CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) A KNH TRUY CP THEO M CMDA Gii thiu Bo mt thng thng tin trn

ng truyn c xem l mt vn quan trng, nht l trong lnh vc qun s. K thut tri ph ra i t kh sm, nhm tng tnh bo mt thng tin trong qu trnh truyn d liu. K thut a knh truy cp CDMA da tr6en nguyn l tri ph, c s dng rng ri cho thng tin duy ng trn ton th gii. N chng t nhng tnh nng vt tri so vi cc k thut analog hoc digital trc . 1, im qua qu trnh pht trin ca mng thng tin di ng:

Th h in thoi u tin l 1G, c trng ca h thng l: dung lng thp, k thut chuyn mch tng t, xc sut rt cuc gi cao, kh nng handoff (chuyn giao cuc gi gia cc t bo) khng tin cy, cht lng m thanh thp, khng c ch bo mt v ch yu l dnh cho thoi. Mt s chun trong h thng ny l: AMPS, SMR, NMT(900)... Th h 2G ( bao gm GSM - Global System for Mobile communications v CDMA IS95). Th h ang c dng trn th gii, c c im: k thut chuyn mch s; dung lng ln; siu bo mt; nhiu dch v km theo nh truyn d liu, fax, smsTt c u theo chun k thut s, bao gm: GSM, iDEN, D-AMPS, IS 95 Th h 2,5G l bc chuyn giao ln cng ngh 3G. C c im: d liu chuyn mch tc cao (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data - HSCSD), dch v v tuyn gi chung (General Packet Radio Service - GPRS); chuyn mng, cc dch v nh v, tng tc vi cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh v h tr nh tuyn ti u Th h 3G (WCDMA): xut hin u tin Nht Bn. c im ni bt so vi 2 th h trc l: truy cp internet, truyn video tc cao.

CDMA l mt trong nhng chun t th h 2G. Chun CDMA c nhiu tnh nng u vit hn cc chun khc, n v ang l xu th pht trin ca h thng vin thng hin i. Vy CDMA l g, v u th ca n l nh th no! 2, Khi nim v CDMA: CDMA vit y l Code Division Multiple Access ngha l a truy cp phn chia theo m. Trong khi TDMA - time division multiple access phn chia s truy cp knh truyn theo thi gian, v FDMA - frequency-division multiple access phn chia s truy cp theo tn s. Cn trong h thng CDMA cc thu bao di ng c th truy cp ng thi trn cng mt gii tn. Cc knh thu bao c tch bit bng cch s dng m ngu nhin. Cc tn hiu ca cc thu bao khc nhau s c m ho bng cc mu ngu nhin khc nhau, sau c trn ln v pht i trn cng mt gii tn chung v ch c phc hi duy nht thit b thu bao (my in thoi di dng) vi m ngu nhin tng ng. p dng l thuyt truyn thng tri ph, CDMA a ra hng lot cc u im m nhiu cng ngh khc cha th t c. d hnh dung v s khc bit gia CDMA vi TDMA, FDMA ta xt v d sau: Trong mt phng mi ngi u mong mun ni chuyn vi ngi khc. khng gy hn lon th: mi ngi c th ni theo phin (chia theo thi gian ), hoc ni vi cao khc nhau ( chia theo tn s), hoc l ni theo nhng hng khc nhau (chia theo khng gian). Cn mt cch na l h s ni vi nhng ngn ng khc nhau, nhng ngi s dng cng ngn ng mi hiu c nhau. Cng ging nh vy, trong truyn tin CDMA, mi nhm ngi s dng c gn mt m cho trc v nhiu m c th chim cng knh, nhng ch nhng ngi lin lc vi nhau bi m dnh ring mi c th hiu c nhau L thuyt v CDMA c xy dng t nhng nm 1950 v c p dng trong thng tin qun s t nhng nm 1960. 3, M ha trong CDMA: M gi ngu nhin: n gi ngu nhin (PRN) l tn hiu gn ging vi n m tha mn nhng yu cu ca xc sut thng k. n gi ngu nhin gm dy xung nh trc v c lp li chnh n theo chu k. Mi xung trong dy c gi l chip. M gi n (PN code) l m m ph ca n tng t nh dy cc bit ngu nhin nhng c xc nh trc. Vi mi knh, trm c c to mt m duy nht, m ny thay i cho mi kt ni. Trm c s cng tt c cc m truyn vi nhau cho mi thu bao. n v thu bao to chnh xc m ph hp ca n v s dng m rt ra tn hiu dnh ring cho thu bao . Mi thu bao s dng vi knh c lp. cho tt c nhng iu ny xy ra, m gi ngu nhin phi c nhng tnh cht sau: (1)M gi ngu nhin phi c quyt nh trc. Trm thu bao phi c kh nng sinh m mt cch c lp, ph hp vi m trm c s. (2) N phi c v nh l ngu nhiu ngi nghe khng nhn ra m. (3) S tng quan cho gia 2 m phi nh. (4) M phi c chu k di. To v khi phc m:

