuyen giao, ma ban tin nay khong liet ke
trong tap tch cc hien thi va thi gian giam chuyen giao tng ng vi pilot
cha het th pilot se chuyen pilot nay vao tap ng c.
Khi MS do tm c cng o cua mot pilot thuoc tap gan hoac tap con lai vt
gia tr T-ADD th MS se bo sung pilot nay vao tap ng c.
Khi MS x l ban tin hng dan chuyen giao, ma ban tin nay liet ke1 pilot co
trong tap ng c hien thi th MS se chuyen pilot nay t tap ng c sang tap
tch cc.
Khi thi gian giam chuyen giao tng ng vi mot pilot thuoc tap ng c a het
th MS se chuyen pilot o t tap ng c sang tap gan.
Khi MS bo sung 1 pilot vao tap ng c va ieu nay se lam cho kch thc cua
tap ng c vt kch thc ma MS cung cap cho no, khi o MS se xoa pilot t
tap ng c ma pilot nay co thi gian giam chuyen giao gan vi thi gian mat
tac dung nhat. Trng hp neu co hn 1 pilot cung trang thai e bo sung vao
tap ng c, hoac khong co pilot nao trong tap ng c trang thai giam chuyen
giao, th MS se xoa mot trong cac pilot co cng o trng thap nhat.
3.6.4.5 Tap ke can
Khi MS c an nh mot kenh lu lng ng xuong au tien, th MS bat au s
dung tap ke can e cha cac pilot c liet ke trong ban tin danh sach tap ke can se
c nhan sau o.
MS s dung mot bo em tuoi cho cac pilot trong tap ke can . Thu tuc nay gom
mot bo em cho moi pilot thuoc tap ke can. Bo em nay ban au gia tr 0 khi pilot
chuyen t tap tch cc hoac tap ng c vao tap ke can , va gia tr MAX_AGE khi
pilot chuyen t tap con la i en tap ke can. Bo em cua moi pilot thuoc tap gan tang
khi nhan c ban tin yeu cau cap nhat danh sach tap ke can. Mot khi bo em vt
gia tr MAX_AGE th pilot c chuyen t tap ke can sang tap con lai .
MS se ieu chnh tap ke can bat ky thi iem nao khi xay ra mot trong cac s
kien sau:
Khi MS nhan c ban tin cap nhat danh sach tap ke can, th no se thc hien
cac cong viec sau:
Tang bo em tuoi cho moi pilot trong tap gan.
Xoa ta t ca cac pilot t tap con lai ma ca c pilot nay co thi gian cua bo
em vt ngoai gia tr MAX_AGE.
Neu khong co pilot nao trong tap ng c hoac tap ke can, th MS se bo
sung vao tap ke can tng pilot a c ch ra trong ban tin. Neu MS ch
co the cha ln nhat la k pilot trong tap ke can, ma ban tin yeu cau cap
nhat danh sach tap ke can la ln hn k pilot, th luc nay MS ch co the
cha k pilot au tien c liet ke trong ban tin. V vay neu tram goc
muon gi so pilot c liet ke trong ban tin ln hn so pilot ma tap ke
can co the cha, th kha nang cao nhat ma cac pilot nay c nhan bi
MS la lan gi au tien.
Khi thi gian giam chuyen giao cua mot pilot thuoc tap ng c a het, th MS
se chuyen pilot o vao tap ke can.
Khi MS x l mot ban tin hng dan chuyen giao, ma trong ban tin nay khong
liet ke mot pilot thuoc tap tch cc, va thi gian giam chuyen giao tng ng
cua pilot a het, th MS se chuyen pilot o vao tap ke can.
Khi MS bo sung mot pilot vao tap ng c va ieu nay lam cho kch thc tap
ng c vt kch thc do MS cung cap, th MS se bo sung pilot thuoc tap ng
c b xoa vao tap ke can.
Khi MS tm c mot pilot thuoc tap gan co cng o vt gia tr T-ADD, th
MS se chuyen pilot o t tap gan sang tap ng c.
Khi MS x l mot ban tin hng dan chuyen giao, ma trong ban tin nay co liet
ke mot pilot thuoc tap ke can hien thi, th MS se chuyen pilot o t tap ke
can sang tap tch cc.
Khi MS bo sung mot pilot vao tap ke can va ieu nay lam cho kch thc tap
ke can vt kch thc do MS cung cap, th MS se xoa pilot tap thuoc tap ke
can (ay la pilot co gia tr tuoi cua bo em ln nhat). Neu co hn mot pilot
c them vao, th MS se xoa mot trong cac pilot thuoc tap ke can co cng o
trng thap nhat.
3.7 Cac yeu cau trong chuyen giao
Trong chuyen giao he thong thong tin di ong CDMA co 3 yeu cau can phai
c am bao, o la:
Chat lng thoai c cai thien: do vung bien cua cac cell thng co o phu
song rat yeu cong vi nhieu tang t ca c cell lan can cho nen viec phan tap
kenh lu lng ng xuong t cac cell tham gia trong qua trnh chuyen giao
chat lng thoai se cai thien ang ke.
Nhieu t ca c MS c ieu khien: trong vung bien cua mot cell th nhieu do
cac MS gay ra cho cac cell lan can la ln nhat do o viec ieu khien cong suat
phat cua MS en cac cell nay la rat quan trong.
Kha nang rt cuoc goi giam: vung chuyen giao la vung ma hau het kenh lien
ket ng xuong la rat yeu. Viec x ly chuyen giao cham trong trng hp MS
di chuyen vi toc o nhanh co the se la nguyen nhan gay ra rt cuoc goi v khi
nay MS se khong con u kha nang giai ieu che kenh lu lng hng xuong
c phat t cell ban au.
oi vi cac tham so chuyen giao can c xem xet nh sau:
V thi gian yeu cau tm mot pilot mi la cc tieu nen so lng ca c bo loc thc
hien tm cac pilot trong tap gan la cc tieu. Do o, phai am bao ngng T-
Add u thap e ngan chan cac canh bao sai khong phu thuoc nhieu vao bo loc.
Neu gia tr T-Add cao se lam giam s u tien chat lng thoai e thiet lap
chuyen giao.
T-Comp la mot gia tr e ngan chan MS gi lien tuc cac ban tin o cng o
pilot (do s thay oi nho cng o cac pilot trong tap tch cc va tap ng c).
Gii han cao oi vi gia tr ngng T-Comp la can thiet e tranh mat mot pilot
tot. Tuy nhien, gia tr T-Comp qua ln se dan ti tre trc khi mot ban tin o
cng o pilot c s dung. ieu nay c goi la tre thiet lap chuyen giao.
Gia tr T-Tdrop la gia tr chenh lech c suy ra t cac gia tr T-Add va T-
Drop. Gia tr nay phai am bao u cao e thiet lap chuyen giao, e ngan chan
canh bao sai. T-Tdrop cung c la chon e phu hp vi tng a hnh cu
the.
Cac tham so chuyen giao tren a c xac nh bang thc nghiem nh sau:
Tham so
Gia tr
T-Add

-16 dB
T-Drop

-20 dB
T-Comp

2.5 dB
T-Tdrop 5 seconds
Cac gia tr tren c thc nghiem mang lai ket qua la xa c suat rt cuoc thoai nho
va vet noi chuyen giao nho. Ket qua nay van c am bao khi co khoang 50%
MS trong che o chuyen giao bat ky thi iem nao. ong thi thc nghiem cung
cho biet rang khi tang T-Add va T-Comp len 3 dB va giam T-Tdrop ti 2s th se lam
giam so lng MS chuyen giao xuong con 30%. Tuy nhien, ieu nay lam cho chat
lng thoai va xac suat rt cuoc thoai khong the chap nhan c.
KLL i
KLL ve
KLL i
KLL ve
KLL ve
(MS ang thong tin vi BS_A)

C ng o pilot B vt T-Add
Gi ban tin o c ng o pilot

Nhan ban tin hng da n
chuye n giao.
MS ket noi ong thi vi hai
tram goc A va B.

Gi ban tin hoan thanh
chuye n giao.

Thi gian giam chuyen giao
cua pilot A a het.
Gi ban tin o cng o pilot
.

Nhan ban tin hng da n
chuye n giao.
Ngng phan tap ket h p. Bat
au s du ng tap tch cc B.

chuye n giao

(MS ang thong tin vi BS_B)
(MS ang thong tin vi BS_A)

Nhan ban tin o cng o pilot
BS B bat a u phat lu lng
tren KLL hng i va nha n KLL
h ng ve.

Tram goc A va B gi ban tin
h ng dan chuye n giao e n MS.

A va B nhan ban tin hoa n
thanh chuye n giao.

A va B nhan ban tin o cng
o pilot.

A va B gi ba n tin h ng da n
chuye n giao e ch co B c s
dung.

A va B nhan ban tin hoa n
thanh chuye n giao.
A ngng phat tren KLL hng
i va ve .

(MS ang thong tin vi BS_B)

MS BS
KLL ve
3.8 Bao hieu trong qua trnh chuyen giao
Bao hieu trong qua trnh chuyen giao t tram goc A en tram goc B co the c
mo ta nh sau:

Bao hieu trong qua trnh chuyen giao gia 3 tram goc A, B va C. Trong o, MS di
chuyen t cap tram goc A va B qua cap tra m goc B va C, va cuoi cung en tram goc
C c mo ta nh sau:

Neu MS phat hien can phai bo xung cell C vao tap tch cc va xoa cell A cung mot
thi iem th no se thiet lap lien ket thong tin vi C trc khi xoa cell A trong tap tch
cc.
3.9 Anh hng cua chuyen giao mem va mem hn en dung l ng cua he
thong CDMA
3.9.1 Gii thieu
(MS ang thong tin vi A va B)

A va B nhan ban tin o cng
o pilot, xac nh rang ta p tch cc
mi se cha B va C.
Ca 3 BS bat au phat lu
lng tren KLL hng i va nha n
KLL hng ve.

A, B va C gi ba n tin hng
dan chuyen giao e n MS e ch co
B va C c s du ng.

A, B va C nhan ba n tin hoan
thanh chuye n giao.
A ngng phat tren KLL hng
i va hng ve

B va C nhan ban tin o cng
o pilot.

(Qua trnh tiep theo neu chuyen
giao xay ra se tng t nh chuyen
giao gia 2 BS )

KLL ve
KLL ve
KLL i
KLL ve
(MS ang thong tin vi A va B)

cua pilot A a het va cng o
pilot C vt T-Add.
Gi ban tin o c ng o pilot

Nhan ba n tin hng da n
chuye n giao
Ngng pha n tap ket hp A va
B, bat au phan tap ket hp B va
C

chuye n giao

cua pilot B a het.
Gi ban tin o cng o pilot
.