Coi chui bit c truyn i l mt vct. vct c th nhn v hng, cng cc kt qu ca thnh phn tng ng (php nhn v hng 2 vct). Nu kt qu bng 0, th 2 vct c gi l trc giao vi nhau. Vi tnh cht ca nhn v hng gip hiu c CDMA lm vic nh th no. Nu vct a trc giao vct b, ta c:

By gi gn 1 b pht vi vct v trong tp hp, c gi l m, m chip (chip l 1 bit trong m tri ph dy trc tip). Gn gi tr 0 l vct v, v gi tr 1 l vct v. V d nu v=(1,-1), vct nh phn (1,0,1,1) tng ng vi (v,-v,v,v) v c vit li thnh ((1,-1),(-1,1),(1,-1),(1,-1)). Trong bi ny ta gi vct l vct truyn. Mi b pht c cp mt vct v duy nht, khc vi nhng vct cn li trong tp hp, nhng phng thc xy dng ln vct truyn th ging nhau. Do tnh cht vt l ca giao thoa (nu 2 tn hiu ti cng 1 thi im ng pha vi nhau, chng s gp i bin tn hiu, nhng nu chng ngc pha, th s tr i v lm bin tn hiu), trong k thut s, tc ng ny c th c bt chc bi vic cng cc vct truyn tng ng tng phn. D hiu khi xt v d, nu B pht 0 c m (1,-1) v d liu (1,0,1,1), B pht 1 c m (1,1) v d liu (0,0,1,1) v c 2 b pht cng truyn ng thi, bng di m t cc bc m ha: Step 0 1 2 3 4 Encode sender0( m ha ngi gi 1) Encode sender1( m ha ngi gi 2) vector0=(1,1), data0=(1,0,1,1)=(1,1,1,1) vector1=(1,1), data1=(0,0,1,1)=(1,1,1,1) encode0=vector0.data0 encode1=vector1.data1 encode0=(1,1).(1,1,1,1) encode1=(1,1).(1,1,1,1) encode0=((1,1),(1,1),(1,1),(1,1)) encode1=((1,1),(1,1),(1,1),(1,1)) signal0 =(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1) signal1 =(1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1) Bi v tn hiu 0 v tn hiu 1 c truyn ng thi trong ko gian, chng c cng vi nhau to ra tn hiu th: (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,1,-1) + (-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,1) = (0,-2,2,0,2,0,2,0). Tn hiu th ny c gi l mu giao thoa. Mu giao thoa c thu ri sau rt ra tn hiu dnh ring cho tng b thu, b thu kt hp m b pht vi mu giao thoa. Bng sau gii thch iu thc hin nh th no. Step 0 1 2 3 4 Decode sender0 (gii m ngi gi 1) Decode sender1 (gii m ngi gi 1) vector0=(1,1), pattern=(0,2,2,0,2,0,2,0) vector1=(1,1), pattern=(0,2,2,0,2,0,2,0) decode0=pattern.vector0 decode1=pattern.vector1 decode0=((0,2),(2,0),(2,0),(2,0)).(1,1) decode1=((0,2),(2,0),(2,0),(2,0)).(1,1) decode0=((0+2),(2+0),(2+0),(2+0)) decode1=((02),(2+0),(2+0),(2+0)) data0=(2,2,2,2)=(1,0,1,1) data1=(2,2,2,2)=(0,0,1,1)

Sau khi gii m, cc gi tr ln hn 0 c hiu l 1 trong khi nhng gi tr nh hn 0 c hiu l 0. V d, sau gii m, d liu 0 l (2,-2,2,2) c b thu hiu l (1,0,1,1). 4, K thut tri ph trong CDMA: K thut tri ph l cc phng php trong , nng lng c to ra trong bng thng c bit c tri rng ra mt cch tnh ton trc trong min tn s, iu ny dn n tn hiu c rng bng rng hn. Nhng k thut ny c s dng cho nhiu l do, k c vic thit lp lin lc an ton, tng kh nng chng giao thoa v nhiu, v chng nh cp thng tin. Truyn thng tri ph c c trng bi 3 yu t sau: + Tn hiu chim bng thng ln hn nhiu bng thng cn thit gi thng tin. iu ny dn n nhiu tin li, nh l chng giao thoa v nhiu, truy cp a ngi dng. + Bng thng c tri ra bi cc m m m ny c lp vi d liu. S c lp ca m phn bit gia n vi cc cch iu ch chun. + My thu ng b m khi phc li d liu. Vic s dng m c lp v thu ng b cho php nhiu ngi dng truy cp vo cng mt di tn vo cng mt thi im. Tri ph dy trc tip (Direct sequence spread spectrum - DSSS) l mt k thut iu ch trong s cc k thut tri ph. K thut ny c cc c im: + N iu ch pha sng sine mt cch gi ngu nhin vi chui cc biu tng m gi n (PN code), c gi l chips, mi chip c chu k ngn hn bit d liu. Tc l, mi bit d liu c iu ch bi mt chui cc chip c tc ln hn. Do , tc chip cao hn tc bit d liu. + N s dng mt cu trc tn hiu, trong chui cc chip to ra bi b pht m b pht c b thu u tin nhn bit. Sau , b thu s dng cng chui PN trung ha tc dng ca chui PN trong tn hiu nhn, ti to li d liu.