(Qua trnh tiep theo neu chuyen
giao xay ra se tng t nh
chuyen giao gia 2 BS )
MS
BS
Chuyen giao mem trong he thong thong tin di ong a truy nhap phan chia theo ma
CDMA la mot ky thuat ma cac tram di ong (MS) gan bien cua cell phat cung mot
tn hieu nh nhau en cac tram goc (BS) nam trong vung phu can cua chung. ay la
loai chuyen giao kha hieu qua bi v no nang cao c cha t lng truyen dan do
khong co khoang thi gian ngat tam thi nh trong chuyen giao cng.
oi vi ng len (MS en BS), tn hieu c phat bi cac MS trong vung chuyen
giao co the en c tat ca cac tram goc ga n no. Cac tn hieu nay co the khong phai
la nhng tn hieu ma ca c tram goc nay muon thu cho nen chung se xuat hien nh mot
dang nhieu tai cac tram goc noi tren. Bang cach at cac bo loc thch ng tai may thu,
cac tram goc co the nhan c cac tn hieu t cac MS trong vung chuyen giao mem.
Chu y la se khong co kenh nao c yeu cau them e thc hien viec chuyen giao
mem tren kenh hng len. Ngoai ra, chuyen giao mem con cung cap s phan tap a
dang (Macro diversity), tc la co hn mot BS tham gia vao qua trnh truyen dan nen
ty so tn hieu tren nhieu ( SIR Signal to Interference Ratio ) do s ket hp tn hieu
thu c t cac BS khac nhau. ieu nay se lam tang chat lng ng len va m
rong vung phu song cua cell. Bi v co t nhat hai BS tham gia vao qua trnh x ly
chuyen giao, moi BS ho tr mot ng xuong en cung mot MS cho nen so lng
kenh con lai co the dung c ng xuong se giam.
S sector hoa trong he thong CDMA lam tang dung lng cua he thong ty le vi so
sector trong cell. oi vi he thong CDMA a sector hoa th co hai loai chuyen giao
khi MS di chuyen t sector nay sang sector khac, o la chuyen giao gia hai sector
cua hai cell khac nhau - chuyen giao mem va chuyen giao gia hai sector trong cung
mot cell - chuyen giao mem hn. Tng t nh chuyen giao mem, chuyen giao mem
hn la loai chuyen giao mem xay ra gia hai sector trong cung mot cell. Neu o th
bc xa cua cac anten a sector hoa nay hoan hao th chuyen giao mem hn se khong
c e cap en. Tuy nhien, trong thc te bup song cua cac anten c sector hoa
khong c hoan hao tc la co s chong la p bup song cua hai sector ke nhau trong
anten. Vung nay se lam tang them nhieu ca ng len va ng xuong.
Trong phan nay chung ta se phan tch anh hng cua chuyen giao mem va mem
hn len dung lng he thong co cell cha sector hoa va he thong co cell a sector
hoa. ay chung ta xet cac he thong CDMA noi chung ma khong tap trung phan tch
mot he thong CDMA rieng biet nao ca.
CDMA co the chong lai anh hng cua fading nhanh neu nh co nhieu hn hai
ng thu c quyet nh bi may thu. Bang cach s dung may thu Rake ket hp vi
ieu khien cong suat vong kn, ghep xen bit, ma hoa kenh va phan tap khong gian th
anh hng cua fading nhanh co the c giam xuong en mc toi thieu. V vay ay
chung ta ch xet van e suy hao ng truyen va anh hng cua fading cham len
kenh vo tuyen tren quan iem la van e fading nhanh a c giai quyet bi may
thu.
3.9.2 Chuyen giao mem trong cac cell kho ng sector hoa (Unsectorized Cell)
Trong chuyen giao mem khong co bat ky kenh nao c yeu cau them tren kenh
ng len. Trong khi o s phan tap a dang do chuyen giao mem co the cai thien
c chat lng ng len bang cach ket hp tn hieu thu c t cac BS co lien
quan. Tuy nhien do s ket hp cac tn hieu nay tai trung tam chuyen mach di ong
(MSC) kha kho khan nen ngi ta dung mot ky thuat ket hp co la chon e chon
khung co so bit loi t nhat. Do o chat lng lien ket cua cac MS trong chuyen giao
mem se c cai thien hay co nhieu ngi s dung hn c thch ng trong tong ai.
Tuy nhien viec cai thien dung lng nay phu thuoc vao hieu qua ma ky thuat ket hp
co la chon tren mang lai. Do khong co s suy giam dung lng ng len nen chung
ta se tap trung phan tch dung lng ng xuong.
oi vi ng xuong, dung lng b giam la do chuyen giao mem c thc hien
cac cell khong c sector hoa con o li ve dung lng at c la do s phan tap
a dang cua cac BS co lien quan trong qua trnh chuyen giao mem. Anh hng cua
chuyen giao mem en dung lng ng xuong trong cac cell khong c sector hoa
c xem xet nh sau.
3.9.2.1 Giam dung lng ng xuong
Xet thu tuc chuyen giao mem lien quan en H tram goc vi cell khong c sector
hoa. e anh gia s suy giam dung lng do chuyen giao mem, ta xet mot kenh vo
tuyen co so mu suy hao ng truyen la va bo qua fading (Shadow Fading). Khi ca c
MS di chuyen t BS ra vung bien th mc cong suat tn hieu nhan c se b giam
nh mo ta hnh sau.
Vung chuyen giao mem cua he thong CDMA trong cac cell hnh luc giac ban knh
R la vung nam gia R
h
va R tng ng vi phan gach cheo trong hnh sau

Neu MS di chuyen ra xa hn khoang cach R
h
trong BS cua no, qua trnh chuyen
giao mem se c khi ong khi mc tn hieu nhan c thap hn ngng dB.
Hnh 3.5: Cac mc tn hieu thay oi theo khoang cach
Hnh 3.6: Vung chuyen giao mem trong cell hnh luc
giac
Vung nam gia khoang cach tnh t R
h
en R c xem la vung chuyen giao mem va
no co dien tch la
2 2
2
3 3
h h
R R (3.1)
V chuyen giao mem at c bi s phoi hp cua H tram goc ke can (H 2) nen
dung lng tng ng cua cac BS trong vung chuyen giao mem giam t
h
xuong
h
/H. Trong o, la ma t o phan bo cua cac thue bao va gia s s phan bo nay la
ong eu. Suy giam trong vung chuyen giao mem c tnh nh sau

,
_

,
_

2 2
2
3 3 1 1
1
h h
R R
H
H
H

(3.2)
Ty so suy giam dung lng so vi trng hp khong co chuyen giao mem la

( )
,
_
2
2
2
3 3
2
1
1
2
3 3
1
1
R
R
H
H
R
H
F
h
h
h

(3.3)
Ngng chuyen giao c chon la va ngng thu cc tieu cua MS khi vung
bien la . Gia s cong suat phat cua BS la P
T
th

,
_
h
T
R
P
log 10 (3.4)
va

,
_
R
P
T
log 10 (3.5)
Khi o chenh lech gia mc tn hieu thu c cc tieu cua MS la va ngng
chuyen giao la

,
_
,
_
R
R
R P
R P
h
h T
T
log 10 log 10
(3.6)
T cong thc (3.6) suy ra

( ) 10
10

R
R
h
(3.7)
Ket hp (3.3) va (3.7) cho ta ty so suy giam dung lng nh sau
,
_
2
2
3 3
2
1
1
R
R
H
H
F
h
h

( )
,
_
10 2
10
3 3
2
1
1
H
H
(3.8)
Theo cong thc tren, neu ngng chuyen giao la 3 dB va lua t suy hao lan truyen la
bac 4 th suy giam dung lng do chuyen giao mem vi 2 hoac 3 BS tng ng la
7.2% va 9.5%.
3.9.2.2 o li dung lng ng xuong
Ly do chnh e thc hien chuyen giao mem o la cung cap s phan tap a dang
bang cach ket hp cac tn hieu thu c t H tram goc co lien quan. Do xac suat e
cac tn hieu t H BS ong thi b anh hng bi hien tng fading lau (deep
shadowing) nho hn rat nhieu so vi trng hp ch thu t mot BS, cho nen se at
c mot o li ve ty so tn hieu tren nhieu (SIR) bang cach ket hp cac tn hieu thu
c t H BS nay. So sanh dung lng he thong trong trng hp khong co phan tap
va co phan tap a dang bang chuyen giao mem ta se xac nh c o li dung lng
ng xuong trong he thong CDMA.
a. Trng hp khong co phan tap a dang (Without Macro diversity)
Xet mot ng xuong trong he thong CDMA vi viec giai ieu che ket hp at
c bang cach gi mot tn hieu pilot len tat ca cac kenh lu lng. ieu khien cong
suat ng xuong khong quan trong nh ieu khien cong suat ng len nen ay
chung ta khong xet en. Ta biet rang cac MS gan BS cua chung th co ty so SIR cao
hn cac MS gan ng bien cua cell, tc la SIR ng xuong phu thuoc vao v tr
cua MS trong cell cua no. Do o, dung lng ng xuong se b gii han bi t so SIR
khi cac MS nam vung bien gii gia cac cell.
Gia s xet mot MS nam cell 0 cach tram goc cua no mot khoang r
0
va cach BS
lan can th j mot khoang la

cos 2
0
2
0
2
r D r D r
j j j
+
(3.9)
trong o:
D
j
: Khoang cach gia tram goc cua cell th j va cell 0
: goc lech c cho nh hnh ve
Goi so mu suy hao truyen dan tren kenh vo tuyen la , suy hao fading do che
khuat ngau nhien la
j
, o lech tieu chuan la . Khi o anh hng cua suy hao truyen
dan va fading che khuat gia MS va BS trong cell 0 la

10
0
2
0
0
10

r a (3.10)
va anh hng cua suy hao truyen dan va fading che khuat gia MS trong cell 0 va
BS trong cell j la

10
0
2
10
j
r a
j

(3.11)

Neu moi BS phat mot cong suat tong la P
T
cho tat ca cac MS cua no th MS th 0
(thuoc BS 0) co the nhan c mot cong suat
T
P a P
2
0 0

t BS 0 va mot cong suat
T j j
P a P
2
t BS th j. Gia s rang co N kenh lu lng va mot kenh pilot ng

xuong va cng o cua cac kenh nay la nh nhau. Khi o cong suat tn hieu tai au ra
cua bo loc thch ng la

1
2
0
+
N
P a
S
T
(3.12)
va ty so tap am trang (AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise) tren tn hieu la

S
W N
S
0
(3.13)
trong o, N
0
: mat o pho cong suat tap am.
W : bang thong cua tn hieu.
Ty so nhieu tren tn hieu t cac kenh khac trong cung cell c tnh nh sau
Hnh 3.7: Nhieu ng xuong t 12 cell lan can

( )

N
i
N
i
i
P
T
i
P
v
G N
P a
v
SG S
I
1 1
2
0 int
1
1
1
(3.14)
va ty so nhieu tren tn hieu t J-1 BS xung quanh la

1
1 1
2
1 2
1 1
J
j
N
i
T
j ij
P
ext
N
P
a v
G S S
I

1
1 0
2
0
2
2
1
J
j
N
i
j
ij
P
a
a
v
G
(3.15)
trong o cac ky hieu int va ext lan lt la ai dien cho nhieu gay ra t ben trong va
ben ngoai cell, G
P
la o li x ly va v
i
cung nh v
ij
c goi la he so tch cc thoai.
Trong cong thc (3.15), ty so nhieu tren tn hieu gia cac cell b suy giam theo he
so 2 do s suy giam song mang.
T (3.10) va (3.11), ty so
2
0
2
a a
j
trong (15) co the c viet lai nh sau
( ) 10
0
10
0
2
0
2
10 10
0 j j
j j
j
r
r
r
r
a
a

,
_
,
_

(3.16)
trong o,
j
=
j
-
0
la mot bien ngau nhien bnh thng co sai so ngau nhien la
2 do
j
va
0
phu thuoc vao fading.
Thay (3.16) vao (3.15) ta c :

,
_
1
1 1
10
0
10
2
1
J
j
N
i j
ij
P
ext j
r
r
v
G S
I
(3.17)
Khong nh t so nhieu tren tn hieu ben trong cell, t so nhieu tren tn hieu gia cac
cell phu thuoc vao v tr MS va ieu kien fading.
T (3.13), (3.14) va (3.17) ta suy ra c t so nang lng tren mat o pho cong
suat tap am E
b
/I
0
tai au ra cua bo loc thch ng la

S S
I
S
I
I
S
I
E
ext
b
+ +

int
0
1
(3.18)
Theo bat ang thc Jensen, chung ta co


S S
I
S
I
E
I
E
E
ext
b
+
1
]
1
1
]
1
int 0
1
(3.19)
Thay (3.14) va (3.17) vao (3.19), ta c :
( )
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
+
1
]
1
1
1
10
0 0
0
10 ,
2
1
1
J
j j
j j
j P P
b
j
r
r
E
r
r
G
N
G
N
I
E
E

(3.20)
trong o,

,
_
j
o
j j
r
r
, (3.21)
la mot ham rang buoc. Ham nay chng to rang cac MS tai vung bien co xu hng
nghieng ve cac BS co suy giam do fading la t nhat.
T cong thc (3.20), mau so cua no co the c viet lai nh sau:

( )
'
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
,
_

,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
10
) 10 ln( 2
2
log 10
1
10
10 ln
exp 10 ,
0
2
10
0

r
r
Q
r
r
E
j
j
j j
j
(3.22)
T so loi bit kenh ng xuong co the c tnh bi

,
_
1
]
1
0
2
1
I
E
E erfc BER
b
(3.23)
Trong o, erfc(.) la ham bu loi.
e BER 10
-3
th yeu cau ty so nang lng bit tren mat o pho cong suat tap a m
trung bnh
( )
req b req
I E
0

la 7 dB. Theo nh gia tr
req
na y th dung lng ng
xuong co the c tnh theo cong thc (3.20) nh sau
1
10 ,
2
1
1
1
1
10
0
1
0
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
j
j
j j
J
j j
req
P
r
r
E
r
r
S
G
N

(3.24)
1, vi 1 10
10
0
,
_
j
j
r
r

0, con lai
Neu mot he thong CDMA co o li x ly 21dB (127 chip tren mot bit thong tin) va
S/ = 20 dB th dung lng ng xuong tnh theo so lng ngi s dung cc tieu
tren cell vi cac gia tr r
0
/R khac nhau co the c tnh theo cong thc (3.24).
Xet nhieu kenh chung t 12 cell lan nh hnh tren, ng cong dung lng ng
xuong cua he thong doc theo ng AB nh trong hnh ve tren c mo ta trong hnh
sau vi he so tch cc thoai (VAF Voice Activity Variable) la 3/8 va 1/2.