hnh ch gii thiu 1 knh hot ng trn 1 hng

Phng thc truyn: S truyn tri ph dy trc tip nhn d c truyn vi tn hiu n. Tn hiu n ny l dy gi ngu nhin ca hai gi tr 1 v -1, ti tn s ln hn nhiu tn s ca tn hiu gc, nh m tri nng lng ca tn hiu gc vo mt di rng hn nhiu. Tn hiu c to ra ging nh n trng, nh vic ghi m thanh ca nhiu. Tuy nhin, tn hiu ging n ny c th c s dng ti to chnh xc d liu gc ti u cui thu, bng cch nhn n vi chui gi ngu nhin tng t (bi v 1 x 1 = 1, v -1 x -1 = 1). Qu trnh ny, c bit l rt gn ph, thit lp mt cch chnh xc s tng quan ca dy PN c truyn vi dy ca b thu. Nu mt b pht khmg mong mun truyn cng knh nhng vi chui PN khc (hoc khng dng chui PN), qu trnh co ph dn n kt qu l khng c li ch qu trnh cho tn hiu . Tc ng ny l c bn cho thuc tnh CDMA ca DSSS, iu ny cho php a b pht cng chia s mt knh truyn trong gii hn tnh tng quan cho ca chui PN. 5, Thu pht tn hiu trong CDMA: Vic truyn tn hiu gm c cc bc sau: (1) M gi ngu nhin c sinh ra, mi knh khc nhau v mi kt ni thnh cng (2) Thng tin d liu iu ch thnh m gi ngu nhin (d liu c tri ra) (3) Tn hiu thu c sau c iu ch sng mang. (4) Sng mang iu ch c khuch i v truyn i. Vic nhn tn hiu gm cc bc sau: (1) Sng mang nhn c ri khuych i ln. (2) Tn hiu nhn c c trn vi sng mang ti my thu khi phc tn hiu s tri rng. (3) Mt m gi ngu nhiu c sinh ra, ph hp vi tn hiu mong i. (4) B thu thu c m nhn v pha cht m ca n vi m nhn c. (5) Tn hiu nhn c tng quan vi m c sinh ra, t rt ra d liu. Pht tn hiu: Tn hiu u vo ca h thng CDMA c th l thng tin d liu t vi ngun, nh l ting ni c s ha hay knh ISDN. Tc d liu c th thay i, v d: Data Source Voice Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) iu ch xung m Data Rate 64 kBits/sec

Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) 32 kBits/sec Low Delay Code Excited Linear Prediction (LD-CELP) 16 kBits/sec ISDN Bearer Channel (B-Channel) Data Channel (D-Channel) 64 kBits/sec 16 kBits/sec

H thng lm vic tc d liu 64kb/s, nhng c th chp nhn tc u vo 8,16,32kb/s. u vo nh hn 64kb/s c m thm bit tc tr thnh 64kb/s Vi u vo 8, 16, 32 hay 64kb/s, h thng p dng m sa li trc (FEC), lm gp i tc bt ln 128kb/s. M hnh iu ch phc, truyn 2 bt mt lc, c 2 bt c m

thnh 1 biu tng. Vi u vo nh hn 64kb/s, mi biu tng c lp li tc truyn t c 64k biu tng/s. Mi thnh phn ca tn hiu phc mang 1 bit ca 2 bit biu tng, 64kb/s, c ch ra bn di.

To m gi ngu nhin: Vi mi knh, trm c c to mt m duy nht, m ny thay i cho mi kt ni. Trm c s cng tt c cc m truyn vi nhau cho mi thu bao. n v thu bao to chnh xc m ph hp ca n v s dng m rt ra tn hiu dnh ring cho thu bao . Mi thu bao s dng vi knh c lp. Tng quan m: Trong phn ny, tng quan c ch ra di ngha ton hc. Ni chung, hm tng quan c nhng tnh cht sau: Bng 1 nu 2 m ging ht nhau Bng 0 nu 2 m khng c im no chung Gi tr trung gian ch ra m ging nhau bao nhiu. M cng ging nhau, b thu cng kh rt ra c tn hiu chnh xc. C 2 hm tng quan: Tng quan cho: Tng quan ca 2 m khc nhau. Nh chng ta va ni, n phi cng nh cng tt. Tng quan t ng: Tng quan ca m vi chnh phin bn hiu tr ca n. loi b giao thoa a ng, hm ny phi bng 0 bt k thi gian tr u khc 0. B thu s dng tng quan cho phn bit (tch) tn hiu thch hp ra khi tn hiu (c ngha) ca b thu khc; tng quan t ng loi b giao thoa a ng. Tri ph m gi ngu nhin: d liu c m ha FEC iu ch thnh m gi ngu nhin. Vi thut ng c lin quan n m gi ngu nhin: Chipping Frequency (fc): tc bit ca m PN Information rate (fi): Tc bit ca d liu Chip: 1 bit ca m PN Epoch: chu k ca m

Ph ca tn hiu (m xanh) v ph ca m gi n (mu vng) Truyn d liu: Tn hiu kt qu ca m ha tip c iu ch sng mang RF, s dng kha dch vung pha (QPSK). QPSK s dng 4 trng thi khc nhau m ha 1 biu tng. 4 trng thi khc nhau l dch pha ca sng mang trong cc gc phn t. Theo quy c, dch pha l 45, 135, 225, 315 . V c 4 trng thi c s dng m ha d liu nh phn, nn mi trng thi biu din 2 bit. 2 bit t ny c gi l biu tng. hnh 3 ch ra tng quan QPSK hot ng

M hnh iu ch QPSK

Tn hiu iu ch QPSK iu ch phc: Theo i s, sng mang trong dch pha, (t), c th biu din l tng ca 2 thnh phn, sng Cosine v sng Sine:

I(t) c gi l phn thc, hay ng pha, thnh phn ca d liu, v Q(t) c gi l phn o, hay l vung pha, thnh phn ca d liu. Chng ta bt u vi 2 sng PSK nh phn c thm vo. d dng iu ch v sau l gii iu ch y ko ch l mt c tnh (s ging) i s, m cn l nh dng (cch thc) c bn ca m hnh (s ) iu ch/gii iu ch. B pht sinh ra 2 sng mang vi cng tn s, mt sine v mt cosine. I(t) v Q(t) l nh phn, iu ch mi thnh phn bng dch pha mt ci vi 0 v mt ci vi 180. C 2 thnh phn sau c cng li vi nhau. V I(t) v Q(t) l nh phn, chng ta s coi (gi) chng n gin l I v Q. B thu sinh ra 2 sng tham chiu, v gii iu ch mi thnh phn. Tch dch pha 180 n gin hn tch dch pha 90. Trong bng sau tng kt mu iu ch. Ch rng I v Q c chun ha l 1. Symbol I Q Phase shift 00 01 10 11 +1 +1 45 +1 -1 315 -1 +1 135 -1 -1 225

Trong X l tn hiu s, biu tng 2 bt c xem nh l s phc I +jQ. Lm vic vi d liu phc: s dng (y ) ton b hiu qu ca x l tn hiu s, vic bin i thng tin d liu sang k hiu phc phi thc hin trc khi iu ch. H thng sinh ra m PN phc c cu thnh t 2 thnh phn c lp, PNi+jPNq. tri rng d liu, h thng thc hin nhn phc gia PN phc vi d liu phc.

Cng nhiu knh vi nhau: Nhiu knh c cng vi nhau v truyn ng thi. Vic ny thc hin theo (mt cch) k thut s ti tc chip (tc ca m PN). Nh rng, c hng t chip trong mi biu tng. r rng, hy coi mi chp nh l 1 t 8 bit. Ti tc chip: Thng tin d liu c chuyn sang biu tng 2 bit Bt u tin ca biu tng c t vo dng d liu I, bt th 2 c t vo dng d liu Q M PN phc c sinh ra. M PN phc c 2 thnh phn c sinh ra c lp, thnh phn I v Q Thng tin d liu phc v m phc PN c nhn vi nhau. Cho mi thnh phn (I hoc Q): Mi chip (bt m PN) tng ng vi t 8 bit. Tuy nhin, v mt chip l 1 hoc 0, t 8 bit bng 1 hoc -1 Khi nhiu knh c cng li vi nhau, t 8 bit, nh l tng ca tt c cc chip, c th nhn gi tr t -128 n +128. T 8 bit sau i qua b chuyn i s sang tng t, kt qu trong mi mc tng t t l vi mi gi tr ca t 8 bit Gi tr sau c iu ch bin sng mang (thnh phn I iu ch cosine, thnh phn Q iu ch sine) Sng iu ch c cng li vi nhau. V I v Q khng gii hn ti 1 hay -1, dch pha ca sng ghp khng b gii hn trong 4 trng thi, pha v bin thay i theo: A2 = I2 + Q2 Tan(() = Q/I Ti tc biu tng: V m PN c tnh cht thng k ca n ngu nhin, n tnh trung bnh ti 0 trn chu k di (nh chu k biu tng). Do , s thay i bt thng (s dao ng) ca I v Q, v v l do iu ch pha ca sng mang, xy ra ti tn s chip, tnh trung bnh bng 0. Trn chu k biu tng, iu ch tnh trung bnh ti 1 ca 4 trng thi ca QPSK, quyt nh biu tng l j. Biu tng ch nhn ra QPSK, v tun theo tt c thuc tnh thng k ca truyn QPSK, k c tc li bit. Nhn d liu: B nhn d liu thc hin nhng bc sau ly thng tin ra: Gii iu ch thu v kha m tng quan m vi tn hiu m thng tin d liu Gii iu ch: B thu sinh 2 sng tham chiu, Cosine v Sine. Trn ring r mi ci vi sng mang nhn c, b thu rt ra I(t) v Q(t). B chuyn i tng t s khi phc t 8 bit biu din chip I v Q.