Theo nh hnh ve mo ta s thay oi dung lng, ta thay rang dung lng cac MS
gan BS cua no cao hn cac MS tai vung bien. e BS phuc vu tat ca cac MS trong
cell cua no vi mot chat lng yeu cau toi thieu th dung lng cua he thong se b
han che bi ca c MS tai vung bien. T hnh tren ta thay, dung lng tai ng bien
(r/R =1) trong trng hp khong co phan tap a dang la 32 va 42 ngi s dung / cell
ng vi VAF la 1/2 va 3/8.
b. Trng hp co phan tap a dang (With Macro diversity)

Ty so SIR cua cac MS trong vung chuyen giao mem co the c cai thien bang
cach ket hp ca c tn hieu thu c t H tra m goc co lien quan. Do o, dung lng
cung se tang t le thuan vi SIR. Theo s o may thu cua MS (hnh sau) ta thay co H
bo loc thch ng e phat hien cac tn hieu en t H BS lan can. Sau khi giai ieu che
vi song mang cung cap t pilot cua chnh cac BS nay, tn hieu c loc e thu pho
cua chung. Tn hieu au ra t H bo loc se c ong pha va c ket hp lai vi
nhau.

Hnh 3.8: Dung lng ng xuo ng trong trng hp
khong co phan tap trong chuyen giao me m

Suy hao truyen dan se c anh gia thong qua tn hieu pilot va t so ket hp cc
ai at c sau khi can chnh bien o cua H tn hieu theo suy hao ng truyen
tng ng. H tn hieu sau khi ieu chnh bien o se c ong pha va c cong lai
vi nhau cho ra mot bien o cc ai. T so E
b
/I
0
tai au ra cua bo ket hp c tnh
nh sau
1
]
1
,
_
1
0 0 0
H
i
i
b
c
b
I
E
I
E
(3.25)
Trong o, [ ]
i b
I E
0
la nang lng bit tren mat o pho cong suat tap am cua tn hieu
nhan c t BS th i.
Neu chuyen giao mem ch lien quan en hai BS (H =2) th cong thc (3.25) tr
thanh:

1
0
0
0 0
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
1
]
1
I
E
E
I
E
E
I
E
E
b b
c
b
(3.26)
Trong o, [ ]
0 0
I E E
b
tnh theo cong thc (3.20), con [ ]
1 0
I E E
b
tnh theo cong thc
(3.27).
( )
S r
r
E
r
r
r
r
G
N
G
N
I
E
E
j
j
j j
J
j j P P
b
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
+
1
]
1
10
0
1
2
1
0
1
1
0
10 , 2
1
1
(3.27)
oi vi cac MS trong vung chuyen giao mem, nhieu ong kenh vt troi hn thanh
phan AWGN trong E
b
/I
0
. Bo qua t so /S trong (3.20) va (3.27) sau o thay chung
vao (3.26) cho ta (3.28) nh sau :
Hnh 3.9: S o khoi may thu MS

1
0
0
0 0
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
1
]
1
I
E
E
I
E
E
I
E
E
b b
c
b

'
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
10
0
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
10
0 0
1
1
10
0
1
2
1
0
1
10
0 0
10 , 2 1 10 ,
2
1
1
10 , 2 10 ,
2
1
2
j j
j j
j
j j
J
j j
J
j j
j j
j
J
j j
j j
J
j j j
j j
j
P
r
r
E
r
r
r
r
r
r
E
r
r
r
r
E
r
r
r
r
r
r
E
r
r
N
G

(3.28)
Thay
req
( E
b
/I
0
yeu cau ) vao (3.28) th so ngi s dung tren cell trong trng hp
phan tap a dang c tnh theo cong thc (3.29).
Neu ng xuong co o li x ly 21 dB (127 chip / bit thong tin) va S/ = 20 db,
dung lng tng ng vi cac gia tr r
0
/R khac nhau trong vung chuyen giao mem se
c tnh theo cong thc (3.29) nh sau:
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
10
0
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
10
0 0
1
1
10
0
1
2
1
0
1
10
0 0
10 , 2 1 10 ,
2
1
1
10 , 2 10 ,
2
1
2
j j
j j
j
j j
J
j j
J
j j
j j
j
J
j j
j j
J
j j j
j j
j
P
r
r
E
r
r
r
r
r
r
E
r
r
r
r
E
r
r
r
r
r
r
E
r
r
N
G
N

(3.29)
Xet nhieu kenh chung t 12 cell lan can nh hnh 3.7 th ng cong dung lng
ng xuong cua he thong ng vi VAF = 3/8 va 1/2 c mo phong nh trong hnh
3.10

Hnh 3.10: Nhieu ong kenh trong vung chuyen giao
mem t 12 cell lan can

Dung lng ng xuong khi MS thc hien chuyen giao mem cao hn dung lng
ng xuong khi MS khong thc hien chuyen giao mem trong vung nay do dung
lng b han che khi cac MS tai vung r = 0.84R. o li dung lng ng xuong
cung khac nhau oi vi cac MS tai vung r = R va R
h
= 0.84R. V du nh trong hnh 3.8
ta thay rang, tai r = R th so ngi s dung la 43 va 32 tren cell ng vi VAF = 3/8 va
1/2, trong khi con so nay la 46 va 34 tai R
h
= 0.84R. Nh vay o li dung lng do
phan tap a dang la 3 va 2 MS/cell hay 7.0% va 6.1%.
Khi chuyen giao mem xay ra vi hai BS th suy giam dung lng do co hai kenh
lu lng ong thi thong tin vi mot MS la 7.2% nhng o li ve mat dung lng do
phan tap a dang la 7.0% va 6.1% ng vi vi VAF =3/8 va 1/2. Do o, tong suy
giam dung lng ng xuong cua he thong do chuyen giao mem la 0.2 % va 1.1%.
Tuy nhien, v dung lng ng xuong cao hn dung lng ng len do viec giai
ieu che ket hp nen chuyen giao mem se khong lam anh hng nhieu en dung
lng noi chung. Mat khac, chat lng thong tin cho cac MS tai vung bien cua cell se
c cai thien do phan tap a dang trong chuyen giao mem.
3.9.3 Chuyen giao mem trong cac cell c sector hoa (Sectorized Cells)
Viec sector hoa ca c cell trong he thong CDMA nham muc ch tang dung lng he
thong. Dung lng nay tang t le vi so sector trong cell. Trong thc te so lng
sector trong mot cell co the len en 4 hoac 6 sector /cell nhng ay e n gian
chung ta ch xet cell co 3 sector. Co hai loai chuyen giao chnh xay ra trong he thong
cac cell nay, o la chuyen giao gia hai sector cua hai cell khac nhau va chuyen giao
gia hai sector trong cung mot cell. Loai th nhat la chuyen giao mem (soft handoff)
ma ta a xet muc trc, loa i th hai c goi la chuyen giao mem hn (softer
handoff).
Chuyen giao mem hn lien quan en hai sector trong cung mot cell do mot BS phu
trach nen se dan en suy giam dung lng. Tuy nhien phan tap a dang trong chuyen
giao se cai thien c SIR do o dung lng cung se tang t le theo. Trong phan nay
Hnh 3.11: Dung lng ng xuong khi co phan tap
trong vung chuyen giao mem
chung ta se xem xet anh hng cua chuyen giao mem va mem hn en dung lng
ng xuong cua he thong.
3.9.3.1 Suy giam dung lng ng xuong

Trong thc te, cac cell c sector hoa co o th hng tnh cua anten khong hoan
hao dan en xuat hien vung chong lap tai bien cua cac sector gan nhau trong cell.
ay chnh la vung ma chuyen giao mem hn xay ra. Hnh ve di ay mo ta cac
vung chuyen giao trong CDMA.

Trong o,
0
la goc chong lap tai bien cua cac sector.
Theo hnh ve ta thay, vung chuyen giao trong cell sector hoa c phan ra thanh
cac vung con chuyen giao mem, vung con chuyen giao mem hn va vung con chuyen
giao mem mem hn. Cac MS trong vung chuyen giao mem mem hn co the thc
hien chuyen giao mem hoac chuyen giao mem hn con nhng MS trong vung chuyen
giao mem hn ch thc hien chuyen giao mem hn. Vung chuyen giao mem hn c
tnh nh sau:

2
0
2
1
h sh
R
(3.30)
Gia s rang mat o phan bo thue bao ong eu va c ky hieu la . Do cac MS
trong vung chuyen giao mem hn lien quan en hai sector cua mot BS nen suy giam
dung lng trong vung nay b suy giam con 1/2
sh
. T so dung lng suy giam do
chuyen giao mem hn so vi trng hp khong co chuyen giao la
2
0
2
3 2
2
3
2
1
,
_
R
R
R
F
h
sh
sh

(3.31)
Tong t so suy hao dung lng do chuyen giao mem va chuyen giao mem hn tong
hp t (3.3) va (3.31) nh sau
Hnh 3.12: Cac vung chuyen giao trong cell a sector hoa

1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_

1
1
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
2
0
2
2
0
2 2
3
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
3
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
3
2
1
R
R
R
R R R
F
h
h h
T

(3.32)
Trong o R
h
la khoang cach t tram goc en ni bat au xay ra chuyen giao.
Ta thay, t so suy hao dung lng do chuyen giao mem va mem hn la mot ham
theo goc
0
co o th cho hnh 3.13. Neu
0
= 5
0
va ngng chuyen giao cao hn
mc tn hieu thu c nho nhat la 3 dB th o suy giam dung lng do chuyen giao
mem va chuyen giao mem hn la 9%. So vi trng hp suy giam dung lng do
chuyen giao mem trong cell khong sector hoa ta thay gia tr nay tang 1.8% la do co
them chuyen giao mem hn.