Thu v kha m: B thu, nh m t t trc, sinh m PN phc ca n ph hp vi m ca b pht. Tuy nhin, m ni ti phi c kha pha m ha d liu. Mi RCS (v FSU (Functional Sub Unit) c nhng cch khc nhau thu v kha trn m truyn ca mi ci. Mi cch s c nhc li k hn trong nhng phn sau. Tng quan v co d liu: Mt khi m PN c kha pha iu khin, tn hiu nhn c gi ti b tng quan, b tng quan nhn n vi m PN phc, rt ra d liu I v Q c ngha cho b thu. B thu s dng li d liu thng tin t I v Q. 6, Cc c tnh u vit ca CDMA so vi chun khc: - S dng b m ho u vit. - Chuyn giao mm. - iu khin cng sut. 6.1, S dng b m ho u vit: Nh h thng kch hot thoi, hiu sut ti s dng tn s tri ph cao v iu khin nng lng, nn n cho php qun l s lng thu bao cao gp 5-20 ln so vi cng ngh GSM. p dng k thut m ha thoi mi, CDMA nng cht lng thoi ln gn bng vi h thng in thoi hu tuyn. B m ho c tc bin i cho d tc ca s liu bng c s bin i, hnh dng tn hiu c iu ch vn khng i. V vy 1 s kiu lp dch v c th c cung cp bng cch thay i tc s liu. V d nh thay i tc ca b m ho ting, mt s kiu dch v cht lng thoi chu cc yu cu khc nhau c th c cung cp. iu ny khng nh hng ti iu khin h thng v yu cu khng ti cu hnh h thng. Nh khai thc mng t bo lp t v iu khin mt tp hp cc b m ho ting ni c iu khin theo nhiu tc khc nhau do MSC chng c th s dng chung. Tc tn hiu ca mi knh m ho ting ni c xc nh cho mi cuc gi bng tham s phn mm. Mt s kiu dch v phi thoi (s liu, fax, video, ISDN v cc dch v khc) hot ng vi cc tc s liu khc vi b m ho ting ni. Cc yu cu ca kiu dch v ny c th c p ng y . Sut giai on u vn hnh, b m ho ting ni 8kb/s hot ng da trn thut ton QCELP c lp t. Ngoi ra tc b m ho ting ni 8kb/s c la cho iu khin nh xem xt dung lng ca th h u tin ca h thng t bo s v h thng PCN. Dung lng ca h thng CDMA t l vi tc s liu c bn ca b m ho ting ni. V d b m ho ting ni hot ng vi tc thp 4kb/s, tng dung lng gp 1,7 ln (dung lng h thng khng gp i bi v truyn dn tc thp yu cu trng trong thoi). Kt qu bn ngoi, v tr v cc kim th MOS trn h thng CDMA s dng thut ton QCELP ch ra rng b m ho ting ni tc thay i 8 kbps cung cp ting ni c cht lng cao hn h thng tng t v TDMA. c bit b m ho ting ni a ra cht lng cao v cc tnh cht c tng cng khi s dng di cc iu kin iu khin v lan truyn v tuyn km. B m ho ting ni tc thay i c vn hnh vi tc truyn 8, 4, 2 v 1kbps v tng ng theo trnh t 9,6; 4,8; 2,4; v 1,2 kbps. Mt cp b m ho ting ni c s dng cho mt ng dn: 1 nm MSC trong khi ci khc nm trn knh s ca my di ng. Hn na b vi x l a nng chung v chip ASIC c th c s dng cho b m ho ting ni.

Trn knh hng i (t trm gc ti my di ng) b m ho ting ni s thng bo tc gi ti card knh trm gc. Card knh pht i cc khung thng qua s tip nhn cc k hiu v truyn dn u ra thp. V vy gi b m ho ting ni c gi ti trm gc c mt s lng bit nh c tc thp. My pht tip tc pht cc tn hiu v tuyn v li ca mi knh tip tc thay i khi bn ph thuc vo thnh phn thoi (1 trong s cc yu t quan trng) ti my di ng b m ho ting ni phi x l khung ca b m ho ting ni nhn c 4 ln. Sau b iu khin micoro xc nh tc tn hiu c pht i da trn tc sai lch m chp nhn c o bi b gii m v cc kt qu thm tra CRC. Trn knh hng v (t my di ng ti trm gc) b m ho ting ni ngun my di ng tng ng v b m ho ting ni s thng bo s thay i tc s liu ti b iu ch. Dng sng pht ca mi mt my di ng c thc hin theo cu trc ghp phn chia thi gian (TDM). S liu tc thp c to ra nh PN ct dng sng pht. Cc tn hiu khc bt k c truyn i vi tc s liu cao nht v dng sng truyn c thc hin vi 6 nhm k hiu Wash. V vy khi truyn dn tc 9600 kbps cc dng sng lin tc c dng tri li khi truyn tc 4800 kbps, 1/2 dng sng b ct. 6.2, Chuyn giao mm: Trong h thng tng t chuyn vng khng thc hin c khi khng c cc knh kh dng trong cc trm gc ln cn. Ngoi ra khi cc trm gc thng bo s tip nhn tn hiu my di ng ang nhn sai dng tn hiu ca my di ng khc ang s dng cng knh trong trm gc khc thay cho my di ng yu cu chuyn vng th qu trnh x l chuyn vng tht bi. Trong trng hp ny cuc gi c chuyn ti trm gc khng d nh. Ngoi ra qu trnh x l chuyn vng tht bi khi my di ng tng ng nhn sai lnh chuyn knh. Thc t x l chuyn vng thng tht bi v v vy cn phi tng t l thnh cng chuyn vng. Hin tng pingpong (trng hp my di ng c nh v xung quanh vng bin gii, cng ca cc tn hiu thu ca 2 trm gc lin t thay i nh l v tr ca my di ng c thay i. Tnh hung ny c th qu ti b iu khin h thng v lm kh nng mt lin lc ca cuc gi tng ln. V h thng TDMA s dng c ch iu khin ging nh vy trong h thng tng t nn cng to ra cc vn . c im chuyn vng mm ca h thng CDMA s dng 2 trm gc cng lc v v vy n c th gim kh nng mt lin lc xy ra trn vng danh gii trong khi chuyn vng. Hn na trong h thng CDMA khi cuc gi bt u danh sch cc trm gc c th chuyn vng cuc gi v cc gi tr ngng chuyn vng c cung cp cho thu bao. Thu bao ngoi vic d tm tn hiu trong trm gc qun l n, n cn tm kim tt c cc tn hiu dn ng (tm quan trng c bit cc trm gc thc hin chuyn vng) v duy tr danh sch tt c cc tn hiu dn ng cao hn mc ngng c a ra trong giai on khi u thit lp cuc gi. iu ny c m t trong hnh 3-4 danh sch ny c truyn ti MSC khi tn hiu dn ng ca trm gc kim sot cuc gi gim xung di gi tr nh nht c yu cu cho thit lp v duy tr cuc gi.

Hnh 3-4 Mc tn hiu chuyn vng ca my di ng Khi lnh ca MSC c chuyn qua trm gc trc khi chuyn, my di ng bt u nhn tn hiu ca trm gc th 2, sau cht lng ca tn hiu thu tng ln nh t hp a dng ca 2 tn hiu nhn c (s liu pht ca 2 trm gc ging nhau). Cng lc ny c 2 trm gc nhn lnh iu khin cng sut. Khi nhn lnh c 2 trm gc phi yu cu tng mc cng sut ca my di ng. S liu ca my di ng, c c 2 trm gc thu v sau gi ti MSC. MSC chn lc cc tn hiu cht lng tt trong mi khung 20 ms v sau coi n nh l s liu c pht i t my di ng. Kiu dn ng kp ny c hu kt ni khi my di ng quay li trm gc trc khi chuyn, cuc gi vi trm gc trc khi chuyn b ct hoc nh s d tm tn hiu ca trm gc th 3 trc khi hon thnh chuyn vng. Qu trnh x l ny c xc nh thng qua s dng gi tr EC/No ca tn hiu dn ng. Ch cc tn hiu vt qu gii hn c nh ngha trc c nhn nh l cc tn hiu dn ng mi. Cc tn hiu dn ng vt qu gi tr ngng t ra ban u c duy tr cho chu k thi gian thc bo m tin cy x l chuyn vng gi tr Eb/Eo c o bi my di ng, thng tin trm gc c tp hp bi cc trm gc do MSC iu khin. S do lin tc cng tn hiu dn ng, danh gii kch thc thch hp v khong thi gian l yu t thc hin x l chuyn vng n nh. Qu trnh x l tng t c thc hin khi 1 my di ng chuyn ng t 1 hnh qut ti 1 hnh qut khc. Trong qu trnh x l ny c gi l chuyn vng mm hn, my di ng thc hin cc bc tng t nh chuyn vng mm. Trong khi chuyn vng mm hn, trm gc t n nhn yu cu chuyn vng thm tn hiu pht qua 1 hnh qut mi. Kt qu l mt ng dn song song c cung cp nh trong trng hp chuyn vng mm. My thu ca trm gc tng hp cc tn hiu nhn c qua 2 anten hnh qut v cc tn hiu phi hp ca nhiu gii iu ch. Bc ny c thng bo ti MSC hoc trm gc nhng n khng trc tip iu khin. Trong trng ny khng ng dn b xung no c yu cu gia MSC hoc trm gc cho chuyn vng mm hn v khng cn ti phn cng b xung. Mt s u im ca chuyn vng mm v chuyn vng mm hn ca h thng CDMA bao gm 1 chuyn vng mm do, s chnh xc cc bt s liu, cc t l mt cuc gi nh, cht lng cuc gi cao vng gii hn v gim qu ti h thng chuyn mch. Khi h thng analog v h thng TDMA s chp nhn hnh thc chuyn mch "ct trc khi - ni" th chuyn vng mm ca h thng CDMA chp nhn chuyn mch "ni trc khi - ct". V vy h thng CDMA bm bo xc sut rt cuc gi l nh hn.