3.9.3.2 o li dung lng ng xuo ng
T cac muc trc chung ta a biet rang, dung lng ng xuong b han che bi
cac MS nam vung bien cua cell ni ma nhieu t cac cell khac cao hn nhieu t ben
trong cell. Do o, e anh gia dung lng chung ta xet nhng vung ma o mc
nhieu la cao nhat.
a. Trng hp khong c phan tap a dang (Without Macrodiversity)
Xet sector 0 cua cell 0, trong o cac sector gay nhieu ang ke len cell nay c
anh bong nh hnh sau

Hnh 3.13: o suy giam dung lng theo
0

Hnh 3.14: Nhieu en MS t cac cell lan can
Ta thay co 13 sector xung quanh (trong o12 sector la cua 12 cell lan can va sector
th nhat) co the gay nhieu len MS nam trong vung chuyen giao. Khi MS nam gan
goc cua hnh luc giac (gia B va C) th se co nhieu hn hai sector gay nhieu.
e n gian chung ta gia s rang mc tn hieu nhan c t sector th nhat va
sector 0 la giong nhau, tc la ( ) . 1 10
0 1
1 0

r r T (3.19), neu khong co phan tap a
dang th gia tr E
b
/I
0
cua cac MS trong vung chuyen giao nh sau
( )
( )
[ ]
( )
S r
r
E
r
r
G
N
E
r
r
G
N
G
N
I
E
E
j
j
j j
J
j j P P P
b
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
+
,
_
+
+
1
]
1
10
0
1
2
0 10
1
0
1
0
10 ,
2
1
10
2
1
1
0 1

( ) ( )
S r
r
E
r
r
G
N
G
N
G
N
j
j
j j
J
j j P P P
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
+
+
+
10
0
1
2
0
10 ,
2
1
2
1
1
(3.33)
Vi BER < 10
-3
va
req
= 7 dB th dung lng ng xuong c suy ra t cong thc
(3.33) nh sau:
1
10 ,
2
1
5 . 1
1
1
1
1
10
0 0
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
J
j j
j j
j
req
P
j
r
r
E
r
r
S
G
N

(3.34)
Tiep theo xet tnh huong cac MS nam trong vung trung tam cua mot sector, xa
vung chong lap gia cac sector nh hnh sau:

Hnh 3.15: Nhieu en MS khong nam trong vung chong lap cua cac

Neu ng xuong cua he thong CDMA co o li x ly la 21 dB (127 chip), S/ =
20 dB va
0
= 5
0
th so lng MS/sector tai cac khoang cach khac nhau t tram goc
en bien cua cell c tnh theo cong thc (3.24) va (3.34) lan lt cho cac MS nam
vung trung tam va vung chong lap gia ca c sector. o th dung lng ng xuong
doc theo ng AE (phan tam cua sector) va ng AC (vung chong lap) la mot ham
theo khoang cach r/R nh mo ta tren hnh sau
Theo hnh ve ta thay, co s suy giam dung lng mot cach ot ngot tren ng
cong tai gia tr r/R = 0.9 do nhieu cong gay ra trong vung chong lap bup song gia
cac sector.
Gia tr SIR thap nhat khi MS nam trong vung chuyen giao mem mem hn, ac
biet la ta i goc C. Tai ay dung lng ng xuong cua he thong ch la 22 va 30
MS/sector ng vi VAF bang 1/2 va 3/8. Nh vay, dung lng ng xuong cua he
thong co cell a sector hoa khi khong s dung phan tap a dang b gii han bi so MS
trong vung chuyen giao mem mem hn.

b. Trng hp co phan tap a dang
V gia tr SIR thap nhat khi ca c MS nam trong vung chong lap bup song gia cac
sector cua anten nen chung ta se xet o li dung lng do phan tap oi vi cac MS
trong vung nay.
Cac MS thc hien chuyen giao mem mem hn co the at c mot t so E
b
/I
0
cc
ai do viec thu ket hp t cac sector lan can. T so nay c tnh giong nh trong muc
3.9.2.2. Moi trng truyen vo tuyen t BS 0 en cac MS trong vung chuyen giao
mem hn cung tng t nh moi trng truyen t BS th nhat en cac MS. Do o,
anh hng cua fading che khuat va suy hao ng truyen tng t nhau, dan en mc
Hnh 3.16: Dung lng ng xuong khi khong phan tap a dang
tn hieu thu c tai cac MS trong vung chong lap t BS 0 va BS th nhat cung se
giong nhau. Ngoai ra, do song mang c khoi phuc tai BS 0 nen tn hieu thu tai BS 0
se c giai ieu che ket hp trong khi tn hieu tai BS 1 lai khong c thu ket hp.
T cong thc (3.19), nang lng bit tren mat o pho cong suat tap am t BS 0 co the
c tnh theo cong thc sau

( ) ( )
S r
r
E
r
r
G
N
G
N
G
N
I
E
E
j
j
j j
J
j j P P P
b
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
+
+
+
1
]
1
10
0
1
1
0
1
0
10 ,
2
1
2
1
1

S r
r
E
r
r
G
N
J
j j
j j
j P
j

2
10 , 3
1
1
1
10
0 0
+
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
(3.35)
Khi cac MS thc hien chuyen giao mem hn trong vung chong lap th E
b
/I
0
cua tn
hieu thu c t sector th nhat c tnh theo cong thc sau:
( ) ( )
S r
r
E
r
r
G
N
G
N
G
N
I
E
E
j
j
j j
J
j j P P P
b
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
+
+
+
1
]
1
10
0
1
1
0
1
0
10 ,
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

S r
r
E
r
r
G
N
J
j j
j j
j P
j

2
10 , 3
1
1
1
10
0 0
+
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
(3.36)
Ngoai ra, cac MS trong vung chuyen giao mem mem hn cung co the thc hien
chuyen giao mem. Khi nay E
b
/I
0
cua tn hie u thu c t sector th nhat cua cell lan
can (sector th nhat cua cell 1) c tnh theo cong thc (3.37) nh sau
( ) ( )
S r
r
E
r
r
r
r
G
N
G
N
G
N
I
E
E
j
j
j j
J
j j P P P
b
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
+
+
+
1
]
1
10
0
1
2
1
0
1
1
0
10 , 2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1

S r
r
E
r
r
r
r
G
N
j
j
j j
J
j j P
2
10 , 2 2
1
10
0
1
2
0
0
1
+
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
(3.37)
Trong o, he so 1/2 t (3.35)(3.37) do khong giai ieu che nhat quan con gia tr
2(r
1
/r
0
)
trong (3.37) la bi v nhieu t sector 0. Khi chuyen giao mem hn c thc

hien th t so nang lng bit tren mat o pho cong suat tap am ket hp tr thanh

S r
r
E
r
r
G
N
I
E
E
I
E
E
I
E
E
J
j j
j j
j P
b b
c
b
j

2
10 , 3
3
1
10
0 0
1
0
0
0 0
+
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
1
]
1
(3.38)
Tng t nh vay, khi chuyen giao mem c thc hien, E
b
/I
0
ket hp cung c
cho cong thc (3.39):
11
0
0
0 0
1
]
1
+
1
]
1
1
]
1
I
E
E
I
E
E
I
E
E
b b
c
b

'
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
1
1
10
0 0
10
0
1
2
0
0
1
1
1
10
0 0
10
0
1
2
1
0
1
10 , 3 10 , 2 2
10 , 10 , 2 5
J
j j
j j
j j
j j
J
j j P
J
j j
j
j j
j j
J
j j
j j
j j
r
r
E
r
r
r
r
E
r
r
r
r
G
N
r
r
E
r
r
r
r
E
r
r
r
r

(3.39)
Vi BER <10
-3
,
req
= 7 dB th so lng MS/sector theo (3.38) va (3.39) cho trng
hp chuyen giao mem hn va chuyen giao mem c trnh bay trong (3.40) va (3.41).
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
1
1
10
0 0
10 , 3
2 3
1
J
j j
j j
j
req
P
j
r
r
E
r
r
S
G
N

(3.40)
N
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
'
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
+
1
1
]
1
,
_
,
_
1
1
10
0 0
10
0
1
2
0
0
1
1
1
10
0 0
1
2
1
0
1
10 , 3 10 , 2 2
10 , 2 2 7
J
j j
j j
j j
j j
J
j j
J
j j
j j
j
J
j j req
P
j j
j
r
r
E
r
r
r
r
E
r
r
r
r
r
r
E
r
r
r
r
r
r G
(3.41)
Neu he thong CDMA co o li x ly la 21 dB (127 chip/ bit thong tin), S/ = 20
dB,
0
= 5
0
th so ngi s dung tren sector la mot ham cua khoang cach t A en C
(doc theo bien cua sector) nh hnh sau:

Khi cac MS trong vung chuyen giao mem mem hn thc hien chuyen giao mem
hn th dung lng tnh theo so MS/sector se c cai thien bi phan tap a dang t
22 va 30 MS/sector len 36 va 47 MS/sector tng ng vi VAF la 1/2 va 3/8. Trong
khi o neu thc hien chuyen giao mem th dung lng se tang len 39 va 50 MS/sector
cung vi gia tr VAF tren. Mac du nhieu ma cac MS thu c trong vung chuyen giao
tang do s khong hoan hao cua viec sector hoa nhng ieu nay a c khac phuc
bang s phan tap a dang cua chuyen giao mem va mem hn.
Tng t nh trng hp cell khong c sector hoa, dung lng ng xuong cua
he thong cung b gii han bi cac MS nam v tr 0.84R khi khong co chuyen giao.
Trong trng hp nay, dung lng ng xuong la 34 va 46 MS/sector ng vi VAF
la 1/2 va 3/8. o li dung lng do phan tap a dang cung cap bi chuyen giao mem
va mem hn la 12 va 16 MS/sector. Suy giam dung lng ng xuong do cap phat 2
kenh lu lng ng xuong en cung mot MS trong chuyen giao mem va mem hn
la 9% va o li dung lng so vi trng hp khong co chuyen giao mem va mem
hn la 40%. Ngoai ra, chat lng truyen dan con c cai thien bi chuyen giao mem
hn.
3.9.4 Ket luan
Anh hng cua chuyen giao mem va mem hn len dung lng he thong CDMA a
c phan tch da tren gia tr trung bnh cua t so nang lng bit tren mat o pho
cong suat tap am tng ng vi BER la 10
-3
. o suy giam dung lng ng xuong
do co hai kenh lu lng ong thi phat en mot MS trong vung chuyen giao la 7.2%
hoac 6.1% tng ng vi VAF la 3/8 va 1/2. Nh vay ch co mot lng nho dung
lng b suy giam tren kenh ng xuong. S suy giam nay anh hng khong ang
ke en dung lng he thong noi chung bi v dung lng ng xuong cao hn dung
Hnh 3.17: Dung lng ng xuong trong trng hp co
phan tap
lng ng len do viec giai ieu che ket hp. Mat khac, do dung lng he thong b
gii han bi cac MS tai vung bien gia vung chuyen giao mem va vung khong
chuyen giao nhng o li dung lng do phan tap a dang se cai thien c cha t
lng truyen dan cho cac MS trong vung chuyen giao.
Cac cell c sector hoa thng co 3 sector/cell, trong o cac sector ke can se b
chong lan bup song len nhau. Do o, khi cac MS di chuyen vao trong vung nay se
lam cho nhieu ong kenh tang len. Tuy nhien, khi co chuyen giao mem va mem hn,
cac sector cua cac BS lan can se ho tr cho MS e thu ket hp. Moi MS trong qua
trnh chuyen giao mem hn se chiem hai kenh lu lng do o o suy giam dung
lng ng xuong trong trng hp goc chong lap gia cac sector 5
0
la 9%. Tuy
nhien, o li dung lng at c khi phan tap a dang la 40% bat chap he so VAF
so vi trng hp khong co chuyen giao mem va mem hn.
So sanh vi trng hp cac cell khong c sector hoa, dung lng ng len cua
he thong cell 3 sector vi goc chong lap 5
0
tang 2.88 lan tng ng vi hieu suat
sector hoa la 0.96 khong phu thuoc vao he so tch cc thoai. Khi chuyen giao mem va
mem hn c thc hien, dung lng ng xuong se tang 2.9 lan so vi trng hp
mang co cell khong c sector hoa (hieu xuat sector hoa la 0.97). Ta thay hieu sua t
sector hoa cua ng xuong cao hn 0.01 so vi ng len. Ngoai ra, viec thc hien
chuyen giao mem va mem hn khong nhng cai thien ang ke dung lng ng
xuong ma con gop phan lam tang chat l ng truyen dan cho cac MS gan ng
bien cua sector.
3.10 Thuat toan ieu khien cong sua t trong chuyen giao mem
3.10.1 Gii thieu
Trong khi dung lng cua he thong TDMA va he thong FDMA b gii han cng
bi so lng khe thi gian hay tan so cu a chung b gii han th dung lng cua he
thong CDMA lai co mot gii han mem do dung lng cua he thong phu thuoc vao
nang lng bit tren mat o pho cong suat ta p am (E
b
/I
0
). Mot ngi s dung mi lam
tang nhieu len cac ngi s dung khac dan en lam giam chat lng tn hieu nhan
c noi chung. e giam anh hng cua nhieu nay cac phng phap ieu khien cong
suat a c xay dng e ieu khien cong suat phat cho ca ng len va ng
xuong.
Mot u iem khac cua CDMA o la ky thuat chuyen giao mem (soft handoff).
Trong he thong CDMA, mot ngi s dung cung luc co the ket noi en hai hay nhieu
hn cac tram goc khac nhau cho phep MS co the di chuyen t tram goc nay en tram
goc khac ma cuoc noi khong b gian oan. Ngoai ra, trong chuyen giao mem chat
lng tn hieu c cai thien mot cach ang ke do thu phan tap trong vung chuyen
giao mem. Tuy nhien, ieu nay cung lam cho nhieu cua he thong tang len va lam
giam tai nguyen mang.
Anh hng cua chuyen giao mem len dung lng he thong a c xet muc
trc. Trong phan nay chung ta se xem xet anh hng cua thuat toan ieu khien cong
suat trong chuyen giao mem, ac biet la oi vi ieu khien cong suat ng xuong,
cung nh cac e xuat e cai tien thuat toan nay.
3.10.2 Cai tien phng phap ieu khien cong sua t trong chuyen giao
Khi mot MS di chuyen en vung chuyen tiep gia cac cell, chat lng tn hieu
nhan c t cac BS la nh nhau. Tap tch cc cha danh sach cac cell ma suy hao
ng truyen cua no vi MS khong vt qua mot gia tr c goi la ngng (bien)
chuyen giao mem. Thong thng gia tr bien SHO (Soft Handover) nay c chon la
3 dB. So lng tram goc tham gia vao SHO c gii han va ch nhng tram goc nao
co cng o trng u manh th mi c tham gia vao qua trnh chuyen giao (thng
co hai BS).
Trong qua trnh chuyen giao mem, tn hieu phat t MS se c nhan va x ly ta i
tat ca cac tram goc tham gia chuyen giao. Ngc lai, cac thong tin phat en MS t
cac tram goc co lien quan cung c no x ly. ieu khien cong suat ng xuong
c thc hien da tren cac yeu cau ieu khien cong suat phat (TPC Transmit
Power Control) xuat phat t MS.
Cac yeu cau ieu khien cong suat ma MS gi en tram goc c quyet nh da
vao ty so tn hieu /nhieu (SIR) o c tai MS. Do ca c tram goc khac nhau tham gia
trong qua trnh chuyen giao eu phat cung mot tn hieu giong nhau en MS nen cac
tn hieu nay se c no thu va giai ma. Sau o, chung c ket hp lai va tnh toan t
le song mang tren nhieu ket hp e so sanh vi SIR yeu cau nh s o sau