3.3, iu khin cng sut: Mt u im khc na ca CDMA l nh s dng cc thut ton iu khin nhanh v chnh xc, thu bao ch pht mc cng sut va m bo cht lng tn hiu, gip tng tui th ca pin, thi gian ch v m thoi. My in thoi di ng CDMA cng c th s dng pin nh hn, nn trng lng my nh, kch thc gn v d s dng. Trong thng tin di ng, thu bao di ng di chuyn khp ni vi nhiu tc khc nhau, v th tn hiu pht ra c th b st gim mt cch ngu nhin. b cho s st gim ny, h thng phi iu khin cho thu bao tng mc cng sut pht. Cc h thng analog v GSM hin nay c kh nng iu khin chm v n gin, thu bao khng th thay i mc cng sut nhanh, do phi lun lun pht cng sut cao hn vi dB so vi mc cn thit. Tuy nhin, s dng mng in thoi di ng CDMA, ngi dng phi trang b thit b u cui ph hp vi cng ngh ca mng. Chi ph cho thit b u cui CDMA hin nay khong 200-1.000 USD ty cng nng ca my, trong tng lai gi s thp hn. Trong vn bo mt, CDMA cung cp ch bo mt cao nh s dng tn hiu tri bng ph rng. Cc tn hiu bng rng kh b r ra v n xut hin mc nhiu, nhng ngi c nh nghe trm s ch nghe c nhng tn hiu v ngha. Ngoi ra, vi tc truyn nhanh hn cc cng ngh hin c, nh cung cp dch v c th trin khai nhiu ty chn dch v nh thoi, thoi v d liu, fax, Internet... Khng ch ng dng trong h thng thng tin di ng, CDMA cn thch hp s dng trong vic cung cp dch v in thoi v tuyn c nh vi cht lng ngang bng vi h thng hu tuyn, nh p dng k thut m ha mi. c bit cc h thng ny c th trin khai v m rng nhanh v chi ph hin thp hn hu ht cc mng hu tuyn khc, v i hi t trm thu pht. Tuy nhin, nhng my in thoi di ng ang s dng chun GSM hin nay khng th s dng chun CDMA. Nu tip tc pht trin GSM, h thng thng tin di ng ny s phi pht trin ln WTDMA mi p ng c nhu cu truy cp di ng cc loi thng tin t mng Internet vi tc cao, thay v vi tc 9.600 bit/giy nh hin nay, v so vi tc 144.000 bit/giy ca CDMA. Trong thit k h thng CDMA ngi ta mong mun tng ln tt s lng cc khch hng gi cng mt lc trong gii thng xc nh. Khi cng sut pht ca mi my di ng c iu khin bng cch n c th tip nhn trm gc vi t l tn hiu/nhiu nh nht, dung lng h thng c tng ln rt cao. Nu cng sut pht my di ng c nhn trm gc thp qu th khng th hy vng cht lng thoi tt v t l li bit qu cao. V nu cng sut nhn c trm gc cao th c th thu c cht lng thoi cao hn my di ng. Tuy nhin kt qu ca s tng nhiu trn cc my di ng s dng cc knh chung dn ti cht lng thoi b gim xung trong khi ton b cc thu bao khng b gim xung. 1) iu khin cng sut mch vng h trn knh v ca CDMA Mi my di ng chu suy hao ng c to ra t trm gc. Trong CDMA tt c cc trm gc pht tn hiu dn ng cng tn s v tt c cc my di ng bt u ng b bng s dng cc tn hiu dn ng ny. V gc tn s v thi gian di iu ch cc tn hiu thoi s c truyn i t mi trm gc. My di ng o tng cng tn hiu dn ng t trm gc v cng tn hiu nhn c t tt c cc trm gc.

Cng tn hiu my di ng nhn c cho php my di ng iu khin cng sut pht ca n. Nu cng tn hiu thu c cao cng sut pht ca my di ng gim xung, c ngha trng thi my di ng rt gn trm gc hoc lng suy hao ng dn thp. N cng c ngha l vi cng sut pht di ng tng i thp my di ng c th a ra cng sut nhn c danh nh cho trm gc. Trng hp tng t bin mi trng knh xy ra th thit b iu khin cng sut mch vng theo kiu tng t vi vng ng 85dB hoc hn p ng ngay lp tc trong 1ms. V vy bng cch gim cng sut pht ca my di ng thit b iu khin trnh lm n khng tng cao hn mc yu cu. Tc tng cng sut pht my di ng thng phi nm trong tc iu khin cng sut mch vng khp kn t trm gc. Bng cch ny cc my di ng khng th tng cng sut pht qu ln cho d c s suy gim t ngt cht lng thoi trn knh hng i. Cc knh ng b t mi trm gc gm thng tin v cng sut pht ca cc knh dn ng v my di ng xc nh cng sut pht s dng thng tin . Khi s dng cc chc nng ny c th to ra s chnh lch gia cng sut pht v h s tng ch ca anten (ERP u ra) ca trm gc da trn c s kch thc t bo. V d 1 trm gc vi vng phc v rng ln cn cng sut pht cao tri li 1 trm vi vng phc v nh khng cn cng sut pht cao. Tt nhin nu 1 my di ng khong cch xa nht nh t mt trm gc cng sut thp th cng tn hiu m n nhn c t trm gc thp hn so vi trng hp khong cch tng t t mt trm gc cng sut cao hn. Kt qu l my di ng pht cng sut cn thit v v vy cn phi cung cp cho n cc thng tin v iu khin cng sut ca mi trm gc. 2) iu khin cng sut mch vng kn trn knh hng v ca CDMA Trong h thng t bo cc knh v tuyn kp y c s dng nu di tn s dng t trm gc ti my di ng khc vi di tn t my di ng ti trm gc. S khc bit ca tn s ny cho php s dng ng thi cc my pht v cc my thu my di ng m khng c hi tip hay nhiu ca cc tn hiu pht ca my di ng ti cc b thu ca my di ng. Cng nh vy s tch bit tn s c tc dng rt ln trong x l iu khin cng sut. C ngha s tch bit tn s 45 MHz gia knh hng i v hng v vt qu di thng lin kt ca cc knh nn my di ng c gi thit l cc gi tr ca tn hao hai a ng dn ging nhau, do khng c kh nng suy hao ng dn hng v mc d c 1 chnh lch gia suy hao a ng trn knh hng i o my di ng v suy hao a ng ca knh hng v. Phng php o ny cung cp gi tr trung bnh chnh xc cho cng sut pht nhng 1 phng php ph c cn ti tnh ton giao thoa Rayleigh ch ra cc tnh cht khc nhau trn 2 knh. b giao thoa Rayleigh c lp nhau trn cc knh hng i v hng v m my di ng khng th o c, cng sut pht my di ng c iu khin bi cc tn hiu t trm gc. Cc b gii iu ch mi trm gc o t l tn hiu trn tp m ca cc tn hiu nhn c ca mi my di ng so snh t l ny vi t l tn hiu trn tp m ch nh v pht cc lnh iu khin u ra ti my di ng qua knh hng i. Lnh iu khin u ra c dng xc nh cng sut my di ng trong gi tr d tnh ca cng sut pht my di ng mch vng m. Lnh iu khin u ra c pht t trm gc tng hay gim cng sut pht ca my i ng so vi gi tr thit lp ban u (thng l 0,1dB). C pht 1,25ms mt ln lnh iu

khin u ra c th theo di giao thoa Rayleigh trn knh hng v. N rt quan trng gim thi gian thc hin x l xc nh cng sut pht v pht lnh. mi trng knh khng b thay i nhiu cho ti khi bt iu khin c nhn my di ng v hot ng iu khin c hin thc s. Cc b iu khin h thng MSC cung cp cc b iu khin mi trm gc vi t l tn hiu trn tp m da vo t l li ca my di ng c pht ti b iu khin knh c s dng cho xc nh tng hay gim cng sut pht ca mi my di ng. Phng php ny c gi l iu khin cng sut mch vng kn. 3) iu khin cng sut trn knh hng i Cc tn hiu cng sut pht, c iu khin bi thng tin iu khin pht i t trm gc, c pht t mi my di ng ti trm gc. Khi xy ra s suy gim ng k trn knh hng i trong mt vng nht nh v nu cng sut pht khng tng ln th cht lng thoi ca cc cuc gi qua knh ny gim xung di tiu chun cht lng. 1 v d ca cc vng ny l ni suy hao ng dn gia 1 my di ng v 1 trm gc ln cn hoc hai l ging nh gia my di ng v trm gc bn tng ng. Ton b lng nhiu trong trng hp ny gp 3 ln trng hp my di ng ln cn vi ch 1 trm gc. V cng vy cc tn hiu nhiu t trm gc, s dng giao thoa vi tn hiu mong mun. Trong tnh hung ny cng sut tn hiu ph 3-4dB c cn ti bo m hot ng trn mc tho mn. Ngc li trong trng hp trm gc c th pht tn hiu mong mun vi cng sut ra nh hn cng pht ra trung bnh gim v cng gim nhiu ti cc tn hiu khc trong h thng.

Hnh 3-8- Tc dng iu khin cng sut trn knh hng v thc hin iu khin cng sut trn knh hng i trm gc gim theo chu k cng sut pht ra t my di ng gim cng sut ra nh vy duy tr cho n khi cc my di ng yu cu cng sut ra b sung nh d thy tng t l li khung. V trm gc tng cng sut

pht ra vi s gia 0,5dB c chun b trc khi c yu cu tng cng sut ra ca tng my di ng. S tng gim cng sut ra c thc hin mt ln cho mt khung m ting ni c ngha trung bnh 12-20ms chm hn tc tng/gim cng sut ra trn knh hng v. Vng ng tng gim cng sut ra c th c iu khin ti +-6dB xung quanh cng sut ra trung bnh. Kt qu ca phng php iu khin cng sut mch vng h v kn c ch ra trong hnh 3-8. Giao thoa Rayleigh ca knh hng v khng lin quan ti knh hng i. 7, Kt lun: u im: + S dng hiu qu bng tn. + V mt l thuyt, h thng s dng CDMA khng gii hn user s dng. + Gim c nh hng a ng. + Tnh bo mt cao do ngi ngoi kh th xc nh quy lut ca chui m s dng. Do kh khi phc c tnh hiu thu c. Nhc im: +Cht lng thng tin gim khi s lng user tng. +B nh hng gn-xa, do cn phi p dng k thut iu khin cng xut mt cch chnh xc. +Cn phi s dng m tra ph chnh xc thu ng tn hiu.