Khi gia tr SIR thc te thu c cao hn gia tr yeu cau th lenh ieu khien cong
suat phat se yeu cau BS giam cong suat phat va ngc lai, neu gia tr SIR thu c
thap hn gia tr yeu cau th can ieu khien tang cong suat phat cua BS.
oi vi ca hai tram goc co lien quan, cong suat can hieu chnh c tnh toan theo
cong thc sau
et t
I
C
I
C
I
C
arg 2
2
1
1
,
_
+

(3.42)
trong o :
(C/I)
1
(C/I)
2
(C/I)
ket hp
(C/I)
ket hp

(C/I)
yeu cau
Bo xung co ng
suat phat
Hnh 3.18: Phng phap ket hp C/I
C
1
va C
2
lan lt la cong suat thu c t BS
1
va BS
2

I
1
va I
2
mc nhieu thu c t BS
1
va BS
2

(C/I)
target
t so song mang tren tap am yeu cau e co mot ket noi ang tin
cay va no phu thuoc vao loai dch vu.
mc hieu chnh cong suat a en hai tram goc.
Theo cong thc tren ta thay, mc hieu chnh cong suat a en hai tram goc la nh
nhau ma khong quan tam en cac thong so nao khac ngoai gia tr o lech gia gia tr
C/I ket hp va gia tr C/I yeu cau. Tuy nhien, do moi cell co tai rieng cho nen mc
cong suat phat khac nhau trc o oi vi moi tram goc se khong con phu hp. Cac
lenh ieu khien cong suat ng xuong bat nguon t viec anh gia t so C/I ket hp
se khong phan anh c s khac biet gia hai cell v the dan en khong at c
hieu qua ieu khien cong suat tot nhat nh mo ta hnh 3.19.
Ngi ta a cai tien phng phap ieu khien cong suat tren nham a ra hai mc
hieu chnh cong suat khac nhau cho hai tram goc goi la va . Cac tham so hieu
chnh nay c tnh toan t tong cong suat phat cua hai tram goc va mc nhieu thc
te do SHO gay ra trong moi cell. Tren c s o, moi BS se nhan lenh ieu khien cong
suat cho rieng no va thc hien bo xung cong suat phat theo yeu cau.

Thuat toan ieu khien cong suat cai tien co the c mieu ta bi cong thc sau
et t
I
C
I
C
I
C
arg 2
2
1
1
,
_
+

(3.43)
trong o, : mc hieu chnh cong suat yeu cau a en tram goc th nhat.
: mc hieu chnh cong suat yeu cau a en tram goc th hai.
Hnh 3.19: S o ieu khien cong suat trc ay
Ty le cong suat ng xuong thu c t hai tram goc nay nh sau

2
1
12
C
C
R (3.44)
Ket hp (3.43) va (3.44) ta suy ra c gia tr va nh sau:
( )
,
_
12 2
1
1
1
arg
R I
C
I
C
I
C
et t

( )
,
_
2
2
1
12 2
arg
I
C
I
R C
I
C
et t
(3.45)
e xac nh c va , R
12
phai c cho bi tieu chuan toi u hoa opt_cr
(optimisation criteria) theo cac tham so he thong sau:
- Mc nhieu o c tai MS.
- Cong suat tong phat ra tai cac BS.
- S khac nhau ve suy hao ng truyen gia cac tram goc va MS.
c b
TOTAL
TOTAL
a
path
path
BS
BS
I
I
cr opt

,
_
,
_
,
_
1
2
1
2
1
2
_ (3.46)
trong o:
- BS
TOTAL 1
va BS
TOTAL 2
lan lt la tong cong suat phat tren ng th
nhat va th hai.
- Path
1
va Path
2
la suy hao vo tuyen hai ng truyen.
- (a, b, c) la cac he so c xac nh da tren kinh nghiem cua ngi ieu
hanh mang (thng chon [a b c] = [1 1 2]).

Hnh 3.20: S o ieu khien cong suat cai tien
Gia tr tieu chuan toi u sau o c lien ket vi t so cong suat bat can bang R
12
,
chung ta at c
cr opt
path
path
BS
BS
I
I
C
C
R
c b
TOTAL
TOTAL
a
_
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
12

,
_
,
_
,
_
(3.47)
Trong trng [a b c] = [1 1 2] th
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
,
_
,
_
,
_
path
path
BS
BS
I
I
C
C
TOTAL
TOTAL
(3.48)
Nh vay, ca c gia tr va co the c tnh toan da vao cong thc (3.45) va
(3.48) e a ra mc hieu chnh cong suat phat thch hp cho moi tram goc. Mc
hieu chnh cong suat mi nay co xet ti phan bo tai tren moi BS trong chuyen giao
mem, mc nhieu thc te trong cac cell lien quan va suy hao vo tuyen.
Tom lai, thuat toan ieu khien cong suat va e sua t cho ta mot nguyen tac ieu
khien cong suat phu hp hn bi v no khong ch xet en t so C/I ket hp ma con co
gang can bang cong suat cua MS can thiet gia cac BS lien quan trong qua trnh
chuyen giao va ieu kien cua moi cell.

CHNG
4
CHUYEN GIAO MEM TRONG
HE THONG THO NG TIN DI ONG CDMA IS-95

4.1 Gii thieu
Phan nay se trnh bay cac van e ve chuyen giao he thong thong tin di ong
CDMA IS-95 (he thong au tien ap dung cong nghe CDMA cua Qualcom) trong khi
tram di ong ang thc hien thong tin kenh lu lng. Do IS-95 la mot he thong cu
the ap dung cong nghe CDMA nen cac ac tnh chuyen giao co trong he thong IS-95
eu ton tai trong he thong CDMA nh a trnh bay chng 3.Va nh vay trong he
thong IS-95 chuyen giao mem va mem hn cung da tren nguyen tac ket noi noi
trc khi cat . Chuyen giao mem hay chuyen giao gia cac o la chuyen giao c
thc hien gia cac o khac nhau . Chuyen giao mem hay chuyen giao gia cac oan o
la chuyen giao gia cac oan o con trong cung mot o. ay chung ta se xem xet cu
the hn e biet qua trnh chuyen giao c thc hien nh the nao trong he thong IS-
95.
4.2 Qua trnh quyet nh chuyen giao
MS lien tuc tm kiem cac kenh hoa tieu mi. Khi tm thay mot kenh hoa tieu, no
o cng o trng cua kenh nay. Neu cng o trng vt qua ngng cho trc
(T_ADD hay ngng phat hien hoa tieu), mot ban tin o cng o kenh hoa tieu c
tram di ong gi en tram goc ang phuc vu no (tram goc cu). Tram goc nay co the
an nh mot kenh lu lng ng xuong (ham Walsh) lien ket vi kenh hoa tieu mi
cho tram di ong e sau nay thc hien chuyen giao mem. Mot kenh hoa tieu c
nhan dang bi tan so, dch thi gian cua chuoi hoa tieu PN va ham Walsh 0 (W
0
)
tng ng. Cac kenh lu lng ng xuong c lien ket vi kenh hoa tieu co cung
tan so va cung dch thi cua chuoi hoa tieu PN.

4.3 Ca so tm
Tram di ong thc hien tm kiem kenh hoa tieu trong mot khoang thi gian cho
trc c xac nh bang so chip cua chuoi hoa tieu PN c goi la c a so tm. Khi
tm mot kenh hoa tieu, tram di ong khong the gii han en thi gian dch chnh xac
cua chuoi hoa tieu PN do hien tng fainh a tia. Cac dch thi cua chuoi hoa tieu
PN lien quan en phan xa nhieu tia se cach nh dch thi cua tia i thang vai chip.
Noi mot ca ch khac cac phan t cua cac tia phan xa se en muon hn vai chip so vi
tia i thang. Tram di ong se nh tam cua ca so tm kiem cho moi kenh hoa tieu
trong tap tch cc va tap ng c xung quanh phan t cua tia en sm nhat. Kch thc
cua ca so c xac nh theo so chip cua chuoi hoa tieu PN.
Tram di ong cung can nh tam ca so cho moi kenh hoa tieu cua tap ke can va
tap con la i xung quanh dch thi chuoi hoa tieu s dung chuan thi gian cua tram di
ong.

Hnh 4.1: Lu o quyet nh
chuyen giao

4.4 o cng o trng
Tram di ong ho tr tram goc ang phuc vu trong qua trnh chuyen giao bang cach
o (thong qua cac phan t tm kiem va cac may thu RAKE) va bao cao cng o cua
cac kenh hoa tieu thu c. Moi lan thc hien o, tram di ong se gi ban tin cng
o kenh hoa tieu en tram goc hien thi trong cac ieu kien sau:
Mot kenh hoa tieu tap tch cc giam thap hn ngng (T_DROP) va ong ho
thi gian giam ngng chuyen giao (T_TDROP) a chay het.
Cng o cua mot kenh hoa tieu trong tap ng c vt qua cng o cua mot
kenh hoa tieu trong tap tch cc mot lng la: T_COMP * 0.5 dB
Cng o cua mot kenh hoa tieu trong tap lan can va tap con lai vt qua
ngng phat hien kenh hoa tieu T_ADD
Ban tin o cng o tn hieu cha dch thi PN cua kenh hoa tieu c o, cng
o tn hieu cua no (E
c
/I
0
) va trang thai cua ong ho giam ngng chuyen giao
4.5 Cac tham so chuyen giao
Trong chuyen giao he thong thong tin di ong to ong CDMA th co 4 tham so
tham gia vao qua trnh chuyen giao: T-ADD, T-COMP, T-DROP, ma cac tham so nay
phu thuoc vao ket qua o lng cua kenh hoa tieu va ong ho giam chuyen giao la T-
TDROP. Khi cng o trng cua mot pilot trong tap tch cc giam thap hn mot gia
tr T-DROP th luc nay ong ho giam chuyen giao se bat au em. Khi cng o cua
kenh hoa tieu tang tr lai tren ngng T-DROP th ong ho se reset lai. MS se duy tr
ong ho giam chuyen giao cho moi kenh hoa tieu tap tch cc va tap ng c
4.5.1 Ngng phat hien kenh hoa tieu T-ADD
Bat ky kenh hoa tieu nao co cng o manh nhng khong nam trong ban tin hng
dan chuyen giao eu c coi la nhieu. Kenh hoa tieu nay c chuyen ngay lap tc
vao tap tch cc cho chuyen giao e tranh s suy giam tn hieu thoai hoac kha nang
rt cuoc goi. Ngng T-ADD nen u thap e co the a cac kenh hoa tieu hu ch
nay vao tap tch cc mot ca ch nhanh chong va no phai u ln e tranh nhng canh
bao loi do tap am.
Hnh 4.2: C a so tm
4.5.2 Ngng so sanh T-COMP
Tng t nh ngng T-ADD, ngng T-COMP cung anh hng en t le phan
tram MS thc hien chuyen giao. Ngng nay phai u thap e thc hien chuyen giao
mot cach nhanh chong va phai u cao e tranh canh bao loi.
4.5.3 Ngng gia m kenh hoa tieu T-DROP
Ngng nay cung anh hng en t le phan tram cua MS thc hien chuyen giao.
No phai u thap e tranh mat mot kenh hoa tieu tot va phai u ln e khong di
chuyen cac kenh hoa tieu hu ch nay trong tap tch cc hoac tap ng c. Gia tr cua
T-DROP c la chon sao cho tng ng vi cac gia tr T-ADD va T-TDROP.
4.5.4 Ngng ong ho giam chuyen giao T-TDROP
Gia tr nay phai ln hn thi gian yeu cau e thiet lap chuyen giao. Ngng T-
TDROP phai u be e khong chuyen i cac kenh hoa tieu hu ch trong tap tch cc
hoac tap ng c. ong thi no cung phai u ln e MS co the tiep tuc thc hien viec
chuyen giao trong vung phu song yeu.
Gia tr cua ca c tham so tren c cho theo bang sau:
Tham so Khoang gia tr Gia tr e ngh
T-ADD -31.5 en 0 dB -13 dB
T-COMP 0 en 7.5 dB 2.5 dB
T-DROP -31.5 en 0 dB -15 dB
T-TDROP 0 en 15s 2s

4.6 Cac ban tin chuyen giao
Ban tin chuyen giao trong IS-95 bao gom cac ban tin sau:
Ban tin cng o kenh hoa tieu (PSMM)
Ban tin hng dan chuyen giao (HDM)
Ban tin hoan thanh chuyen giao (HCM)
Ban tin cap nhat danh sach vung lan can (NLUM)
MS se do tm cng o kenh hoa tieu da vao t so E
c
/I
t
va gi ban tin PSMM en
tram goc. Tram goc se chon mot kenh lu lng mi ng xuong va ban tin HDM
en MS. Sau khi nhan c ban tin HDM, tram di ong bat au giai ieu che kenh
lu lng mi nay va gi ban tin hoan thanh chuyen giao HCM en tram goc
Ban tin PSMM cha cac thong tin sau cho moi pilot khi MS nhan c
T le c lng E
c
/I
t

Thi gian en
Thi gian chuyen giao
Ban tin HDM cha cac thong tin sau
Th t ban tin HDM
Tan so c an nh cho kenh lu lng CDMA ng xuong
Tap tch cc (bao gom pilot cu va mi)
Ma Walsh tng ng vi moi pilot trong tap tch cc
Kch thc ca so cho tap tch cc va tap ng c
Cac tham so chuyen giao (T-ADD, T-COMP, T-DROP, T-TDROP)
Ban tin HCM cha cac thong tin sau
Thong tin xac nhan ACK
Lech nh thi cho moi pilot trong tap tch cc
Ban tin NLUM c gi bi tram goc, no mang thong tin ve cac kenh hoa tieu cua
cac tram lan can trong tap tch cc
MS lien tuc do tm cng o cua tat ca cac pilot trong he thong. Sau o cng o
cua moi pilot nay c so sanh vi cac gia tr ngng khac nhau nh T-ADD, T-
COMP, T-DROP, T-TDROP
Mot pilot se c chuyen t tap nay sang ta p khac tuy thuoc vao cng o tn hieu
cua pilot thu c vi cac gia tr ngng:
Cng o cua pilot vt ngng T-ADD, MS se gi ban tin PSMM va chuyen
pilot nay en tap ng c.
Tram goc se gi ban tin HDM en MS e chuyen pilot nay vao tap tch cc.
Tram di ong nhan c ban tin HDM va yeu cau cap mot kenh lu lng mi.
Kenh hoa tieu c cap nhat vao tap tch cc va gi ban tin HCM en tram
goc.
Khi cng o pilot giam thap hn ngng T-DROP th MS bat au khi ong
ong ho giam chuyen giao.
Thi gian giam chuyen giao a het. MS se gi mot ban tin PSMM en tram
goc.
Tram goc gi ban tin HDM ma khong co lien quan en pilot en MS.
MS nhan c ban tin HDM. Kenh hoa tieu c a vao tap gan va MS se
gi ban tin HCM en tram goc.
MS nhan c ban tin NLUM ma ban tin nay khong bao gom pilot tren, pilot
nay c chuyen vao tap con lai.


MS se duy tr mot gia tr ngng T-TDROP cho moi pilot trong tap tch cc va tap
ng c. MS se bat au ong ho chuyen giao bat c khi nao cng o cua kenh hoa
tieu tng ng giam hn mot mc ngng cho trc. Ngc lai, MS se reset lai va
huy thi gian neu nh cng o cua pilot tng ng ln hn ngng tr lai.
Khi mot kenh hoa tieu cua tap gan hoac tap xa vt ngng T-ADD, MS se
chuyen pilot nay vao tap ng c va gi mot ban tin PSMM en tram goc. Khi cng
o tn hieu cua pilot trong tap ng c P
c
ln hn cng o cua pilot trong tap tch cc
P
a
mot khoang P
c
- P
a
> T-COMP*0.5 dB th MS se gi mot ban tin en tram goc.
4.7. Cac thu tuc chuyen giao
4.7.1 Thu tuc ho tr chuyen giao mem cua MS (MASHO)
MS se giam sa t mc tn hieu tren kenh hoa tieu ng xuong (FPICH) t cac tram
goc lan can va bao cao lai cho mang khi cac mc tn hieu kenh pilot hng xuong
nay vt gia tr ngng. Hai loai ngng c dung la:
Ngng th nhat la e bao cao cac FPICH co cong suat u ln c dung cho
giai ieu che nhat quan.
Ngng th hai la e bao cao cac FPICH co cong suat di mc ngng ma
o tn hieu thu c t cac kenh lu lng lien ket vi no khong the thc hien
giai ieu che nhat quan c.
T-Drop
T-Add
MS gi HCM
BS gi HDM
MS gi PSMM
MS gi HCM
BS gi HDM
MS gi PSMM
Thi gian
Cng o tn
hieu
4 5 6 7 2 3 1
Ta p ke can Tap ng c Ta p tch cc Tap ke
hay tap con la i ca n

Khi ong T-Tdrop
Hnh 4.3: Qua trnh chuyen tap khi thay oi
ngng
PSMM : Ba n tin o cng o pilot (Pilot Strength Measurement Message)
HDM : Ba n tin hng da n chuyen giao (Handoff Direction Message)
HCM : Ba n tin hoan tha nh chuyen giao (Handoff Complete Message)
o chenh lech gia hai ngng se tao ra mot khoang cach an toan e tranh hieu
ng Ping-pong do s thay oi ve cong suat cua FPICH. Da vao yeu to nay ma mang
se hng dan MS them vao hoac xoa cac kenh FPICH t tap tch cc cua no.
Thong tin cua cung MS c ieu che bi cac ma tram goc tng ng c gi t
cac tram goc. MS se s dung may thu RAKE e thu cac tn hieu a ng t cac
anten re quat khac nhau hoac t ca c tram goc khac nhau, sau so se ket hp chung lai.
MS se dung t nhat mot ngon cua may thu RAKE e thu tn hieu t cac tram goc
trong tap tch cc. Neu tn hieu t tram goc hien thi tam thi yeu th MS se thc
hien giai ieu che oi vi tn hieu en t tram goc co cng o manh hn.
Trong qua trnh chuyen giao mem, tn hieu c phat bi MS c x ly tai tram
goc. Tn hieu thu c t cac sector khac nhau cua mot tram goc c ket hp tai BS
da tren nguyen ly symbol-by-symbol. Tn hieu thu c t cac tram goc khac nhau
co the c la chon tren nguyen ly frame-by-frame. Ket qua cua chuyen giao mem
la lam tang vung phu song va dung lng ng len.
4.7.2 Ngng ong trong chuyen giao
Chuyen giao mem se lam tang c qua trnh x ly thong tin cua he thong ng
xuong, chuyen giao mem se lam tang c dung lng cua he thong, con ng len
no lam cho dung lng cua he thong tang do tap am cua he thong giam.
Viec ieu chnh ca c tham so chuyen giao tai tram goc se khong phai la mot giai
phap tot bi v mot vai v tr trong cell ch thu c cac FPICH vi cng o yeu
(yeu cau ngng chuyen giao thap) va co nhng v tr khac thu cac FPICH vi cng
o manh hn (yeu cau ngng chuyen giao cao hn). Nguyen ly cua ngng chuyen
giao ong nh sau:
MS se do tm cac FPICH ma no vt qua mot ngng tnh T
1
. n v o cho
FPICH trong trng hp nay la t so cua nang lng FPICH tren tong cong suat
thu (E
c
/I
t
).
Khi vt qua ngng tnh, kenh FPICH c chuyen vao tap ng c. Sau o,
no van c theo doi lien tuc va so sanh vi mot ngng ong T
2
.
Viec so sanh vi T
2
se quyet nh FPICH co c a vao tap tch cc hay
khong. T
2
la tong nang lng cua cac FPICH c giai ieu che nhat quan
(trong tap tch cc).
ieu kien e FPICH vt ngng T
2
c bieu dien nh sau:
'
,
_
1
1
, _ log 10 * _ ) log( 10 T INTERCEPT ADD P SLOPE SOFT MAX P
A
N
i
ai cj

trong o: P
cj
: cng o cua kenh FPICH th j trong tap ng c
P
ai
: cng o cua kenh FPICH th i trong tap tch cc
SOFT_SLOPE, ADD_INTERCEPT: cac tham so ieu chnh cua he thong
Khi cac kenh FPICH trong tap tch cc tr nen yeu th viec them FPICH vao se
lam cai thien qua trnh hoat ong. Tuy nhien, khi co mot hoac va i kenh FPICH co
cng o u manh th viec them mot FPICH yeu hn ngung T
1
se khong cai thien
c qua trnh hoat ong ma chung con lam tang viec s dung tai nguyen mang. Do
o ngng chuyen giao ong se lam tang viec s dung tai nguyen mang mot cach toi
u nhat
Sau khi do tm c mot FPICH tren ngung T
2
th MS se bao cao lai cho
mang biet ve FPICH nay. Sau o, mang se thiet lap mot kenh lu lng ng
xuong phuc vu cho chuyen giao va lenh cho MS gia i ieu che nhat quan vi
FPICH mi c them vao. Pilot 2 c a vao tap ng c.
Khi cng o cua FPICH (pilot 1) giam thap hn mc ngng ong T
3
, th viec
ket noi chuyen giao se b huy bo. FPICH nay se c a tr lai tap ng c.
Ngng T
3
la mot ham cua tong nang lng cua cac FPICH trong tap tch cc.
Neu no giam xuong thap hn ngng T
4
th mot FPICH se c chuyen ra khoi
tap ng c.
Moi khi FPICH giam di ngng (T
3
hoac T
4
) sau mot thi gian nhat nh th
MS se bao lai cho mang biet ve cac FPICH nay. Khoang thi gian nay cho
phep cac FPICH co mot s thay oi nao o e MS bao cho mang biet mot cach
chnh xac.

Hnh tren cho thay thi gian cua chuyen giao mem va hoat ong chuyen giao c
ket hp vi nhau khi MS di chuyen t tram goc hien thi (FPICH 1) sang mot tram
goc mi (FPICH 2). Ket qua cua viec ket hp cac ngng ong va cac ngng tnh se
Hnh 4.4: Ng ng ong trong chuyen giao
lam giam vung chuyen giao. u iem chnh cua viec nay la gii han c thi gian
va vung chuyen giao mem khi ieu kien chuyen giao khong can thiet na
Khi pilot 2 vt ngng T
1
, MS se chuyen no vao tap ng c.
Khi pilot 2 vt ngng T
2
(ong), MS se bao cao lai cho mang biet.
MS nhan c lenh them pilot 2 vao tap tch cc.
Pilot 1 giam thap hn ngng T
3
(lien quan vi pilot 1).
Thi gian giam chuyen giao a het cua pilot 1, MS se bao cng o cua pilot
en mang.
MS nhan c lenh huy bo pilot 1.
Thi gian giam chuyen giao ket thuc sau khi pilot 1 thap hn ngng T
4
.
4.8 X l kenh lu lng
4.8.1 X l kenh lu lng ng xuong
Tat ca cac kenh lu lng c an nh cho tram di ong va cac hoa tieu lien ket
trong tap tch cc eu mang cung mot thong tin lu lng tr kenh con ieu khien
cong suat. Khi tap tch cc cha hai hay nhieu hoa tieu, tram di ong phai am bao
thu phan tap bang cach ket hp cac kenh lu lng ng xuong lien ket.

4.8.2 X l kenh lu lng ng len ( chuyen giao gia ca c cell)
Trong qua trnh chuyen giao gia cac o (cell), tram di ong phat cung mot thong
tin en ca hai tram goc. Moi tram goc nhan c thong tin t tram di ong vi tre
Hnh 4.5: Ket hp phan tap cac kenh lu lng ng xuong
tram di ong
Tram goc A
PN(t-ta)
Wi(t) PN(t-tb-t'b)
Wj(t-t'b)
PN(t-ta), PN(t-tb): cac chuoi PN hoa tieu dch thi ta va tb
Wi(t), Wj(t) : cac ham Walsh
t'a, t'b : tre truyen lan
Tram goc B
PN(t-tb)
Wj(t) PN(t-ta-t'a)
Wi(t-t'a)
Ket hp pha n tap tram di ong
(hai ngon cu a may thu Rake c s dung)
truyen lan khac nhau. Khi nay cac tram goc se gi tn hieu thu c en bo ma hoa
tieng/chon la. Bo nay se chon khung tot nhat va loai bo khung co chat lng kem
hn.

4.8.3 X ly kenh lu lng ng len (tr ng hp chuyen giao gia ca c oan o)
Trong qua trnh chuyen giao gia cac oan o (sector), tram di ong phat cung mot
thong tin en ca hai oan o (hnh 4.7). Phien kenh tram cua o se nhan c tn hieu
cua ca hai oan o. Phien kenh nay se ket hp hai au vao va gi tn hieu tong sau khi
ket hp en bo ma hoa tieng/chon la. Nh vay sau o se ch co mot khung tieng
c x ly.

Hnh 4.6: X ly kenh lu lng ng le n khi chuyen giao gia cac o
Chuyen mach
Khung tot nhat c chon
Bo ma hoa tieng/
chon la
BTSa BTSb d(t-t'a)c(t-t'a) d(t-t'b)c(t-t'b)
Tram di ong
d(t)c(t)
d(t): So lieu cua ngi s dung
c(t): Ma cua ngi s du ng
t'a,t'b: Tre truyen lan
Khung b Khung a
Hnh 4.7 X ly kenh lu lng ng len khi chuyen giao
gia cac oan o
Chuyen mach
Phan t kenh
Ket hp kenh va giai ma
Bo ma hoa tieng/
chon la
d(t-t'a)c(t-t'a)
d(t-t'b)c(t-t'b)
Tram di ong
d(t)c(t)
d(t): So lieu cua ngi s dung
c(t): Ma cua ngi s du ng
t'a,t'b: Tre truyen lan
Mot khung
Cac au vao
4.9 Bao hieu trong chuyen giao he thong CDMA IS-95
MS di ong. Khi tram trang thai roi, no lien tuc ang ky vi he thong. Khi cuoc
goi tch cc, to hp cac phan t MS, BS va MSC ieu hanh truyen tin gia BS va MS
e am bao chat lng truyen vo tuyen tot nhat. Qua trnh trong o MS chuyen sang
kenh lu lng mi c goi la qua trnh chuyen giao. He thong thong tin tng t
trc ay thc hien chuyen giao bang cach lenh cho MS chnh sang tan so mi. oi
vi di ong tng t, chuyen giao lam ngng ng truyen dan tieng va ca hai pha
se nghe thay tieng kc trong cuoc thoai. oi vi modem so, kc thng gay ra loi
so lieu va lam mat ong bo.
oi vi he thong CDMA (ca CDMA bang rong) ac tnh cua trai pho cho phep
nhan c truyen dan t MS ong thi ca hai hay nhieu hn cac tram goc. Ngoai ra
MS co the ong thi thu c truyen dan t hai hay nhieu hn BS. Vi cac kha nang
nay co the thc hien chuyen giao t mot BS en mot BS khac, hay t mot anten oi
dien vi mot anten khac cua cung mot BS ma khong gay nhieu ng tieng hoac so
lieu.
Trong qua trnh chuyen giao, thong tin bao hieu va thong tin tieng thu nhan t
nhieu tram phai c ket hp tai mot iem chung cung vi cac quyet nh ve chat
lng cua so lieu. iem chung phai la mot iem nao o trong mang, thong thng
MSC. Lu o cuoc goi c trnh bay ay cho chuyen giao vi gia thiet rang MSC
cha mach cau. He thong CDMA nh ngha mot so kieu chuyen giao.
Chuyen giao mem xay ra khi BS mi bat au thong tin vi MS trong khi MS
nay van tiep tuc thong tin vi BS cu. MSC ket hp cac tn hieu thu c t ca
hai BS e tao ra mot tn hieu lien tuc cho pha kia. MS se nhan tn hieu t hai
BS bang cac ng truyen bo sung may thu Rake va se x ly e c mot tn
hieu.
Chuyen giao mem hn khi MS thc hien chuyen giao gia hai oan cua cung
mot BS. Thong thng cac BS c thiet ke e cac anten phat va thu co dang
hnh quat 60
0
hay 120
0
ch khong toan bo 360
0
. V vay e phu toan bo khi
nay can nhieu anten. V thong thng mot MS lien lac vi ba BS nen ch mot
(hoac khong) chuyen giao mem hn co the lien ket vi mot cuoc goi mot
thi iem nhat nh.
Chuyen giao cng xay ra khi hai BS khong ong bo hay khong cung mot tan
so va xay ra gian oan truyen tieng cung nh so lieu. Chuyen giao xay ra khi
nhieu bang tan c s dung hay BS khong c ong bo (chung hai he
thong khac nhau).
Mot kieu khac cua chuyen giao cng xay ra khi khong con CDMA BS phuc vu
ma phai chuyen sang kenh di ong tng t. Trong phan nay ch xet chuyen
giao so, tuy nhien trong giai oan qua o t tng t sang so cac he thong hon
hp van ton tai.
CDMA ca BS va MS eu giam sat chat lng ng truyen vo tuyen va co the
yeu cau chuyen giao. Chuyen giao do MS yeu cau c goi la chuyen giao c MS
ho tr (Mobile Assisted Handoff) va chuyen giao do BS yeu cau c goi la chuyen
giao c BS ho tr (Base Station Assisted Handoff). Ca hai pha eu co the khi
xng chuyen giao khi xay ra cac ieu kien sau:
Qua tai lu lng cua BS. Mang co the giam sat ta i tat ca cac BS va khi
ong chuyen giao e can bang tai gia chung e at hieu suat lu lng cao
hn.
Vt qua ngng khoang cach. V ta t ca BS va MS eu ong bo nen co the
xac nh c khoang cach gia BS va MS. Khi gii han khoang cach b vt
qua, mot trong hai pha co the yeu cau chuyen giao.
Cng o tn hieu hoa tieu thap hn ngng. Khi cng o tn hieu hoa tieu thu
thap hn ngng mot trong hai pha co the yeu cau chuyen giao.
MS xac nh thong so e yeu cau chuyen giao tren c s ban tin thong so he thong
CDMA va ban tin phat quang ba CDMA bang rong. Ca hai thong so c phat
cac kenh tm goi cua he thong.
Nh a trnh bay, qua trnh chuyen giao c thc hien bang cong tac cua cac BS
cu va mi, MS va MSC. Lu o goi di ay da tren giao dien A cua chuyen tiep
khung gia BS va MSC. ay la lu o ai dien v lu o thc te co the la tieu chuan
chung hay rieng phu thuoc vao hang san xuat.


Bat au chuyen giao (hnh 4.8)
1. MS xac nh rang mot BS khac co cng o tn hieu hoa tieu u e tr thanh
ch cua chuyen giao.
2. MS phat ban tin o cng o hoa tieu (Pilot Strength Measurement) en BS
ang phuc.
3. BS ang phuc vu phat ban tin yeu cau chuyen giao gia cac BS (InterBase
Station Handoff Request) en MSC.
4. MSC chap nhan yeu cau chuyen giao va phat ban tin yeu cau chuyen giao gia
cac BS en BS ch.
1.
o cng o hoa tieu
Lenh yeu cau o hoa tieu
HO INFO -ACK
HO - INFO
Hoa n thanh
chuyen giao
Hng da n
chuyen giao
Inter BSHO -ACK
Inter BSHO -ACK
Join - REQ
Lu lng rong
Yeu cau chuyen
giao gia cac BS
Yeu cau chuyen
giao gia cac BS
o cng o
hoa tieu
MS

BS
ch
BS
ang phuc vu

MSC

Quyet nh
chuyen giao
Join - ACK
Hnh 4.8 Chuyen giao mem CDMA bat au
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

5. BS ch thiet lap thong tin vi MS bang cach phat i ban tin lu lng rong
(Null Traffic) en MS.
6. BS ch phat i ban tin yeu cau lien ket (Join Request) en MSC.
7. MSC xem xet cac ket noi vi hai BS e thc hien chuyen giao ma khong lam
gian oan ket noi (chuyen giao mem) sau o phat i ban tin cong nhan lien ket
(Join Acknowledge) en BS ch.
8. BS ch phat ban tin cong nhan chuyen giao gia cac BS (InterBase Station
Handoff Request) en MSC.
9. MSC phat ban tin cong nhan chuyen giao gia cac BS (InterBase Station
Handoff Request) en BS phuc vu.
10. BS ang phuc vu phat ban tin hng dan chuyen giao (Handoff Direction) en
MS.
11. MS phat ban tin hoan thanh chuyen giao (Handoff Complete) en BS ang
phuc vu.
12. BS phuc vu phat ban tin thong bao chuyen giao (Handoff Information) en
MSC.
13. MSC khang nh ban tin nay bang ban tin cong nhan thong bao chuyen giao
(Handoff Information Acknowledge).
14. BS ch phat lenh yeu cau o hoa tieu (Pilot Measurement Request) en MS.
15. MS phat ban tin o cng o hoa tieu en BS ch.
Bay gi MS thong tin vi hai BS (no ang chuyen giao mem). Ca hai BS phai
thong tin vi MSC. MSC s dung tn hieu manh nhat t hai BS va phat i tn hieu en
ca hai tram. Trong khi MS ang trang thai chuyen giao mem, mot trong so cac tn
hieu co the xuong thap hn ngng nh trc, MS se yeu cau BS nay ri bo ket noi.
Lu o cho trng hp nay c cho hnh ve 4.9.

Ri bo BS phuc vu

1. MS xac nh rang tram BS ang phuc vu khong con u cng o tn hieu e
tiep tuc trang thai chuyen giao mem.
2. MS phat ban tin o cng o hoa tieu en BS ang phuc vu. Ban tin nay yeu
cau BS ri bo chuyen giao.
3. BS ang phuc vu phat ban tin hng dan chuyen giao en MS. Ban tin nay ch
th rang BS se ri bo chuyen giao.
4. MS phat ban tin hoan thanh chuyen giao en BS ang phuc vu.
Cong nha n loai bo
Yeu cau loa i bo
HO INFO -ACK
HO - INFO
1.
Hng da n
chuyen giao
Hoa n thanh
chuyen giao
o cng o
hoa tieu
MS

BS
ch
BS
ang phuc vu

MSC

Quyet nh
chuyen giao
Chuyen giao dien a u
Hnh 4.9 Chuyen giao mem CDMA: ri bo BS phuc vu

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Cong nha n chuyen giao dien au
Lenh o hoa tieu
o cng o hoa tieu
5. BS phuc vu phat ban tin chuyen giao dien au (Interface Primary Transfer)
en BS ch cung vi thong tin ban ghi cuoc goi tng ng.
6. BS ch khang nh ban tin nay bang ban tin cong nhan chuyen giao dien au
(Interface Primary Transfer Acknowledge).
7. BS ch khi nay phat ban tin thong bao chuyen giao (Handoff Information) en
MSC.
8. MSC phat ban tin cong nhan thong bao chuyen giao (Handoff Information
Acknowledge) en BS ch.
9. BS ch phat lenh yeu cau o hoa tieu en MS.
10. MS phat ban tin o cng o hoa tieu en BS ch.
11. BS cu phat ban tin yeu cau ri bo (Remove Request) en MSC e yeu cau ri
bo ket noi.
12. MSC khang nh ban tin nay bang cach gi ban tin cong nhan loai bo (Remove
Acknowledge) en BS cu.
Bay gi MS lam viec vi BS ch (BS phuc vu mi). Neu can cac chuyen giao
mem bo sung th qua trnh bat au chuyen giao c lap lai. Cac thu tuc loa i bo BS
ch khoi chuyen giao mem c thc hien tng t nh oi vi BS ang phuc vu.
Lu o loai bo BS ch khi chuyen giao c cho hnh 4.10.
Ri bo BS ch
1. MS xac nh rang BS ch khong con tn hieu hoa tieu u ln e tiep tuc la mot
BS trong chuyen giao mem.
2. MS phat ban tin o cng o hoa tieu en BS phuc vu. Ban tin nay yeu cau BS
ch ri bo chuyen giao.
3. BS phuc vu phat ban tin hng dan chuyen giao en MS e ch ra BS se phai
ri bo chuyen giao (trong trng hp nay la BS ch).
4. MS phat i ban tin hoan thanh chuyen giao en BS phuc vu.
5. BS phuc vu phat ban tin loai bo gia cac BS (InterBase Station Remove) en
MSC.
6. MSC phat ban tin loai bo gia cac BS en BS ch.
7. Khi nay BS phuc vu phat ban tin thong bao chuyen giao (Handoff Information)
en MSC.
8. MSC phat ban tin cong nhan thong bao chuyen giao (Handoff Information
Acknowledge) en BS phuc vu.
o cng o
hoa tieu
o cng o hoa tieu
Lenh yeu cau o
hoa tieu
Cong nha n loai bo
gia ca c tram goc
Cong nha n loai bo
gia ca c tram goc
Loa i bo gia cac
tram goc
Loa i bo gia cac
tram goc
Cong nha n loai bo
Yeu cau loa i bo
HO INFO -ACK
HO - INFO
1.
Hng da n
chuyen giao
Hoa n thanh
chuyen giao
MS

BS
ch
BS
ang phuc vu

MSC

Quyet nh
chuyen giao
Hnh 4.10: Chuyen giao mem CDMA: ri bo BS ch

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

9. BS ch phat ban tin yeu cau loai bo en MSC.
10. MSC phat ban tin cong nhan loai bo en BS ch.
11. Sau khi BS ch loai bo tai nguyen cua no khoi cuoc goi, no phat ban tin cong
nhan loai bo gia cac BS en MSC.
12. MSC phat ban tin cong nhan loai bo en BS phuc vu.
13. BS phuc vu phat lenh yeu cau o cng o hoa tieu en MS.
14. MS phat ban tin o cng o hoa tieu en BS phuc vu.

CHNG
5
ANH GIA U NHC IEM CUA CHUYEN GIAO MEM

5.1 u nhc iem cua chuyen giao mem
Chuyen giao mem la loai chuyen giao ac thu cua he thong thong tin di ong
CDMA da tren nguyen tac noi trc khi cat. So vi chuyen giao cng trong cac he
thong khac th chuyen giao mem co mot so u va nhc iem sau.
5.1.1 u iem
Chuyen giao mem lam giam hoac loa i bo c anh hng cua hien tng ping-
pong xay ra trong chuyen giao cng. Cu the:
ieu hoa tai tren mang: trong trng hp tai cua mot cell v mot ly do nao o
tang ot ngot th he thong se chuyen giao sang cac cell ke can co lu lng tai
thap hn.
Lam cho thong tin cua ngi s dung c lien tuc hn, khong co cac tieng
kc nh trong chuyen giao cng (do tn hieu b ngat quang trong mot thi gian
ngan) trong qua trnh chuyen giao. Nhat la oi vi modem so, kc thng gay
ra loi so lieu va lam mat ong bo.
Vi chuyen giao mem khong co o d tr tre tc la giam c thi gian tre tng
ng do phan tap co chon la. ieu nay c thc hien bi viec chuyen mach tc
thi en tram goc co cng o tn hieu manh nhat trong qua trnh chuyen giao
(ng len) va tranh c nhieu cong ket hp vi tre chuyen giao. V the:
Cung cap chat lng thong tin tot hn cho ngi s dung.
So MS/cell tang len cung vi mot gia tr E
c
/I
0
(tang dung lng).
Cong suat phat yeu cau cho ng len thap hn dan en giam c nhieu
ng len.
Do trong chuyen giao mem MS co kha nang thong tin ong thi vi nhieu hn mot
tram goc (phan tap), ieu nay lam tang o tin cay cua he thong, am bao s lien tuc
va chat lng cua tn hieu.
Mot u iem na cua chuyen giao mem la khi no c ket hp vi ieu khien
cong suat. V vung chuyen giao mem la ni ma cng o tn hieu cua MS yeu va kha
nang gay nhieu cua no len cac MS cua cac cell lan can la ln nhat nen khi chuyen
giao mem c ket hp vi ieu khien cong suat se lam cho nhieu cua MS tai cac
vung nay giam xuong tc la nhieu cua toan bo he thong giam. ieu nay se lam tang
dung lng cua he thong va cai thien c chat lng cuoc thoai.
Tng t nh chuyen giao cng, ben canh cac u iem a neu tren chuyen giao
mem cung ton tai mot so nhc iem sau.
5.1.2 Nhc iem
Chuyen giao mem lam giam dung lng ng xuong. Do trong qua trnh
chuyen giao mem MS thong tin ong thi vi hai hay nhieu hn cac tram goc
tc la cung se co hai hay nhieu hn cac kenh lu lng ng xuong c cap
phat cho MS. ieu nay lam giam tai nguyen mang dan en lam giam dung
lng ng xuong.
Chuyen giao mem phc tap hn chuyen giao cng.
Lam tang nhieu ng xuong (en nhng ngi s dung khac) khi chuyen giao
mem c x ly bi v co nhieu hn hai tram goc cung phat en mot MS thay
v mot tram goc nh trong chuyen giao cng. ieu nay cung co the lam tang
nhieu ng len khi ca ng len va ng xuong cung s dung chung mot tan
so.
Nh vay, ro rang khong co mot loai chuyen giao nao ma u iem cua no la hoan
toan tuyet oi. Ben canh nhng u iem luon luon ton tai nhng nhc iem. Do o
khi la chon mot phng phap chuyen giao nao th ngi ky s thiet ke he thong se
can c vao nhng yeu cau cua he thong cung nh nhng ac trng cua no e la
chon.
5.2 ieu khien cong sua t va chuyen giao mem
ieu khien cong suat la qua trnh ieu khien ong cong suat cua may phat khi
hoat ong. ieu khien cong suat co quan he mat thiet vi chuyen giao mem. Neu ket
hp tot hai ky thuat nay se giam nhieu ang ke cung nh tang chat lng cho he
thong. Li ch chnh cua ieu khien cong suat la tranh c nhieu gan-xa. Do o s
co mat cua ieu khien cong suat trong he thong CDMA la can thiet e co mot mc
tn hieu hp ly nhat, tranh nhieu cho cac MS khac ong thi am bao c mc tn
hieu yeu cau.
e hieu ro hn ve van e nay, xet mot v du nh mo ta tren hnh 5.2. Gia s co hai
tram goc B
1
va B
2
, hai ngi s dung M
1
va M
2
, ieu khien cong suat va chuyen giao
mem c s dung. Trong o B
1
la tram goc phuc vu cua M
1
va B
2
la tram goc phuc
vu cua M
2
. Co trng hp chuyen giao khong c thc hien ngay ca khi tuyen lien
ket gia B
1
va M
2
tot hn tuyen lien ket gia B
2
va M
2
, va tuyen lien ket gia B
2
va
M
1
tot hn tuyen lien ket gia B
1
va M
1
. o la do s chenh lech ve cng o cua hai
tn hieu noi tren khong u ln e vt qua ngng a c xay dng trong thuat toan
chuyen giao mem.

Xet ng len vi cong suat tn hieu nhan c tai cac tram goc c tnh theo
dB. Cong suat tn hieu nhan c ky hieu la S
i,j
, trong o i = 1,2 ac trng cho ngi
s dung va j = 1,2 ac trng cho tram goc. Se co s thay oi ve mat cong suat bi v
MS luon di ong nhng trong v du nay chung ta gia s cac MS c co nh. Do o
s thay oi cong suat ch c thc hien bi ieu khien cong suat. o d tr tre la
= 4 dB. ieu khien cong suat c thc hien nh sau:
Gia s rang cong suat tn hieu thu c phai ln hn cong suat nhieu e chat
lng ng len co the chap nhan c.
Khi o, xay ra cac qua trnh x ly sau:
1. (X ly tai B
1
) Neu S
1,1
S
2,1
, B
1
hng dan M
1
thay oi cong suat phat.
Neu S
1,2
- S
2,2
> khi o M
2
chuyen giao ti B
1
.
2. (X ly tai B
2
) Neu S
2,2
S
1,2
th B
2
se hng dan M
2
e thay oi cong
suat phat. Neu S
1,2
- S
1,1
> khi o M
1
chuyen giao ti B
2
.
5.4 Xu hng phat trien cua thuat toa n chuyen giao mem
Co nhieu van e trong chuyen giao mem van cha c giai quyet thoa ang.
Van e chnh trong thuat toan chuyen giao mem o la la chon cac thong so sao cho
thoa man c cac u va nhc iem cua chuyen giao va ay cung la van e can
nghien cu trong tng lai. Trong tng lai co the se chu y en thu phan tap ket hp
nhieu hn thu ket hp co la chon. S dung cung mot phng phap phan tch cho ca
hai loai chuyen giao cng va mem, lay = 0, k = 0 nh trong trng hp chuyen giao
mem.
ng len trong CDMA IS-95 s dung ky thuat thu ket hp phan tap co la chon,
nhng neu ky thuat nay qua phc tap th no cung co the c thay bang mot ky thuat
khac n gian hn.
Cac van e nghien cu trong tng lai se ca n trong hn trong viec a ra cac gia
thuyet phai cang gan thc te cang tot. Tuy nhien nhieu thong so khong at c ieu
B2
M1 M2
B1

Tn hieu
Nhieu
Hnh 5.2 ieu khien cong suat va chuyen giao mem
kien tren trong he thong so ngay nay do toc o thoai cua ngi s dung luon luon
thay oi.
Trong tng lai loai chuyen giao mem va mem hn se c quan tam nhieu hn
chuyen giao cng trong he thong khong day. Cac van e o a va ang c nghien
cu mot cach nh lng. Chung ta hay ch i va tin tng vao s phat trien cua
cong nghe trong tng lai.

Tai Lieu Tham Khao

1. Giao trnh thong tin di ong
TS. Nguyen Pham Anh Dung, 6-2002.
2. Thong tin di ong so Cellular
Vu c Tho, 1997.
3. Ly thuyet trai pho va ng dung
TS. Nguyen Pham Anh Dung, 5-2002.
4. Cong nghe ATM va CDMA
Nha xuat ban Thanh Nien, 1996.
5. Soft Handoff and Power Control in IS-95 CDMA.
6. Power Control Algorithms for soft handoff users in UMTS
F.Blaise, Lelicegui, F.Goeusse, G.Vivier-Motorola Labs.
7. Effect of Soft and Softer Handoffs on CDMA System Capacity
Chin Chun Lee, Member, IEEE and Raymond Steele, Fellow, IEEE.
8. Mot so tai lieu khac.


Thông Tin Di Đ NG

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e tai: Nghie n cu phng phap chuyen giao mem trong he thong TTD DS/CDMA

SVTH: Ngo Vu Truyen Trang1

t BS th j. Gia s rang co N kenh lu lng va mot kenh pilot ng

trong (3.37) la bi v nhieu t sector 0. Khi chuyen giao mem hn c thc

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